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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Événements</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Événements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afrique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afrique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Afrique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afrique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amérique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amérique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Amérique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amérique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asie_et_Pacifique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asie_et_Pacifique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Asie et Pacifique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asie_et_Pacifique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnages_significatifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnages_significatifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personnages significatifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnages_significatifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 137 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">137 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/11de_eeu" title="11de eeu – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="11de eeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._Jahrhundert" title="11. Jahrhundert – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="11. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5" title="11ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="11ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglo_XI" title="Sieglo XI – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sieglo XI" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/11e_g%C4%93arhundred" title="11e gēarhundred – ancien anglais" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="11e gēarhundred" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="ancien anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_11" title="القرن 11 – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 11" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="القرن الحداشر – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرن الحداشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_XI" title="Sieglu XI – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu XI" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D1%83" title="XI гӀасру – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="XI гӀасру" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-eafa_decemda" title="11-eafa decemda – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="11-eafa decemda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%C9%99sr" title="XI əsr – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XI əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B1._%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="۱۱. یوز ایل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۱. یوز ایل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XI быуат – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="XI быуат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-11" title="Abad ka-11 – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abad ka-11" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_om%C5%BEios" title="XI omžios – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="XI omžios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XI стагоддзе – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="XI стагоддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XI стагодзьдзе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="XI стагодзьдзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="11 век – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="11 век" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIvet_kantved" title="XIvet kantved – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="XIvet kantved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._vijek" title="11. vijek – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="11. vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_XI" title="Segle XI – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle XI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_si%C3%A9-g%C4%AB" title="11 sié-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="11 sié-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE" title="XI бӀешо – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="XI бӀешо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A1" title="سەدەی ١١ – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەی ١١" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._stolet%C3%AD" title="11. století – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="11. století" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="XI ĕмĕр – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="XI ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/11eg_ganrif" title="11eg ganrif – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="11eg ganrif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="11. århundrede – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="11. århundrede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._Jahrhundert" title="11. Jahrhundert – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="11. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seserra_11ine" title="Seserra 11ine – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seserra 11ine" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="11ος αιώνας – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="11ος αιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_s%C3%A9col" title="XI sécol – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="XI sécol" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="11th century" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-a_jarcento" title="11-a jarcento – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="11-a jarcento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XI" title="Siglo XI – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo XI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._sajand" title="11. sajand – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="11. sajand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI._mendea" title="XI. mendea – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="XI. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigru_XI" title="Sigru XI – estrémègne" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sigru XI" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estrémègne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سده یازدهم میلادی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده یازدهم میلادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000-luku" title="1000-luku – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1000-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._aastagasada" title="11. aastagasada – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="11. aastagasada" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._%C3%B8ld" title="11. øld – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="11. øld" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI%C3%A9mo_si%C3%A8cllo" title="XIémo siècllo – francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="XIémo siècllo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._juarhunert" title="11. juarhunert – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="11. juarhunert" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/11e_iuw" title="11e iuw – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="11e iuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%C3%BA_haois" title="11ú haois – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="11ú haois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="11世紀 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="11世紀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/11mh_Linn" title="11mh Linn – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="11mh Linn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XI" title="Século XI – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século XI" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/11d_eash" title="11d eash – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="11d eash" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-11" title="המאה ה-11 – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-11" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="११वीं शताब्दी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="११वीं शताब्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._stolje%C4%87e" title="11. stoljeće – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="11. stoljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._sz%C3%A1zad" title="11. század – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="11. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="11-րդ դար – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="11-րդ դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seculo_11" title="Seculo 11 – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seculo 11" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-11_hingga_20" title="Abad ke-11 hingga 20 – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad ke-11 hingga 20" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/11ma_yarcento" title="11ma yarcento – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="11ma yarcento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._%C3%B6ldin" title="11. öldin – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="11. öldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_secolo" title="XI secolo – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XI secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="11世紀 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="11世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ping_11" title="Abad ping 11 – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad ping 11" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="XI საუკუნე – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="XI საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XI ғасыр – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="XI ғасыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="11세기 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="11세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedsala_11an" title="Sedsala 11an – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedsala 11an" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/11ves_kansbledhen" title="11ves kansbledhen – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="11ves kansbledhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_11" title="Saeculum 11 – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 11" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._Joerhonnert" title="11. Joerhonnert – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="11. Joerhonnert" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="XI виш йис – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="XI виш йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenio_11" title="Sentenio 11 – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentenio 11" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lfde_iew" title="Èlfde iew – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Èlfde iew" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_secolo" title="XI secolo – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="XI secolo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9cul_XI" title="Sécul XI – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sécul XI" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_am%C5%BEius" title="XI amžius – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XI amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._gadsimts" title="11. gadsimts – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="11. gadsimts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_kaping-11" title="Abad kaping-11 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Abad kaping-11" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="XI курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="XI курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautau_11" title="Rautau 11 – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rautau 11" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="11 век – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="11 век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे ११ वे शतक – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे ११ वे शतक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-11" title="Abad ke-11 – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-11" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%81_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="၁၁ ရာစုနှစ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၁ ရာစုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="XI пинге – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="XI пинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuilpohualxihuitl_XI" title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XI – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XI" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_seculo" title="XI seculo – napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="XI seculo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._Johrhunnert" title="11. Johrhunnert – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="11. Johrhunnert" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/11e_eeuw" title="11e eeuw – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="11e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/11e_eeuw" title="11e eeuw – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="11e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000-talet" title="1000-talet – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1000-talet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._%C3%A5rhundre" title="11. århundre – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="11. århundre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIe_s." title="XIe s. – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="XIe s." data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwagakgolo_11" title="Ngwagakgolo 11 – sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ngwagakgolo 11" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XI" title="Sègle XI – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle XI" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_wiek" title="XI wiek – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="XI wiek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="گیارہويں صدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گیارہويں صدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XI" title="Século XI – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século XI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_%C3%B1iqin_pachakwata" title="11 ñiqin pachakwata – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="11 ñiqin pachakwata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_XI-lea" title="Secolul al XI-lea – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al XI-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="XI век – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XI век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI._%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="XI. стороча – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="XI. стороча" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="XI үйэ – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="XI үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_s%C3%A8culu" title="XI sèculu – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="XI sèculu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._vijek" title="11. vijek – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="11. vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasuta_tiss_XI" title="Tasuta tiss XI – chleuh" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasuta tiss XI" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="chleuh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_11" title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 11 – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 11" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83" title="11 වන සියවස – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="11 වන සියවස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="11th century" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._storo%C4%8Die" title="11. storočie – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="11. storočie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._stoletje" title="11. stoletje – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="11. stoletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekulli_XI" title="Shekulli XI – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekulli XI" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="11. век – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="11. век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._Jierhunnert" title="11. Jierhunnert – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="11. Jierhunnert" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-11" title="Abad ka-11 – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abad ka-11" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000-talet" title="1000-talet – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1000-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_11" title="Karne ya 11 – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 11" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="11-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="11-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_XI" title="Садаи XI – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаи XI" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_11" title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 11 – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 11" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-nji_asyr" title="11-nji asyr – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="11-nji asyr" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-11_dantaon" title="Ika-11 dantaon – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ika-11 dantaon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/11._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="11. yüzyıl – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="11. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XI гасыр – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="XI гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="XI століття – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="XI століття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="گیارہویں صدی – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گیارہویں صدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_asr" title="XI asr – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="XI asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_secolo" title="XI secolo – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="XI secolo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_11" title="Thế kỷ 11 – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 11" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/11inme_sieke" title="11inme sieke – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="11inme sieke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-11_nga_gatostuig" title="Ika-11 nga gatostuig – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-11 nga gatostuig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="11世纪 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="11世纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="XI ოშწანურა – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="XI ოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%22%D7%94" title="11טער י"ה – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="11טער י"ה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/11e_e%C3%AAuw" title="11e eêuw – zélandais" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="11e eêuw" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="11世纪 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="11世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_s%C3%A8-k%C3%AD" title="11 sè-kí – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="11 sè-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="11世紀 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="11世紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7063#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/XIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/XIe_si%C3%A8cle" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&oldid=219455463" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&id=219455463&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FXIe_si%25C3%25A8cle"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FXIe_si%25C3%25A8cle"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=XIe+si%C3%A8cle"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:11th_century" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7063" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="toc" align="right" style="margin:4px;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><small>Millénaires :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire" title="Ier millénaire"><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ millénaire">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> millénaire</a> • <b><a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire" title="IIe millénaire"><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/IIIe_mill%C3%A9naire" title="IIIe millénaire"><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ millénaire">III<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire</a><br /> </p> <hr /> <p><small>Siècles :</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Xe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Xe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> • <b><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b> • <a href="/wiki/XIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="12ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> </p> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><small>Décennies :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1000" title="Années 1000">1000</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1010" title="Années 1010">1010</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1020" title="Années 1020">1020</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1030" title="Années 1030">1030</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1040" title="Années 1040">1040</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1050" title="Années 1050">1050</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1060" title="Années 1060">1060</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1070" title="Années 1070">1070</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1080" title="Années 1080">1080</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1090" title="Années 1090">1090</a> </p> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><small>Années :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/1001" title="1001">1001</a> • <a href="/wiki/1002" title="1002">1002</a> • <a href="/wiki/1003" title="1003">1003</a> • <a href="/wiki/1004" title="1004">1004</a> • <a href="/wiki/1005" title="1005">1005</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1006" title="1006">1006</a> • <a href="/wiki/1007" title="1007">1007</a> • <a href="/wiki/1008" title="1008">1008</a> • <a href="/wiki/1009" title="1009">1009</a> • <a href="/wiki/1010" title="1010">1010</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1011" title="1011">1011</a> • <a href="/wiki/1012" title="1012">1012</a> • <a href="/wiki/1013" title="1013">1013</a> • <a href="/wiki/1014" title="1014">1014</a> • <a href="/wiki/1015" title="1015">1015</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1016" title="1016">1016</a> • <a href="/wiki/1017" title="1017">1017</a> • <a href="/wiki/1018" title="1018">1018</a> • <a href="/wiki/1019" title="1019">1019</a> • <a href="/wiki/1020" title="1020">1020</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1021" title="1021">1021</a> • <a href="/wiki/1022" title="1022">1022</a> • <a href="/wiki/1023" title="1023">1023</a> • <a href="/wiki/1024" title="1024">1024</a> • <a href="/wiki/1025" title="1025">1025</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1026" title="1026">1026</a> • <a href="/wiki/1027" title="1027">1027</a> • <a href="/wiki/1028" title="1028">1028</a> • <a href="/wiki/1029" title="1029">1029</a> • <a href="/wiki/1030" title="1030">1030</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1031" title="1031">1031</a> • <a href="/wiki/1032" title="1032">1032</a> • <a href="/wiki/1033" title="1033">1033</a> • <a href="/wiki/1034" title="1034">1034</a> • <a href="/wiki/1035" title="1035">1035</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1036" title="1036">1036</a> • <a href="/wiki/1037" title="1037">1037</a> • <a href="/wiki/1038" title="1038">1038</a> • <a href="/wiki/1039" title="1039">1039</a> • <a href="/wiki/1040" title="1040">1040</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1041" title="1041">1041</a> • <a href="/wiki/1042" title="1042">1042</a> • <a href="/wiki/1043" title="1043">1043</a> • <a href="/wiki/1044" title="1044">1044</a> • <a href="/wiki/1045" title="1045">1045</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1046" title="1046">1046</a> • <a href="/wiki/1047" title="1047">1047</a> • <a href="/wiki/1048" title="1048">1048</a> • <a href="/wiki/1049" title="1049">1049</a> • <a href="/wiki/1050" title="1050">1050</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1051" title="1051">1051</a> • <a href="/wiki/1052" title="1052">1052</a> • <a href="/wiki/1053" title="1053">1053</a> • <a href="/wiki/1054" title="1054">1054</a> • <a href="/wiki/1055" title="1055">1055</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1056" title="1056">1056</a> • <a href="/wiki/1057" title="1057">1057</a> • <a href="/wiki/1058" title="1058">1058</a> • <a href="/wiki/1059" title="1059">1059</a> • <a href="/wiki/1060" title="1060">1060</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1061" title="1061">1061</a> • <a href="/wiki/1062" title="1062">1062</a> • <a href="/wiki/1063" title="1063">1063</a> • <a href="/wiki/1064" title="1064">1064</a> • <a href="/wiki/1065" title="1065">1065</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1066" title="1066">1066</a> • <a href="/wiki/1067" title="1067">1067</a> • <a href="/wiki/1068" title="1068">1068</a> • <a href="/wiki/1069" title="1069">1069</a> • <a href="/wiki/1070" title="1070">1070</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1071" title="1071">1071</a> • <a href="/wiki/1072" title="1072">1072</a> • <a href="/wiki/1073" title="1073">1073</a> • <a href="/wiki/1074" title="1074">1074</a> • <a href="/wiki/1075" title="1075">1075</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1076" title="1076">1076</a> • <a href="/wiki/1077" title="1077">1077</a> • <a href="/wiki/1078" title="1078">1078</a> • <a href="/wiki/1079" title="1079">1079</a> • <a href="/wiki/1080" title="1080">1080</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1081" title="1081">1081</a> • <a href="/wiki/1082" title="1082">1082</a> • <a href="/wiki/1083" title="1083">1083</a> • <a href="/wiki/1084" title="1084">1084</a> • <a href="/wiki/1085" title="1085">1085</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1086" title="1086">1086</a> • <a href="/wiki/1087" title="1087">1087</a> • <a href="/wiki/1088" title="1088">1088</a> • <a href="/wiki/1089" title="1089">1089</a> • <a href="/wiki/1090" title="1090">1090</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/1091" title="1091">1091</a> • <a href="/wiki/1092" title="1092">1092</a> • <a href="/wiki/1093" title="1093">1093</a> • <a href="/wiki/1094" title="1094">1094</a> • <a href="/wiki/1095" title="1095">1095</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1096" title="1096">1096</a> • <a href="/wiki/1097" title="1097">1097</a> • <a href="/wiki/1098" title="1098">1098</a> • <a href="/wiki/1099" title="1099">1099</a> • <a href="/wiki/1100" title="1100">1100</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Le <b><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b> (ou <b><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">11</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b>) commence le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1001-01-07" data-sort-value="1001-01-07"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 1001</time> et finit le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1101-01-07" data-sort-value="1101-01-07">31 décembre 1100</time>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Événements"><span id=".C3.89v.C3.A9nements"></span>Événements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Événements" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Événements"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>950-1072</b> : la <a href="/wiki/Crise_du_XIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Crise du XIe siècle">crise du <abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> touche l'Afrique du Nord, le Proche-Orient et l’Asie Centrale à la suite d'événements climatiques et politiques<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afrique">Afrique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Afrique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Afrique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>À la fin du <b><a href="/wiki/Xe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Xe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></b>, fondation selon la tradition des sept <a href="/wiki/Royaumes_haoussa" title="Royaumes haoussa">royaumes haoussa</a> légitimes, peut-être par des <a href="/wiki/Berb%C3%A8res" title="Berbères">Berbères</a> de l’<a href="/wiki/Massif_de_l%27A%C3%AFr" title="Massif de l'Aïr">Aïr</a> chassés par les <a href="/wiki/Touaregs" title="Touaregs">Touaregs</a>, au nord du <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> et au sud du <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. Selon la légende, la reine de <a href="/wiki/Daura" title="Daura">Daura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daurama_II" title="Daurama II">Daurama</a>, épouse un blanc, <a href="/wiki/Bayajidda" title="Bayajidda">Bayajidda</a> ou Bayadzidda (Abou Yezid), qui avait tué le serpent Sarki qui menaçait la contrée. Ils ont sept fils qui fondent les sept premières cités : <a href="/wiki/Daura" title="Daura">Daura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kano_(Nigeria)" title="Kano (Nigeria)">Kano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rano_(Nigeria)" title="Rano (Nigeria)">Rano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaria_(Nigeria)" title="Zaria (Nigeria)">Zaria</a> (ou Zeg-Zeg), <a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katsina" title="Katsina">Katsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biram" title="Biram">Biram</a>. Sept royaumes illégitimes (banza) sont créés chez des peuples divers : <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_de_Kebbi" class="mw-redirect" title="État de Kebbi">Kebbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yauri" title="Yauri">Yaouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_de_Zamfara" class="mw-redirect" title="État de Zamfara">Zamfara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_(peuple)" title="Gbagyi (peuple)">Gouari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bida_(Nigeria)" title="Bida (Nigeria)">Noupé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jukun_(peuple)" title="Jukun (peuple)">Kouararafa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilorin" title="Ilorin">Ilorin</a>. Ces cités généralement fortifiées étendent leur autorité sur le territoire environnant. Les <a href="/wiki/Haoussas" title="Haoussas">Haoussas</a> restent isolés jusqu’au <a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>. Les cités possèdent des <a href="/wiki/Chronique_(litt%C3%A9rature)" title="Chronique (littérature)">chroniques</a> locales, rédigées en <a href="/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe">arabe</a>, mais la plupart d’entre elles, à l’exception de <a href="/wiki/Kano_(Nigeria)" title="Kano (Nigeria)">Kano</a>, seront détruites à la fin du <a href="/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> et au début du <a href="/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> par les <a href="/wiki/Peuls" title="Peuls">Peuls</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 1045</b> : les <a href="/wiki/Malink%C3%A9s" title="Malinkés">Malinkés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioulas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioulas">Dioulas</a> et <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9noufos" title="Sénoufos">Sénoufos</a> créent le <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Kong" title="Royaume de Kong">royaume de Kong</a> au Nord de la <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1051-1052</b> : invasion hilalienne lancée sur l’<a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> par les <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_fatimide_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Période fatimide de l'Égypte">Fatimides d’Égypte</a>. Début de l’arrivée par vagues successives de tribus arabes nomades venues du <a href="/wiki/Nejd" title="Nejd">Nejd</a>, du <a href="/wiki/Hedjaz" title="Hedjaz">Hedjaz</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9men" title="Yémen">Yémen</a>. Les <a href="/wiki/Hilaliens" title="Hilaliens">Banu Hilal</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Banu_Maqil" title="Banu Maqil">Banu Maqil</a> avancent le long de la frange nord du <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, franchissent les montagnes et font irruption sporadiquement dans les plaines fertiles des côtes méditerranéennes et atlantiques du <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, rompant à leur profit l'équilibre entre <a href="/wiki/Nomadisme" title="Nomadisme">nomades</a> et <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9dentarit%C3%A9" title="Sédentarité">sédentaires</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="/wiki/Banu_Maqil" title="Banu Maqil">Banu Maqil</a> atteignent le <a href="/wiki/Provinces_du_Sud_(Maroc)" title="Provinces du Sud (Maroc)">Sud marocain</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Hilaliens" title="Hilaliens">Banu Hilal</a> le nord du <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> et de la <a href="/wiki/Mauritanie" title="Mauritanie">Mauritanie</a> actuels<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1075-1220</b> : royaume de <a href="/wiki/Mapungubwe" title="Mapungubwe">Mapungubwe</a> en <a href="/wiki/Afrique_australe" title="Afrique australe">Afrique australe</a> au <a href="/wiki/Confluence_(hydrologie)" title="Confluence (hydrologie)">confluent</a> des rivières <a href="/wiki/Shashe" title="Shashe">Shashe</a> et <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_(fleuve)" title="Limpopo (fleuve)">Limpopo</a> au sud du <a href="/wiki/Grand_Zimbabwe" title="Grand Zimbabwe">Grand Zimbabwe</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 1080-1450</b> : phase III de l'histoire de la ville de <a href="/wiki/Grand_Zimbabwe" title="Grand Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> en <a href="/wiki/Afrique_australe" title="Afrique australe">Afrique australe</a>. Construction de huttes en <i>daga</i> (torchis) sur la colline de Zimbabwe, puis des premiers murs de pierre en blocs de granit sur l'acropole, et des premières constructions dans la vallée. Un peuple de bâtisseurs, probablement des <a href="/wiki/Shonas" title="Shonas">Shonas</a> venus du nord-ouest aurait peu à peu imposé son autorité aux mineurs installés dans la région depuis les environs du <abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le site de Zimbabwe fait le lien entre les pâturages des basses terres et ceux des hauts plateaux, où les troupeaux vont se réfugier après l’invasion des mouches tsé-tsé dans les basses terres pendant la saison des pluies.</li></ul> <ul><li><b><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b> : apogée du <a href="/wiki/Empire_du_Ghana" title="Empire du Ghana">royaume de Ghana</a> qui s'étend de l'<a href="/wiki/Embouchure_(hydrologie)" title="Embouchure (hydrologie)">embouchure</a> du <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal_(fleuve)" title="Sénégal (fleuve)">Sénégal</a> à la <a href="/wiki/Boucle_du_Niger" title="Boucle du Niger">boucle du Niger</a> et de l'<a href="/wiki/Plateau_de_l%27Adrar" title="Plateau de l'Adrar">Adrar</a> au <a href="/wiki/Bour%C3%A9_(r%C3%A9gion)" title="Bouré (région)">Bouré</a>. Il décline après la prise de sa capitale <a href="/wiki/Koumbi_Saleh" title="Koumbi Saleh">Koumbi Saleh</a> en 1076 par les Berbères <a href="/wiki/Almoravides" title="Almoravides">almoravides</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Du <b><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> au <abbr class="abbr" title="12ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b>, les souverains de <a href="/wiki/Makurie" title="Makurie">Dongola</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Nubie" title="Nubie">Nubie</a>, résistent à la pénétration de l’<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> et combattent avec succès les empiétements de leurs voisins <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">musulmans</a>. Ils versent un tribut à l’<a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte" title="Égypte">Égypte</a>, mais celle-ci concentre ses forces contre les <a href="/wiki/Crois%C3%A9" title="Croisé">croisés</a> en <a href="/wiki/Syrie" title="Syrie">Syrie</a> et en <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(r%C3%A9gion)" title="Palestine (région)">Palestine</a>, ce qui permet à la <a href="/wiki/Nubie" title="Nubie">Nubie</a> chrétienne de conserver son indépendance. Après la chute des Fatimides en 1170, les relations de la Nubie avec l’Égypte se détériorent<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amérique"><span id="Am.C3.A9rique"></span>Amérique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Amérique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Amérique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Chaco_Canyon_Pueblo_Bonito_great_kiva_NPS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Chaco_Canyon_Pueblo_Bonito_great_kiva_NPS.jpg/220px-Chaco_Canyon_Pueblo_Bonito_great_kiva_NPS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Chaco_Canyon_Pueblo_Bonito_great_kiva_NPS.jpg/330px-Chaco_Canyon_Pueblo_Bonito_great_kiva_NPS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Chaco_Canyon_Pueblo_Bonito_great_kiva_NPS.jpg/440px-Chaco_Canyon_Pueblo_Bonito_great_kiva_NPS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Grande <a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">kiva</a> de <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>950-<a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a></b> : prospérité du <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Canyon" title="Chaco Canyon">Chaco Canyon</a> au <a href="/wiki/Nouveau-Mexique" title="Nouveau-Mexique">Nouveau-Mexique</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Après <a href="/wiki/1050" title="1050">1050</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Anasazis" title="Anasazis">Anasazis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>) quittent leurs villages établis dans les vallées ou sur les plateaux de <a href="/wiki/L%C5%93ss" title="Lœss">lœss</a> et déplacent leurs populations vers des sites défensifs (<a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a> dans le <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Canyon" title="Chaco Canyon">canyon de Chaco</a>). Le site de <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a> se développe<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Sa population, de 1 200 âmes environ, se répartit dans les 800 salles aménagées sur quatre étages, à l’abri de hauts murs. Le canyon compte plus de 400 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> de routes et de passages.</li> <li><b>975-1150</b> : période sédentaire de la civilisation des <a href="/wiki/Hohokams" title="Hohokams">Hohokams</a> dans le <a href="/wiki/Sud-Ouest_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Sud-Ouest des États-Unis">sud-ouest de l’Amérique du Nord</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vers 1000</b> : <a href="/wiki/Colonies_vikings_en_Am%C3%A9rique" title="Colonies vikings en Amérique">établissement Viking</a> au <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1000-1438</b> : période intermédiaire récent au <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rou" title="Pérou">Pérou</a> ; civilisation <a href="/wiki/Chim%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimú">Chimú</a> sur le littoral<sup id="cite_ref-Malpass_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malpass-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1070</b> (plus ou moins 70 ans) : date possible de la construction du <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_du_Grand_serpent" title="Tumulus du Grand serpent">tumulus du Grand serpent</a> par des membres de la culture dite de <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asie_et_Pacifique">Asie et Pacifique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Asie et Pacifique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Asie et Pacifique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>1017-1055</b> : les <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Chola" title="Dynastie Chola">Chola</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conqu%C3%AAte_chola_d%27Anuradhapura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conquête chola d'Anuradhapura (page inexistante)">envahissent</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" class="extiw" title="en:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Chola conquest of Anuradhapura »">(en)</span></a> et occupent le <a href="/wiki/Royaume_d%27Anur%C3%A2dhapura" title="Royaume d'Anurâdhapura">royaume d'Anurâdhapura</a> au <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le roi <a href="/wiki/Vijayabahu_I" title="Vijayabahu I">Vijayabahu</a> (1053-1110) chasse les Chola en 1073. La capitale du <a href="/wiki/Royaume_cinghalais" title="Royaume cinghalais">royaume cinghalais</a> est déplacée à <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Polonnaruwa" title="Royaume de Polonnaruwa">royaume de Polonnaruwa</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>1018</b> : sac de <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> et <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> dans la moyenne vallée du <a href="/wiki/Gange" title="Gange">Gange</a> et déportation de leurs populations par le sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_de_Ghazni" title="Mahmoud de Ghazni">Mahmoud de Ghazni</a>. Les invasions musulmanes en <a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a> auraient provoquées d'importantes migrations des <a href="/wiki/Roms" title="Roms">Roms</a>. Ils avancent vers l’ouest en traversant l’<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> vers l’<a href="/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie">Asie Mineure</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sultanat_de_Roum" title="Sultanat de Roum">sultanat de Roum</a>) puis l’<a href="/wiki/Empire_byzantin" title="Empire byzantin">Empire byzantin</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1030-1080</b> : razzias des <a href="/wiki/Oghouzes" title="Oghouzes">Turcomans</a> en <a href="/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie">Anatolie</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1042</b> : arrivée au <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> de nouveaux missionnaires <a href="/wiki/Bouddhisme" title="Bouddhisme">bouddhistes</a> venus d’<a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, dont <a href="/wiki/%C3%82t%C3%AE%C5%9Ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Âtîśa">Âtîśa</a>, originaire du royaume <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Pala" title="Dynastie Pala">Pala</a> au <a href="/wiki/Bengale" title="Bengale">Bengale</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1096-1099</b> : <a href="/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_croisade" title="Première croisade">première croisade</a>. Création du <a href="/wiki/Royaume_latin_de_J%C3%A9rusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Royaume latin de Jérusalem">royaume latin de Jérusalem</a><sup id="cite_ref-Valode_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valode-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles détaillés : <a href="/wiki/Occident_au_XIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Occident au XIe siècle">Occident au <abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> et <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9r%C3%A9sies_du_XIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_Occident" title="Hérésies du XIe siècle en Occident">Hérésies du XIe siècle en Occident</a>.</div></div> <ul><li><b>Vers 940-1040</b> : <a href="/wiki/Transgression_marine_Dunkerque_III" title="Transgression marine Dunkerque III">troisième transgression dunkerquienne</a> ; la mer envahit pour la dernière fois la Flandre-Occidentale. Début de la création de <a href="/wiki/Digue" title="Digue">digues</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polders</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1000-1300</b> : sites de sacrifice <a href="/wiki/Samis" title="Samis">sami</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C3%A5tr%C3%A4sk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gråträsk (page inexistante)">Gråträsk</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A5tr%C3%A4sk" class="extiw" title="en:Gråträsk"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Gråträsk »">(en)</span></a> en <a href="/wiki/Laponie" title="Laponie">Laponie</a>, comportant des objets de métal (croix et oiseaux) importés de <a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">Russie</a> et du nord-ouest de l’<a href="/wiki/Angleterre" title="Angleterre">Angleterre</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>1016</b> : la <a href="/wiki/Paix_de_Dieu" title="Paix de Dieu">Paix de Dieu</a>, institution méridionale, est encouragée par <a href="/wiki/Ordre_de_Cluny" title="Ordre de Cluny">Cluny</a>. Le mouvement s'installe en <a href="/wiki/Francie_occidentale" title="Francie occidentale">Francie occidentale</a>, puis en <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Germanie" title="Royaume de Germanie">Germanie</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>1031</b> : effondrement du <a href="/wiki/Califat_de_Cordoue" title="Califat de Cordoue">Califat omeyyade</a> de <a href="/wiki/Cordoue" title="Cordoue">Cordoue</a>. Morcellement politique d'<a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, permettant une impulsion décisive à la <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i>, avec la prise de <a href="/wiki/Tol%C3%A8de" title="Tolède">Tolède</a> (<a href="/wiki/1085" title="1085">1085</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> notamment.</li> <li><b>1066</b> : <a href="/wiki/Bataille_d%27Hastings" title="Bataille d'Hastings">bataille d'Hastings</a> ; début de la <a href="/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_normande_de_l%27Angleterre" title="Conquête normande de l'Angleterre">Conquête normande de l'Angleterre</a> par <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_le_Conqu%C3%A9rant" title="Guillaume le Conquérant">Guillaume le Conquérant</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>1071</b> : le <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_comtes_de_Flandre" title="Liste des comtes de Flandre">comte de Flandre</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ier_de_Flandre" title="Robert Ier de Flandre">Robert le Frison</a> bat le <a href="/wiki/Roi_de_France" title="Roi de France">roi de France</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Ier_(roi_des_Francs)" title="Philippe Ier (roi des Francs)">Philippe <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a> à <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Cassel_(1071)" title="Bataille de Cassel (1071)">Cassel</a>. Le comte <a href="/wiki/Arnoul_III_de_Flandre" title="Arnoul III de Flandre">Arnoul III de Flandre</a> est tué et la <a href="/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Flandre" title="Comté de Flandre">Flandre</a> est séparée du <a href="/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Hainaut" title="Comté de Hainaut">Hainaut</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><b><time class="nowrap date-lien" datetime="1095-12-03" data-sort-value="1095-12-03"><a href="/wiki/27_novembre" title="27 novembre">27 novembre</a> <a href="/wiki/1095_dans_les_croisades" title="1095 dans les croisades">1095</a></time></b> : à la clôture du <a href="/wiki/Concile_de_Clermont_(1095)" title="Concile de Clermont (1095)">Concile de Clermont</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Pape" title="Pape">pape</a> <a href="/wiki/Urbain_II" title="Urbain II">Urbain II</a> appelle à la <a href="/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_croisade" title="Première croisade">première croisade</a><sup id="cite_ref-Valode_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valode-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Les <a href="/wiki/Lituaniens" title="Lituaniens">tribus lituaniennes</a> nous sont connues par les chroniques allemandes, polonaises et russes qui les décrivent autour du <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A9men" title="Niémen">Niémen</a> et du futur emplacement de la ville de <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Castellan_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castellan-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnages_significatifs">Personnages significatifs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Personnages significatifs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Personnages significatifs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Chefs politiques</b> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_de_Ghazni" title="Mahmoud de Ghazni">Mahmoud de Ghazni</a> (<a href="/wiki/971" title="971">971</a>-<a href="/wiki/1030" title="1030">1030</a>) - dirigeant de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_ghazn%C3%A9vide" title="Empire ghaznévide">Empire ghaznévide</a> de <a href="/wiki/997" title="997">997</a> jusqu'à sa mort.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foulques_III_d%27Anjou" title="Foulques III d'Anjou">Foulques III d'Anjou</a> dit Nerra ou le Noir (<a href="/wiki/987" title="987">987</a>-<a href="/wiki/1040" title="1040">1040</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_comtes_et_ducs_d%27Anjou" title="Liste des comtes et ducs d'Anjou">comte d'Anjou</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a> (<a href="/wiki/996" title="996">996</a>-<a href="/wiki/1021" title="1021">1021</a>), <a href="/wiki/Calife" title="Calife">calife</a> <a href="/wiki/Califat_fatimide" title="Califat fatimide">fatimide</a> du <a href="/wiki/Le_Caire" title="Le Caire">Caire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_le_Pieux" title="Robert II le Pieux">Robert le Pieux</a> (<a href="/wiki/996" title="996">996</a>-<a href="/wiki/1031" title="1031">1031</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_monarques_de_France" title="Liste des monarques de France">roi des Francs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_V_d%27Aquitaine" title="Guillaume V d'Aquitaine">Guillaume V d'Aquitaine</a> dit <i>le Grand</i> (<a href="/wiki/996" title="996">996</a>-<a href="/wiki/1030" title="1030">1030</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_comtes_de_Poitiers" title="Liste des comtes de Poitiers">comte de Poitiers</a> et <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_ducs_d%27Aquitaine" title="Liste des ducs d'Aquitaine">duc d'Aquitaine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudes_II_de_Blois" title="Eudes II de Blois">Eudes II de Blois</a> (<a href="/wiki/1004" title="1004">1004</a>-<a href="/wiki/1037" title="1037">1037</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_comtes_de_Blois" title="Liste des comtes de Blois">comte de Blois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_comtes_de_Meaux" title="Liste des comtes de Meaux">de Meaux</a> et <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_comtes_de_Troyes" title="Liste des comtes de Troyes">de Troyes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1022" title="1022">1022</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> (<a href="/wiki/1015" title="1015">1015</a>-<a href="/wiki/1061" title="1061">1061</a>), fondateur de la dynastie normande d'Italie.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_le_Conqu%C3%A9rant" title="Guillaume le Conquérant">Guillaume le Conquérant</a> (vers <a href="/wiki/1027" title="1027">1027</a> - <time class="nowrap" datetime="1087-09-15" data-sort-value="1087-09-15">9 septembre 1087</time>), duc de <a href="/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_Normandie" title="Duché de Normandie">Normandie</a> et roi d'<a href="/wiki/Angleterre" title="Angleterre">Angleterre</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_IV_(empereur_du_Saint-Empire)" title="Henri IV (empereur du Saint-Empire)">Henri IV</a> (<a href="/wiki/1056" title="1056">1056</a>-<a href="/wiki/1106" title="1106">1106</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_souverains_du_Saint-Empire" title="Liste des souverains du Saint-Empire">empereur du Saint-Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/1084" title="1084">1084</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Ier_(roi_des_Francs)" title="Philippe Ier (roi des Francs)">Philippe <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a> (<a href="/wiki/1060" title="1060">1060</a>-<a href="/wiki/1108" title="1108">1108</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_monarques_de_France" title="Liste des monarques de France">roi des Francs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssef_ben_Tachfine" title="Youssef ben Tachfine">Youssef ben Tachfine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1061" title="1061">1061</a>-<a href="/wiki/1106" title="1106">1106</a>), <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mir" title="Émir">émir</a> <a href="/wiki/Almoravides" title="Almoravides">almoravide</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_VI_de_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonse VI de León">Alphonse VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/1065" title="1065">1065</a>-<a href="/wiki/1109" title="1109">1109</a>), <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Royaume de León">roi de León</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Castille" title="Royaume de Castille">Castille</a>, <i>imperator totus hispaniae</i> (Empereur de toutes les <a href="/wiki/Espagnes_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vales" title="Espagnes médiévales">Espagnes</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Ier_Comn%C3%A8ne" title="Alexis Ier Comnène">Alexis <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> Comnène</a> (<a href="/wiki/1080" title="1080">1080</a>-<a href="/wiki/1118" title="1118">1118</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_empereurs_byzantins" title="Liste des empereurs byzantins">empereur byzantin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_D%C3%ADaz_de_Vivar" title="Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar">Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar</a> (mort en <a href="/wiki/1099" title="1099">1099</a>) dit <i>le Cid</i>, <a href="/wiki/Condottiere" title="Condottiere">condottiere</a> et <a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">seigneur</a> de <a href="/wiki/Valence_(Espagne)" title="Valence (Espagne)">Valence</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Philosophes et théologiens</b> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_II" title="Sylvestre II">Gerbert d'Aurillac</a> (<a href="/wiki/938" title="938">938</a>-<a href="/wiki/1003" title="1003">1003</a>), <a href="/wiki/Philosophe" title="Philosophe">philosophe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Math%C3%A9maticien" title="Mathématicien">mathématicien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronome" title="Astronome">astronome</a>, devenu <a href="/wiki/Pape" title="Pape">pape</a> sous le nom de <a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_II" title="Sylvestre II">Sylvestre II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pape" title="Pape">pape</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_(peuple)" title="Français (peuple)">français</a>) de l'<a href="/wiki/An_mille" title="An mille">an mil</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenne" title="Avicenne">Avicenne</a> (<a href="/wiki/980" title="980">980</a>-<a href="/wiki/1037" title="1037">1037</a>), <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decine" title="Médecine">médecin</a> et <a href="/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie">philosophe</a> perse, auteur du <i><a href="/wiki/Qan%C3%BBn_(Avicenne)" title="Qanûn (Avicenne)">Canon de la médecine</a></i> et de commentaires d'<a href="/wiki/Aristote" title="Aristote">Aristote</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselme_de_Cantorb%C3%A9ry" title="Anselme de Cantorbéry">Anselme de Cantorbéry</a> (<a href="/wiki/1033" title="1033">1033</a>-<a href="/wiki/1109" title="1109">1109</a>), théologien et philosophe.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Voir : <a href="/wiki/Liste_de_philosophes_par_ann%C3%A9e_de_naissance" title="Liste de philosophes par année de naissance">Philosophes et théologiens du <abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>. </p> <ul><li><b>Écrivains</b> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/935" title="935">935</a>–<a href="/wiki/1020" title="1020">1020</a>), <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A8te" title="Poète">poète</a> <a href="/wiki/Persans" title="Persans">persan</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a> (1048-1131), écrivain et savant persan.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Navigateur</b> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a> (v. <a href="/wiki/975" title="975">975</a>-v. <a href="/wiki/1020" title="1020">1020</a>), premier <a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">explorateur</a> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">européen</a> à avoir atteint l'<a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord" title="Amérique du Nord">Amérique du Nord</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Religieux</b> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Volpiano" title="Guillaume de Volpiano">Guillaume de Volpiano</a> (960-1031), originaire du Piémont, réformateur et constructeur d'abbayes en Bourgogne et en Normandie.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9mar_de_Chabannes" title="Adémar de Chabannes">Adémar de Chabannes</a> (<a href="/wiki/989" title="989">989</a>-<a href="/wiki/1034" title="1034">1034</a>), moine et chroniqueur.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_le_Chartreux" title="Bruno le Chartreux">Saint Bruno</a> (<a href="/wiki/1030" title="1030">1030</a>-<a href="/wiki/1101" title="1101">1101</a>), fondateur des Chartreux.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachi" title="Rachi">Rachi</a> (v. <a href="/wiki/1040" title="1040">1040</a>-<a href="/wiki/1105" title="1105">1105</a>), commentateur des <a href="/wiki/Texte_sacr%C3%A9" title="Texte sacré">textes sacrés</a> <a href="/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Judaïsme">juifs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_de_Cluny" title="Odilon de Cluny">Odilon de Mercœur</a> (<a href="/wiki/994" title="994">994</a>-<a href="/wiki/1049" title="1049">1049</a>), <abbr class="abbr" title="Cinquième">5<sup>e</sup></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_abb%C3%A9s_de_Cluny" title="Liste des abbés de Cluny">abbé de Cluny</a>, successeur de <a href="/wiki/Mayeul_de_Cluny" title="Mayeul de Cluny">Saint-Maïeul</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Cluny" title="Hugues de Cluny">Hugues de Semur</a> (<a href="/wiki/1024" title="1024">1024</a>-<a href="/wiki/1109" title="1109">1109</a>), <abbr class="abbr" title="Sixième">6<sup>e</sup></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_abb%C3%A9s_de_Cluny" title="Liste des abbés de Cluny">abbé de Cluny</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_IX" title="Léon IX">Léon IX</a> (<a href="/wiki/1002" title="1002">1002</a>-<a href="/wiki/1054" title="1054">1054</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pape" title="Pape">pape</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_VII" title="Grégoire VII">Grégoire VII</a> (<a href="/wiki/1073" title="1073">1073</a>-<a href="/wiki/1085" title="1085">1085</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pape" title="Pape">pape</a> réformateur, à l'origine de la <a href="/wiki/Querelle_des_Investitures" title="Querelle des Investitures">Querelle des Investitures</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbain_II" title="Urbain II">Urbain II</a> (<a href="/wiki/1088" title="1088">1088</a>-<a href="/wiki/1099" title="1099">1099</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pape" title="Pape">pape</a> à l'origine de la <a href="/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_croisade" title="Première croisade">première croisade</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulbert_de_Chartres" title="Fulbert de Chartres">Fulbert de Chartres</a> (<a href="/wiki/1007" title="1007">1007</a>-<a href="/wiki/1028" title="1028">1028</a>), évêque de Chartres, conseiller des rois et des princes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_de_Chartres" title="Yves de Chartres">Yves de Chartres</a>, mort vers <a href="/wiki/1114" title="1114">1114</a>, spécialiste du <a href="/wiki/Droit_canonique" title="Droit canonique">droit canonique</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrhtferth" title="Byrhtferth">Byrhtferth</a>, moine et philosophe anglais.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ier_C%C3%A9rulaire" title="Michel Ier Cérulaire">Michel Cérulaire</a> (<a href="/wiki/1043" title="1043">1043</a>-<a href="/wiki/1058" title="1058">1058</a>), <a href="/wiki/Patriarche_de_Constantinople" title="Patriarche de Constantinople">patriarche de Constantinople</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:25em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ellenblum2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roni_Ellenblum2012">Roni Ellenblum, <cite class="italique">he Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean : Climate Change and the Decline of the East, 950-1072</cite>, Cambridge University Press, <time>2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781107023352" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781107023352"><span class="nowrap">9781107023352</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=V42h5LacG8gC&pg=PA29">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=he+Collapse+of+the+Eastern+Mediterranean+%3A+Climate+Change+and+the+Decline+of+the+East%2C+950-1072&rft.place=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Ellenblum&rft.aufirst=Roni&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107023352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Deschamps"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hubert_Deschamps">Hubert Deschamps, <cite class="italique">L'Afrique noire précoloniale</cite>, Presses universitaires de France <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782705902766" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782705902766"><span class="nowrap">9782705902766</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=bcKPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT47">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Afrique+noire+pr%C3%A9coloniale&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Deschamps&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft.isbn=9782705902766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Niamkey_Kodjo2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Niamkey_Kodjo2006">Georges Niamkey Kodjo, <cite class="italique">Le royaume de Kong (Côte d'ivoire), des origines à la fin du <a href="/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></cite>, L'Harmattan, <time>2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782296146976" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782296146976"><span class="nowrap">9782296146976</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=IWPBjkOYkfwC&pg=PA29">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+royaume+de+Kong+%28C%C3%B4te+d%27ivoire%29%2C+des+origines+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+XIXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.au=Georges+Niamkey+Kodjo&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9782296146976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="David2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robinson_David2010">Robinson David, <cite class="italique">Les sociétés musulmanes africaines</cite>, Karthala, <time>2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782811120054" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782811120054"><span class="nowrap">9782811120054</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=IUbaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+musulmanes+africaines&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Robinson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9782811120054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Abou_Sall2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ibrahima_Abou_Sall2013">Ibrahima Abou Sall, <cite class="italique">Les relations entre le Fuuta Tooro et l'Émirat du Brakna (Moyenne Vallée du Sénégal) : un terreau du colonialisme français, 1850-1903</cite>, L'Harmattan, <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782336291864" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782336291864"><span class="nowrap">9782336291864</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=IWFPpOTcIT8C&pg=PA37">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+relations+entre+le+Fuuta+Tooro+et+l%27%C3%89mirat+du+Brakna+%28Moyenne+Vall%C3%A9e+du+S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal%29+%3A+un+terreau+du+colonialisme+fran%C3%A7ais%2C+1850-1903&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.au=Ibrahima+Abou+Sall&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9782336291864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hrbek,_M._El_Fasi1992"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ivan_Hrbek,_M._El_Fasi1992">Ivan Hrbek, M. El Fasi, <cite class="italique">UNESCO General History of Africa</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 3, University of California Press, <time>1992</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780520066984" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780520066984"><span class="nowrap">9780520066984</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=YeKwW3vzQMUC&pg=PA324">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNESCO+General+History+of+Africa&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.au=Ivan+Hrbek%2C+M.+El+Fasi&rft.date=1992&rft.volume=3&rft.isbn=9780520066984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Raymond1972"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mauny_Raymond1972">Mauny Raymond, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Roger Summers. Zimbabwe, mystère rhodésien, Trad. de l'anglais par P. Chwa [compte-rendu]</cite> », <i>Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 217,‎ <time>1972</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">720-721</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_0300-9513_1972_num_59_217_1642_t1_0720_0000_3">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Roger+Summers.+Zimbabwe%2C+myst%C3%A8re+rhod%C3%A9sien%2C+Trad.+de+l%27anglais+par+P.+Chwa+%5Bcompte-rendu%5D&rft.jtitle=Outre-Mers.+Revue+d%27histoire&rft.issue=217&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Mauny&rft.date=1972&rft.pages=720-721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="de_Valicourt2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bénédicte_de_Valicourt2000">Bénédicte de Valicourt, <cite class="italique">Mauritanie</cite>, Editions Marcus, <time>2000</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782713101533" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782713101533"><span class="nowrap">9782713101533</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=9Z6asvXDSPcC&pg=PA65">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauritanie&rft.pub=Editions+Marcus&rft.au=B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dicte+de+Valicourt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9782713101533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="El_Fasi1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="M._El_Fasi1990">M. El Fasi, <cite class="italique">Histoire générale de l'Afrique. L'Afrique du VIIe au XIe siècle</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 3, UNESCO, <time>1990</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9789232017093" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9789232017093"><span class="nowrap">9789232017093</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000077975_fre">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">241-242</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+l%27Afrique.+L%27Afrique+du+VIIe+au+XIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.au=M.+El+Fasi&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=241-242&rft.isbn=9789232017093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ollé-Martin,_Violaine_Decang2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Albert_Ollé-Martin,_Violaine_Decang2008">Albert Ollé-Martin, Violaine Decang, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'humanité : 600-1492</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 4, UNESCO, <time>2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9789232028136" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9789232028136"><span class="nowrap">9789232028136</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=m4y7rU_hPacC&pg=PA1358">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27humanit%C3%A9+%3A+600-1492&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.au=Albert+Oll%C3%A9-Martin%2C+Violaine+Decang&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=4&rft.isbn=9789232028136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Stuart2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_E._Stuart2010">David E. Stuart, <cite class="italique">The Ancient Southwest : Chaco Canyon, Bandelier, and Mesa Verde. Revised edition.</cite>, UNM Press, <time>2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780826346391" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780826346391"><span class="nowrap">9780826346391</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=__KNg6yj10MC&pg=PA81">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Southwest+%3A+Chaco+Canyon%2C+Bandelier%2C+and+Mesa+Verde.+Revised+edition.&rft.pub=UNM+Press&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780826346391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2001"><cite class="italique">Proposed Detention Facility, Pinal County: Environmental Impact Statement</cite>, United States. Marshals Service, <time>2001</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=u_U3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA64">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proposed+Detention+Facility%2C+Pinal+County%3A+Environmental+Impact+Statement&rft.pub=United+States.+Marshals+Service&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Petitfils2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Christian_Petitfils2019">Jean-Christian Petitfils, <cite class="italique">Les énigmes de l'histoire du monde</cite>, Place des éditeurs, <time>2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782262080181" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782262080181"><span class="nowrap">9782262080181</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=eNOSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT110">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+%C3%A9nigmes+de+l%27histoire+du+monde&rft.pub=Place+des+%C3%A9diteurs&rft.aulast=Petitfils&rft.aufirst=Jean-Christian&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9782262080181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malpass-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Malpass_14-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Malpass2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michael_A._Malpass2009">Michael A. Malpass, <cite class="italique">Daily Life in the Inca Empire, 2nd Edition</cite>, <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, <time>2009</time>, 176 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-313-35549-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-313-35549-3"><span class="nowrap">978-0-313-35549-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=XGtFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+the+Inca+Empire%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.aulast=Malpass&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=176&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35549-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kleiner2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Fred_S._Kleiner2015">Fred S. Kleiner, <cite class="italique">Gardner's Art through the Ages: Backpack Edition, Book C: Non-Western Art to 1300</cite>, Cengage Learning, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781305544918" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781305544918"><span class="nowrap">9781305544918</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=P4fCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT151">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+through+the+Ages%3A+Backpack+Edition%2C+Book+C%3A+Non-Western+Art+to+1300&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Fred+S.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781305544918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Peebles2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Patrick_Peebles2015">Patrick <span class="nom_auteur">Peebles</span>, <cite class="italique">Historical Dictionary of Sri Lanka</cite>, Rowman & Littlefield, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781442255852" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781442255852"><span class="nowrap">9781442255852</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=50igCgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPR27">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 47<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.aulast=Peebles&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.date=2015&rft.pages=47&rft.isbn=9781442255852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rao"><span class="ouvrage" id="B.V._Rao">B.V. Rao, <cite class="italique">History of Asia</cite>, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9788120792234" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9788120792234"><span class="nowrap">9788120792234</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=74seAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA368">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Asia&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=B.V.&rft.isbn=9788120792234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Liégeois2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Pierre_Liégeois2019">Jean-Pierre Liégeois, <cite class="italique">Roms et Tsiganes</cite>, La Découverte, <time>2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782348044069" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782348044069"><span class="nowrap">9782348044069</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=PI6UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT32">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roms+et+Tsiganes&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.aulast=Li%C3%A9geois&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9782348044069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roux2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Paul_Roux2000">Jean-Paul Roux, <cite class="italique">Histoire des Turcs : Deux mille ans du Pacifique à la méditerranée</cite>, Fayard, <time>2000</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782213640655" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782213640655"><span class="nowrap">9782213640655</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=PLpvAi8lfRsC&pg=PAPT54">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Turcs+%3A+Deux+mille+ans+du+Pacifique+%C3%A0+la+m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9782213640655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chan1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Victor_Chan1998">Victor Chan, <cite class="italique">Tibet. Le guide du pèlerin</cite>, Olizane, <time>1998</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782880862176" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782880862176"><span class="nowrap">9782880862176</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=RPZCl9mmXa0C&pg=PA518">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet.+Le+guide+du+p%C3%A8lerin&rft.pub=Olizane&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9782880862176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valode-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Valode_21-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Valode_21-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Valode2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philippe_Valode2011"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Valode" title="Philippe Valode">Philippe Valode</a>, <cite class="italique">L'histoire de France en 2 000 dates</cite>, Acropole, <time>2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782735703616" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782735703616"><span class="nowrap">9782735703616</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=LB58pA4ZFDMC&pg=PA112">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27histoire+de+France+en+2+000+dates&rft.pub=Acropole&rft.aulast=Valode&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9782735703616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Derville1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alain_Derville1995">Alain Derville, <cite class="italique">économie française au Moyen Âge</cite>, Éditions Ophrys, <time>1995</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782708007697" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782708007697"><span class="nowrap">9782708007697</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=sS2mHZstzp4C&pg=PA52">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%A9conomie+fran%C3%A7aise+au++Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ophrys&rft.aulast=Derville&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9782708007697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Burenhult2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Göran_Burenhult2011">Göran Burenhult, <cite class="italique">Arkeologi i Norden II</cite>, Natur & Kultur, <time>2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9789127130982" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9789127130982"><span class="nowrap">9789127130982</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=eVS0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT384">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arkeologi+i+Norden+II&rft.pub=Natur+%26+Kultur&rft.aulast=Burenhult&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6ran&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789127130982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kaplan,_Patrick_Boucheron1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Kaplan,_Patrick_Boucheron1994">Michel Kaplan, Patrick Boucheron, <cite class="italique">Le Moyen Âge, XIe- XVe siècle</cite>, Editions Bréal, <time>1994</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782853947329" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782853947329"><span class="nowrap">9782853947329</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=RP-bn29KCB8C&pg=PA132">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Moyen+%C3%82ge%2C+XIe-+XVe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Editions+Br%C3%A9al&rft.au=Michel+Kaplan%2C+Patrick+Boucheron&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9782853947329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Molénat1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Pierre_Molénat1997">Jean-Pierre Molénat, <cite class="italique">Campagnes et monts de Tolède du <abbr class="abbr" title="12ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> au <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</cite>, Casa de Velázquez, <time>1997</time>, 724 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-84-86839-78-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-84-86839-78-9"><span class="nowrap">978-84-86839-78-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=nOeSqv7SM2AC&pg=PA25">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 25<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campagnes+et+monts+de+Tol%C3%A8de+du+XIIe+au+XVe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Casa+de+Vel%C3%A1zquez&rft.aulast=Mol%C3%A9nat&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.date=1997&rft.pages=25&rft.tpages=724&rft.isbn=978-84-86839-78-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bates"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Bates">David Bates, <cite class="italique">Guillaume le Conquérant</cite>, Flammarion <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782081415768" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782081415768"><span class="nowrap">9782081415768</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=GQGHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPR10">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guillaume+le+Conqu%C3%A9rant&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=David&rft.isbn=9782081415768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Desmulliez,_Henri_Platelle,_Denis_Clauzel1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="Janine_Desmulliez,_Henri_Platelle,_Denis_Clauzel1988">Janine Desmulliez, Henri Platelle, Denis Clauzel, <cite class="italique">Histoire des provinces françaises du Nord: Des principautés à l'empire de Charles Quint (900-1519)</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2, Presses Univ. Septentrion, <time>1988</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782877890045" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782877890045"><span class="nowrap">9782877890045</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=b3KnYMEMrdYC&pg=PA22">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+provinces+fran%C3%A7aises+du+Nord%3A+Des+principaut%C3%A9s+%C3%A0+l%27empire+de+Charles+Quint+%28900-1519%29&rft.pub=Presses+Univ.+Septentrion&rft.au=Janine+Desmulliez%2C+Henri+Platelle%2C+Denis+Clauzel&rft.date=1988&rft.volume=2&rft.isbn=9782877890045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castellan-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Castellan_28-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Castellan1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Castellan1994">Georges Castellan, <cite class="italique">Histoire des peuples d'Europe centrale</cite>, Fayard, <time>1994</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782213639109" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782213639109"><span class="nowrap">9782213639109</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=5bLUfUQfP-sC&pg=PA1658">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+peuples+d%27Europe+centrale&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.aulast=Castellan&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9782213639109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="Liste des siècles">Liste des siècles</a> - <a href="/wiki/An_mille" title="An mille">An mille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faits_%C3%A9conomiques_et_sociaux_au_XIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Faits économiques et sociaux au XIe siècle">Faits économiques et sociaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_architecture" title="XIe siècle en architecture">Architecture</a> - <a href="/wiki/Arts_plastiques_au_XIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Arts plastiques au XIe siècle">Arts plastiques</a> - <a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_du_XIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Littérature du XIe siècle">Littérature</a> - <a href="/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_musique" title="XIe siècle en musique">Musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="XIe siècle en science">Science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11994076x">BnF</a></span> (<span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11994076x">données</a></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85042563">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540848005171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ch460549">Tchéquie</a></span></li> </ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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