CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Perth - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b72b0601-a59d-4d53-9902-e9c40dcf26bf","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Perth","wgTitle":"Perth","wgCurRevisionId":1260342552,"wgRevisionId":1260342552,"wgArticleId":24355,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2021","Australian Statistical Geography Standard 2011 ID different from Wikidata","CS1 maint: location","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles lacking reliable references from January 2024","All articles lacking reliable references","Use dmy dates from July 2022", "Use Australian English from November 2015","All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English","Articles containing Nyungar-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021","All self-contradictory articles","Self-contradictory articles from June 2024","Articles contradicting other articles","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013","Perth, Western Australia","Populated places established in 1829","1829 establishments in Australia","Metropolitan areas of Australia", "Australian capital cities"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Perth","wgRelevantArticleId":24355,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Perth,_Western_Australia","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Perth","wgCoordinates":{"lat":-31.9558,"lon":115.8597},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3183","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges": "ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout%2C_2023%2C_04_b.jpg/1200px-Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout%2C_2023%2C_04_b.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="648"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout%2C_2023%2C_04_b.jpg/800px-Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout%2C_2023%2C_04_b.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="432"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout%2C_2023%2C_04_b.jpg/640px-Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout%2C_2023%2C_04_b.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="346"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Perth - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Perth rootpage-Perth skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Perth" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Perth" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Perth" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Perth" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Toponymy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 European contact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swan_River_Colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swan_River_Colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Swan River Colony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swan_River_Colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convict_era_and_gold_rushes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convict_era_and_gold_rushes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Convict era and gold rushes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convict_era_and_gold_rushes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federation_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federation_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Federation and beyond </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federation_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_business_district" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_business_district"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Central business district </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_business_district-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metropolitan_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitan_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Metropolitan area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolitan_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology_and_landforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology_and_landforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Geology and landforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology_and_landforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Isolation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestry_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ancestry and immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Local </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 State </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Federal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Primary and secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Tertiary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online-only" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online-only"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Online-only </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-only-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Arts and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Tourism and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Perth</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 143 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" > 143 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%90%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%A3_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%AB" title="ፐርስ፣ አውስትራሊያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፐርስ፣ አውስትራሊያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BE_(Australia)" title="Perþ (Australia) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Perþ (Australia)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="برث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Autar%C3%A1lia)" title="Perth (Autarália) – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Perth (Autarália)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pert" title="Pert – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pert" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="پرت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پرت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="পার্থ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পার্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_(%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Перт (Австралия) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Перт (Австралия)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_(%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Перт (Аўстралія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Перт (Аўстралія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82_(%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Пэрт (Аўстралія) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэрт (Аўстралія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पर्थ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पर्थ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_(%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Пърт (Западна Австралия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пърт (Западна Австралия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Aostralia_ar_C%27horn%C3%B4g)" title="Perth (Aostralia ar C'hornôg) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Perth (Aostralia ar C'hornôg)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_(%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Перт (Австрали хули) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Перт (Австрали хули)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(kapital_sa_estado)" title="Perth (kapital sa estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Perth (kapital sa estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Gorllewin_Awstralia" title="Perth, Gorllewin Awstralia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Perth, Gorllewin Awstralia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Australien)" title="Perth (Australien) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Perth (Australien)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="پيرت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پيرت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Austraalia)" title="Perth (Austraalia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Perth (Austraalia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B8" title="Περθ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περθ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perto" title="Perto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Perto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="پرث – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرث" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Australie-Occidentale)" title="Perth (Australie-Occidentale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Perth (Australie-Occidentale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peairt,_Astr%C3%A0ilia" title="Peairt, Astràilia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Peairt, Astràilia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A5" title="પર્થ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પર્થ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8D%BC%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%9B%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%A3%BC)" title="퍼스 (웨스턴오스트레일리아주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퍼스 (웨스턴오스트레일리아주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93ki" title="Pēki – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pēki" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A9_(%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Փերթ (Ավստրալիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փերթ (Ավստրալիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पर्थ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पर्थ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Australia)" title="Perth (Australia) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Perth (Australia)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Australia_Barat" title="Perth, Australia Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perth, Australia Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Перт – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Перт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%AA%27" title="פרת' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרת'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D,_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಪರ್ತ್, ಪಶ್ಚಿಮದ ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪರ್ತ್, ಪಶ್ಚಿಮದ ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პერთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პერთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Перт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Перт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Awistralya" title="Perth, Awistralya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Perth, Awistralya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Перт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Перт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthia" title="Perthia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Perthia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93rta" title="Pērta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pērta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertas" title="Pertas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pertas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Australi%C3%AB)" title="Perth (Australië) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Perth (Australië)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Ausztr%C3%A1lia)" title="Perth (Ausztrália) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perth (Ausztrália)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Перт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Перт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="പെർത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെർത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraha" title="Peraha – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Peraha" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पर्थ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पर्थ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პერთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პერთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="پيرث – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پيرث" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Australia_Barat" title="Perth, Australia Barat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perth, Australia Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Перт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Перт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ပါ့သ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပါ့သ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pefa" title="Pefa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Pefa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Australi%C3%AB)" title="Perth (Australië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perth (Australië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पर्थ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पर्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9_(%E8%A5%BF%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9E)" title="パース (西オーストラリア州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パース (西オーストラリア州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_(%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Перт (Австрали) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Перт (Австрали)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Steed_uun_Austraalien)" title="Perth (Steed uun Austraalien) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Perth (Steed uun Austraalien)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirth" title="Pirth – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Pirth" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Australia)" title="Perth (Australia) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Perth (Australia)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boorloo" title="Boorloo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Boorloo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Перт – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Перт" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pert" title="Pert – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pert" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5" title="ਪਰਥ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰਥ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پرتھ، آسٹریلیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرتھ، آسٹریلیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="پرت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پرت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet" title="Pet – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Pet" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Austr%C3%A1lia_Ocidental)" title="Perth (Austrália Ocidental) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Perth (Austrália Ocidental)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Перт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D2%BB" title="Пертһ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пертһ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pefa" title="Pefa – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Pefa" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पर्थ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पर्थ" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7" title="ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱷ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱷ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Wastren_Austrailie" title="Perth, Wastren Austrailie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Perth, Wastren Austrailie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Australien)" title="Perth (Australien) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Perth (Australien)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="පර්ත් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පර්ත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" title="Perth, Western Australia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Perth, Western Australia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%BF" title="پرٿ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پرٿ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Z%C3%A1padn%C3%A1_Austr%C3%A1lia)" title="Perth (Západná Austrália) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Perth (Západná Austrália)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Zahodna_Avstralija" title="Perth, Zahodna Avstralija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Perth, Zahodna Avstralija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پێرس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێرس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Перт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Перт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(L%C3%A4nsi-Australia)" title="Perth (Länsi-Australia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perth (Länsi-Australia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" title="Perth, Western Australia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Perth, Western Australia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="பேர்த் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேர்த்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82" title="Пөрт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пөрт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97" title="เพิร์ท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพิร์ท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_(%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Перт (Австралия) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Перт (Австралия)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93fi" title="Pēfi – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pēfi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Bat%C4%B1_Avustralya" title="Perth, Batı Avustralya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Perth, Batı Avustralya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Перт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="پرتھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پرتھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pert_(Avstralii)" title="Pert (Avstralii) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pert (Avstralii)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" title="Perth, Western Australia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Perth, Western Australia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%80%E6%96%AF" title="珀斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="珀斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%80%E6%96%AF" title="珀斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="珀斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth" title="Perth – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Perth" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perts" title="Perts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Perts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%80%E6%96%AF" title="珀斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="珀斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3183#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Perth" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perth">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perth">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Perth" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Perth" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&oldid=1260342552" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Perth&id=1260342552&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerth">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerth">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Perth&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Perth,_Western_Australia" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Perth" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3183" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perth&params=31.9558_S_115.8597_E_region:AU-WA_type:city(2,224,475)_dim:65km&title=Perth">31°57′21″S 115°51′35″E / 31.9558°S 115.8597°E / -31.9558; 115.8597 (Perth)</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth,_Western_Australia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Western Australia">Perth, Western Australia</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city of Western Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the capital of Western Australia. For the city in Scotland, see <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth, Scotland</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Perth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Perth (disambiguation)">Perth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cite_check plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">citations</a> that do not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify</a> the text. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit">check for citation inaccuracies</a>. (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3em; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Perth <div style="font-weight:normal;font-size:88%">Boorloo (<a href="/wiki/Nyungar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyungar language">Nyungar</a>)</div><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout,_2023,_04_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Perth CBD skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout%2C_2023%2C_04_b.jpg/268px-Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout%2C_2023%2C_04_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout%2C_2023%2C_04_b.jpg/402px-Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout%2C_2023%2C_04_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout%2C_2023%2C_04_b.jpg/536px-Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout%2C_2023%2C_04_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="2154" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Central_business_district">Perth central business district</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_town_hall_march21_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Perth Town Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Perth_town_hall_march21_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Perth_town_hall_march21_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Perth_town_hall_march21_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Perth_town_hall_march21_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Perth_town_hall_march21_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Perth_town_hall_march21_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="2102" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Perth_Town_Hall" title="Perth Town Hall">Perth Town Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_(AU),_Yagan_Square,_Digital_Tower_--_2019_--_0282.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yagan Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Perth_%28AU%29%2C_Yagan_Square%2C_Digital_Tower_--_2019_--_0282.jpg/80px-Perth_%28AU%29%2C_Yagan_Square%2C_Digital_Tower_--_2019_--_0282.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Perth_%28AU%29%2C_Yagan_Square%2C_Digital_Tower_--_2019_--_0282.jpg/120px-Perth_%28AU%29%2C_Yagan_Square%2C_Digital_Tower_--_2019_--_0282.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Perth_%28AU%29%2C_Yagan_Square%2C_Digital_Tower_--_2019_--_0282.jpg/160px-Perth_%28AU%29%2C_Yagan_Square%2C_Digital_Tower_--_2019_--_0282.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="5355" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Yagan_Square" title="Yagan Square">Yagan Square</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_(AU),_The_Bell_Tower_--_2019_--_0320-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Swan Bells" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Perth_%28AU%29%2C_The_Bell_Tower_--_2019_--_0320-4.jpg/89px-Perth_%28AU%29%2C_The_Bell_Tower_--_2019_--_0320-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Perth_%28AU%29%2C_The_Bell_Tower_--_2019_--_0320-4.jpg/134px-Perth_%28AU%29%2C_The_Bell_Tower_--_2019_--_0320-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Perth_%28AU%29%2C_The_Bell_Tower_--_2019_--_0320-4.jpg/178px-Perth_%28AU%29%2C_The_Bell_Tower_--_2019_--_0320-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3636" data-file-height="5462" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Swan_Bells" title="Swan Bells">Swan Bells</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Quay_Pedestrian_Bridge,_April_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elizabeth Quay bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Elizabeth_Quay_Pedestrian_Bridge%2C_April_2017.jpg/132px-Elizabeth_Quay_Pedestrian_Bridge%2C_April_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Elizabeth_Quay_Pedestrian_Bridge%2C_April_2017.jpg/198px-Elizabeth_Quay_Pedestrian_Bridge%2C_April_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Elizabeth_Quay_Pedestrian_Bridge%2C_April_2017.jpg/264px-Elizabeth_Quay_Pedestrian_Bridge%2C_April_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Quay" title="Elizabeth Quay">Elizabeth Quay</a> bridge</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Boola_bardip_151120_gnangarra-101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WA Museum Boola Bardip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Boola_bardip_151120_gnangarra-101.jpg/132px-Boola_bardip_151120_gnangarra-101.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Boola_bardip_151120_gnangarra-101.jpg/198px-Boola_bardip_151120_gnangarra-101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Boola_bardip_151120_gnangarra-101.jpg/264px-Boola_bardip_151120_gnangarra-101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Museum" title="Western Australian Museum">WA Museum Boola Bardip</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_Stadium,_December_2017_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Perth Stadium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Perth_Stadium%2C_December_2017_01.jpg/140px-Perth_Stadium%2C_December_2017_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Perth_Stadium%2C_December_2017_01.jpg/210px-Perth_Stadium%2C_December_2017_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Perth_Stadium%2C_December_2017_01.jpg/280px-Perth_Stadium%2C_December_2017_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4938" data-file-height="3292" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Perth_Stadium" title="Perth Stadium">Perth Stadium</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Street,_Fremantle,_Western_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kings Park and State War Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/High_Street%2C_Fremantle%2C_Western_Australia.jpg/124px-High_Street%2C_Fremantle%2C_Western_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/High_Street%2C_Fremantle%2C_Western_Australia.jpg/186px-High_Street%2C_Fremantle%2C_Western_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/High_Street%2C_Fremantle%2C_Western_Australia.jpg/248px-High_Street%2C_Fremantle%2C_Western_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Historic district of <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_relief_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perth is located in Australia"><img alt="Perth is located in Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/270px-Australia_relief_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/405px-Australia_relief_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/540px-Australia_relief_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1200" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.664%;left:10.022%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Perth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Perth</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perth&params=31.9558_S_115.8597_E_region:AU-WA_type:city(2,224,475)_dim:65km&title=Perth">31°57′21″S 115°51′35″E / 31.9558°S 115.8597°E / -31.9558; 115.8597 (Perth)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">2,309,338 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-ABSERP18-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">359.8277/km2 (931.949/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia_Day" title="Western Australia Day">4 June</a> 1829</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">6,417.9 km2 (2,478.0 sq mi)(GCCSA)<a href="#cite_note-ABSGCCSAXLS-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Australia" title="Time in Australia">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Australia#Western_Australia" title="Time in Australia">AWST</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B08:00" title="UTC+08:00">UTC+08:00</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><li> 2,130 km (1,324 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a><a href="#cite_note-Distance-3">[3]</a> </li><li> 2,652 km (1,648 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a><a href="#cite_note-Distance-3">[3]</a> </li><li> 2,721 km (1,691 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a><a href="#cite_note-Distance-3">[3]</a> </li><li> 3,088 km (1,919 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a><a href="#cite_note-Distance-3">[3]</a> </li><li> 3,298 km (2,049 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a><a href="#cite_note-Distance-3">[3]</a> </li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Electorates_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electorates of the Australian states and territories">State electorate(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Perth" title="Electoral district of Perth">Perth</a> (and 41 others)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives">Federal division(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Perth" title="Division of Perth">Perth</a> (and 11 others)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; border: 1px #ddd solid;"> <tbody><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:33%;">Mean max temp</td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:34%;">Mean min temp</td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:33%;">Annual rainfall</td> </tr><tr style="border: 1px #FFF solid" class="mergedrow"> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:33%;"> 24.8 °C 77 °F</td> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:34%;">12.8 °C 55 °F</td> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:33%;">731.1 mm 28.8 in</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> Perth (<a href="/wiki/Nyungar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyungar language">Nyungar</a>: Boorloo) is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">fourth most populous city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, with a population of over 2.3 million within <a href="/wiki/Greater_Perth" title="Greater Perth">Greater Perth</a> as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit">[update]</a>. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Land_Division" title="South West Land Division">South West Land Division</a> of Western Australia, with most of <a href="/wiki/Perth_metropolitan_region" title="Perth metropolitan region">Perth's metropolitan area</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Swan_Coastal_Plain" title="Swan Coastal Plain">Swan Coastal Plain</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Darling_Scarp" title="Darling Scarp">Darling Scarp</a>. The city has expanded outward from the original British settlements on the <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_(Western_Australia)" title="Swan River (Western Australia)">Swan River</a>, upon which its <a href="#Central_business_district">central business district</a> and port of <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a> are situated. Perth was founded by <a href="/wiki/James_Stirling_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="James Stirling (Royal Navy officer)">Captain James Stirling</a> in 1829 as the administrative centre of the <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River Colony</a>. The city is situated on the traditional lands of the <a href="/wiki/Whadjuk" title="Whadjuk">Whadjuk</a> <a href="/wiki/Noongar" title="Noongar">Noongar</a> people, where <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal Australians</a> have lived for at least 45,000 years. Perth was named after the city of <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Perth was proclaimed as a city by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> in 1856,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> although the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Perth" title="City of Perth">City of Perth</a> currently governs only a small area around the central business district. Substantial population growth occurred during the late 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes" title="Western Australian gold rushes">Western Australian gold rushes</a>, and the city has continued to expand, particularly after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> due to a high <a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">net migration rate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Post-war_immigration_to_Australia" title="Post-war immigration to Australia">Post-war immigrants</a> were predominantly from the British Isles and Southern Europe, while more recent arrivals see a growing population of Asian descent. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, a series of mining booms in various regions of Western Australia propelled Perth into the role of the regional headquarters for significant <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Western_Australia" title="Mining in Western Australia">mining operations</a>. Ranked as one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Most_liveable_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Most liveable cities">most liveable cities</a>, Perth was classified by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a> as a Beta <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> in 2020. As of 2021,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit">[update]</a> Perth is divided into <a href="/wiki/Perth_metropolitan_region#Subregions_and_local_government_areas" title="Perth metropolitan region">30 local government areas</a>, comprising over <a href="/wiki/List_of_Perth_suburbs" title="List of Perth suburbs">350 suburbs</a>. The metropolitan contours span 115 kilometres (71 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Two_Rocks" title="Two Rocks">Two Rocks</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Singleton,_Western_Australia" title="Singleton, Western Australia">Singleton</a> in the south,[<a href="#Metropolitan_area">contradictory</a>] and 45 kilometres (28 mi) from the west coast to <a href="/wiki/Sawyers_Valley,_Western_Australia" title="Sawyers Valley, Western Australia">Sawyers Valley</a> in the east. Beyond the central business district, predominant urban centres within the metropolitan area include <a href="/wiki/Armadale,_Western_Australia" title="Armadale, Western Australia">Armadale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joondalup" title="Joondalup">Joondalup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Western_Australia" title="Midland, Western Australia">Midland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rockingham,_Western_Australia" title="Rockingham, Western Australia">Rockingham</a>. Most of those were originally established as separate settlements and retained a distinct identity after being subsumed into the wider metropolitan area. <a href="/wiki/Mandurah" title="Mandurah">Mandurah</a>, Western Australia's second-largest city, forms a <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> with Perth along the coastline. Despite this, it is generally regarded as an independent city. Perth features several important public buildings, as well as cultural and <a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_buildings_in_Perth,_Western_Australia" title="List of heritage buildings in Perth, Western Australia">heritage sites</a>. The city has various notable government buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Perth" title="Parliament House, Perth">Parliament House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Perth" title="Government House, Perth">Government House</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Supreme Court of Western Australia">Supreme Court Buildings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Mint" title="Perth Mint">Perth Mint</a>. The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Harbour" title="Fremantle Harbour">Fremantle Harbour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perth_Airport" title="Perth Airport">Perth Airport</a>. It was a <a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Perth" title="Naval Base Perth">naval base for the Allies</a> during World War II and today, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Base_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Base West">Fleet Base West</a> is located on <a href="/wiki/Garden_Island_(Western_Australia)" title="Garden Island (Western Australia)">Garden Island</a>. All five of Western Australia's universities are based in Perth. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> The name of the city is taken from <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth, Scotland</a> in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a>, and Member for <a href="/wiki/Perthshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Perthshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Perthshire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Murray_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Murray (British Army officer)">Sir George Murray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimberly189744-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley19607-9">[9]</a> Murray's association with the city was included in Stirling's proclamation of the colony, read in Fremantle on 18 June 1829, which concluded with the statement, "Given under my hand and Seal at Perth this 18th Day of June 1829. James Stirling Lieutenant Governor".<a href="#cite_note-Stirling_1829-10">[10]</a> The only contemporary information on the source of the name comes from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fremantle" title="Charles Fremantle">Charles Fremantle</a>'s diary entry for 12 August 1829, which records that they "named the town Perth according to the wishes of Sir George Murray".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUren194888-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStatham1981297–325-12">[12]</a> Since 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Noongar_language" title="Noongar language">Noongar</a> name Boorloo has been recognised as denoting the <a href="/wiki/Perth_central_business_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth central business district">central business district</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Perth" title="City of Perth">local government area</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> or the capital city in general.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The name Boorloo was initially recorded by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menli_Lyon" title="Robert Menli Lyon">Robert Menli Lyon</a> as Boorlo in 1833,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> which was interpreted as "Perth, properly Point Fraser" (a location in <a href="/wiki/East_Perth,_Western_Australia" title="East Perth, Western Australia">East Perth</a>). He also gave the name Byerbrup for "the highland stretching along from Mount Eliza through the centre of the town of Perth".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Glauert" title="Ludwig Glauert">Ludwig Glauert</a> posited that Lyon may have misunderstood his sources and that "boorloo" or "belo" (now transcribed as "bilya") is simply the Noongar word for "river".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Another source has interpreted Boorloo to mean "big swamp",<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> describing the chain of lakes where the <a href="/wiki/Perth_central_business_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth central business district">central business district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northbridge,_Western_Australia" title="Northbridge, Western Australia">Northbridge</a> are situated.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Perth,_Western_Australia" title="History of Perth, Western Australia">History of Perth, Western Australia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noongar_regions_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Noongar_regions_map.svg/220px-Noongar_regions_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Noongar_regions_map.svg/330px-Noongar_regions_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Noongar_regions_map.svg/440px-Noongar_regions_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>Perth is located on the traditional land of the <a href="/wiki/Whadjuk" title="Whadjuk">Whadjuk people</a>, one of several groups in south-western Western Australia that make up the <a href="/wiki/Noongar" title="Noongar">Noongar</a> people.</figcaption></figure> Archaeological evidence attests to human habitation in the Perth area for at least 48,000 years;<a href="#cite_note-men22-24">[24]</a>: 9  according to <a href="/wiki/Noongar" title="Noongar">Noongar</a> tradition, they have occupied the area since "time immemorial".<a href="#cite_note-auto-25">[25]</a> Noongar country encompasses the southwest corner of Western Australia, with particular significance attached to the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Wetlands" title="Perth Wetlands">wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain</a>, both spiritually (featuring in <a href="/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">local mythology</a>) and as a source of food.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The current central business district location is within the traditional territory of the <a href="/wiki/Mooro" title="Mooro">Mooro</a>, a Noongar clan, led by <a href="/wiki/Yellagonga" title="Yellagonga">Yellagonga</a> at the time of the British settlement. The Mooro was one of several Noongar clans based around the Swan River, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Whadjuk" title="Whadjuk">Whadjuk</a>. The Whadjuk themselves were one of a larger group of fourteen tribes that formed the south-west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar (meaning 'the people' in <a href="/wiki/Noongar_language" title="Noongar language">their language</a>), also sometimes called the Bibbulmun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeritage_Council_of_Western_Australia19983-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_House20202-29">[29]</a> On 19 September 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a> ruled in the case of Bennell v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1243 that <a href="/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia#2005_–_Noongar" title="Native title in Australia">Noongar native title</a> persisted over Perth metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-Bennell-30">[30]</a> An appeal was subsequently filed, and in 2008, the Full Court of the Federal Court upheld parts of the appeal by the Western Australian and Commonwealth governments.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Following this appeal, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">Western Australian Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Aboriginal_Land_and_Sea_Council" title="South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council">South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council</a> negotiated the South West Native Title Settlement. This settlement, including the Whadjuk Indigenous Land Use Agreement over the Perth region, was finalised by the Federal Court on 1 December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> As part of this agreement, the Noongar (Koorah, Nitja, Boordahwan) (Past, Present, Future) Recognition Act was passed in 2016, officially recognising the Noongar people as the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_owners" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional owners">traditional owners</a> of the south-west region of Western Australia.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_contact">European contact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European contact">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlamingh_ships_at_the_Swan_River,_Keulen_1796.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vlamingh_ships_at_the_Swan_River%2C_Keulen_1796.jpg/220px-Vlamingh_ships_at_the_Swan_River%2C_Keulen_1796.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vlamingh_ships_at_the_Swan_River%2C_Keulen_1796.jpg/330px-Vlamingh_ships_at_the_Swan_River%2C_Keulen_1796.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vlamingh_ships_at_the_Swan_River%2C_Keulen_1796.jpg/440px-Vlamingh_ships_at_the_Swan_River%2C_Keulen_1796.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Vlamingh" title="Willem de Vlamingh">Willem de Vlamingh</a>'s ships and <a href="/wiki/Black_swan" title="Black swan">black swans</a> at the entrance to the Swan River, 1697</figcaption></figure> On 10 January 1697, Dutch Captain <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Vlamingh" title="Willem de Vlamingh">Willem de Vlamingh</a> conducted the first documented exploration by a European of the present-day Perth region. His crew initially explored the area on foot, leading them to what is now central Perth.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Continuing, they travelled up the Swan River in search of native inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-HeritageInName-35">[35]</a> They named the river <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_(Western_Australia)" title="Swan River (Western Australia)">Swarte Swaene-Revier</a>, a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Black_swan" title="Black swan">black swans</a> prevalent in the region.<a href="#cite_note-HeritageInName-35">[35]</a> After Vlamingh's observations, other Europeans conducted further voyages of exploration in the period between 1697 and 1829. However, as with Vlamingh's assessments, they judged the area inhospitable and unsuitable for the agriculture necessary to sustain a European-style settlement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleyardManford197910–19-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swan_River_Colony">Swan River Colony</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Swan River Colony">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River Colony</a></div> Despite the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">Colony of New South Wales</a> establishing a convict-supported settlement at <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="King George's Sound">King George's Sound</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a>) on the south coast of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> in 1826, responding to rumours of potential <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1814-1830)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of France (1814-1830)">French</a> annexation, Perth marked the first comprehensive European settlement in the western third of the continent of Australia in 1829. Officially designated as "Western Australia" in 1832, the colony retained the informal moniker "Swan River Colony" for many years, after the area's major watercourse.<a href="#cite_note-srnsw-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg/220px-The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg/330px-The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg/440px-The_Foundation_of_Perth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Foundation_of_Perth_1829" title="The Foundation of Perth 1829">The Foundation of Perth 1829</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Pitt_Morison" title="George Pitt Morison">George Pitt Morison</a> is a historical reconstruction of the official ceremony by which Perth was founded, although not everyone depicted may have actually been present.</figcaption></figure> On 4 June 1829, newly arriving British colonists had their first view of the mainland.[<a href="/wiki/Western_Australia_Day#Background" title="Western Australia Day">contradictory</a>] Captain James Stirling, aboard <a href="/wiki/Parmelia_(barque)" title="Parmelia (barque)">Parmelia</a>, noted that the site was "as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the second ship, Sulphur, felled a tree to commemorate the town's founding.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> From 1831 onward, confrontations between British settlers and the Noongar people escalated due to conflicting land-value systems and increased land use as the colony expanded. These confrontations resulted in multiple events, including the murder of settlers (such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Peel" title="Thomas Peel">Thomas Peel</a>'s servant Hugh Nesbitt<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith1951346-40">[40]</a>), the execution without trial of Whadjuk elder <a href="/wiki/Midgegooroo" title="Midgegooroo">Midgegooroo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFforde2002230-41">[41]</a> the killing of his son <a href="/wiki/Yagan" title="Yagan">Yagan</a> in 1833,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFforde2002231-42">[42]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pinjarra_massacre" title="Pinjarra massacre">Pinjarra massacre</a> in 1834.<a href="#cite_note-men22-24">[24]</a>: 114 <a href="#cite_note-inherit3957-43">[43]</a> The strained relations between the Noongar people and the Europeans arose due to these events. Agricultural development on the land restricted the traditional <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> practices of the native Whadjuk Noongar, compelling them to camp in designated areas, including swamps and lakes north of the European settlement. <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_(Western_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyde Park (Western Australia)">Third Swamp</a>, known to them as Boodjamooling, remained a primary campsite for the remaining Noongar people in the Perth region, also accommodating travellers, itinerants, and homeless individuals. During the gold rush in the 1890s, miners on their way to the goldfields joined this community.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convict_era_and_gold_rushes">Convict era and gold rushes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Convict era and gold rushes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FremantlePrisonYard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FremantlePrisonYard.jpg/220px-FremantlePrisonYard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FremantlePrisonYard.jpg/330px-FremantlePrisonYard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FremantlePrisonYard.jpg/440px-FremantlePrisonYard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Built by convicts in the early 1850s, <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Prison" title="Fremantle Prison">Fremantle Prison</a> is a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2023-10-11-Perth-Mint-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/2023-10-11-Perth-Mint-01.jpg/220px-2023-10-11-Perth-Mint-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/2023-10-11-Perth-Mint-01.jpg/330px-2023-10-11-Perth-Mint-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/2023-10-11-Perth-Mint-01.jpg/440px-2023-10-11-Perth-Mint-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perth_Mint" title="Perth Mint">Perth Mint</a>, built in 1899 to refine gold from the gold rushes</figcaption></figure> In 1850, at a time when <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a> to Australia's eastern colonies had ceased, Western Australia was <a href="/wiki/Convict_era_of_Western_Australia" title="Convict era of Western Australia">opened to convicts</a> at the request of farming and business people due to a shortage of labour.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Over the next eighteen years, 9,721 convicts arrived in Western Australia aboard <a href="/wiki/List_of_convict_ship_voyages_to_Western_Australia" title="List of convict ship voyages to Western Australia">43 ships</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood20169-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201079-47">[47]</a> outnumbering the approximately 7,300 free settlers.<a href="#cite_note-nma23-48">[48]</a> The designation of Perth as a city was formally announced by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> in 1856. However, despite this recognition, Perth remained a tranquil town. A description from 1870 by a Melbourne journalist depicted it as:<a href="#cite_note-historyofCOP-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">a quiet little town of some 3000 inhabitants spread out in straggling allotments down to the water's edge, intermingled with gardens and shrubberies and half rural in its aspect ... The main streets are macadamised, but the outlying ones and most of the footpaths retain their native state from the loose sand — the all pervading element of Western Australia — productive of intense glare or much dust in the summer and dissolving into slush during the rainy season.</blockquote> With the <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes" title="Western Australian gold rushes">discovery of gold</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coolgardie" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolgardie">Coolgardie</a> in the late 19th century, Western Australia experienced a mining boom.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Perth became a key hub for supplying the goldfields, and the newfound prosperity helped finance the construction of important public buildings, roads, and railways. Perth's population grew from approximately 8,500 in 1881 to 61,000 in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federation_and_beyond">Federation and beyond</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Federation and beyond">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth%27s_Moir_Chambers,_1928_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Perth%27s_Moir_Chambers%2C_1928_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Perth%27s_Moir_Chambers%2C_1928_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Perth%27s_Moir_Chambers%2C_1928_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Perth%27s_Moir_Chambers%2C_1928_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Perth%27s_Moir_Chambers%2C_1928_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Perth%27s_Moir_Chambers%2C_1928_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Terrace,_Perth" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Terrace, Perth">St George's Terrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barrack_Street,_Perth" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrack Street, Perth">Barrack Street</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1928. Much of Perth has undergone redevelopment resulting in the loss of historic buildings, such as Moir Chambers (left).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_WA_c1955_EW_Digby-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Perth_WA_c1955_EW_Digby-14.jpg/220px-Perth_WA_c1955_EW_Digby-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Perth_WA_c1955_EW_Digby-14.jpg/330px-Perth_WA_c1955_EW_Digby-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Perth_WA_c1955_EW_Digby-14.jpg/440px-Perth_WA_c1955_EW_Digby-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="1291" /></a><figcaption>Looking across <a href="/wiki/Perth_railway_station" title="Perth railway station">Perth railway station</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1955</figcaption></figure> After a referendum in 1900,<a href="#cite_note-naaCiP-53">[53]</a> Western Australia joined the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation of Australia</a> in 1901,<a href="#cite_note-historyofCOP-49">[49]</a> and "became a founding state of Australia".<a href="#cite_note-men22-24">[24]</a> It was the last of the Australian colonies to agree to join the Federation, and it did so only after the other colonies had offered several concessions, including the construction of a transcontinental railway line from <a href="/wiki/Port_Augusta,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Augusta, South Australia">Port Augusta</a> in South Australia to <a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie</a> to link Perth with the eastern states.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 1927, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous people</a> were prohibited from entering large swathes of Perth under penalty of imprisonment, a ban that lasted until 1954.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 1933, two-thirds of Western Australians <a href="/wiki/1933_Western_Australian_secession_referendum" title="1933 Western Australian secession referendum">voted in a referendum</a> to <a href="/wiki/Secessionism_in_Western_Australia" title="Secessionism in Western Australia">secede from</a> the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Federation">Australian Federation</a>. However, the state general election held at the same time as the referendum had voted out the incumbent "pro-independence" government, replacing it with a government that did not support the independence movement. Respecting the result of the referendum, the new government nonetheless petitioned the Imperial Parliament at Westminster. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom House of Commons">House of Commons</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_select_committees_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary select committees of the United Kingdom">select committee</a> to consider the issue but after 18 months of negotiations and lobbying, finally refused to consider the matter, declaring that it could not legally grant secession.<a href="#cite_note-naaCiP-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Perth entered the post-war period with a population of approximately 280,000 and an economy that had not experienced sustained growth since the 1920s. Successive state governments, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/John_Willcock" title="John Willcock">Willcock</a> Labor Government (1936–1945), determined to change this. Planning for post-war economic development was initially driven by <a href="/wiki/Russell_Dumas" title="Russell Dumas">Russell Dumas</a>, who as Director of Public Works (1941–1953) drew up plans for Western Australia's major post-war public-works projects, including the raising of the <a href="/wiki/Mundaring_Weir" title="Mundaring Weir">Mundaring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Dam_Hydro_Power_Station" title="Wellington Dam Hydro Power Station">Wellington</a> dams, the development of the new Perth Airport, and the development of a new industrial zone centred on Kwinana. The advent of the <a href="/wiki/McLarty%E2%80%93Watts_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="McLarty–Watts Ministry">McLarty</a> Liberal Government (1947–1953) saw the emergence of something of a consensus on the need for continuing economic development. Economic growth was fuelled by large-scale public works, the post-war immigration program, and the success that various state governments had in attracting substantial foreign investment into the state, beginning with the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Kwinana_Oil_Refinery" title="Kwinana Oil Refinery">Anglo-Iranian Oil Refinery</a> at Kwinana in 1951–52.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narrows_Bridge_EWD_c1959-100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Narrows_Bridge_EWD_c1959-100.jpg/220px-Narrows_Bridge_EWD_c1959-100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Narrows_Bridge_EWD_c1959-100.jpg/330px-Narrows_Bridge_EWD_c1959-100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Narrows_Bridge_EWD_c1959-100.jpg/440px-Narrows_Bridge_EWD_c1959-100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Narrows_Bridge_(Perth)" title="Narrows Bridge (Perth)">Narrows Bridge</a> nearing completion in 1959</figcaption></figure> The result of this economic activity was the rapid growth of the population of Perth and a marked change in its urban design. Commencing in the 1950s, Perth began to expand along an extensive highway network laid out in the <a href="/wiki/Plan_for_the_Metropolitan_Region,_Perth_and_Fremantle" title="Plan for the Metropolitan Region, Perth and Fremantle">Stephenson-Hepburn Report</a>, which noted that Perth was beginning to resemble a pattern of development less in line with the British experience and more in line with North America.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> This was encouraged by the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Narrows_Bridge_(Perth)" title="Narrows Bridge (Perth)">Narrows Bridge</a> and the gradual closure of the <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Perth" title="Trams in Perth">Perth-Fremantle Tramways</a>. The mining-pastoral boom of the 1960s only accelerated the pace of urban growth in Perth. In 1962, Perth received global media attention when city residents lit their house lights and streetlights as American astronaut <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a> passed overhead while orbiting the Earth on <a href="/wiki/Friendship_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendship 7">Friendship 7</a>. This led to its being nicknamed the "City of Light".<a href="#cite_note-59">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The city repeated the act as Glenn passed overhead on the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Perth's development and relative prosperity, especially since the mid-1960s,<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> has resulted from its role as the main service centre for the state's resource industries, which extract gold, iron ore, nickel, alumina, diamonds, mineral sands, coal, oil, and natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Whilst most mineral and petroleum production takes place elsewhere in the state, the non-base services provide most of the employment and income to the people of Perth.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Perth experienced a period of recovery in 1990. In July 1994, the state government separated the city's CBD from its suburban districts, creating the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Perth" title="City of Perth">City of Perth</a> and three other local government areas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_business_district">Central business district</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Central business district">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Perth_(suburb)" title="Perth (suburb)">Perth (suburb)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_Square_Perth_Hay_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cathedral_Square_Perth_Hay_Street.jpg/220px-Cathedral_Square_Perth_Hay_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cathedral_Square_Perth_Hay_Street.jpg/330px-Cathedral_Square_Perth_Hay_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cathedral_Square_Perth_Hay_Street.jpg/440px-Cathedral_Square_Perth_Hay_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/City_of_Perth_Library" title="City of Perth Library">City of Perth Library</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Buildings,_Perth" title="Treasury Buildings, Perth">State Buildings</a>, Hay Street</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business district</a> of Perth is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_(Western_Australia)" title="Swan River (Western Australia)">Swan River</a> to the south and east, with <a href="/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia" title="Kings Park, Western Australia">Kings Park</a> on the western end and the railway reserve as the northern border.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A state and federally funded project named <a href="/wiki/Perth_City_Link" title="Perth City Link">Perth City Link</a> sank a section of the railway line to allow easy pedestrian access between <a href="/wiki/Northbridge,_Western_Australia" title="Northbridge, Western Australia">Northbridge</a> and the CBD. The <a href="/wiki/Perth_Arena" title="Perth Arena">Perth Arena</a> is an entertainment and sporting arena in the city link area that has received several architectural awards from institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Design_Institute_of_Australia" title="Design Institute of Australia">Design Institute of Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Architects" title="Australian Institute of Architects">Australian Institute of Architects</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BlueScope" title="BlueScope">Colorbond</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Georges_Terrace" title="St Georges Terrace">St Georges Terrace</a> is the area's prominent street, with a large amount of office space in the CBD. <a href="/wiki/Hay_Street,_Perth" title="Hay Street, Perth">Hay Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Street,_Perth" title="Murray Street, Perth">Murray Street</a> have most of the retail and entertainment facilities. The city's tallest building is <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_(skyscraper)" title="Central Park (skyscraper)">Central Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Australia" title="List of tallest buildings in Australia">twelfth tallest building in Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The CBD until 2012 was the centre of a mining-induced boom, with several commercial and residential projects being built, including <a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Place_(Perth)" title="Brookfield Place (Perth)">Brookfield Place</a>, a 244-metre (801 ft) office building for Anglo-Australian mining company <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metropolitan_area">Metropolitan area</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Metropolitan area">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perth_metropolitan_region" title="Perth metropolitan region">Perth metropolitan region</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MASB.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/MASB.gif/180px-MASB.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/MASB.gif/270px-MASB.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/MASB.gif/360px-MASB.gif 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Area of the Perth Metropolitan Region Scheme</figcaption></figure> Perth's metropolitan area extends along the coast to <a href="/wiki/Two_Rocks,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Rocks, Western Australia">Two Rocks</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Singleton,_Western_Australia" title="Singleton, Western Australia">Singleton</a> to the south,<a href="#cite_note-landgate_map-71">[70]</a> a distance of approximately 125 kilometres (80 mi).<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> From the coast in the west to <a href="/wiki/Mundaring,_Western_Australia" title="Mundaring, Western Australia">Mundaring</a> in the east is a distance of approximately 50 kilometres (30 mi). The Perth metropolitan area covers 6,418 square kilometres (2,478 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-ABSGCCSAXLS-2">[2]</a> The built-up urban area of Perth is 1,722 square kilometres (665 sq mi), the same as <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> and slightly smaller than <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, making Perth the 67th largest urban area in the world. Perth is also the 50th least densely populated out of the 990 urban areas in the world with a population above 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The metropolitan region is defined by the Planning and Development Act 2005 to include 30 <a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia" title="Local government areas of Western Australia">local government areas</a>, with the outer extent being the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Wanneroo" title="City of Wanneroo">City of Wanneroo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Swan" title="City of Swan">City of Swan</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Shire_of_Mundaring" title="Shire of Mundaring">Shire of Mundaring</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Kalamunda" title="City of Kalamunda">City of Kalamunda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Armadale" title="City of Armadale">City of Armadale</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Shire_of_Serpentine-Jarrahdale" title="Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale">Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale</a> to the southeast and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Rockingham" title="City of Rockingham">City of Rockingham</a> to the southwest, and including <a href="/wiki/Rottnest_Island" title="Rottnest Island">Rottnest Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garden_Island_(Western_Australia)" title="Garden Island (Western Australia)">Garden Island</a> off the west coast.<a href="#cite_note-MLGRP2011-74">[73]</a> This extent correlates with the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Region_Scheme" title="Metropolitan Region Scheme">Metropolitan Region Scheme</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>' Perth (Major Statistical Division).<a href="#cite_note-MLGRP2011-74">[73]</a> The metropolitan extent of Perth can be defined in other ways – the Australian Bureau of Statistics Greater Capital City Statistical Area, or <a href="/wiki/Greater_Perth" title="Greater Perth">Greater Perth</a> in short, consists of that area, plus the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Mandurah" title="City of Mandurah">City of Mandurah</a> and the Pinjarra Level 2 Statistical Area<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shire_of_Murray" title="Shire of Murray">Shire of Murray</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> while the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993 includes the <a href="/wiki/Shire_of_Serpentine-Jarrahdale" title="Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale">Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peel_(Western_Australia)" title="Peel (Western Australia)">Peel region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology_and_landforms">Geology and landforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geology and landforms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Perth,_Western_Australia" title="List of islands of Perth, Western Australia">List of islands of Perth, Western Australia</a></div> The largest river flowing through Perth is the Swan River, named for the native <a href="/wiki/Black_swan" title="Black swan">black swans</a> by <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Vlamingh" title="Willem de Vlamingh">Willem de Vlamingh</a>, captain of a Dutch expedition and namer of WA's <a href="/wiki/Rottnest_Island" title="Rottnest Island">Rottnest Island</a>, who discovered the birds while exploring the area in 1697.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> This water body is also known as Derbarl Yerrigan.<a href="#cite_note-det-derbarlyerrigan-80">[79]</a> The city centre and most of the suburbs are on the sandy and relatively flat <a href="/wiki/Swan_Coastal_Plain" title="Swan Coastal Plain">Swan Coastal Plain</a>, which lies between the <a href="/wiki/Darling_Scarp" title="Darling Scarp">Darling Scarp</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. The soils of this area are quite infertile. Much of colonial Perth was built on the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Wetlands" title="Perth Wetlands">Perth Wetlands</a>, a series of freshwater wetlands running from <a href="/wiki/Herdsman_Lake" title="Herdsman Lake">Herdsman Lake</a> in the west through to <a href="/wiki/Claisebrook_Cove" class="mw-redirect" title="Claisebrook Cove">Claisebrook Cove</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> To the east, the city is bordered by a low escarpment called the Darling Scarp. Perth is on generally flat, rolling land, largely due to the high amount of sandy soils and deep <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a>. The Perth metropolitan area has two major river systems, one made up of the Swan and <a href="/wiki/Canning_River_(Western_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canning River (Western Australia)">Canning</a> Rivers, and one of the <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_River_(Western_Australia)" title="Serpentine River (Western Australia)">Serpentine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_River_(Western_Australia)" title="Murray River (Western Australia)">Murray</a> Rivers, which discharge into the <a href="/wiki/Peel_Inlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Peel Inlet">Peel Inlet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mandurah" title="Mandurah">Mandurah</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Perth-Gingin_Shrublands_and_Woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth-Gingin Shrublands and Woodlands">Perth-Gingin Shrublands and Woodlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banksia_Woodlands_of_the_Swan_Coastal_Plain" title="Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain">Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain</a> straddle the metropolitan area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Perth" title="Climate of Perth">Climate of Perth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_sunset_Perth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Beach_sunset_Perth.jpg/220px-Beach_sunset_Perth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Beach_sunset_Perth.jpg/330px-Beach_sunset_Perth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Beach_sunset_Perth.jpg/440px-Beach_sunset_Perth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1243" /></a><figcaption>Sunset over the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> at <a href="/wiki/City_Beach,_Western_Australia" title="City Beach, Western Australia">City Beach</a></figcaption></figure> Perth receives moderate, though highly seasonal, winter-based rainfall. Summers are generally hot, sunny and dry, lasting from December to March, with February generally the hottest month. Winters are relatively mild and wet, giving Perth a <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">hot-summer Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> Csa).<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Perth has an average of 8.8 hours of sunshine per day, which equates to around 3,200 hours of sunshine and 138.7 clear days annually, making it Australia's sunniest capital city.<a href="#cite_note-PerthAP-84">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anigozanthos_manglesii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Anigozanthos_manglesii.jpg/170px-Anigozanthos_manglesii.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Anigozanthos_manglesii.jpg/255px-Anigozanthos_manglesii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Anigozanthos_manglesii.jpg/340px-Anigozanthos_manglesii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_paw" title="Kangaroo paw">Kangaroo paw</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia" title="Kings Park, Western Australia">Kings Park</a></figcaption></figure> Summers are typically hot and dry but not completely devoid of rain, with sporadic rainfall in the form of short-lived thunderstorms, weak <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold fronts</a> and on occasions decaying <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> from Western Australia's northwest, which can bring heavy rain. Temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F) occur, on average, 26 days per year and rise above 40 °C (104 °F) on 5 days per year. The highest temperature recorded in Perth was 46.2 °C (115.2 °F) on 23 February 1991, although <a href="/wiki/Perth_Airport" title="Perth Airport">Perth Airport</a> recorded 46.7 °C (116.1 °F) on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-PerthAP-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perthmedia2008-85">[84]</a> On most summer afternoons a <a href="/wiki/Sea_breeze" title="Sea breeze">sea breeze</a>, known locally as the <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Doctor" title="Fremantle Doctor">Fremantle Doctor</a>, blows from the southwest, providing relief from the hot northeasterly winds. Temperatures often fall below 30 °C (86 °F) a few hours after the arrival of the wind change.<a href="#cite_note-hazards-86">[85]</a> In the summer, the 3 pm dewpoint averages at around 12 °C (54 °F).<a href="#cite_note-PerthAP-84">[83]</a> Winters are mild and wet, with most of Perth's annual rainfall between May and September. Winters see significant rainfall as <a href="/wiki/Weather_front" title="Weather front">frontal systems</a> move across the region, interspersed with clear and sunny days where minimum temperatures tend to drop below 5 °C (41 °F). The lowest temperature recorded in Perth was −0.7 °C (30.7 °F) on 17 June 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Perthmedia2008-85">[84]</a> The lowest temperature within the <a href="/wiki/Perth_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth metropolitan area">Perth metropolitan area</a> was −3.4 °C (25.9 °F) on the same day at <a href="/wiki/Jandakot_Airport" title="Jandakot Airport">Jandakot Airport</a>, although temperatures at or below zero are rare occurrences. The lowest maximum temperature recorded in Perth is 8.8 °C (47.8 °F) on 26 June 1956. It occasionally gets cold enough for frost to form.<a href="#cite_note-JandakotAP-87">[86]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Snow_in_Australia" title="Snow in Australia">snow</a> has never been recorded in the Perth CBD, light snowfalls have been reported in outer suburbs of Perth in the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Hills" title="Perth Hills">Perth Hills</a> around <a href="/wiki/Kalamunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalamunda">Kalamunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roleystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Roleystone">Roleystone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mundaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Mundaring">Mundaring</a>. The most recent snowfall was in 1968. The rainfall pattern has changed in Perth and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_corner_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest corner of Western Australia">southwest Western Australia</a> since the mid-1970s. A significant reduction in winter rainfall has been observed with a greater number of extreme rainfall events in the summer,<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> such as the slow-moving storms on 8 February 1992 that brought 120.6 millimetres (4.75 in) of rain,<a href="#cite_note-Perthmedia2008-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-hazards-86">[85]</a> heavy rainfall associated with a <a href="/wiki/2016-17_Australian_region_cyclone_season#Tropical_Low_15U" class="mw-redirect" title="2016-17 Australian region cyclone season">tropical low</a> on 10 February 2017, which brought 114.4 millimetres (4.50 in) of rain,<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> and the remnants of <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Australian_region_cyclone_season#Tropical_Cyclone_Joyce" title="2017–18 Australian region cyclone season">ex-Tropical Cyclone Joyce</a> on 15 January 2018 with 96.2 millimetres (3.79 in).<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Perth was also hit by a <a href="/wiki/2010_Western_Australian_storms" title="2010 Western Australian storms">severe thunderstorm</a> on 22 March 2010, which brought 40.2 mm (1.58 in) of rain, and large hail and caused significant damage in the metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The average sea temperature ranges from 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) in October to 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) in March.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Perth Metro </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.4 (111.9) </td> <td style="background: #BE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.2 (115.2) </td> <td style="background: #F20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.4 (108.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5 (103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2 (99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4 (104.7) </td> <td style="background: #D90000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.2 (111.6) </td> <td style="background: #BE0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.2 (115.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4 (104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.1 (104.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.6 (101.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7 (72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9 (98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5 (103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FA0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.8 (107.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6 (85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 (72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 (47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 (36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (34.3) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7 (30.7) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (34.3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−0.7 (30.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (0.68) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (0.53) </td> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (0.81) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (1.46) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.5 (3.41) </td> <td style="background: #3AFF3A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.3 (5.01) </td> <td style="background: #23FF23; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147.1 (5.79) </td> <td style="background: #46FF46; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123.8 (4.87) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.8 (3.22) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.4 (1.59) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (1.00) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (0.39) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">731.1 (28.78) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">80.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average afternoon <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 15:00) </th> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">356.5 </td> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">319.0 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">297.6 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">249.0 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.0 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.1 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.2 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">231.0 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">297.6 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">318.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">356.5 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,221.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF84; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a><a href="#cite_note-Perth_Metro_Climate-93">[92]</a> Temperatures: 1993–2023; Rainfall: 1993–2023; Relative humidity: 1994–2011 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isolation">Isolation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Isolation">edit</a>]</div> With more than two million residents, Perth is one of the <a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth#Other_places_considered_the_most_remote" title="Extremes on Earth">most isolated major cities</a> in the world. The nearest city with a population of more than 100,000 is <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, over 2,100 km (1,305 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-gill-94">[93]</a> Perth is geographically closer to both <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> (2,800 km or 1,700 mi), and <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia (3,000 km or 1,900 mi), than to <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> (3,300 km or 2,100 mi).<a href="#cite_note-gill-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_density.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Perth_density.jpg/220px-Perth_density.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Perth_density.jpg/330px-Perth_density.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Perth_density.jpg/440px-Perth_density.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3971" /></a><figcaption>Perth population density by mesh blocks (MB), according to the 2016 census</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright"> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Historical populations </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Perth Statistical Division</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1854 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,001</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1859 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,293</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.48%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1870 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,220</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.46%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,955</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.76%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1891 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">16,694</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+5.31%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">67,431</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.98%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">116,181</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.59%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">170,213</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.89%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1933 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">230,340</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.55%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1947 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">302,968</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.98%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1954 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">395,049</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.86%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">475,398</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.68%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1966 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">559,298</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.30%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">703,199</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.69%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/">ABS</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236656977"><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Greater Perth Statistical Area</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">744,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1976 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">845,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.58%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">941,479</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.17%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,075,959</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.71%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,226,115</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.65%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1996 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,344,378</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.86%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,452,058</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.55%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2006 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,590,007</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.83%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2008 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,687,815</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.03%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,785,076</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.84%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2016 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,943,853</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.43%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,143,776</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.98%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: ABS<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Note: Greater Perth includes the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Mandurah" title="City of Mandurah">City of Mandurah</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Shire_of_Murray" title="Shire of Murray">Shire of Murray</a>, south of Perth.<a href="#cite_note-landgate_map-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Perth is Australia's fourth-most-populous city, having overtaken <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> In June 2023 there was an estimated resident population of 2,309,338 in the Greater Perth area, representing an increase of approximately 3.6% from the 2022 estimate of 2,228,020, the highest growth rate of Australia's capital cities.<a href="#cite_note-ABSERP18-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry_and_immigration">Ancestry and immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancestry and immigration">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Country of birth (2021)<a href="#cite_note-auto1-99">[98]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Birthplace<a href="#cite_note-100">[b]</a></th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>1,258,506 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td> <td>169,938 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td>59,459 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>58,229 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>38,793 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td>31,268 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>30,806 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>27,237 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></td> <td>23,280 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>17,174 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>16,536 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td>16,412 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td> <td>15,387 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>13,031 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td>10,743 </td></tr></tbody></table> At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:<a href="#cite_note-auto1-99">[98]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 13em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Australians" title="English Australians">English</a> (36.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> (27.8%)<a href="#cite_note-102">[c]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Irish</a> (8.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish</a> (8.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italian</a> (5.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Chinese</a> (5.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Australians" title="Indian Australians">Indian</a> (3.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">German</a> (2.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Australians" title="Dutch Australians">Dutch</a> (2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Australians" title="Filipino Australians">Filipino</a> (1.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> (1.8%)<a href="#cite_note-103">[d]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Australians" title="South African Australians">South African</a> (1.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Australians" title="Māori Australians">Maori</a> (1.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Australians" title="Vietnamese Australians">Vietnamese</a> (1.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Australians" title="New Zealand Australians">New Zealander</a> (1.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Australians" title="Croatian Australians">Croatian</a> (1%)</li></ul></div> Perth's population is notable for the high proportion of British- and Irish-born residents. At the 2021 Census, 169,938 England-born Perth residents were counted,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-99">[98]</a> ahead of even Sydney (151,614),<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> despite the latter having well over twice the population. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russell_Square_Perth_9261.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Russell_Square_Perth_9261.jpg/220px-Russell_Square_Perth_9261.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Russell_Square_Perth_9261.jpg/330px-Russell_Square_Perth_9261.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Russell_Square_Perth_9261.jpg/440px-Russell_Square_Perth_9261.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russell_Square,_Perth" title="Russell Square, Perth">Russell Square</a>, Northbridge – historically the favoured meeting place of the Italian community of "<a href="/wiki/Little_Italy" title="Little Italy">Little Italy</a>"<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a></figcaption></figure> The ethnic make-up of Perth changed in the second part of the 20th century when significant numbers of continental European immigrants arrived in the city. Prior to this, Perth's population had been almost completely <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Celtic Australian">Anglo-Celtic</a> in ethnic origin. As <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a> was the first landfall in Australia for many migrant ships coming from Europe in the 1950s and 1960s, Perth started to experience a diverse influx of people, including <a href="/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian people">Croats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>. The Italian influence in the Perth and Fremantle area has been substantial, evident in places like the "Cappuccino strip" in Fremantle featuring many Italian eateries and shops. In Fremantle, the traditional Italian <a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_the_fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessing of the fleet">blessing of the fleet</a> festival is held every year at the start of the fishing season. In Northbridge every December is the San Nicola (Saint Nicholas) Festival, which involves a pageant followed by a concert, predominantly in Italian. Suburbs surrounding the Fremantle area, such as <a href="/wiki/Spearwood,_Western_Australia" title="Spearwood, Western Australia">Spearwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Hill,_Western_Australia" title="Hamilton Hill, Western Australia">Hamilton Hill</a>, also contain high concentrations of Italians, Croatians, and Portuguese. Perth has also been home to a small <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> community since 1829<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a>  – numbering 6,331 in 2021 – who have emigrated primarily from Eastern Europe and more recently from South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-censusj-107">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_Perth_2023_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chinatown_Perth_2023_b.jpg/220px-Chinatown_Perth_2023_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chinatown_Perth_2023_b.jpg/330px-Chinatown_Perth_2023_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chinatown_Perth_2023_b.jpg/440px-Chinatown_Perth_2023_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4014" data-file-height="3011" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Perth" title="Chinatown, Perth">Chinatown</a> entry on Roe Street</figcaption></figure> A more recent wave of arrivals includes <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">White South Africans</a>. South Africans overtook those born in Italy as the fourth-largest foreign group in 2001. By 2016, there were 35,262 South Africans residing in Perth.<a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-108">[104]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">Anglo-Africans</a> emigrated to Perth during the 1980s and 1990s, with the phrase "packing for Perth" becoming associated with South Africans who choose to emigrate abroad, sometimes regardless of the destination.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> As a result, the city has been described as "the Australian capital of South Africans in exile".<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> The reason for Perth's popularity among <a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">white South Africans</a> has often been attributed to the location, the vast amount of land, and the slightly warmer climate compared to other large Australian cities – Perth has a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>. Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> in 1973, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> has become an increasingly significant source of migrants, with communities from <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> all now well-established. There were 112,293 persons of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Australian">Chinese</a> descent in Perth in 2016 – 5.3% of the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-99">[98]</a> These are supported by the Australian Eurasian Association of Western Australia,<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> which also serves a community of Portuguese-Malacca Eurasian or <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a> immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> Middle Eastern immigrants have a presence in Perth. They come from a variety of countries, including <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Arab Emirates">The United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. The Indian community includes a substantial number of <a href="/wiki/Parsi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi people">Parsees</a> who emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> – Perth being the closest Australian city to India – in 2021 those with Indian ancestry accounted for 3.5% of Perth's population<a href="#cite_note-auto1-99">[98]</a> Perth is also home to the largest population of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Burmese">Anglo-Burmese</a> in the world; many settled here following the independence of Burma in 1948 with immigration taking off after 1962. The city is now the cultural hub for Anglo-Burmese worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> There is also a substantial <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indian</a> population in Perth, who also settled in the city following the independence of India. At the 2021 census, 2% of Perth's population identified as being <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Strait Islander">Torres Strait Islander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-quickstats_2021-116">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> At the 2021 census, 74% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (2.3%), <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (1.1%), <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (1.0%), <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (0.9%) and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> (0.9%).<a href="#cite_note-quickstats_2021-116">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Perth._Exterior_of_the_new_side_from_the_north_west_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Perth._Exterior_of_the_new_side_from_the_north_west_b.jpg/220px-St_Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Perth._Exterior_of_the_new_side_from_the_north_west_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Perth._Exterior_of_the_new_side_from_the_north_west_b.jpg/330px-St_Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Perth._Exterior_of_the_new_side_from_the_north_west_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Perth._Exterior_of_the_new_side_from_the_north_west_b.jpg/440px-St_Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Perth._Exterior_of_the_new_side_from_the_north_west_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2965" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Perth" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Perth">St Mary's Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> 41.8% of the 2021 census respondents in Perth had no religion,<a href="#cite_note-quickstats_2021-116">[111]</a> as against 38.4% of national population.<a href="#cite_note-quickstats_2021-116">[111]</a> In 1911, the national figure was 0.4%.<a href="#cite_note-Losing-117">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> are the largest single Christian denomination in the Greater Perth area at 19.5%.<a href="#cite_note-quickstats_2021-116">[111]</a> Perth is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Perth" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perth">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Perth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross">Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross</a> claims over 2,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglicans</a> are 9.9% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-quickstats_2021-116">[111]</a> Perth is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Perth" title="Anglican Diocese of Perth">Anglican Diocese of Perth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> each have more than 50,000 adherents.<a href="#cite_note-profile.id.com.au-121">[116]</a> The suburb of <a href="/wiki/Gidgegannup,_Western_Australia" title="Gidgegannup, Western Australia">Gidgengannup</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Hills" title="Perth Hills">Perth Hills</a> is home to the Dhammasara Nuns Monastery of the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> Over 31,000 members of the <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia" title="Uniting Church in Australia">Uniting Church in Australia</a> live in Perth.<a href="#cite_note-profile.id.com.au-121">[116]</a> Perth has the third largest <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> population in Australia, numbering approximately 6,331 in the 2021 census.<a href="#cite_note-censusj-107">[103]</a> Perth's <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Day_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Day School">Jewish Day School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmel_School_(Perth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmel School (Perth)">Carmel School</a> claims a city Jewish population closer to 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> The city is home to both Orthodox and Progressive synagogues, most notably <a href="/wiki/Perth_Hebrew_Congregation" title="Perth Hebrew Congregation">Perth Hebrew Congregation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temple_David_(Perth,_Western_Australia)" title="Temple David (Perth, Western Australia)">Temple David</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> community in Perth numbers around 2,178.<a href="#cite_note-profile.id.com.au-121">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> has over 49,000 adherents in Perth;<a href="#cite_note-profile.id.com.au-121">[116]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> (festival of lights) celebration in 2009 attracted over 20,000 visitors. There are Hindu temples in <a href="/wiki/Canning_Vale" class="mw-redirect" title="Canning Vale">Canning Vale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anketell" class="mw-redirect" title="Anketell">Anketell</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_(spiritual_tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaminarayan (spiritual tradition)">Swaminarayan</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Springs,_Western_Australia" title="Bennett Springs, Western Australia">Bennett Springs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> Hinduism is the fastest growing religion in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> Perth is also home to 4,719 <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a><a href="#cite_note-profile.id.com.au-121">[116]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Australia_Temple" title="Perth Australia Temple">Perth Australia Temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> Perth, like the rest of Australia, is governed by three levels of government: local, state, and federal.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local">Local</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Local">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia" title="Local government areas of Western Australia">Local government areas of Western Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_House,_Perth,_February_2022_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Parliament_House%2C_Perth%2C_February_2022_01.jpg/220px-Parliament_House%2C_Perth%2C_February_2022_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Parliament_House%2C_Perth%2C_February_2022_01.jpg/330px-Parliament_House%2C_Perth%2C_February_2022_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Parliament_House%2C_Perth%2C_February_2022_01.jpg/440px-Parliament_House%2C_Perth%2C_February_2022_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4022" data-file-height="2815" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Perth" title="Parliament House, Perth">Parliament House</a></figcaption></figure> The Perth metropolitan area is divided into thirty <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">local government bodies</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Perth" title="City of Perth">City of Perth</a> which administers Perth's central business district. The outer extent of the <a href="/wiki/Perth_metropolitan_region" title="Perth metropolitan region">administrative region of Perth</a> comprises the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Wanneroo" title="City of Wanneroo">City of Wanneroo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Swan" title="City of Swan">City of Swan</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Shire_of_Mundaring" title="Shire of Mundaring">Shire of Mundaring</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Kalamunda" title="City of Kalamunda">City of Kalamunda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Armadale" title="City of Armadale">City of Armadale</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Shire_of_Serpentine-Jarrahdale" title="Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale">Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale</a> to the southeast and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Rockingham" title="City of Rockingham">City of Rockingham</a> to the southwest, and including the islands of <a href="/wiki/Rottnest_Island" title="Rottnest Island">Rottnest Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garden_Island,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden Island, Western Australia">Garden Island</a> off the west coast.<a href="#cite_note-MLGRP-128">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State">State</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: State">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">Government of Western Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_Supreme_Court_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Perth_Supreme_Court_building.jpg/220px-Perth_Supreme_Court_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Perth_Supreme_Court_building.jpg/330px-Perth_Supreme_Court_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Perth_Supreme_Court_building.jpg/440px-Perth_Supreme_Court_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Supreme Court of Western Australia">Supreme Court of Western Australia</a></figcaption></figure> Perth houses the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Western_Australia" title="Parliament of Western Australia">Parliament of Western Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia" title="Governor of Western Australia">Governor of Western Australia</a>. As of the 2008 state election<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit">[update]</a>, 42 of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Legislative_Assembly" title="Western Australian Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a>'s 59 seats and 18 of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Legislative_Council" title="Western Australian Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a>'s 36 seats are based in Perth's metropolitan area. The state's highest court, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Supreme Court of Western Australia">Supreme Court</a>, is located in Perth,<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="District Court of Western Australia">District</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Family Court of Western Australia">Family</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> Courts. The <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Court_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates' Court of Western Australia">Magistrates' Court</a> has six metropolitan locations.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal">Federal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Federal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Government of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG/220px-WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG/330px-WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG/440px-WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Perth" title="Government House, Perth">Government House</a></figcaption></figure> Perth is represented by 10 full seats and significant parts of three others in the Federal House of Representatives, with the seats of Canning, Pearce, and Brand including some areas outside the metropolitan area. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit Court of Australia">Federal Circuit Court of Australia</a> (previously the Federal Magistrates Court)<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> occupy the Commonwealth Law Courts building on Victoria Avenue,<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> which is also the location for annual Perth sittings of Australia's <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Australia" title="Economy of Western Australia">Economy of Western Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_(AU),_Elizabeth_Quay_--_2019_--_0259.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Perth_%28AU%29%2C_Elizabeth_Quay_--_2019_--_0259.jpg/220px-Perth_%28AU%29%2C_Elizabeth_Quay_--_2019_--_0259.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Perth_%28AU%29%2C_Elizabeth_Quay_--_2019_--_0259.jpg/330px-Perth_%28AU%29%2C_Elizabeth_Quay_--_2019_--_0259.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Perth_%28AU%29%2C_Elizabeth_Quay_--_2019_--_0259.jpg/440px-Perth_%28AU%29%2C_Elizabeth_Quay_--_2019_--_0259.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5877" data-file-height="3918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perth_central_business_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth central business district">Perth central business district</a></figcaption></figure> By virtue of its population and role as the administrative centre for business and government, Perth dominates the <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australian">Western Australian</a> economy, despite the major mining, petroleum, and agricultural export industries being located elsewhere in the state.<a href="#cite_note-GreaterPerth-137">[132]</a> Perth's function as the state's capital city, its economic base and population size have also created development opportunities for many other businesses oriented to local or more diversified markets. Perth's economy has been changing in favour of the service industries since the 1950s. Although one of the major sets of services it provides is related to the resources industry and, to a lesser extent, agriculture, most people in Perth are not connected to either; they have jobs that provide services to other people in Perth.<a href="#cite_note-Structure2005-138">[133]</a> As a result of Perth's relative geographical isolation, it has never had the necessary conditions to develop significant manufacturing industries other than those serving the immediate needs of its residents, mining, agriculture and some specialised areas, such as, in recent times, niche shipbuilding and maintenance. It was simply cheaper to import all the needed manufactured goods from either the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_states_of_Australia" title="Eastern states of Australia">eastern states</a> or overseas. Industrial employment influenced the economic geography of Perth. After WWII, Perth experienced suburban expansion aided by high levels of car ownership. Workforce decentralisation and transport improvements made it possible for the establishment of small-scale manufacturing in the suburbs. Many firms took advantage of relatively cheap land to build spacious, single-storey plants in suburban locations with plentiful parking, easy access and minimal traffic congestion. "The former close ties of manufacturing with near-central and/or rail-side locations were loosened."<a href="#cite_note-GreaterPerth-137">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henderson_Cliffs_and_Alcoa_Kwinana_Refinery,_June_2022_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Henderson_Cliffs_and_Alcoa_Kwinana_Refinery%2C_June_2022_05.jpg/220px-Henderson_Cliffs_and_Alcoa_Kwinana_Refinery%2C_June_2022_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Henderson_Cliffs_and_Alcoa_Kwinana_Refinery%2C_June_2022_05.jpg/330px-Henderson_Cliffs_and_Alcoa_Kwinana_Refinery%2C_June_2022_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Henderson_Cliffs_and_Alcoa_Kwinana_Refinery%2C_June_2022_05.jpg/440px-Henderson_Cliffs_and_Alcoa_Kwinana_Refinery%2C_June_2022_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">Alumina</a> refinery in <a href="/wiki/Kwinana_Beach,_Western_Australia" title="Kwinana Beach, Western Australia">Kwinana</a></figcaption></figure> Industrial estates such as <a href="/wiki/Kwinana_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwinana Beach">Kwinana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welshpool,_Western_Australia" title="Welshpool, Western Australia">Welshpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kewdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewdale">Kewdale</a> were post-war additions contributing to the growth of manufacturing south of the river. The establishment of the Kwinana industrial area was supported by standardisation of the east–west rail gauge linking Perth with eastern Australia. Since the 1950s the area has been dominated by heavy industry, including an oil refinery, steel-rolling mill with a blast furnace, alumina refinery, power station, and a nickel refinery. Another development, also linked with rail standardisation, was in 1968 when the <a href="/wiki/Kewdale_Freight_Terminal" title="Kewdale Freight Terminal">Kewdale Freight Terminal</a> was developed adjacent to the Welshpool industrial area, replacing the former Perth railway yards.<a href="#cite_note-GreaterPerth-137">[132]</a> With significant population growth post-WWII,<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> employment growth occurred not in manufacturing but in retail and wholesale trade, business services, health, education, community and personal services, and in public administration. Increasingly it was these services sectors, concentrated around the Perth metropolitan area, that provided jobs.<a href="#cite_note-GreaterPerth-137">[132]</a> Perth has also become a hub of technology-focused startups since the early 2000s that provide a pool of highly skilled jobs to the Perth community. Companies such as Appbot, Agworld, Touchgram, and Healthengine all hail from Perth and have made headlines internationally. Programs like StartupWA and <a href="/wiki/Business_incubator" title="Business incubator">incubators</a> such as Spacecubed and Vocus Upstart are all focused on creating a thriving startup culture in Perth and growing the next generation of Perth-based employers.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Western_Australia" title="Education in Western Australia">Education in Western Australia</a></div> Education is compulsory in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> between the ages of six and seventeen, corresponding to primary and secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> Tertiary education is available through several universities and <a href="/wiki/Technical_and_further_education" title="Technical and further education">technical and further education</a> (TAFE) colleges. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary">Primary and secondary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_Modern_School,_2015_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Perth_Modern_School%2C_2015_01.jpg/220px-Perth_Modern_School%2C_2015_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Perth_Modern_School%2C_2015_01.jpg/330px-Perth_Modern_School%2C_2015_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Perth_Modern_School%2C_2015_01.jpg/440px-Perth_Modern_School%2C_2015_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perth_Modern_School" title="Perth Modern School">Perth Modern School</a>, Perth's first <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public high school</a></figcaption></figure> Students may attend either public schools, run by the state government's <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Western_Australia)" title="Department of Education (Western Australia)">Department of Education</a>, or private schools, usually associated with a religion, or engage in home schooling. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Certificate_of_Education" title="Western Australian Certificate of Education">Western Australian Certificate of Education</a> (WACE) is the credential given to students who have completed Years 11 and 12 of their secondary schooling.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> In 2012 the minimum requirements for students to receive their WACE changed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>].<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary">Tertiary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tertiary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UWAWinthropHallSunsetcurves_gobeirne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/UWAWinthropHallSunsetcurves_gobeirne.jpg/220px-UWAWinthropHallSunsetcurves_gobeirne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/UWAWinthropHallSunsetcurves_gobeirne.jpg/330px-UWAWinthropHallSunsetcurves_gobeirne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/UWAWinthropHallSunsetcurves_gobeirne.jpg/440px-UWAWinthropHallSunsetcurves_gobeirne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Crawley,_Western_Australia" title="Crawley, Western Australia">Crawley</a></figcaption></figure> Perth is home to four public universities: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_University" title="Murdoch University">Murdoch University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edith_Cowan_University" title="Edith Cowan University">Edith Cowan University</a>. There are also two private universities, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Australia" title="University of Notre Dame Australia">University of Notre Dame Australia</a>, and a local campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Divinity" title="University of Divinity">University of Divinity</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Western Australia">The University of Western Australia</a>, which was founded in 1911,<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> is renowned as one of Australia's leading research institutions.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> The university's monumental neo-classical architecture, most of which is carved from white limestone, is a notable tourist destination in the city. It is the only university in the state to be a member of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight_(Australian_universities)" title="Group of Eight (Australian universities)">Group of Eight</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sandstone_universities" title="Sandstone universities">Sandstone universities</a>. It is also the state's only university to have produced a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Laureate</a>:<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a>, who graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in 1975 and was awarded a joint Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 2005 with <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a>. <a href="/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin University</a>, previously known as Western Australian Institute of Technology (1966–1986) and Curtin University of Technology (1986–2010), is Western Australia's largest university by student population.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_University" title="Murdoch University">Murdoch University</a> was founded in 1973 and incorporates Western Australia's only veterinary school and, until its controversial closure in 2020, Australia's only <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> program to be completely integrated into a secular university. <a href="/wiki/Edith_Cowan_University" title="Edith Cowan University">Edith Cowan University</a> was established in 1991 from the existing <a href="/wiki/College_of_Advanced_Education" title="College of Advanced Education">Western Australian College of Advanced Education</a> which itself was formed on 11 December 1981 from the existing Teachers Colleges at Claremont, Nedlands, Churchlands, and Mount Lawley after Graylands had merged into Claremont, Churchlands and Mount Lawley in 1979. It incorporates the <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Academy_of_Performing_Arts" title="Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts">Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Australia" title="University of Notre Dame Australia">University of Notre Dame Australia</a> was established in 1990. Notre Dame was established as a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic university">Catholic university</a> with its lead campus in <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a> and a large campus in Sydney, and a campus in Broome. Its lead campus is in the west end of Fremantle, using historic port buildings built in the 1890s, giving Notre Dame a distinct European university atmosphere. The Melbourne-based <a href="/wiki/University_of_Divinity" title="University of Divinity">University of Divinity</a> established a campus in Perth in 2022 through its admission of <a href="/wiki/Wollaston_College" title="Wollaston College">Wollaston College</a>, the theological college of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Perth" title="Anglican Diocese of Perth">Anglican Diocese of Perth</a>, as a collegiate college of the University. Colleges of TAFE provide trade and vocational training, including certificate- and diploma-level courses. TAFE began as a system of technical colleges and schools under the Education Department, from which they were separated in the 1980s and ultimately formed into regional colleges. Two are in the Perth metropolitan area: <a href="/wiki/North_Metropolitan_TAFE" title="North Metropolitan TAFE">North Metropolitan TAFE</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Technology" title="Central Institute of Technology">Central Institute of Technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Institute_of_Training" title="West Coast Institute of Training">West Coast Institute of Training</a>); and <a href="/wiki/South_Metropolitan_TAFE" title="South Metropolitan TAFE">South Metropolitan TAFE</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_West" title="Polytechnic West">Polytechnic West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Challenger_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Challenger Institute of Technology">Challenger Institute of Technology</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> The main newspapers for Perth are <a href="/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(Western_Australia)" title="The Sunday Times (Western Australia)">The Sunday Times</a>. Localised free community papers cater to each local government area. The local business paper is <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Business_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australian Business News">Western Australian Business News</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> Radio stations are on AM, FM and DAB+ frequencies. ABC stations include <a href="/wiki/ABC_NewsRadio" title="ABC NewsRadio">ABC News</a> (585AM), <a href="/wiki/720_ABC_Perth" class="mw-redirect" title="720 ABC Perth">720 ABC Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_National" title="Radio National">Radio National</a> (810AM), <a href="/wiki/ABC_Classic_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Classic FM">Classic FM</a> (97.7FM) and <a href="/wiki/Triple_J" title="Triple J">Triple J</a> (99.3FM). The six local commercial stations are <a href="/wiki/6PR" title="6PR">882 6PR</a> and <a href="/wiki/6IX" class="mw-redirect" title="6IX">1080 6IX</a> on AM; <a href="/wiki/Triple_M_Perth" title="Triple M Perth">Triple M Perth</a> (92.9FM), <a href="/wiki/Nova_93.7" title="Nova 93.7">Nova 93.7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mix_94.5" title="Mix 94.5">Mix94.5</a>, and <a href="/wiki/96FM_(Perth_radio_station)" title="96FM (Perth radio station)">96FM</a> on FM. DAB+ has mostly the same as both AM and FM plus national stations from the ABC/SBS, Radar Radio and Novanation, along with local stations My Perth Digital, Hot Country Perth, and <a href="/wiki/98five_Sonshine_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="98five Sonshine FM">98five</a> Christian radio. Major community radio stations include <a href="/wiki/RTRFM" title="RTRFM">RTRFM</a> (92.1FM), Sonshine FM (98.5FM),<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> SportFM (91.3FM)<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> and Curtin FM (100.1FM).<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> Perth is served by thirty digital <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> television channels: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABC_Perth,_2016_(02).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABC_Perth%2C_2016_%2802%29.JPG/250px-ABC_Perth%2C_2016_%2802%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABC_Perth%2C_2016_%2802%29.JPG/375px-ABC_Perth%2C_2016_%2802%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ABC_Perth%2C_2016_%2802%29.JPG/500px-ABC_Perth%2C_2016_%2802%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3482" data-file-height="1957" /></a><figcaption>ABC Perth studios in <a href="/wiki/East_Perth,_Western_Australia" title="East Perth, Western Australia">East Perth</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/720_ABC_Perth" class="mw-redirect" title="720 ABC Perth">720 ABC Perth</a> radio and <a href="/wiki/ABW_(TV_station)" title="ABW (TV station)">ABC television</a> in Western Australia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABW_(TV_station)" title="ABW (TV station)">ABC TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_HD_(Australian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC HD (Australian TV channel)">ABC TV HD</a> (ABC TV broadcast in <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_TV_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC TV Plus">ABC TV Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Me" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Me">ABC Me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC News (TV channel)">ABC News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="SBS (Australian TV channel)">SBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS HD">SBS HD</a> (SBS broadcast in HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_Viceland" title="SBS Viceland">SBS Viceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_World_Movies" title="SBS World Movies">SBS World Movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_Food" title="SBS Food">SBS Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Television" title="National Indigenous Television">NITV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_WorldWatch" title="SBS WorldWatch">SBS WorldWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVW" title="TVW">Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7HD" class="mw-redirect" title="7HD">7HD</a> (Seven broadcast in HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7two" title="7two">7two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7mate" title="7mate">7mate</a></li> <li>7mate HD (7mate broadcast in HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7flix" title="7flix">7flix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing.com" title="Racing.com">Racing.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STW" title="STW">Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9HD" class="mw-redirect" title="9HD">9HD</a> (Nine broadcast in HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9Gem" title="9Gem">9Gem</a></li> <li>9Gem HD (9Gem broadcast in HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9Go!" title="9Go!">9Go!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9Life" title="9Life">9Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9Rush" title="9Rush">9Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEW_(TV_station)" title="NEW (TV station)">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="10 HD">10 HD</a> (10 broadcast in HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Bold" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Bold">10 Bold</a> (only in HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Peach" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Peach">10 Peach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Shake" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Shake">10 Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVSN" title="TVSN">TVSN</a></li> <li>Gecko TV (formerly <a href="/wiki/Spree_TV" title="Spree TV">Spree TV</a>)</li></ul> </div> ABC, SBS, Seven, Nine and 10 were also broadcast in an analogue format until 16 April 2013, when the analogue transmission was switched off.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> Community station <a href="/wiki/Access_31" title="Access 31">Access 31</a> closed in August 2008. In April 2010 a new community station, <a href="/wiki/West_TV" title="West TV">West TV</a>, began transmission (in digital format only). West TV ceased broadcasting in February 2020.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nine_Plaza,_Perth_-_Exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nine_Plaza%2C_Perth_-_Exterior.jpg/240px-Nine_Plaza%2C_Perth_-_Exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nine_Plaza%2C_Perth_-_Exterior.jpg/360px-Nine_Plaza%2C_Perth_-_Exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nine_Plaza%2C_Perth_-_Exterior.jpg/480px-Nine_Plaza%2C_Perth_-_Exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Channel_9_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 9 Australia">Channel 9</a>'s Perth Studio</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel</a> provides a subscription-based satellite and cable television service. Perth has its own local newsreaders on ABC (<a href="/wiki/Pamela_Medlen" title="Pamela Medlen">Pamela Medlen</a>), Seven (<a href="/wiki/Rick_Ardon" title="Rick Ardon">Rick Ardon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susannah_Carr" title="Susannah Carr">Susannah Carr</a>), Nine (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Thomson_(journalist)" title="Michael Thomson (journalist)">Michael Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monika_Kos" title="Monika Kos">Monika Kos</a>) and Ten (<a href="/wiki/Natalie_Forrest" title="Natalie Forrest">Natalie Forrest</a>). An annual <a href="/wiki/Telethon" title="Telethon">telethon</a> has been broadcast since 1968 to raise funds for charities including <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital_for_Children" title="Princess Margaret Hospital for Children">Princess Margaret Hospital for Children</a>. The 24-hour <a href="/wiki/Perth_Telethon" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth Telethon">Perth Telethon</a> claims to be "the most successful fundraising event per capita in the world."<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online-only">Online-only</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Online-only">edit</a>]</div> Online news media outlets covering the Perth area include TheWest.com.au backed by <a href="/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a>, Perth Now from the newsroom of <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(Western_Australia)" title="The Sunday Times (Western Australia)">The Sunday Times</a>, and WAToday from <a href="/wiki/Nine_Entertainment" title="Nine Entertainment">Nine Entertainment</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Arts and entertainment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Perth" title="Music of Perth">Music of Perth</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_acts_from_Western_Australia" title="List of musical acts from Western Australia">List of musical acts from Western Australia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Perth,_Western_Australia" title="Category:People from Perth, Western Australia">People from Perth, Western Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_Diver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Giant_Diver.jpg/220px-Giant_Diver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Giant_Diver.jpg/330px-Giant_Diver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Giant_Diver.jpg/440px-Giant_Diver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Scene from the inauguration of the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Perth_Festival" title="Perth Festival">Perth Festival</a>, Australia's oldest continuously-running cultural festival</figcaption></figure> A number of cultural events are held in Perth. Held annually since 1953, <a href="/wiki/Perth_Festival" title="Perth Festival">Perth Festival</a> is Australia's longest running annual cultural festival and includes the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Writers_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth Writers Festival">Perth Writers Festival</a> and the Winter Arts Festival. The <a href="/wiki/Fringe_World" title="Fringe World">Fringe World</a> Festival has been held annually across January and February in Perth since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> Perth also hosts annual music festivals including Listen Out, Origin and <a href="/wiki/St_Jerome%27s_Laneway_Festival" title="St Jerome's Laneway Festival">St Jerome's Laneway Festival</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Perth_International_Comedy_Festival" title="Perth International Comedy Festival">Perth International Comedy Festival</a> features a variety of local and international comedic talent, with performances held at the Astor Theatre and nearby venues in Mount Lawley. Regular night food market events are held during the summer months throughout the Perth CBD and surrounding suburbs. <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_by_the_Sea" title="Sculpture by the Sea">Sculpture by the Sea</a> showcases a range of local and international sculptors' creations along <a href="/wiki/Cottesloe,_Western_Australia" title="Cottesloe, Western Australia">Cottesloe Beach</a>. There is also a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Western_Australia" title="List of public art in Western Australia">public art and sculptures</a> on permanent display across the city. The <a href="/wiki/Perth_Cultural_Centre" title="Perth Cultural Centre">Perth Cultural Centre</a> is home to many of the city's major arts, cultural and educational institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Western_Australia" title="Art Gallery of Western Australia">Art Gallery of Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Museum" title="Western Australian Museum">Western Australian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Western_Australia" title="State Library of Western Australia">State Library of Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Records_Office_of_Western_Australia" title="State Records Office of Western Australia">State Records Office</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perth_Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts" title="Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts">Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts</a> (PICA).<a href="#cite_note-pcc-154">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/State_Theatre_Centre_of_Western_Australia" title="State Theatre Centre of Western Australia">State Theatre Centre of Western Australia</a> is also located there,<a href="#cite_note-pcc-154">[149]</a> and is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Swan_State_Theatre_Company" title="Black Swan State Theatre Company">Black Swan State Theatre Company</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Theatre_Company" title="Perth Theatre Company">Perth Theatre Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> Other performing arts companies based in Perth include the <a href="/wiki/West_Australian_Ballet" title="West Australian Ballet">West Australian Ballet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Australian_Opera" title="West Australian Opera">West Australian Opera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Australian_Symphony_Orchestra" title="West Australian Symphony Orchestra">West Australian Symphony Orchestra</a>, all of which present regular programs.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australian">Western Australian</a> Youth Orchestras provide young musicians with performance opportunities in orchestral and other musical ensembles.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:His_Majesty%27s_Theatre_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre_2022.jpg/220px-His_Majesty%27s_Theatre_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre_2022.jpg/330px-His_Majesty%27s_Theatre_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre_2022.jpg/440px-His_Majesty%27s_Theatre_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre,_Perth" title="His Majesty's Theatre, Perth">His Majesty's Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> Perth is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Academy_of_Performing_Arts" title="Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts">Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts</a> at <a href="/wiki/Edith_Cowan_University" title="Edith Cowan University">Edith Cowan University</a>, from which many actors and broadcasters have launched their careers.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-waa17-162">[157]</a> The city's main performance venues include the Riverside Theatre within the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Convention_Exhibition_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth Convention Exhibition Centre">Perth Convention Exhibition Centre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Concert_Hall_(Western_Australia)" title="Perth Concert Hall (Western Australia)">Perth Concert Hall</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> the historic <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Theatre, Western Australia">His Majesty's Theatre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HMT_DCA-165">[160]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Regal_Theatre,_Perth" title="Regal Theatre, Perth">Regal Theatre</a> in Subiaco<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Astor_Theatre,_Perth" title="Astor Theatre, Perth">Astor Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lawley,_Western_Australia" title="Mount Lawley, Western Australia">Mount Lawley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Perth_Arena" title="Perth Arena">Perth Arena</a> can be configured as an entertainment or sporting arena, and concerts are also hosted at other sporting venues, including <a href="/wiki/Optus_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Optus Stadium">Optus Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/HBF_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="HBF Stadium">HBF Stadium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perth_Oval" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth Oval">nib Stadium</a>. Outdoor concert venues include <a href="/wiki/Quarry_Amphitheatre" title="Quarry Amphitheatre">Quarry Amphitheatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Gardens" title="Supreme Court Gardens">Supreme Court Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia" title="Kings Park, Western Australia">Kings Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russell_Square,_Perth" title="Russell Square, Perth">Russell Square</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Theatre_-_Iwelam_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/State_Theatre_-_Iwelam_06.jpg/220px-State_Theatre_-_Iwelam_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/State_Theatre_-_Iwelam_06.jpg/330px-State_Theatre_-_Iwelam_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/State_Theatre_-_Iwelam_06.jpg/440px-State_Theatre_-_Iwelam_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3218" data-file-height="3071" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/State_Theatre_Centre_of_Western_Australia#Facilities" title="State Theatre Centre of Western Australia">Heath Ledger Theatre</a>; named in honour of Perth-born actor <a href="/wiki/Heath_Ledger" title="Heath Ledger">Heath Ledger</a></figcaption></figure> The largest performance area within the State Theatre Centre, the Heath Ledger Theatre, is named in honour of Perth-born film actor <a href="/wiki/Heath_Ledger" title="Heath Ledger">Heath Ledger</a>. Other performers born and raised in Perth include <a href="/wiki/Judy_Davis" title="Judy Davis">Judy Davis</a><a href="#cite_note-mra15-168">[163]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melissa_George" title="Melissa George">Melissa George</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alb18-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-bar17-170">[165]</a> Performers raised in Perth include <a href="/wiki/Tim_Minchin" title="Tim Minchin">Tim Minchin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tmc-171">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_McCune" title="Lisa McCune">Lisa McCune</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tho13-172">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Troye_Sivan" title="Troye Sivan">Troye Sivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Worthington" title="Sam Worthington">Sam Worthington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isla_Fisher" title="Isla Fisher">Isla Fisher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mit18-173">[168]</a> Performers that studied in Perth at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Academy_of_Performing_Arts" title="Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts">Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts</a> include <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Jackman" title="Hugh Jackman">Hugh Jackman</a> and Lisa McCune.<a href="#cite_note-waa17-162">[157]</a> Due to Perth's relative isolation from other Australian cities, overseas performing artists sometimes exclude it from their Australian tour schedules. This isolation, however, has helped foster a strong local music scene, with <a href="/wiki/Category:Musical_groups_from_Perth,_Western_Australia" title="Category:Musical groups from Perth, Western Australia">many local music groups</a>. Famous musical performers from Perth include the late <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a> frontman <a href="/wiki/Bon_Scott" title="Bon Scott">Bon Scott</a>, whose heritage-listed grave at <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Cemetery" title="Fremantle Cemetery">Fremantle Cemetery</a> is reportedly the most visited grave in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> Perth-born performer and artist <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Harris" title="Rolf Harris">Rolf Harris</a> became known by the nickname "The Boy From <a href="/wiki/Bassendean,_Western_Australia" title="Bassendean, Western Australia">Bassendean</a>".<a href="#cite_note-slwa-rh-175">[170]</a> Further notable music acts from Perth include <a href="/wiki/The_Triffids" title="The Triffids">The Triffids</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Scientists" title="The Scientists">The Scientists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Drones_(Australian_band)" title="The Drones (Australian band)">The Drones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tame_Impala" title="Tame Impala">Tame Impala</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mos17-179">[174]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karnivool" title="Karnivool">Karnivool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mgr18-180">[175]</a> Perth has inspired various artistic and cultural works. <a href="/wiki/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly" title="John Boyle O'Reilly">John Boyle O'Reilly</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> convict transported to Western Australia, published <a href="/wiki/Moondyne" title="Moondyne">Moondyne</a> in 1879, the most famous early novel about the Swan River Colony. Perth is also the setting for various works by novelist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Winton" title="Tim Winton">Tim Winton</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Cloudstreet" title="Cloudstreet">Cloudstreet</a> (1991). Songs that refer to the city include "I Love Perth" (1996) by <a href="/wiki/Pavement_(band)" title="Pavement (band)">Pavement</a>, "Perth" (2011) by <a href="/wiki/Bon_Iver" title="Bon Iver">Bon Iver</a>, and "Perth" (2015) by <a href="/wiki/Beirut_(band)" title="Beirut (band)">Beirut</a>. Films shot or set in Perth include <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Story" title="Japanese Story">Japanese Story</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/These_Final_Hours" title="These Final Hours">These Final Hours</a> (2013), <a href="/wiki/Kill_Me_Three_Times" title="Kill Me Three Times">Kill Me Three Times</a> (2014) and <a href="/wiki/Paper_Planes_(film)" title="Paper Planes (film)">Paper Planes</a> (2015). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_and_recreation">Tourism and recreation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Tourism and recreation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Perth" title="Tourism in Perth">Tourism in Perth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WTF_Roel_Loopers_High_Street_from_above,_Fremantle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/WTF_Roel_Loopers_High_Street_from_above%2C_Fremantle.jpg/170px-WTF_Roel_Loopers_High_Street_from_above%2C_Fremantle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/WTF_Roel_Loopers_High_Street_from_above%2C_Fremantle.jpg/255px-WTF_Roel_Loopers_High_Street_from_above%2C_Fremantle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/WTF_Roel_Loopers_High_Street_from_above%2C_Fremantle.jpg/340px-WTF_Roel_Loopers_High_Street_from_above%2C_Fremantle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_West_End_Heritage_area" title="Fremantle West End Heritage area">Fremantle West End Heritage area</a> is home to hundreds of Victorian and Edwardian era buildings.</figcaption></figure> Tourism is an important part of Perth's economy, with approximately 2.8 million domestic visitors and 0.7 million international visitors in the year ending March 2012.<a href="#cite_note-QVS-march12-181">[176]</a> Tourist attractions are generally focused around the city centre, Fremantle, the coast, and the Swan River. In addition to the Perth Cultural Centre, there are <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Western_Australia" title="List of museums in Western Australia">dozens of museums</a> across the city. The <a href="/wiki/Scitech" title="Scitech">Scitech Discovery Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Perth,_Western_Australia" title="West Perth, Western Australia">West Perth</a> is an interactive science museum, with regularly changing exhibitions on a large range of science and technology-based subjects. Scitech also conducts live science demonstration shows and operates the adjacent Horizon planetarium. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Maritime_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australian Maritime Museum">Western Australian Maritime Museum</a> in Fremantle displays maritime objects from all eras. It houses <a href="/wiki/Australia_II" title="Australia II">Australia II</a>, the yacht that won the <a href="/wiki/1983_America%27s_Cup" title="1983 America's Cup">1983 America's Cup</a>, as well as a former <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> submarine. Also in Fremantle is the <a href="/wiki/Army_Museum_of_Western_Australia" title="Army Museum of Western Australia">Army Museum of Western Australia</a>, situated within a historic artillery barracks. The museum consists of several galleries that reflect the Army's involvement in Western Australia and the military service of Western Australians.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> The museum holds numerous items of significance, including three Victoria Crosses.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> Aviation history is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Heritage_Museum_(Western_Australia)" title="Aviation Heritage Museum (Western Australia)">Aviation Heritage Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bull_Creek,_Western_Australia" title="Bull Creek, Western Australia">Bull Creek</a>, with its significant collection of aircraft, including a <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a> bomber and a <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Catalina</a> of the type operated from the Swan River during WWII.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yagan_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Yagan_Square.jpg/220px-Yagan_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Yagan_Square.jpg/330px-Yagan_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Yagan_Square.jpg/440px-Yagan_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The "Wirin" sculpture at <a href="/wiki/Yagan_Square" title="Yagan Square">Yagan Square</a></figcaption></figure> There are many heritage sites in Perth's CBD, Fremantle, and other parts of the metropolitan areas. Some of the oldest remaining buildings, dating back to the 1830s, include the <a href="/wiki/Round_House_(Western_Australia)" title="Round House (Western Australia)">Round House</a> in Fremantle, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Mill,_Perth" title="Old Mill, Perth">Old Mill</a> in South Perth, and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Court_House,_Perth" title="Old Court House, Perth">Old Court House</a> in the city centre. Registers of important buildings are maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Council_of_Western_Australia" title="Heritage Council of Western Australia">Heritage Council of Western Australia</a> and local governments. A late heritage building is the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Mint" title="Perth Mint">Perth Mint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yagan_Square" title="Yagan Square">Yagan Square</a> connects <a href="/wiki/Northbridge,_Western_Australia" title="Northbridge, Western Australia">Northbridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Perth_(suburb)" title="Perth (suburb)">Perth CBD</a>, with a 45-metre-high digital tower and the 9-metre statue "Wirin" designed by <a href="/wiki/Noongar" title="Noongar">Noongar</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Tjyllyungoo" title="Tjyllyungoo">Tjyllyungoo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Quay" title="Elizabeth Quay">Elizabeth Quay</a> is also a notable attraction in Perth, featuring <a href="/wiki/Swan_Bells" title="Swan Bells">Swan Bells</a>, a panoramic view of Swan River, and the sculpture <a href="/wiki/Spanda" title="Spanda">Spanda</a> by artist <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Vietri" title="Christian de Vietri">Christian de Vietri</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_CBD_200520_gnangarra-112.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Perth_CBD_200520_gnangarra-112.jpg/220px-Perth_CBD_200520_gnangarra-112.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Perth_CBD_200520_gnangarra-112.jpg/330px-Perth_CBD_200520_gnangarra-112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Perth_CBD_200520_gnangarra-112.jpg/440px-Perth_CBD_200520_gnangarra-112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Forrest Place, a major pedestrian thoroughfare</figcaption></figure> Retail shopping in the Perth CBD is focused around Murray Street and Hay Street. Both these streets are pedestrian malls between William Street and Barrack Street. <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Place" title="Forrest Place">Forrest Place</a> is another pedestrian mall, connecting the Murray Street mall to Wellington Street and the <a href="/wiki/Perth_railway_station" title="Perth railway station">Perth railway station</a>. A number of arcades run between Hay Street and Murray Street, including the <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Theatre_and_Arcade" title="Piccadilly Theatre and Arcade">Piccadilly Arcade</a>, which housed the Piccadilly Cinema until it closed in late 2013. Other shopping precincts include <a href="/wiki/Harbour_Town" title="Harbour Town">Watertown</a> in West Perth, featuring factory outlets for major brands, the historically significant <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Markets" title="Fremantle Markets">Fremantle Markets</a>, which date to 1897, and the Midland townsite on <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Highway" title="Great Eastern Highway">Great Eastern Highway</a>, combining historic development around the Town Hall and Post Office buildings with the modern <a href="/wiki/Midland_Gate" title="Midland Gate">Midland Gate</a> shopping centre further east. <a href="/wiki/Joondalup" title="Joondalup">Joondalup</a>'s central business district is largely a shopping and retail area lined with townhouses and apartments, and also features <a href="/wiki/Lakeside_Joondalup" title="Lakeside Joondalup">Lakeside Joondalup</a>. Joondalup was granted the status of "tourism precinct" by the State Government in 2009, allowing for extended retail trading hours. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cottesloe_Beach,_Perth,_Western_Australia_(4431664542).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cottesloe_Beach%2C_Perth%2C_Western_Australia_%284431664542%29.jpg/220px-Cottesloe_Beach%2C_Perth%2C_Western_Australia_%284431664542%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cottesloe_Beach%2C_Perth%2C_Western_Australia_%284431664542%29.jpg/330px-Cottesloe_Beach%2C_Perth%2C_Western_Australia_%284431664542%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cottesloe_Beach%2C_Perth%2C_Western_Australia_%284431664542%29.jpg/440px-Cottesloe_Beach%2C_Perth%2C_Western_Australia_%284431664542%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cottesloe_Beach" title="Cottesloe Beach">Cottesloe Beach</a></figcaption></figure> Restaurants, bars and nightclubs can be found in the entertainment hubs of <a href="/wiki/Northbridge,_Western_Australia" title="Northbridge, Western Australia">Northbridge</a> (just north of the Perth CBD), the west end of the CBD itself, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Quay" title="Elizabeth Quay">Elizabeth Quay</a>, Leederville, <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Western_Australia" title="Scarborough, Western Australia">Scarborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Crown_Perth" title="Crown Perth">Crown casino and resort</a> is located at <a href="/wiki/Burswood,_Western_Australia" title="Burswood, Western Australia">Burswood</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Swan_Valley_(Western_Australia)" title="Swan Valley (Western Australia)">Swan Valley</a>, with fertile soil, uncommon in the Perth region, features numerous wineries, such as the large complex at <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Winery" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Winery">Houghtons</a>, the state's biggest producer, Sandalfords and many smaller operators, including microbreweries and rum distilleries. The Swan Valley also contains specialised food producers, many restaurants and cafes, and roadside local produce stalls that sell seasonal fruit throughout the year. <a href="/wiki/Tourist_Drive_203_(Western_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist Drive 203 (Western Australia)">Tourist Drive 203</a> is a circular route in the Swan Valley, passing by many attractions on <a href="/wiki/West_Swan_Road" title="West Swan Road">West Swan Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Highway" title="Great Northern Highway">Great Northern Highway</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia" title="Kings Park, Western Australia">Kings Park</a>, in central Perth between the CBD and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a>, is one of the world's largest inner-city parks,<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> at 400.6 hectares (990 acres).<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> It has many landmarks and attractions, including the State War Memorial Precinct on Mount Eliza, Western Australian Botanic Garden, and children's playgrounds. Other features include <a href="/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia#DNA_Tower" title="Kings Park, Western Australia">DNA Tower</a>, a 15 m (49 ft) high <a href="/wiki/Double_helix_staircase" class="mw-redirect" title="Double helix staircase">double helix staircase</a> that resembles the <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyribonucleic acid">deoxyribonucleic acid</a> (DNA) molecule,<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> and Jacob's Ladder, comprising 242 steps that lead down to <a href="/wiki/Mounts_Bay_Road" title="Mounts Bay Road">Mounts Bay Road</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Perth" title="Hyde Park, Perth">Hyde Park</a> is another inner-city park 2 km (1.2 mi) north of the CBD. It was gazetted as a public park in 1897, created from 15 ha (37 acres) of a chain of wetlands known as Third Swamp.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Avon_Valley_National_Park" title="Avon Valley National Park">Avon Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Forrest_National_Park" title="John Forrest National Park">John Forrest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yanchep_National_Park" title="Yanchep National Park">Yanchep</a> national parks are areas of protected bushland at the northern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area. Within the city's northern suburbs is Whiteman Park, a 4,000-hectare (9,900-acre) bushland area, with bushwalking trails, bike paths, sports facilities, playgrounds, a vintage tramway, a light railway on a 6-kilometre (3.7 mi) track, motor and tractor museums, and <a href="/wiki/Caversham_Wildlife_Park" title="Caversham Wildlife Park">Caversham Wildlife Park</a>. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1038px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:HydeParkPerth05_gobeirne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hyde Park"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/HydeParkPerth05_gobeirne.jpg/1030px-HydeParkPerth05_gobeirne.jpg" decoding="async" width="1030" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/HydeParkPerth05_gobeirne.jpg/1545px-HydeParkPerth05_gobeirne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/HydeParkPerth05_gobeirne.jpg/2060px-HydeParkPerth05_gobeirne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9841" data-file-height="2200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:HydeParkPerth05_gobeirne.jpg" title="File:HydeParkPerth05 gobeirne.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Perth" title="Hyde Park, Perth">Hyde Park</a></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Perth_Zoo" title="Perth Zoo">Perth Zoo</a>, in South Perth, houses a variety of Australian and exotic animals from around the globe. The zoo is home to highly successful breeding programs for <a href="/wiki/Orangutans" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangutans">orangutans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giraffes" class="mw-redirect" title="Giraffes">giraffes</a>, and participates in captive breeding and reintroduction efforts for a number of Western Australian species, including the <a href="/wiki/Numbat" title="Numbat">numbat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dibbler" title="Dibbler">dibbler</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Quoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Quoll">chuditch</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Western_swamp_tortoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Western swamp tortoise">western swamp tortoise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> More wildlife can be observed at the <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_of_Western_Australia" title="Aquarium of Western Australia">Aquarium of Western Australia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hillarys,_Western_Australia" title="Hillarys, Western Australia">Hillarys</a>, Australia's largest aquarium, specialising in marine animals that inhabit the 12,000-kilometre-long (7,500 mi) western coast of Australia. The northern Perth section of the coastline is known as <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Coast" title="Sunset Coast">Sunset Coast</a>; it includes numerous beaches and the <a href="/wiki/Marmion_Marine_Park" title="Marmion Marine Park">Marmion Marine Park</a>, a protected area inhabited by tropical fish, <a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose dolphins</a>, and traversed by <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Humpback whales">humpback whales</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tourist_Drive_204_(Western_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist Drive 204 (Western Australia)">Tourist Drive 204</a>, also known as Sunset Coast Tourist Drive, is a designated route from <a href="/wiki/North_Fremantle" class="mw-redirect" title="North Fremantle">North Fremantle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iluka,_Western_Australia" title="Iluka, Western Australia">Iluka</a> along coastal roads. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Western_Australia" title="Sport in Western Australia">Sport in Western Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_Stadium_opening_210118_gnangarra-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Perth_Stadium_opening_210118_gnangarra-12.jpg/220px-Perth_Stadium_opening_210118_gnangarra-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Perth_Stadium_opening_210118_gnangarra-12.jpg/330px-Perth_Stadium_opening_210118_gnangarra-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Perth_Stadium_opening_210118_gnangarra-12.jpg/440px-Perth_Stadium_opening_210118_gnangarra-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perth_Stadium" title="Perth Stadium">Optus Stadium</a> hosts <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a>, Perth's most popular spectator sports</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAC_Arena,_October_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/RAC_Arena%2C_October_2018.jpg/220px-RAC_Arena%2C_October_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/RAC_Arena%2C_October_2018.jpg/330px-RAC_Arena%2C_October_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/RAC_Arena%2C_October_2018.jpg/440px-RAC_Arena%2C_October_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3036" /></a><figcaption>The exterior of <a href="/wiki/Perth_Arena" title="Perth Arena">Perth Arena</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nib_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nib_Stadium.jpg/220px-Nib_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nib_Stadium.jpg/330px-Nib_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nib_Stadium.jpg/440px-Nib_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perth_Oval" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth Oval">HBF Park</a> hosts <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">soccer</a></figcaption></figure> The climate of Perth allows for extensive outdoor sporting activity, and this is reflected in the wide variety of sports available to residents of the city. Perth was host to the <a href="/wiki/1962_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1962 Commonwealth Games</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1987_America%27s_Cup" title="1987 America's Cup">1987 America's Cup</a> defence (based at <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a>). <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> is the most popular spectator sport in Perth – nearly 23% of Western Australians attended a match at least once in 2009–2010.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> The two <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> teams located in Perth, the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles" title="West Coast Eagles">West Coast Eagles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club" title="Fremantle Football Club">Fremantle Football Club</a>, have two of the largest fan bases in the country. The Eagles, the older club, was until recently, one of the most successful teams in the league, and one of the largest sporting clubs in Australia. The next level of football is the <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australian Football League">Western Australian Football League</a>, comprising nine clubs each having a League, Reserves, and Colts team. Each of these clubs has a junior football system for ages 7 to 17. The next level of Australian rules football is the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Football_League" title="Perth Football League">Perth Football League</a>, comprising 68 clubs servicing senior footballers within the metropolitan area. Other popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">soccer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption>Active sports teams in Perth </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>League </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>Venue </th> <th>Established </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club" title="Fremantle Football Club">Fremantle Dockers</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">AFL</a>/<a href="/wiki/AFL_Women%27s" title="AFL Women's">AFL Women's</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Optus_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Optus Stadium">Optus Stadium</a> </td> <td>1994 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles" title="West Coast Eagles">West Coast Eagles</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">AFL</a>/<a href="/wiki/AFL_Women%27s" title="AFL Women's">AFL Women's</a>/<a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australian Football League">WAFL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Optus_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Optus Stadium">Optus Stadium</a> </td> <td>1986 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Perth_Wildcats" title="Perth Wildcats">Perth Wildcats</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)" title="National Basketball League (Australia)">National Basketball League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RAC_Arena_(Perth)" class="mw-redirect" title="RAC Arena (Perth)">RAC Arena</a> </td> <td>1982 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Perth_Lynx" title="Perth Lynx">Perth Lynx</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_League" title="Women's National Basketball League">Women's NBL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bendat_Basketball_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendat Basketball Centre">Bendat Basketball Centre</a> </td> <td>1988 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Perth_Glory_FC" title="Perth Glory FC">Perth Glory</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/A-League_Men" title="A-League Men">A-League Men</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HBF_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="HBF Park">HBF Park</a> </td> <td>1995 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Perth_Glory_FC_(A-League_Women)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth Glory FC (A-League Women)">Perth Glory Women</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/A-League_Women" title="A-League Women">A-League Women</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Park,_Perth" title="Macedonia Park, Perth">Macedonia Park</a> <a href="/wiki/HBF_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="HBF Park">HBF Park</a> </td> <td>2008 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Western_Force" title="Western Force">Western Force</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HBF_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="HBF Park">HBF Park</a> </td> <td>2005 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Western_Force#W" title="Western Force">Western Force Super W</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Super_W" class="mw-redirect" title="Super W">Super W</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> </td> <td>Harvey Field Kingsway Reserve </td> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Perth_Heat" title="Perth Heat">Perth Heat</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Baseball_League" title="Australian Baseball League">Australian Baseball League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baseball_Park_(Perth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball Park (Perth)">Harley-Davidson Ballpark</a> </td> <td>1989 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Fever" title="West Coast Fever">West Coast Fever</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Suncorp_Super_Netball" title="Suncorp Super Netball">Suncorp Super Netball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RAC_Arena_(Perth)" class="mw-redirect" title="RAC Arena (Perth)">RAC Arena</a> </td> <td>1997 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Pirates" title="West Coast Pirates">West Coast Pirates</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/S.G._Ball_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="S.G. Ball Cup">S.G. Ball Cup</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HBF_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="HBF Park">HBF Park</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia_cricket_team" title="Western Australia cricket team">Western Australia Men</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Shield" title="Sheffield Shield">Sheffield Shield</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WACA_Ground" title="WACA Ground">WACA Ground</a> </td> <td>1893 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Perth_Scorchers" title="Perth Scorchers">Perth Scorchers</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Big_Bash_League" title="Big Bash League">Big Bash</a>/<a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Big_Bash_League" title="Women's Big Bash League">Women's Big Bash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Optus_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Optus Stadium">Optus Stadium</a> </td> <td>2011 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia_women%27s_cricket_team" title="Western Australia women's cricket team">Western Australia Women</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Cricket_League" title="Women's National Cricket League">Women's National Cricket League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WACA_Ground" title="WACA Ground">WACA Ground</a> </td> <td>1934 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Perth_Inferno" title="Perth Inferno">Perth Inferno</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Women%27s_Ice_Hockey_League" title="Australian Women's Ice Hockey League">Australian Women's Ice Hockey League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cockburn_Ice_Arena" title="Cockburn Ice Arena">Cockburn Ice Arena</a> </td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Perth_Thunder" title="Perth Thunder">Perth Thunder</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Ice_Hockey_League" title="Australian Ice Hockey League">Australian Ice Hockey League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perth_Ice_Arena" title="Perth Ice Arena">Perth Ice Arena</a> </td> <td>2010 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Perth_Thundersticks" title="Perth Thundersticks">Perth Thundersticks</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hockey_One" title="Hockey One">Hockey One</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perth_Hockey_Stadium" title="Perth Hockey Stadium">Perth Hockey Stadium</a> </td> <td>2019 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perth Steel </th> <td>AVSL </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> </td> <td>Multiple </td> <td>2012 </td></tr></tbody></table> Perth has hosted numerous state and international sporting events. Ongoing international events include the <a href="/wiki/ATP_Cup" title="ATP Cup">ATP Cup</a> (replacing the <a href="/wiki/Hopman_Cup" title="Hopman Cup">Hopman Cup</a> in 2020) during the first week of January at the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Arena" title="Perth Arena">Perth Arena</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Perth_International" title="Perth International">Perth International</a> golf tournament at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Karrinyup_Country_Club" title="Lake Karrinyup Country Club">Lake Karrinyup Country Club</a>. In addition to these Perth has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Rally_Australia" title="Rally Australia">Rally Australia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Rally_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rally Championships">World Rally Championships</a> from 1989 to 2006, international <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> games, including qualifying and pool stage matches for the <a href="/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2003 Rugby World Cup">2003 Rugby World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bledisloe_Cup" title="Bledisloe Cup">Bledisloe Cup</a> in 2019. The 1991 and 1998 <a href="/wiki/FINA_World_Championships_-_Long_Course" class="mw-redirect" title="FINA World Championships - Long Course">FINA World Championships</a> were held in Perth.<a href="#cite_note-FINAWorldChampionships-193">[188]</a> Four races (2006, 2007, 2008, and 2010) in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Air_Race_World_Championship" title="Red Bull Air Race World Championship">Red Bull Air Race World Championship</a> have been held on a stretch of the Swan River called <a href="/wiki/Perth_Water" title="Perth Water">Perth Water</a>, using Langley Park as a temporary airfield.<a href="#cite_note-redbullairrace-194">[189]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motorsport</a> facilities exist in Perth including <a href="/wiki/Perth_Motorplex" title="Perth Motorplex">Perth Motorplex</a>, catering to drag racing and speedway, and <a href="/wiki/Wanneroo_Raceway" title="Wanneroo Raceway">Wanneroo Raceway</a> for circuit racing and drifting, which hosts a <a href="/wiki/V8_Supercars" class="mw-redirect" title="V8 Supercars">V8 Supercars</a> round. Perth also has two <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred_racing_in_Australia" title="Thoroughbred racing in Australia">thoroughbred racing</a> facilities: <a href="/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascot Racecourse, Western Australia">Ascot</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Railway_Stakes_(Perth_racing)" title="Railway Stakes (Perth racing)">Railway Stakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perth_Cup" title="Perth Cup">Perth Cup</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Belmont_Park,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Belmont Park, Western Australia">Belmont Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ricciardo" title="Daniel Ricciardo">Daniel Ricciardo</a> is a Perth-born <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula 1</a> driver who most recently raced for the <a href="/wiki/RB_Formula_One_Team" title="RB Formula One Team">Visa Cash App RB Formula One Team</a> from 2023 to 2024 and previously from 2012 to 2013 when the team was known as <a href="/wiki/Scuderia_Toro_Rosso" title="Scuderia Toro Rosso">Scuderia Toro Rosso</a>, having also raced for <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing" title="Red Bull Racing">Red Bull Racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One" title="Renault in Formula One">Renault</a>, and <a href="/wiki/McLaren" title="McLaren">McLaren</a> respectively. The <a href="/wiki/WACA_Ground" title="WACA Ground">WACA Ground</a> opened in the 1890s and has hosted <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test cricket</a> since 1970. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Athletics_Stadium" title="Western Australian Athletics Stadium">Western Australian Athletics Stadium</a> opened in 2009. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Western_Australia" title="List of hospitals in Western Australia">List of hospitals in Western Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_Children%27s_Hospital,_March_2018_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Perth_Children%27s_Hospital%2C_March_2018_01.jpg/220px-Perth_Children%27s_Hospital%2C_March_2018_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Perth_Children%27s_Hospital%2C_March_2018_01.jpg/330px-Perth_Children%27s_Hospital%2C_March_2018_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Perth_Children%27s_Hospital%2C_March_2018_01.jpg/440px-Perth_Children%27s_Hospital%2C_March_2018_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6669" data-file-height="4446" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perth_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Perth Children's Hospital">Perth Children's Hospital</a></figcaption></figure> Perth has ten large hospitals with emergency departments. As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Perth_Hospital" title="Royal Perth Hospital">Royal Perth Hospital</a> in the city centre is the largest, with others spread around the metropolitan area: <a href="/wiki/Armadale_Health_Service" title="Armadale Health Service">Armadale Health Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joondalup_Health_Campus" title="Joondalup Health Campus">Joondalup Health Campus</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Memorial_Hospital_for_Women" title="King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women">King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women</a> in <a href="/wiki/Subiaco,_Western_Australia" title="Subiaco, Western Australia">Subiaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockingham_General_Hospital" title="Rockingham General Hospital">Rockingham General Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Gairdner_Hospital" title="Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital">Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nedlands,_Western_Australia" title="Nedlands, Western Australia">Nedlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_John_of_God_Murdoch_Hospital" title="St John of God Murdoch Hospital">St John of God Murdoch</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_John_of_God_Subiaco_Hospital" title="St John of God Subiaco Hospital">Subiaco</a> Hospitals, <a href="/wiki/Midland_Health_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Midland Health Campus">Midland Health Campus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Western_Australia" title="Midland, Western Australia">Midland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiona_Stanley_Hospital" title="Fiona Stanley Hospital">Fiona Stanley Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Murdoch,_Western_Australia" title="Murdoch, Western Australia">Murdoch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Perth_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Perth Children's Hospital">Perth Children's Hospital</a> is the state's only specialist children's hospital, and <a href="/wiki/Graylands_Hospital" title="Graylands Hospital">Graylands Hospital</a> is the only public stand-alone psychiatric teaching hospital. Most of these are public hospitals, with some operating under public-private partnerships. St John of God Murdoch and Subiaco Hospitals, and Hollywood Hospital are large privately owned and operated hospitals. A number of other public and private hospitals operate in Perth.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Perth,_Western_Australia" title="Transport in Perth, Western Australia">Transport in Perth, Western Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Wycombe_train_gn1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/High_Wycombe_train_gn1.jpg/220px-High_Wycombe_train_gn1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/High_Wycombe_train_gn1.jpg/330px-High_Wycombe_train_gn1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/High_Wycombe_train_gn1.jpg/440px-High_Wycombe_train_gn1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Transperth_B-series_train" title="Transperth B-series train">Transperth B-Series train</a> at <a href="/wiki/Perth_railway_station" title="Perth railway station">Perth railway station</a></figcaption></figure> Perth is served by <a href="/wiki/Perth_Airport" title="Perth Airport">Perth Airport</a> in the city's east for regional, domestic and international flights and <a href="/wiki/Jandakot_Airport" title="Jandakot Airport">Jandakot Airport</a> in the city's southern suburbs for general aviation and charter flights. Perth has a road network with three freeways—<a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Freeway" title="Mitchell Freeway">Mitchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwinana_Freeway" title="Kwinana Freeway">Kwinana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graham_Farmer_Freeway" title="Graham Farmer Freeway">Graham Farmer</a>—and nine metropolitan highways. The <a href="/wiki/Northbridge_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Northbridge Tunnel">Northbridge Tunnel</a>, part of the Graham Farmer Freeway, is the only significant road tunnel in Perth. Perth metropolitan public transport is known as <a href="/wiki/Transperth" title="Transperth">Transperth</a>, and includes <a href="/wiki/Railways_in_Perth" title="Railways in Perth">trains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buses_in_Perth" title="Buses in Perth">buses</a> and ferries, which are provided by the <a href="/wiki/Public_Transport_Authority_(Western_Australia)" title="Public Transport Authority (Western Australia)">Public Transport Authority</a>. Links to rural areas provided by <a href="/wiki/Transwa" title="Transwa">Transwa</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_Transperth_railway_stations" title="List of Transperth railway stations">74 railway stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Transperth_bus_stations" title="List of Transperth bus stations">14 bus-only stations</a> on the Transperth network.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> Perth provides <a href="/wiki/Zero-fare" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-fare">zero-fare</a> bus and train trips around the city centre (the "Free Transit Zone"), including four high-frequency <a href="/wiki/Perth_Central_Area_Transit" title="Perth Central Area Transit">CAT</a> bus routes. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Pacific" title="Indian Pacific">Indian Pacific</a> passenger rail service connects Perth with <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Parklands_Terminal" title="Adelaide Parklands Terminal">Adelaide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_railway_station,_Sydney" title="Central railway station, Sydney">Sydney</a> once per week in each direction. The <a href="/wiki/Transwa_Prospector" class="mw-redirect" title="Transwa Prospector">Prospector</a> passenger rail service connects Perth with <a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie_railway_station" title="Kalgoorlie railway station">Kalgoorlie</a> via several <a href="/wiki/Wheatbelt_(Western_Australia)" title="Wheatbelt (Western Australia)">Wheatbelt</a> towns, while the <a href="/wiki/Transwa_Australind" class="mw-redirect" title="Transwa Australind">Australind</a> connects to <a href="/wiki/Bunbury_railway_station" title="Bunbury railway station">Bunbury</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MerredinLink" title="MerredinLink">MerredinLink</a> connects to <a href="/wiki/Merredin,_Western_Australia" title="Merredin, Western Australia">Merredin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Transwa_AvonLink" class="mw-redirect" title="Transwa AvonLink">AvonLink</a> connects to <a href="/wiki/Northam_railway_station,_Western_Australia" title="Northam railway station, Western Australia">Northam</a>. Rail freight terminates at the <a href="/wiki/Kewdale_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewdale Rail Terminal">Kewdale Rail Terminal</a>, 15 km (9 mi) south-east of the city centre. Perth's main container and passenger port is at Fremantle, 19 km (12 mi) south west at the mouth of the Swan River.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Harbour" title="Fremantle Harbour">Fremantle Outer Harbour</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cockburn_Sound" title="Cockburn Sound">Cockburn Sound</a> is one of Australia's major bulk cargo ports.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Utilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mundaring_Weir_SMC9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mundaring_Weir_SMC9.jpg/220px-Mundaring_Weir_SMC9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mundaring_Weir_SMC9.jpg/330px-Mundaring_Weir_SMC9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mundaring_Weir_SMC9.jpg/440px-Mundaring_Weir_SMC9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mundaring_Weir" title="Mundaring Weir">Mundaring Weir</a></figcaption></figure> Perth's electricity is predominantly generated, supplied, and retailed by three <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australian">Western Australian</a> Government corporations. <a href="/wiki/Verve_Energy" title="Verve Energy">Verve Energy</a> operates coal and gas power generation stations, as well as wind farms and other power sources.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> The physical network is maintained by <a href="/wiki/Western_Power_(networks_corporation)" title="Western Power (networks corporation)">Western Power</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Synergy_(electricity_corporation)" title="Synergy (electricity corporation)">Synergy</a>, the state's largest energy retailer, sells electricity to residential and business customers.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alinta_Energy" title="Alinta Energy">Alinta Energy</a>, which was previously a government owned company, had a monopoly in the domestic gas market since the 1990s. However, in 2013 <a href="/wiki/Wesfarmers#Wesfarmers_Chemicals,_Energy_&_Fertilisers" title="Wesfarmers">Kleenheat Gas</a> began operating in the market, allowing consumers to choose their gas retailer.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Water_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water Corporation">Water Corporation</a> is the dominant supplier of water, as well as wastewater and drainage services, in Perth and throughout <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. It is also owned by the state government.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> Perth's water supply has traditionally relied on both groundwater and rain-fed dams. Reduced rainfall in the region over recent decades had greatly lowered inflow to reservoirs and affected groundwater levels. Coupled with the city's relatively high growth rate, this led to concerns that Perth could run out of water in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-RunOutOfWater-204">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australian">Western Australian</a> Government responded by building desalination plants, and introducing mandatory household sprinkler <a href="/wiki/Water_restrictions_in_Australia" title="Water restrictions in Australia">restrictions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kwinana_Desalination_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwinana Desalination Plant">Kwinana Desalination Plant</a> was opened in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Seawater_Desalination_Plant" title="Southern Seawater Desalination Plant">Southern Seawater Desalination Plant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Binningup,_Western_Australia" title="Binningup, Western Australia">Binningup</a> (on the coast between Mandurah and Bunbury) began operating in 2011. A trial winter (1 June – 31 August) sprinkler ban was introduced in 2009 by the State Government, a move which the Government later announced would be made permanent.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plan_for_the_Metropolitan_Region,_Perth_and_Fremantle" title="Plan for the Metropolitan Region, Perth and Fremantle">1955 Plan for the Metropolitan Region, Perth and Fremantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Perth,_Western_Australia" title="List of islands of Perth, Western Australia">List of islands of Perth, Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Perth_suburbs" title="List of Perth suburbs">List of Perth suburbs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> The city most commonly referred to as the "City of Light" is <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. However, over 30 <a href="/wiki/City_of_Light_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="City of Light (disambiguation)">other cities</a> also carry the label in various forms. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> and the Special Administrative Regions of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> are listed separately. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate Australian as their ancestry are part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Celtic Australian">Anglo-Celtic</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Those who nominated their ancestry as Aboriginal. Does not include <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>. This relates to nomination of ancestry and is distinct from persons who identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) which is a separate question. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ABSERP18-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABSERP18_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABSERP18_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2022-23">"Regional population - 2022-23 financial year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+population+-+2022-23+financial+year&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpopulation%2Fregional-population%2F2022-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABSGCCSAXLS-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABSGCCSAXLS_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABSGCCSAXLS_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501105423/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~5GPER/$File/BCP_5GPER.zip?OpenElement">"Greater Perth: Basic Community Profile"</a>. 2011 Census Community Profiles. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 28 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~5GPER/$File/BCP_5GPER.zip?OpenElement">the original</a> (XLS) on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2011+Census+Community+Profiles&rft.atitle=Greater+Perth%3A+Basic+Community+Profile&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2FCensusOutput%2Fcopsub.NSF%2FAll%2520docs%2520by%2520catNo%2F2011~Community%2520Profile~5GPER%2F%24File%2FBCP_5GPER.zip%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Distance-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Distance_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distance_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distance_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distance_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distance_3-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geodesyapps.ga.gov.au/distance">"As the Cocky Flies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geoscience_Australia" title="Geoscience Australia">Geoscience Australia</a>. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+the+Cocky+Flies&rft.pub=Australian+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeodesyapps.ga.gov.au%2Fdistance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130227041615/http://www.boundaries.wa.gov.au/2011/Final/QuickLinks/">"2011 Electoral Boundaries"</a>. State of Western Australia – Office of the Electoral Distribution Commissioners. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boundaries.wa.gov.au/2011/Final/QuickLinks/">the original</a> on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Electoral+Boundaries&rft.pub=State+of+Western+Australia+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Electoral+Distribution+Commissioners&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boundaries.wa.gov.au%2F2011%2FFinal%2FQuickLinks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230715094511/https://www.aec.gov.au/Electorates/Redistributions/2021/wa/final-report/files/maps-divisions/2021-AEC-WA-Composite-Greater%20Perth-Final.pdf">"2021-AEC-WA-Composite-Greater Perth-Final"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Australian_Electoral_Commission" title="Australian Electoral Commission">Australian Electoral Commission</a>. 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aec.gov.au/Electorates/Redistributions/2021/wa/final-report/files/maps-divisions/2021-AEC-WA-Composite-Greater%20Perth-Final.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021-AEC-WA-Composite-Greater+Perth-Final&rft.pub=Australian+Electoral+Commission&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec.gov.au%2FElectorates%2FRedistributions%2F2021%2Fwa%2Ffinal-report%2Ffiles%2Fmaps-divisions%2F2021-AEC-WA-Composite-Greater%2520Perth-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/founding-of-perth#:~:text=Perth%20was%20founded%20by%20Captain,roads%20and%20other%20public%20infrastructure.">"Founding of Perth"</a>. National Museum Australia. Retrieved 18 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+Australia&rft.atitle=Founding+of+Perth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nma.gov.au%2Fdefining-moments%2Fresources%2Ffounding-of-perth%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPerth%2520was%2520founded%2520by%2520Captain%2Croads%2520and%2520other%2520public%2520infrastructure.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perth.wa.gov.au/council/about-council/history-of-the-council">"History of the Council"</a>. perth.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 18 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perth.wa.gov.au&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperth.wa.gov.au%2Fcouncil%2Fabout-council%2Fhistory-of-the-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimberly189744-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimberly189744_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKimberly1897">Kimberly 1897</a>, pp. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley19607-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley19607_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrowley1960">Crowley 1960</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stirling_1829-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Stirling_1829_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStirling1829" class="citation cs1">Stirling, James (18 June 1829). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Governor_Stirling%27s_Proclamation_of_the_Colony_18_June_1829">Lieutenant-Governor Stirling's Proclamation of the Colony 18 June 1829 </a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lieutenant-Governor+Stirling%27s+Proclamation+of+the+Colony+18+June+1829&rft.date=1829-06-18&rft.aulast=Stirling&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUren194888-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUren194888_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUren1948">Uren 1948</a>, pp. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStatham1981297–325-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStatham1981297–325_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStatham1981">Statham 1981</a>, pp. 297–325 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419132144/https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/department/publications/publication/gnarla-boodja-mili-mili-(our-country-on-paper)">"Gnarla Boodja Mili Mili (Our Country on Paper)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Local_Government,_Sport_and_Cultural_Industries" title="Department of Local Government, Sport and Cultural Industries">Department of Local Government, Sport and Cultural Industries</a>. 15 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/department/publications/publication/gnarla-boodja-mili-mili-(our-country-on-paper)">the original</a> on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021. <q>the Perth CBD area, also known as Boorlo or Burrell in the Noongar language</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gnarla+Boodja+Mili+Mili+%28Our+Country+on+Paper%29&rft.date=2019-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlgsc.wa.gov.au%2Fdepartment%2Fpublications%2Fpublication%2Fgnarla-boodja-mili-mili-%28our-country-on-paper%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoatesJamesDevenish2020" class="citation web cs1">Coates, Erin; James, Stuart; Devenish, Louise (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erincoates.net/alluvium">"Alluvium"</a>. Retrieved 13 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alluvium&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft.au=James%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Devenish%2C+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erincoates.net%2Falluvium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026160125/https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Cook-Labor-Government/Strong-field-of-finalists-vie-for-prestigious-Heritage-Awards--20230922">"Strong field of finalists vie for prestigious Heritage Awards"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">Government of Western Australia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Cook-Labor-Government/Strong-field-of-finalists-vie-for-prestigious-Heritage-Awards--20230922">the original</a> on 26 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strong+field+of+finalists+vie+for+prestigious+Heritage+Awards&rft.pub=Government+of+Western+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wa.gov.au%2Fgovernment%2Fmedia-statements%2FCook-Labor-Government%2FStrong-field-of-finalists-vie-for-prestigious-Heritage-Awards--20230922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520111612/https://www.tourism.australia.com/en/news-and-events/news-stories/tourism-australia-adopts-aboriginal-dual-naming.html">"Tourism Australia adopts Aboriginal dual naming"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tourism_Australia" title="Tourism Australia">Tourism Australia</a>. 27 April 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tourism.australia.com/en/news-and-events/news-stories/tourism-australia-adopts-aboriginal-dual-naming.html">the original</a> on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023. <q>a dual-naming approach for capital cities</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tourism+Australia+adopts+Aboriginal+dual+naming&rft.pub=Tourism+Australia&rft.date=2022-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourism.australia.com%2Fen%2Fnews-and-events%2Fnews-stories%2Ftourism-australia-adopts-aboriginal-dual-naming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright2021" class="citation news cs1">Cartwright, Lexie (5 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121184019/https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/current-affairs/channel-10-commended-for-naidoc-weather-segment-using-traditional-names-for-australian-cities/news-story/aab88b49c36d6d140210c8d2800c2a1b">"Channel 10 commended for NAIDOC weather segment using traditional names for Australian cities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News.com.au" title="News.com.au">News.com.au</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/current-affairs/channel-10-commended-for-naidoc-weather-segment-using-traditional-names-for-australian-cities/news-story/aab88b49c36d6d140210c8d2800c2a1b">the original</a> on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2023. <q>traditional names for Australian capital cities</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News.com.au&rft.atitle=Channel+10+commended+for+NAIDOC+weather+segment+using+traditional+names+for+Australian+cities&rft.date=2021-07-05&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Lexie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Ftv%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Fchannel-10-commended-for-naidoc-weather-segment-using-traditional-names-for-australian-cities%2Fnews-story%2Faab88b49c36d6d140210c8d2800c2a1b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216035104/https://www.curtin.edu.au/study/campus-life/living-perth//">"Living in Perth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin University</a>. 4 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.curtin.edu.au/study/campus-life/living-perth//">the original</a> on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023. <q>state capital city</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+in+Perth&rft.pub=Curtin+University&rft.date=2019-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.curtin.edu.au%2Fstudy%2Fcampus-life%2Fliving-perth%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/46280679">"Should Perth Have Been Boorlo?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a>. 3 May 1947. Retrieved 1 January 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+West+Australian&rft.atitle=Should+Perth+Have+Been+Boorlo%3F&rft.date=1947-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F46280679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/642121/64">"The topography of Derbal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Perth_Gazette_and_Western_Australian_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal">The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal</a>. 20 April 1833. Retrieved 1 January 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Perth+Gazette+and+Western+Australian+Journal&rft.atitle=The+topography+of+Derbal&rft.date=1833-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F642121%2F64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/46318755">"Perth or Boorloo?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a>. 14 June 1947. Retrieved 1 January 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+West+Australian&rft.atitle=Perth+or+Boorloo%3F&rft.date=1947-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F46318755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster2020" class="citation news cs1">Forster, Pat (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patforsterblog.files.wordpress.com/2020/04/noongar-placenames-with-connections-to-water-april-17-1.pdf">"Noongar Placenames With Connections To Water"</a> (PDF). p. 13. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Noongar+Placenames+With+Connections+To+Water&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatforsterblog.files.wordpress.com%2F2020%2F04%2Fnoongar-placenames-with-connections-to-water-april-17-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarben2019" class="citation journal cs1">Harben, Sandra (2019). "Whadjuk Oral History recordings". WA Museum Boola Bardip.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WA+Museum+Boola+Bardip&rft.atitle=Whadjuk+Oral+History+recordings&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Harben&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-men22-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-men22_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-men22_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-men22_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClare_Menck2022" class="citation cs1">Clare Menck (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2022-10/Thematic_History_of_WA.pdf">A Thematic History of Western Australia</a> (PDF). Perth: <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Council_of_Western_Australia" title="Heritage Council of Western Australia">Heritage Council of Western Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1347418300">1347418300</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127496561" class="extiw" title="d:Q127496561">Q127496561</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221029013043/https://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2022-10/Thematic_History_of_WA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2024. <q>Archaeologists over the past 40 years have found evidence to push the date of Aboriginal occupancy of the state earlier and earlier, with 50,000 years now widely accepted and 70,000 considered possible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Thematic+History+of+Western+Australia&rft.place=Perth&rft.pub=Heritage+Council+of+Western+Australia&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1347418300&rft.au=Clare+Menck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wa.gov.au%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2F2022-10%2FThematic_History_of_WA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-25"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328182409/https://www.wa.gov.au/organisation/department-of-the-premier-and-cabinet/noongar-history">"Noongar History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">Government of Western Australia</a>. 21 July 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wa.gov.au/organisation/department-of-the-premier-and-cabinet/noongar-history">the original</a> on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noongar+History&rft.pub=Government+of+Western+Australia&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wa.gov.au%2Forganisation%2Fdepartment-of-the-premier-and-cabinet%2Fnoongar-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandra_Bowdler" class="citation journal cs1">Sandra Bowdler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216181223/http://www.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au/about/research/bowdler__research_interests/the_pleistocene_pacific">"The Pleistocene Pacific"</a>. Published in 'Human Settlement', in D. Denoon (Ed) the Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders. Pp. 41–50. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Farco.5110">10.1002/arco.5110</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44080296">44080296</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au/staff/bowdler__research_interests/the_pleistocene_pacific">the original</a> on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Published+in+%27Human+Settlement%27%2C+in+D.+Denoon+%28Ed%29+the+Cambridge+History+of+the+Pacific+Islanders.+Pp.+41%E2%80%9350.+Cambridge+University+Press%2C+Cambridge&rft.atitle=The+Pleistocene+Pacific&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Farco.5110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44080296%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Sandra+Bowdler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au%2Fstaff%2Fbowdler__research_interests%2Fthe_pleistocene_pacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeritage_Council_of_Western_Australia19983-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeritage_Council_of_Western_Australia19983_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeritage_Council_of_Western_Australia1998">Heritage Council of Western Australia 1998</a>, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101160600/https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/15517921">"First Nations of the South-West Region"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AustLit" title="AustLit">AustLit</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/15517921">the original</a> on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AustLit&rft.atitle=First+Nations+of+the+South-West+Region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlit.edu.au%2Faustlit%2Fpage%2F15517921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_House20202-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGovernment_House20202_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGovernment_House2020">Government House 2020</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennell-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Bennell_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506060306/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/federal_ct/2006/1243.html">"Bennell v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1243"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Court_of_Australia_Decisions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Court of Australia Decisions (page does not exist)">Federal Court of Australia Decisions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australasia_Legal_Information_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Australasia Legal Information Institute">Australasia Legal Information Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/federal_ct/2006/1243.html">the original</a> on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Court+of+Australia+Decisions&rft.atitle=Bennell+v+State+of+Western+Australia+%5B2006%5D+FCA+1243&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fcases%2Fcth%2Ffederal_ct%2F2006%2F1243.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212034834/http://www.nntt.gov.au/News-and-Communications/Newsletters/Native-title-Hot-Spots-archive/Documents/Hot%20Spots%2027/Bodney%20v%20Bennell.pdf">"Newsletter: Single Noongar appeal—Perth: Bodney v Bennell 2008"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Native_Title_Tribunal" title="National Native Title Tribunal">National Native Title Tribunal</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nntt.gov.au/News-and-Communications/Newsletters/Native-title-Hot-Spots-archive/Documents/Hot%20Spots%2027/Bodney%20v%20Bennell.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newsletter%3A+Single+Noongar+appeal%E2%80%94Perth%3A+Bodney+v+Bennell+2008&rft.pub=National+Native+Title+Tribunal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nntt.gov.au%2FNews-and-Communications%2FNewsletters%2FNative-title-Hot-Spots-archive%2FDocuments%2FHot%2520Spots%252027%2FBodney%2520v%2520Bennell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108064403/https://www.wa.gov.au/government/publications/south-west-native-title-settlement-timeline">"South West Native Title Settlement timeline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">Government of Western Australia</a>. 14 September 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wa.gov.au/government/publications/south-west-native-title-settlement-timeline">the original</a> on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+West+Native+Title+Settlement+timeline&rft.pub=Government+of+Western+Australia&rft.date=2023-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wa.gov.au%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fsouth-west-native-title-settlement-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316205108/https://www.wa.gov.au/government/publications/south-west-native-title-settlement-noongar-recognition-through-act-of-parliament">"South West Native Title Settlement – Noongar recognition through an Act of Parliament"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">Government of Western Australia</a>. 13 January 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wa.gov.au/government/publications/south-west-native-title-settlement-noongar-recognition-through-act-of-parliament">the original</a> on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+West+Native+Title+Settlement+%E2%80%93+Noongar+recognition+through+an+Act+of+Parliament&rft.pub=Government+of+Western+Australia&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wa.gov.au%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fsouth-west-native-title-settlement-noongar-recognition-through-act-of-parliament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor1859" class="citation web cs1">Major, Richard Henry (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600361h.html#ch-12">"Early Voyages to Terra Australis, now called Australia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> of Australia. Retrieved 26 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Early+Voyages+to+Terra+Australis%2C+now+called+Australia&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=Richard+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.net.au%2Febooks06%2F0600361h.html%23ch-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeritageInName-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HeritageInName_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeritageInName_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2015" class="citation web cs1">Fraser, Gina (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128141024/https://southperth.wa.gov.au/docs/default-source/4-develop/planning/heritage/heritage-in-names.pdf">"A HERITAGE IN NAMES – the Origin and Meaning of Street and Place Names in the City of South Perth"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/City_of_South_Perth" title="City of South Perth">City of South Perth</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southperth.wa.gov.au/docs/default-source/4-develop/planning/heritage/heritage-in-names.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+South+Perth&rft.atitle=A+HERITAGE+IN+NAMES+%E2%80%93+the+Origin+and+Meaning+of+Street+and+Place+Names+in+the+City+of+South+Perth&rft.date=2015-11&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthperth.wa.gov.au%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2F4-develop%2Fplanning%2Fheritage%2Fheritage-in-names.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleyardManford197910–19-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleyardManford197910–19_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAppleyardManford1979">Appleyard & Manford 1979</a>, pp. 10–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-srnsw-37"><a href="#cite_ref-srnsw_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140624194804/http://search.records.nsw.gov.au/agencies/2517">"King George's Sound Settlement"</a>. State Records. <a href="/wiki/State_Records_Authority_of_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="State Records Authority of New South Wales">State Records Authority of New South Wales</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.records.nsw.gov.au/agencies/2517">the original</a> on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Records&rft.atitle=King+George%27s+Sound+Settlement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.records.nsw.gov.au%2Fagencies%2F2517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2015" class="citation web cs1">Schaefer, Brooke (1 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101174548/https://medium.com/@brookeschaefer/a-day-in-perth-australia-48486796e208">"A Day in Perth, Australia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Medium_(website)" title="Medium (website)">Medium</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@brookeschaefer/a-day-in-perth-australia-48486796e208">the original</a> on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=A+Day+in+Perth%2C+Australia&rft.date=2015-05-01&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40brookeschaefer%2Fa-day-in-perth-australia-48486796e208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Carey_(Australian_politician)" title="John Carey (Australian politician)">Carey, John</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217043820/https://www.johncareymla.com.au/about/about-perth/">"About the Perth electorate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Labor_Party" title="Western Australian Labor Party">Western Australian Labor Party</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johncareymla.com.au/about/about-perth/">the original</a> on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Perth+electorate&rft.pub=Western+Australian+Labor+Party&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.johncareymla.com.au%2Fabout%2Fabout-perth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith1951346-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith1951346_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldsmith1951">Goldsmith 1951</a>, p. 346 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFforde2002230-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFforde2002230_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFforde2002">Fforde 2002</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFforde2002231-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFforde2002231_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFforde2002">Fforde 2002</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-inherit3957-43"><a href="#cite_ref-inherit3957_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603073630/http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Admin/api/file/a32f1bff-4af9-564a-68ce-8409d0c9f3cc">"Register of Heritage Places – Assessment Documentation, Pinjarra Massacre Site 1"</a>. Heritage Council of Western Australia. 18 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Admin/api/file/a32f1bff-4af9-564a-68ce-8409d0c9f3cc">the original</a> on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Council+of+Western+Australia&rft.atitle=Register+of+Heritage+Places+%E2%80%93+Assessment+Documentation%2C+Pinjarra+Massacre+Site+1&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au%2FAdmin%2Fapi%2Ffile%2Fa32f1bff-4af9-564a-68ce-8409d0c9f3cc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726013622/http://www.vincent.wa.gov.au/2/145/1/history.pm">"Town of Vincent – History"</a>. Adapted from 'History of the Town of Vincent', from Town of Vincent 2001 Annual Report, p.52 (possibly based on J. Gentili and others). <a href="/wiki/Town_of_Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Town of Vincent">Town of Vincent</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vincent.wa.gov.au/2/145/1/history.pm">the original</a> on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adapted+from+%27History+of+the+Town+of+Vincent%27%2C+from+Town+of+Vincent+2001+Annual+Report%2C+p.52+%28possibly+based+on+J.+Gentili+and+others%29&rft.atitle=Town+of+Vincent+%E2%80%93+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vincent.wa.gov.au%2F2%2F145%2F1%2Fhistory.pm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130411021319/http://www.regionalwa.com.au/WAinfo/PerthHistory.htm">":: REGIONAL WA:: Western Australia: History"</a>. Regional Web Australia. 23 December 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regionalwa.com.au/WAinfo/PerthHistory.htm">the original</a> on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3A%3A+REGIONAL+WA%3A%3A+Western+Australia%3A+History&rft.pub=Regional+Web+Australia&rft.date=2003-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regionalwa.com.au%2FWAinfo%2FPerthHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood20169-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood20169_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2016">Wood 2016</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201079-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201079_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards2010">Edwards 2010</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-nma23-48"><a href="#cite_ref-nma23_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/founding-of-perth">"Founding of Perth"</a>. National Museum of Australia, Government of Australia. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2024. <q>Between 1850 and 1868 around 10,000 British convicts arrived at the colony. By 1868 the total population was 17,000, with convicts outnumbering settlers, 9700 to 7300.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+Australia%2C+Government+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Founding+of+Perth&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nma.gov.au%2Fdefining-moments%2Fresources%2Ffounding-of-perth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyofCOP-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyofCOP_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyofCOP_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228075541/http://www.cityofperth.wa.gov.au/documentdb/63.pdf">"History of the City of Perth"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/City_of_Perth" title="City of Perth">City of Perth</a>. 23 March 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofperth.wa.gov.au/documentdb/63.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+City+of+Perth&rft.pub=City+of+Perth&rft.date=2005-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofperth.wa.gov.au%2Fdocumentdb%2F63.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> 'Western Australia. (From the Argyle's Special Correspondent) IV-Perth' (1870, March 18). The Perth Gazette and West Australian Times, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140909031011/http://www.constitutionalcentre.wa.gov.au/ResearchAndSeminarPapers/LaunchingTheShip/Pages/TheGoldrush.aspx">"The Goldrush"</a>. The Constitutional Centre of Western Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitutionalcentre.wa.gov.au/ResearchAndSeminarPapers/LaunchingTheShip/Pages/TheGoldrush.aspx">the original</a> on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Constitutional+Centre+of+Western+Australia&rft.atitle=The+Goldrush&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitutionalcentre.wa.gov.au%2FResearchAndSeminarPapers%2FLaunchingTheShip%2FPages%2FTheGoldrush.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Abjorensen, Norman; Docherty, James C. Historical Dictionary of Australia. Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442245020" title="Special:BookSources/9781442245020">9781442245020</a>, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-naaCiP-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naaCiP_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naaCiP_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080714174908/http://www.naa.gov.au/naaresources/Publications/research_guides/guides/perth/chapter04.htm">"Collections in Perth: 4. Colonial Administration"</a>. Collections in Perth. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a>. 23 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naa.gov.au/naaresources/Publications/research_guides/guides/perth/chapter04.htm">the original</a> on 14 July 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collections+in+Perth&rft.atitle=Collections+in+Perth%3A+4.+Colonial+Administration&rft.date=2007-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naa.gov.au%2Fnaaresources%2FPublications%2Fresearch_guides%2Fguides%2Fperth%2Fchapter04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell2002" class="citation book cs1">Howell, Peter (2002). South Australia and Federation. Adelaide: Wakefield Press. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86254-549-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86254-549-9"><bdi>1-86254-549-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Australia+and+Federation&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Wakefield+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86254-549-9&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmody2019" class="citation web cs1">Carmody, Rebecca (29 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-29/when-perth-banned-aboriginal-people-from-the-city/11818540">"The forbidden city: When Indigenous people were banned from Perth"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 1 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=The+forbidden+city%3A+When+Indigenous+people+were+banned+from+Perth&rft.date=2019-12-29&rft.aulast=Carmody&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-12-29%2Fwhen-perth-banned-aboriginal-people-from-the-city%2F11818540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://john.curtin.edu.au/mccallum/deputy.html">"Deputy Premier 2nd Collier Government 1933–1935"</a>. John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library. 11 May 2005. Retrieved 26 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deputy+Premier+2nd+Collier+Government+1933%E2%80%931935&rft.pub=John+Curtin+Prime+Ministerial+Library&rft.date=2005-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohn.curtin.edu.au%2Fmccallum%2Fdeputy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49018574">"Agreement On Oil"</a>. West Australian. 4 March 1952. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+Australian&rft.atitle=Agreement+On+Oil&rft.date=1952-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article49018574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephensonHepburn1955" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Gordon; Hepburn, J. A. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-745050840/view?partId=nla.obj-745051291">Plan for the Metropolitan Region, Perth and Fremantle</a>. Western Australia: Government of Western Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plan+for+the+Metropolitan+Region%2C+Perth+and+Fremantle&rft.place=Western+Australia&rft.pub=Government+of+Western+Australia&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Hepburn%2C+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-745050840%2Fview%3FpartId%3Dnla.obj-745051291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> (1970) Perth – a city of light Perth, W.A. Brian Williams Productions for the Government of WA, 1970 (Video recording) The social and recreational life of Perth. Begins with a 'mock-up' of the lights of Perth as seen by astronaut John Glenn in February 1962 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Jenny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/AS10234b.htm">"Sir Henry Rudolph (Harry) Howard (1890–1970)"</a>. Biography – Sir Henry Rudolph (Harry) Howard – Australian Dictionary of Biography. Adbonline.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 10 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+Henry+Rudolph+%28Harry%29+Howard+%281890%E2%80%931970%29&rft.btitle=Biography+%E2%80%93+Sir+Henry+Rudolph+%28Harry%29+Howard+%E2%80%93+Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pub=Adbonline.anu.edu.au&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadbonline.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FAS10234b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.wa.gov.au/city-lights">"City of light – 50 years in Space"</a>. Western Australian Museum. Retrieved 13 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+light+%E2%80%93+50+years+in+Space&rft.pub=Western+Australian+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.wa.gov.au%2Fcity-lights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Broadcasting_Corporation2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (15 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821085131/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/canwehelp/txt/s2160601.htm">"Moment in Time – Episode 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/tv/canwehelp/txt/s2160601.htm">the original</a> on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Moment+in+Time+%E2%80%93+Episode+1&rft.date=2008-02-15&rft.au=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ftv%2Fcanwehelp%2Ftxt%2Fs2160601.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1998" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Charles (5 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/digitallife/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/1998/11/05/ecnglen05.xml">"Grandfather Glenn's blast from the past"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> (UK). London. Retrieved 14 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph+%28UK%29&rft.atitle=Grandfather+Glenn%27s+blast+from+the+past&rft.date=1998-11-05&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fdigitallife%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fconnected%2F1998%2F11%2F05%2Fecnglen05.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/0c312955726b99d4ca256f2a000ffa34!OpenDocument">"WA Statistical Indicators June 2002"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 11 July 2002. Retrieved 5 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WA+Statistical+Indicators+June+2002&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2002-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fabs%40.nsf%2F7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588%2F0c312955726b99d4ca256f2a000ffa34%21OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040331135431/http://www.ga.gov.au/pdf/RR0112.pdf">"Australia's identified mineral resources, 2002"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Geoscience_Australia" title="Geoscience Australia">Geoscience Australia</a>. 31 October 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/pdf/RR0112.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 March 2004. Retrieved 26 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+identified+mineral+resources%2C+2002&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2002-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fpdf%2FRR0112.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031134821/http://www.dpi.wa.gov.au/mediaFiles/dialogue_GPdp3.pdf">"Discussion Paper: Greater Perth Economy And Employment"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Planning_and_Infrastructure" title="Department for Planning and Infrastructure">Department for Planning and Infrastructure</a>. 25 August 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpi.wa.gov.au/mediaFiles/dialogue_GPdp3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discussion+Paper%3A+Greater+Perth+Economy+And+Employment&rft.pub=Department+for+Planning+and+Infrastructure&rft.date=2003-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpi.wa.gov.au%2FmediaFiles%2Fdialogue_GPdp3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007120056/http://www.pertharena.com.au/About_Us/Venue_Awards.aspx">"Venue Awards"</a>. Perth Arena. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pertharena.com.au/About_Us/Venue_Awards.aspx">the original</a> on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perth+Arena&rft.atitle=Venue+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pertharena.com.au%2FAbout_Us%2FVenue_Awards.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/central-park-tower/892">"Central Park Tower"</a>. The Skyscraper Centre — The Global Tall Building Database of the CTBUH. Retrieved 7 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Skyscraper+Centre+%E2%80%94+The+Global+Tall+Building+Database+of+the+CTBUH&rft.atitle=Central+Park+Tower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyscrapercenter.com%2Fbuilding%2Fcentral-park-tower%2F892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan-Petale2017" class="citation web cs1">Allan-Petale, David (25 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watoday.com.au/wa-news/boom-town-to-ghost-town-perth-cbd-vacancies-hit-25year-high-20170124-gtxzas.html">"Boom town to ghost town: Perth CBD vacancies hit 25-year high"</a>. WA Today. Retrieved 7 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WA+Today&rft.atitle=Boom+town+to+ghost+town%3A+Perth+CBD+vacancies+hit+25-year+high&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft.aulast=Allan-Petale&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watoday.com.au%2Fwa-news%2Fboom-town-to-ghost-town-perth-cbd-vacancies-hit-25year-high-20170124-gtxzas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-landgate_map-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-landgate_map_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-landgate_map_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322113858/http://www.landgate.wa.gov.au/docvault.nsf/web/PS_FREEMAP/%24FILE/Arterial_Roads_LGA_%26_Localities.pdf">Perth Metropolitan Region: Local Governments and Localities</a> (PDF) (Map). Cartography by Location Knowledge Services, Landgate. Western Australian Land Information Authority. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landgate.wa.gov.au/docvault.nsf/web/PS_FREEMAP/$FILE/Arterial_Roads_LGA_&_Localities.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perth+Metropolitan+Region%3A+Local+Governments+and+Localities&rft.pub=Western+Australian+Land+Information+Authority&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landgate.wa.gov.au%2Fdocvault.nsf%2Fweb%2FPS_FREEMAP%2F%24FILE%2FArterial_Roads_LGA_%26_Localities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029113036/http://www.abc.net.au/perth/about/">"About Us"</a>. 720 ABC Perth. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/perth/about/">the original</a> on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=720+ABC+Perth&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fperth%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf">"Demographia World Urban Areas"</a> (PDF). Demographia (18th ed.). July 2022. pp. 40, 74. Retrieved 17 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demographia&rft.atitle=Demographia+World+Urban+Areas&rft.pages=40%2C+74&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demographia.com%2Fdb-worldua.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLGRP2011-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MLGRP2011_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MLGRP2011_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetropolitan_Local_Government_Review_Panel2011" class="citation report cs1">Metropolitan Local Government Review Panel (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222001125/http://metroreview.dlg.wa.gov.au/Content/Publications/Default.aspx">Defining What we mean by "Perth Metropolitan Area"</a> (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metroreview.dlg.wa.gov.au/Content/Publications/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Defining+What+we+mean+by+%22Perth+Metropolitan+Area%22&rft.date=2011-09&rft.au=Metropolitan+Local+Government+Review+Panel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetroreview.dlg.wa.gov.au%2FContent%2FPublications%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728084509/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/502011029?opendocument=&navpos=22">"2011 Census QuickStats: Pinjarra"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/502011029?opendocument&navpos=22">the original</a> on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census+QuickStats%3A+Pinjarra&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus_services%2Fgetproduct%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fquickstat%2F502011029%3Fopendocument%26navpos%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030212708/http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/4a256353001af3ed4b2562bb00121564/6b6e07234c98365aca25792d0010d730/$FILE/Greater%20Capital%20City%20Statistical%20Area%20-%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf">"Greater Capital City Statistical Areas"</a> (PDF). Australian Bureau Statistics. Commonwealth of Australia. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/4a256353001af3ed4b2562bb00121564/6b6e07234c98365aca25792d0010d730/$FILE/Greater%20Capital%20City%20Statistical%20Area%20-%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+Statistics&rft.atitle=Greater+Capital+City+Statistical+Areas&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fwebsitedbs%2Fd3310114.nsf%2F4a256353001af3ed4b2562bb00121564%2F6b6e07234c98365aca25792d0010d730%2F%24FILE%2FGreater%2520Capital%2520City%2520Statistical%2520Area%2520-%2520Fact%2520Sheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (31 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/5GPER">"Greater Perth (Greater Capital City Statistical Area)"</a>. 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 2 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2011+Census+QuickStats&rft.atitle=Greater+Perth+%28Greater+Capital+City+Statistical+Area%29&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fquickstats%2F2011%2F5GPER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3183#P4014" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403072421/http://www.kalamunda.wa.gov.au/files/0874c84a-6872-4b69-ab3e-a24d011bcb62/FINAL-REPORT-JULY-2012-Metropolitan-Local-Government-Review-Panel-Final-Report.pdf">"Metropolitan Local Government Review, Final Report of the Independent Panel"</a> (PDF). City of Kalamunda. July 2012. p. 56. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalamunda.wa.gov.au/files/0874c84a-6872-4b69-ab3e-a24d011bcb62/FINAL-REPORT-JULY-2012-Metropolitan-Local-Government-Review-Panel-Final-Report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Kalamunda&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Local+Government+Review%2C+Final+Report+of+the+Independent+Panel&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalamunda.wa.gov.au%2Ffiles%2F0874c84a-6872-4b69-ab3e-a24d011bcb62%2FFINAL-REPORT-JULY-2012-Metropolitan-Local-Government-Review-Panel-Final-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206041947/http://www.ccentre.wa.gov.au/index.cfm?event=heritageIconsJanuary">"175th Anniversary of Western Australia – Heritage Icons: January – The Swan River"</a>. Department of the Premier and Cabinet. 31 December 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccentre.wa.gov.au/index.cfm?event=heritageIconsJanuary">the original</a> on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=175th+Anniversary+of+Western+Australia+%E2%80%93+Heritage+Icons%3A+January+%E2%80%93+The+Swan+River&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Premier+and+Cabinet&rft.date=2004-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccentre.wa.gov.au%2Findex.cfm%3Fevent%3DheritageIconsJanuary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-det-derbarlyerrigan-80"><a href="#cite_ref-det-derbarlyerrigan_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105521/http://www.det.wa.edu.au/aboriginaleducation/apac/detcms/aboriginal-education/apac/regions/beechboro/history-of-the-swan-district.en?oid=MultiPartArticle-id-9430685">"History of the North Metro Region"</a>. Department of Education. Government of Western Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.det.wa.edu.au/aboriginaleducation/apac/detcms/aboriginal-education/apac/regions/beechboro/history-of-the-swan-district.en?oid=MultiPartArticle-id-9430685">the original</a> on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Education&rft.atitle=History+of+the+North+Metro+Region&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.det.wa.edu.au%2Faboriginaleducation%2Fapac%2Fdetcms%2Faboriginal-education%2Fapac%2Fregions%2Fbeechboro%2Fhistory-of-the-swan-district.en%3Foid%3DMultiPartArticle-id-9430685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfrey1989" class="citation conference cs1">Godfrey, Norm (July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213083252/http://edit.epa.wa.gov.au/EPADocLib/EPA-bulletin_372.pdf">The Value of Wetlands</a> (PDF). Planning and Management for Wetland Conservation Conference, 15 June 1988. Vol. 372. Perth, Western Australia: Environmental Protection Authority. pp. 4–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7309-1911-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7309-1911-0"><bdi>0-7309-1911-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edit.epa.wa.gov.au/EPADocLib/EPA-bulletin_372.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Value+of+Wetlands&rft.place=Perth%2C+Western+Australia&rft.pages=4-11&rft.pub=Environmental+Protection+Authority&rft.date=1989-07&rft.isbn=0-7309-1911-0&rft.aulast=Godfrey&rft.aufirst=Norm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedit.epa.wa.gov.au%2FEPADocLib%2FEPA-bulletin_372.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapperTapper1996" class="citation book cs1">Tapper, Andrew; Tapper, Nigel (1996). Gray, Kathleen (ed.). The weather and climate of Australia and New Zealand (First ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-553393-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-553393-3"><bdi>0-19-553393-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+weather+and+climate+of+Australia+and+New+Zealand&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pages=300&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-553393-3&rft.aulast=Tapper&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Tapper%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinacreGeerts,_Bart1997" class="citation book cs1">Linacre, Edward; Geerts, Bart (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkZa1KLHCAQC&pg=PA379">Climates and Weather Explained</a>. London: Routledge. p. 379. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12519-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-12519-7"><bdi>0-415-12519-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climates+and+Weather+Explained&rft.place=London&rft.pages=379&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-12519-7&rft.aulast=Linacre&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Geerts%2C+Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkZa1KLHCAQC%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PerthAP-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PerthAP_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PerthAP_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PerthAP_84-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009021_All.shtml">"Perth Airport climate statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>. Retrieved 25 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perth+Airport+climate+statistics&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_009021_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perthmedia2008-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perthmedia2008_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perthmedia2008_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perthmedia2008_85-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/wa/archive/2008.perth.shtml">"Annual Climate Summary for Perth: Near average rainfall with warmer days for Perth in 2008"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>. 2 January 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Climate+Summary+for+Perth%3A+Near+average+rainfall+with+warmer+days+for+Perth+in+2008&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft.date=2009-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Fcurrent%2Fannual%2Fwa%2Farchive%2F2008.perth.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hazards-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hazards_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hazards_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtneyMiddelmann2005" class="citation web cs1">Courtney, Joe; Middelmann, Miriam (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/servlet/BigObjFileManager?bigobjid=GA6525">"Meteorological hazards"</a> (PDF). Natural hazard risk in Perth, Western Australia – Cities Project Perth Report. <a href="/wiki/Geoscience_Australia" title="Geoscience Australia">Geoscience Australia</a>. Retrieved 25 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Natural+hazard+risk+in+Perth%2C+Western+Australia+%E2%80%93+Cities+Project+Perth+Report&rft.atitle=Meteorological+hazards&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Middelmann%2C+Miriam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fservlet%2FBigObjFileManager%3Fbigobjid%3DGA6525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JandakotAP-87"><a href="#cite_ref-JandakotAP_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009172_All.shtml">"Jandakot Airport climate statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>. Retrieved 2 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jandakot+Airport+climate+statistics&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_009172_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090723011219/http://www.water.wa.gov.au/Tools/Water+Education+Tools/Resources/Downloads_GetFile.aspx?id=931">"How extreme south-west rainfalls have changed"</a>. Indian Ocean Climate Initiative. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.water.wa.gov.au/Tools/Water+Education+Tools/Resources/Downloads_GetFile.aspx?id=931">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 July 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+extreme+south-west+rainfalls+have+changed&rft.pub=Indian+Ocean+Climate+Initiative&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.water.wa.gov.au%2FTools%2FWater%2BEducation%2BTools%2FResources%2FDownloads_GetFile.aspx%3Fid%3D931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/dwo/IDCJDW6111.latest.shtml">"Perth, Western Australia February 2017 Daily Weather Observations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 10 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perth%2C+Western+Australia+February+2017+Daily+Weather+Observations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Fdwo%2FIDCJDW6111.latest.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180120000504/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/dwo/201801/html/IDCJDW6111.201801.shtml">"Perth, Western Australia January 2018 Daily Weather Observations"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/dwo/201801/html/IDCJDW6111.201801.shtml">the original</a> on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perth%2C+Western+Australia+January+2018+Daily+Weather+Observations&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Fdwo%2F201801%2Fhtml%2FIDCJDW6111.201801.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnellMcPheeHiatt2010" class="citation news cs1">O'Connell, Ronan; McPhee, Lindsay; Hiatt, Bethany (23 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203140417/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/newshome/6967134/storm-brings-huge-damage-bill/">"Storm brings huge damage bill"</a>. The West Australian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/newshome/6967134/storm-brings-huge-damage-bill/">the original</a> on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+West+Australian&rft.atitle=Storm+brings+huge+damage+bill&rft.date=2010-03-23&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Ronan&rft.au=McPhee%2C+Lindsay&rft.au=Hiatt%2C+Bethany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fau.news.yahoo.com%2Fthewest%2Fa%2F-%2Fnewshome%2F6967134%2Fstorm-brings-huge-damage-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopyright_Global_Sea_Temperatures_—_A-Connect_Ltd" class="citation web cs1">Copyright Global Sea Temperatures — A-Connect Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/perth.htm">"Perth Sea Temperature | Australia Water Temperatures"</a>. 31.952240;115.861400: Seatemperature.org. Retrieved 23 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perth+Sea+Temperature+%26%23124%3B+Australia+Water+Temperatures&rft.place=31.952240%3B115.861400&rft.pub=Seatemperature.org&rft.au=Copyright+Global+Sea+Temperatures+%E2%80%94+A-Connect+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seatemperature.org%2Faustralia-pacific%2Faustralia%2Fperth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Perth_Metro_Climate-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Perth_Metro_Climate_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009225_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations – Perth Metro"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft.atitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations+%E2%80%93+Perth+Metro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_009225_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gill-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gill_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gill_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2019" class="citation news cs1">Gill, Nicholas (19 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/aug/19/where-worlds-most-remote-city">"Where is the world's most remote city?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 13 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Where+is+the+world%27s+most+remote+city%3F&rft.date=2019-08-19&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2015%2Faug%2F19%2Fwhere-worlds-most-remote-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/subscriber.nsf/log?openagent&32180ds0005_1971-2011.xls&3218.0&Data%20Cubes&0BCC5059CC669DCCCA257A4B0083B937&0&2011&31.07.2012&Latest">"3218.0 Historical Population Estimates by Australian Statistical Geography Standard, 1971 to 2011"</a> (XLS). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 31 July 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3218.0+Historical+Population+Estimates+by+Australian+Statistical+Geography+Standard%2C+1971+to+2011&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2012-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fsubscriber.nsf%2Flog%3Fopenagent%2632180ds0005_1971-2011.xls%263218.0%26Data%2520Cubes%260BCC5059CC669DCCCA257A4B0083B937%260%262011%2631.07.2012%26Latest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415071420/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/5GPER?opendocument">"2016 Census QuickStats"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 30 October 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/5GPER?opendocument">the original</a> on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+Census+QuickStats&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus_services%2Fgetproduct%2Fcensus%2F2016%2Fquickstat%2F5GPER%3Fopendocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101110037/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/5GPER">"Greater Perth"</a>. 2011 Census QuickStats. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/5GPER">the original</a> on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2011+Census+QuickStats&rft.atitle=Greater+Perth&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus_services%2Fgetproduct%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fquickstat%2F5GPER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322203146/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/products/AC53A071B4B231A6CA257CAE000ECCE5">"3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2012–13"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 30 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/products/AC53A071B4B231A6CA257CAE000ECCE5">the original</a> on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3218.0+%E2%80%93+Regional+Population+Growth%2C+Australia%2C+2012%E2%80%9313&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2015-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2Fproducts%2FAC53A071B4B231A6CA257CAE000ECCE5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_99-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_99-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_99-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/5GPER">"2021 Greater Perth, Census Community Profiles"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=2021+Greater+Perth%2C+Census+Community+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fcommunity-profiles%2F2021%2F5GPER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument">"Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. January 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Feature+Article+%E2%80%93+Ethnic+and+Cultural+Diversity+in+Australia+%28Feature+Article%29&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAusstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2F94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2%2F49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182%21OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308055413/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/1GSYD?opendocument">"2016 Census Community Profiles: Greater Sydney"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/1GSYD?opendocument">the original</a> on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=2016+Census+Community+Profiles%3A+Greater+Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus_services%2Fgetproduct%2Fcensus%2F2016%2Fcommunityprofile%2F1GSYD%3Fopendocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitperth.com/see-and-do/parks-gardens-and-reserves/venues/russell-square">"Russell Square"</a>. Visit Perth. Retrieved 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Perth&rft.atitle=Russell+Square&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitperth.com%2Fsee-and-do%2Fparks-gardens-and-reserves%2Fvenues%2Frussell-square&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155424/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/perth">"The Jewish Community of Perth"</a>. Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/perth">the original</a> on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beit+Hatfutsot+Open+Databases+Project&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Community+of+Perth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbs.bh.org.il%2Fplace%2Fperth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-censusj-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-censusj_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-censusj_107-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jca.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/The-Jewish-Population-of-Australia-Report_2021-Census-1.pdf">The Jewish population of Australia</a> jca.org.au. May 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-108"><a href="#cite_ref-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225212547/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/5GPER">"2016 Census Community Profiles: Greater Perth"</a>. quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/5GPER">the original</a> on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=2016+Census+Community+Profiles%3A+Greater+Perth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus_services%2Fgetproduct%2Fcensus%2F2016%2Fcommunityprofile%2F5GPER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1VdPAQAAMAAJ&q=%22packing+for+Perth%22">Debates of Parliament</a>, Government Printer, 1988, page 1787 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:11195/louw2.pdf">Packing for Perth: The Growth of a Southern African Diaspora</a>, Eric Louw, Gary Mersham, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2001 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeld2006" class="citation web cs1">Yeld, John (6 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/packing-for-perth-because-of-the-poo-268405">"Packing for Perth because of the poo!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent_Online_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Online (South Africa)">IOL</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cape_Argus" title="Cape Argus">Cape Argus</a>. Retrieved 6 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IOL&rft.atitle=Packing+for+Perth+because+of+the+poo%21&rft.date=2006-03-06&rft.aulast=Yeld&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fsouth-africa%2Fpacking-for-perth-because-of-the-poo-268405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeawa.asn.au/">Australian Eurasian Association of WA Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106120920/http://www.aeawa.asn.au/">Archived</a> 6 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Official site </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010102041/http://www.aeawa.asn.au/?page_id=1078">"500th Anniversary of Portuguese Landing in Malacca 1511"</a>. Australian Eurasian Association of WA Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeawa.asn.au/?page_id=1078">the original</a> on 10 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Eurasian+Association+of+WA+Inc&rft.atitle=500th+Anniversary+of+Portuguese+Landing+in+Malacca+1511&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeawa.asn.au%2F%3Fpage_id%3D1078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKei2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kei, Nemoto (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/Nemoto-2014-The_Anglo-Burmese_in_the_1940s.pdf">"The Anglo-Burmese in the 1940s: To become Burmese or not"</a> (PDF). The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies. 32: 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sophia+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-Burmese+in+the+1940s%3A+To+become+Burmese+or+not&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kei&rft.aufirst=Nemoto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.burmalibrary.org%2Fdocs21%2FNemoto-2014-The_Anglo-Burmese_in_the_1940s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-quickstats_2021-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quickstats_2021_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quickstats_2021_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quickstats_2021_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quickstats_2021_116-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quickstats_2021_116-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quickstats_2021_116-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/5GPER">"2021 Greater Perth, Census All persons QuickStats"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=2021+Greater+Perth%2C+Census+All+persons+QuickStats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fquickstats%2F2021%2F5GPER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Losing-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Losing_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features30Nov+2013">"Main Features — Losing my religion?"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Main+Features+%E2%80%94+Losing+my+religion%3F&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2F4102.0Main%2BFeatures30Nov%2B2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801155049/http://www.perthcatholic.org.au/about-us/index.cfm?loadref=2">"Overview"</a>. Archdiocese of Perth. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perthcatholic.org.au/about-us/index.cfm?loadref=2">the original</a> on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview&rft.pub=Archdiocese+of+Perth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perthcatholic.org.au%2Fabout-us%2Findex.cfm%3Floadref%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/daupo.html">Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross</a> at Catholic Hierarchy.org </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perth.anglican.org">"Anglican Diocese of Perth"</a>. Anglican Diocese of Perth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120917120949/http://www.perth.anglican.org/diocese/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anglican+Diocese+of+Perth&rft.atitle=Anglican+Diocese+of+Perth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perth.anglican.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-profile.id.com.au-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-profile.id.com.au_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-profile.id.com.au_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-profile.id.com.au_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-profile.id.com.au_121-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-profile.id.com.au_121-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408162642/http://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=300">"Religion | Australia | Community profile"</a>. profile.id.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=300">the original</a> on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=profile.id.com.au&rft.atitle=Religion+%7C+Australia+%7C+Community+profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofile.id.com.au%2Faustralia%2Freligion%3FWebID%3D300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perthnow.com.au/community-news/the-advocate/gidgegannup-dhammasara-buddhist-community-nuns-get-property-ready-for-fire-season-c-819042">"Dhammasara Buddhist Community Nuns"</a>. Community News. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Community+News&rft.atitle=Dhammasara+Buddhist+Community+Nuns&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perthnow.com.au%2Fcommunity-news%2Fthe-advocate%2Fgidgegannup-dhammasara-buddhist-community-nuns-get-property-ready-for-fire-season-c-819042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bswa.org/our-locations/history-of-dhammasara/">"about dhammasara"</a>. Buddhist Society of Western Australia. Retrieved 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buddhist+Society+of+Western+Australia&rft.atitle=about+dhammasara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbswa.org%2Four-locations%2Fhistory-of-dhammasara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carmel.wa.edu.au/community/life-in-perth/the-perth-jewish-community/">The Perth Jewish Community</a> Carmel School. Retrieved on 14 November 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com.au/maps/search/hindu+temples/@-31.9664213,115.9313298,9z?hl=en-AU">"Google Maps"</a>. Google Maps. Retrieved 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Maps&rft.atitle=Google+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.au%2Fmaps%2Fsearch%2Fhindu%2Btemples%2F%40-31.9664213%2C115.9313298%2C9z%3Fhl%3Den-AU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics" class="citation web cs1">Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/CO-61">"2011 Census reveals Hinduism"</a>. Retrieved 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census+reveals+Hinduism&rft.au=Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fwebsitedbs%2Fcensushome.nsf%2Fhome%2FCO-61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414123616/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/three-levels-of-government/three-levels-of-government-governing-australia/">"Three levels of government: governing Australia – Parliament... – Archived Website"</a>. Parliament Education Office. Government of Australia. 7 November 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/three-levels-of-government/three-levels-of-government-governing-australia/">the original</a> on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+Education+Office&rft.atitle=Three+levels+of+government%3A+governing+Australia+%E2%80%93+Parliament...+%E2%80%93+Archived+Website&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peo.gov.au%2Funderstand-our-parliament%2Fhow-parliament-works%2Fthree-levels-of-government%2Fthree-levels-of-government-governing-australia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLGRP-128"><a href="#cite_ref-MLGRP_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetropolitan_Local_Government_Review_Panel2011" class="citation report cs1">Metropolitan Local Government Review Panel (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414053059/http://metroreview.dlg.wa.gov.au/Content/Publications/Default.aspx">Defining What we mean by "Perth Metropolitan Area"</a> (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metroreview.dlg.wa.gov.au/Content/Publications/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Defining+What+we+mean+by+%22Perth+Metropolitan+Area%22&rft.date=2011-09&rft.au=Metropolitan+Local+Government+Review+Panel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetroreview.dlg.wa.gov.au%2FContent%2FPublications%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019174724/http://www.supremecourt.wa.gov.au/content/about/default.aspx">"Jurisdiction"</a>. Supreme Court of WA. 16 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.wa.gov.au/content/about/default.aspx">the original</a> on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jurisdiction&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+WA&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.wa.gov.au%2Fcontent%2Fabout%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.districtcourt.wa.gov.au/A/aboutDistrictCourt.aspx?uid=7689-4890-3639-8152">"About the District Court"</a>. District Court of WA. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+District+Court&rft.pub=District+Court+of+WA&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.districtcourt.wa.gov.au%2FA%2FaboutDistrictCourt.aspx%3Fuid%3D7689-4890-3639-8152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224123147/http://www.familycourt.wa.gov.au/A/about_the_family_court.aspx?uid=0585-2574-5706-9153">"About the Family Court"</a>. Family Court of WA. 16 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familycourt.wa.gov.au/A/about_the_family_court.aspx?uid=0585-2574-5706-9153">the original</a> on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Family+Court&rft.pub=Family+Court+of+WA&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.familycourt.wa.gov.au%2FA%2Fabout_the_family_court.aspx%3Fuid%3D0585-2574-5706-9153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014044908/http://www.justice.wa.gov.au/M/magistrates_locations.aspx?uid=0987-0974-4964-6070">"Magistrate Court Locations"</a>. Department of Justice. 16 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.wa.gov.au/M/magistrates_locations.aspx?uid=0987-0974-4964-6070">the original</a> on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magistrate+Court+Locations&rft.pub=Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.wa.gov.au%2FM%2Fmagistrates_locations.aspx%3Fuid%3D0987-0974-4964-6070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.federalcircuitcourt.gov.au/html/introduction.html">"Introduction to the Federal Circuit Court of Australia"</a>. Federal Circuit Court of Australia. 4 July 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Federal+Circuit+Court+of+Australia&rft.pub=Federal+Circuit+Court+of+Australia&rft.date=2014-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalcircuitcourt.gov.au%2Fhtml%2Fintroduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Federal Circuit Court of Australia Legislation Amendment Act 2012 on 12 April 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206062037/http://www.fedcourt.gov.au/contacts/contacts_wa.html">"WA Registry"</a>. Federal Court of Australia. 2 August 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fedcourt.gov.au/contacts/contacts_wa.html">the original</a> on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WA+Registry&rft.pub=Federal+Court+of+Australia&rft.date=2008-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fedcourt.gov.au%2Fcontacts%2Fcontacts_wa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031134819/http://www.hcourt.gov.au/annual_reports/2007annual.pdf">"2007 Annual Report"</a> (PDF). High Court of Australia. 18 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcourt.gov.au/annual_reports/2007annual.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007+Annual+Report&rft.pub=High+Court+of+Australia&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcourt.gov.au%2Fannual_reports%2F2007annual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreaterPerth-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GreaterPerth_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreaterPerth_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreaterPerth_137-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreaterPerth_137-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207233658/http://www.dpi.wa.gov.au/mediaFiles/dialogue_GPdp3.pdf">"Greater Perth Economy and Employment"</a> (PDF). WA Department of Planning and Infrastructure. 25 August 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpi.wa.gov.au/mediaFiles/dialogue_GPdp3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greater+Perth+Economy+and+Employment&rft.pub=WA+Department+of+Planning+and+Infrastructure&rft.date=2003-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpi.wa.gov.au%2FmediaFiles%2Fdialogue_GPdp3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Structure2005-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Structure2005_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001203306/http://www.dtf.wa.gov.au/cms/uploadedFiles/structure_wa_economy_2005.pdf">"Structure of the WA Economy"</a> (PDF). WA Department of Treasury and Finance. 24 January 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtf.wa.gov.au/cms/uploadedFiles/structure_wa_economy_2005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structure+of+the+WA+Economy&rft.pub=WA+Department+of+Treasury+and+Finance&rft.date=2006-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtf.wa.gov.au%2Fcms%2FuploadedFiles%2Fstructure_wa_economy_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/productsbyCatalogue/632CDC28637CF57ECA256F1F0080EBCC?OpenDocument">"Australian Historical Population Statistics 2008"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5 August 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Historical+Population+Statistics+2008&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FproductsbyCatalogue%2F632CDC28637CF57ECA256F1F0080EBCC%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startupwa.org/">"Startup WA"</a>. Startup WA. Retrieved 18 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Startup+WA&rft.atitle=Startup+WA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startupwa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Education" class="citation web cs1">Department of Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://det.wa.edu.au/policies/detcms/policy-planning-and-accountability/policies-framework/definitions/pre-compulsory-and-compulsory-education-period.en?oid=com.arsdigita.cms.contenttypes.GlossaryItem-id-3870002">"Pre-compulsory and compulsory education period"</a>. Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 6 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pre-compulsory+and+compulsory+education+period&rft.pub=Government+of+Western+Australia&rft.au=Department+of+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdet.wa.edu.au%2Fpolicies%2Fdetcms%2Fpolicy-planning-and-accountability%2Fpolicies-framework%2Fdefinitions%2Fpre-compulsory-and-compulsory-education-period.en%3Foid%3Dcom.arsdigita.cms.contenttypes.GlossaryItem-id-3870002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchool_Curriculum_and_Standards_Authority" class="citation web cs1">School Curriculum and Standards Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528092129/http://www.scsa.wa.edu.au/internet/Senior_Secondary/The_WACE/WACE_Requirements">"WACE requirements and certification"</a>. Government of Western Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scsa.wa.edu.au/internet/Senior_Secondary/The_WACE/WACE_Requirements">the original</a> on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WACE+requirements+and+certification&rft.pub=Government+of+Western+Australia&rft.au=School+Curriculum+and+Standards+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scsa.wa.edu.au%2Finternet%2FSenior_Secondary%2FThe_WACE%2FWACE_Requirements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513011823/http://www.scsa.wa.edu.au/internet/Senior_Secondary/The_WACE/WACE_Requirements/WACE_Requirements_2012">"WACE Requirements 2012 and Beyond"</a>. School Curriculum and Standards Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scsa.wa.edu.au/internet/Senior_Secondary/The_WACE/WACE_Requirements/WACE_Requirements_2012">the original</a> on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WACE+Requirements+2012+and+Beyond&rft.pub=School+Curriculum+and+Standards+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scsa.wa.edu.au%2Finternet%2FSenior_Secondary%2FThe_WACE%2FWACE_Requirements%2FWACE_Requirements_2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208202255/http://www.uwa.edu.au/visitors/about/history">"Visitors – History of the University"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwa.edu.au/visitors/about/history">the original</a> on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2007. <q>The University of Western Australia has helped to shape the careers of more than 75,000 graduates since it was established in 1911.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visitors+%E2%80%93+History+of+the+University&rft.pub=University+of+Western+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwa.edu.au%2Fvisitors%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408030955/http://www.australianuniversities.com.au/rankings/">"Rankings of Australian Universities 2016–2017 n"</a>. Australianuniversities.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianuniversities.com.au/rankings/">the original</a> on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australianuniversities.com.au&rft.atitle=Rankings+of+Australian+Universities+2016%E2%80%932017+n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianuniversities.com.au%2Frankings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819205739/http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/australias-nobel-laureates">"Australia's Nobel Laureates and the Nobel Prize"</a>. Australia.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/australias-nobel-laureates">the original</a> on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia.gov.au&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+Nobel+Laureates+and+the+Nobel+Prize&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australia.gov.au%2Fabout-australia%2Faustralian-story%2Faustralias-nobel-laureates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/curtin-university-873">"Curtin University on The Conversation"</a>. theconversation.com. Retrieved 16 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theconversation.com&rft.atitle=Curtin+University+on+The+Conversation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Finstitutions%2Fcurtin-university-873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.98five.com/">"98five Sonshine FM"</a>. Sonshine FM. Retrieved 18 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=98five+Sonshine+FM&rft.pub=Sonshine+FM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.98five.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportfm.com.au/">"91.3 SportFM Perth"</a>. SportFM 91.3 Perth. Retrieved 18 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=91.3+SportFM+Perth&rft.pub=SportFM+91.3+Perth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportfm.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curtinfm.com.au/">"Curtin FM 100.1"</a>. Curtin FM. Retrieved 18 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curtin+FM+100.1&rft.pub=Curtin+FM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.curtinfm.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205222511/http://www.digitalready.gov.au/what-is-the-switch/digital-tv-switchover-map/perth-and-surrounding-areas">"Digital TV Switchover Australia  – Perth and surrounding areas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalready.gov.au/what-is-the-switch/digital-tv-switchover-map/perth-and-surrounding-areas">the original</a> on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+TV+Switchover+Australia+%E2%80%93+Perth+and+surrounding+areas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalready.gov.au%2Fwhat-is-the-switch%2Fdigital-tv-switchover-map%2Fperth-and-surrounding-areas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090708051459/http://telethon.7perth.com.au/view/about-telethon/">About Telethon</a>", telethon.7perth.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telethon.7perth.com.au/view/about-telethon/">the original</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010154627/http://telethon.7perth.com.au/view/about-telethon/">Archived</a> 10 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on 8 July 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129140008/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Barnett/2014/01/WA-welcomes-biggest-Fringe-World-Festival-yet.aspx">"Media Statements – WA welcomes biggest Fringe World Festival yet"</a>. www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Barnett/2014/01/WA-welcomes-biggest-Fringe-World-Festival-yet.aspx">the original</a> on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au&rft.atitle=Media+Statements+%E2%80%93+WA+welcomes+biggest+Fringe+World+Festival+yet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediastatements.wa.gov.au%2FPages%2FBarnett%2F2014%2F01%2FWA-welcomes-biggest-Fringe-World-Festival-yet.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pcc-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pcc_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pcc_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501081506/http://www.perthculturalcentre.com.au/About/">"Perth Cultural Centre: About"</a>. Government of Western Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perthculturalcentre.com.au/About/">the original</a> on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perth+Cultural+Centre%3A+About&rft.pub=Government+of+Western+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perthculturalcentre.com.au%2FAbout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510174218/http://www.bsstc.com.au/about/">"About Black Swan State Theatre Company"</a>. Black Swan State Theatre Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackswantheatre.com.au/about/">the original</a> on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Black+Swan+State+Theatre+Company&rft.pub=Black+Swan+State+Theatre+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackswantheatre.com.au%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425120929/http://www.perththeatre.com.au/about/history/">"Company History"</a>. About. Perth Theatre Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perththeatre.com.au/about/">the original</a> on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About&rft.atitle=Company+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perththeatre.com.au%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130815001841/http://waballet.com.au/about_us.php">"About Us – Our Story"</a>. West Australian Ballet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waballet.com.au/about_us.php">the original</a> on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us+%E2%80%93+Our+Story&rft.pub=West+Australian+Ballet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waballet.com.au%2Fabout_us.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702023528/http://www.waopera.asn.au/AboutUs/History.aspx">"History"</a>. West Australian Opera. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waopera.asn.au/AboutUs/History.aspx">the original</a> on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=West+Australian+Opera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waopera.asn.au%2FAboutUs%2FHistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801062445/http://www.waso.com.au/about">"About WASO"</a>. West Australian Symphony Orchestra. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waso.com.au/about">the original</a> on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+WASO&rft.pub=West+Australian+Symphony+Orchestra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waso.com.au%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929010459/http://www.wayma.asn.au/go/about">"About"</a>. WA Youth Music Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wayma.asn.au/go/about">the original</a> on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=WA+Youth+Music+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wayma.asn.au%2Fgo%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppelo2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Appelo, Tim (4 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/top-25-drama-schools-319963">"The Hollywood Reporter's List of the 25 Top Drama Schools"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104011115/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/top-25-drama-schools-319963">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter%27s+List+of+the+25+Top+Drama+Schools&rft.date=2012-05-04&rft.aulast=Appelo&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Ftop-25-drama-schools-319963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-waa17-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-waa17_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-waa17_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waapa.ecu.edu.au/about/welcome-to-waapa">"Welcome to WAAPA"</a>. Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts. Edith Cowan University. 11 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001035250/http://www.waapa.ecu.edu.au/about/welcome-to-waapa">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Australian+Academy+of+Performing+Arts&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+WAAPA&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waapa.ecu.edu.au%2Fabout%2Fwelcome-to-waapa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514031457/http://www.pcec.com.au/plan-an-event/events/concerts.aspx">"Concerts"</a>. Plan an event. Perth Convention and Exhibition Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcec.com.au/plan-an-event/events/concerts.aspx">the original</a> on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plan+an+event&rft.atitle=Concerts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcec.com.au%2Fplan-an-event%2Fevents%2Fconcerts.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130814114125/http://www.perthconcerthall.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=62">"About Perth Concert Hall"</a>. Perth Concert Hall. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perthconcerthall.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=62">the original</a> on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Perth+Concert+Hall&rft.pub=Perth+Concert+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perthconcerthall.com.au%2Fdefault.aspx%3FMenuID%3D62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMT_DCA-165"><a href="#cite_ref-HMT_DCA_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Culture_and_the_Arts" class="citation web cs1">Department of Culture and the Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710173521/http://www.dca.wa.gov.au/about/properties/property_listing/his_majestys">"His Majesty's Theatre"</a>. Government of Western Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dca.wa.gov.au/about/properties/property_listing/his_majestys">the original</a> on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=His+Majesty%27s+Theatre&rft.pub=Government+of+Western+Australia&rft.au=Department+of+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dca.wa.gov.au%2Fabout%2Fproperties%2Fproperty_listing%2Fhis_majestys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regaltheatre.com.au/index.php">"Welcome to the Regal Theatre"</a>. The Regal Theatre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801074319/http://regaltheatre.com.au/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Regal+Theatre&rft.pub=The+Regal+Theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regaltheatre.com.au%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503065452/http://www.liveattheastor.com.au/about/">"About the Venue"</a>. Live at the Astor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liveattheastor.com.au/about/">the original</a> on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Venue&rft.pub=Live+at+the+Astor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveattheastor.com.au%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mra15-168"><a href="#cite_ref-mra15_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae2015" class="citation news cs1">McRae, Ross (29 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewest.com.au/news/wa/the-power-and-passion-of-judy-davis-ng-ya-131518">"The power and passion of Judy Davis"</a>. The West Australian. Retrieved 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+West+Australian&rft.atitle=The+power+and+passion+of+Judy+Davis&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewest.com.au%2Fnews%2Fwa%2Fthe-power-and-passion-of-judy-davis-ng-ya-131518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alb18-169"><a href="#cite_ref-alb18_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert2018" class="citation web cs1">Albert, Jane (13 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.com.au/culture/features/australian-actress-melissa-george-talks-home-hardship-and-her-career/news-story/fab403005018d060a402424c5624b175">"Australian actress Melissa George talks home, hardship and her career"</a>. Vogue Australia. Retrieved 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vogue+Australia&rft.atitle=Australian+actress+Melissa+George+talks+home%2C+hardship+and+her+career&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com.au%2Fculture%2Ffeatures%2Faustralian-actress-melissa-george-talks-home-hardship-and-her-career%2Fnews-story%2Ffab403005018d060a402424c5624b175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bar17-170"><a href="#cite_ref-bar17_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2017" class="citation web cs1">Barlow, Helen (15 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125115516/https://www.whimn.com.au/talk/people/melissa-george-breaks-her-silence-ive-spent-one-year-alone-and-im-doing-okay/news-story/a710410f558e3a1f416ff986bdd2bb4b">"Melissa George Breaks Her Silence: "I've Spent One Year Alone And I'm Doing Okay""</a>. whimn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whimn.com.au/talk/people/melissa-george-breaks-her-silence-ive-spent-one-year-alone-and-im-doing-okay/news-story/a710410f558e3a1f416ff986bdd2bb4b">the original</a> on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whimn&rft.atitle=Melissa+George+Breaks+Her+Silence%3A+%22I%27ve+Spent+One+Year+Alone+And+I%27m+Doing+Okay%22&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whimn.com.au%2Ftalk%2Fpeople%2Fmelissa-george-breaks-her-silence-ive-spent-one-year-alone-and-im-doing-okay%2Fnews-story%2Fa710410f558e3a1f416ff986bdd2bb4b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tmc-171"><a href="#cite_ref-tmc_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125115443/https://www.timminchin.com/about/">"About Tim"</a>. Tim Minchin.com. August 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timminchin.com/about/">the original</a> on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tim+Minchin.com&rft.atitle=About+Tim&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timminchin.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tho13-172"><a href="#cite_ref-tho13_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2013" class="citation web cs1">Thomson, Chris (22 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125115801/http://www.oneperth.com.au/2013/11/22/lisa-mccune-perth/">"Perth actor now honorary Perth citizen"</a>. oneperth.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oneperth.com.au/2013/11/22/lisa-mccune-perth/">the original</a> on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oneperth.com.au&rft.atitle=Perth+actor+now+honorary+Perth+citizen&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oneperth.com.au%2F2013%2F11%2F22%2Flisa-mccune-perth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mit18-173"><a href="#cite_ref-mit18_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2018" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Peter (14 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134820/https://www.youngwitness.com.au/story/5467071/isla-fisher-recalls-chasey-in-perth/">"Isla Fisher recalls "chasey" in Perth"</a>. The Young Witness. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youngwitness.com.au/story/5467071/isla-fisher-recalls-chasey-in-perth/">the original</a> on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Young+Witness&rft.atitle=Isla+Fisher+recalls+%22chasey%22+in+Perth&rft.date=2018-06-14&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youngwitness.com.au%2Fstory%2F5467071%2Fisla-fisher-recalls-chasey-in-perth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.couriermail.com.au/travel/tourists-flock-to-grave-of-rock-stars-and-icons/news-story/f426adaa2b0a5dda1d64d61d45c0b78a">"Tourists flock to grave of rock stars and icons"</a> (20 December 2013), Courier Mail. Retrieved 19 December 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-slwa-rh-175"><a href="#cite_ref-slwa-rh_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419053123/http://m.slwa.wa.gov.au/media/rolf_harris">"Rolf Harris"</a>. State Library of Western Australia. 25 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.slwa.wa.gov.au/media/rolf_harris">the original</a> on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Library+of+Western+Australia&rft.atitle=Rolf+Harris&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.slwa.wa.gov.au%2Fmedia%2Frolf_harris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay_Purvis2016" class="citation web cs1">Ray Purvis (10 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewest.com.au/news/wa/triffic-triffids-come-home-for-festival-ng-ya-136575">"Triffic Triffids come Home for festival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seven_West_Media" title="Seven West Media">Seven West Media</a>. Retrieved 18 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+West+Australian&rft.atitle=Triffic+Triffids+come+Home+for+festival&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft.au=Ray+Purvis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewest.com.au%2Fnews%2Fwa%2Ftriffic-triffids-come-home-for-festival-ng-ya-136575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stereogum.com/1997284/80s-post-punk-band-the-scientists-announce-first-ever-us-tour/news/">"'80s Post-Punk Band The Scientists Announce First-Ever US Tour"</a>. Stereogum. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stereogum&rft.atitle=%2780s+Post-Punk+Band+The+Scientists+Announce+First-Ever+US+Tour&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereogum.com%2F1997284%2F80s-post-punk-band-the-scientists-announce-first-ever-us-tour%2Fnews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430092716/http://rtrfm.com.au/show-post/the-drones-now-and-then/">"The Drones: Now and Then"</a>. Alternative Frequencies. <a href="/wiki/RTRFM" title="RTRFM">RTRFM</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rtrfm.com.au/show-post/the-drones-now-and-then/">the original</a> on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Frequencies&rft.atitle=The+Drones%3A+Now+and+Then&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frtrfm.com.au%2Fshow-post%2Fthe-drones-now-and-then%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mos17-179"><a href="#cite_ref-mos17_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskovitch2017" class="citation web cs1">Moskovitch, Greg (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tonedeaf.com.au/tame-impala-play-to-nobody/">"Watch Tame Impala play to almost nobody in 2008"</a>. Tone Deaf. Retrieved 26 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tone+Deaf&rft.atitle=Watch+Tame+Impala+play+to+almost+nobody+in+2008&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.aulast=Moskovitch&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftonedeaf.com.au%2Ftame-impala-play-to-nobody%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mgr18-180"><a href="#cite_ref-mgr18_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacgregor2018" class="citation web cs1">Macgregor, Jody (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/karnivool-mn0001422105">"Karnivool"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. Retrieved 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Karnivool&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Macgregor&rft.aufirst=Jody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fkarnivool-mn0001422105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QVS-march12-181"><a href="#cite_ref-QVS-march12_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTourism_Western_Australia2012" class="citation web cs1">Tourism Western Australia (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516161723/http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/Publications%20Library/Research/Research%20and%20Reports/QVS%20YE%20March%202012v3.pdf">"Quarterly Visitor Snapshot – Year Ending March 2012"</a> (PDF). Government of Western Australia. p. 32. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/Publications%20Library/Research/Research%20and%20Reports/QVS%20YE%20March%202012v3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quarterly+Visitor+Snapshot+%E2%80%93+Year+Ending+March+2012&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Government+of+Western+Australia&rft.date=2012-06&rft.au=Tourism+Western+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourism.wa.gov.au%2FPublications%2520Library%2FResearch%2FResearch%2520and%2520Reports%2FQVS%2520YE%2520March%25202012v3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321063951/http://armymuseumwa.com.au/History.html">"Museum History"</a>. Army Museum of Western Australia. 4 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armymuseumwa.com.au/History.html">the original</a> on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+History&rft.pub=Army+Museum+of+Western+Australia&rft.date=2010-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armymuseumwa.com.au%2FHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321105945/http://armymuseumwa.com.au/sig_items.html">"The Collection – Items of significance"</a>. Army Museum of Western Australia. 4 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armymuseumwa.com.au/sig_items.html">the original</a> on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Collection+%E2%80%93+Items+of+significance&rft.pub=Army+Museum+of+Western+Australia&rft.date=2010-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armymuseumwa.com.au%2Fsig_items.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504122357/http://www.raafawa.org.au/museum/">"Aviation Heritage Museum"</a>. raafawa.org.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raafawa.org.au/museum/">the original</a> on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=raafawa.org.au&rft.atitle=Aviation+Heritage+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raafawa.org.au%2Fmuseum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111020458/https://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Inventory/Details/514966e9-d0de-4fee-83e4-77fc342a8e68">"The Perth Mint"</a>. State Heritage Office. 19 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Inventory/Details/514966e9-d0de-4fee-83e4-77fc342a8e68">the original</a> on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Perth+Mint&rft.pub=State+Heritage+Office&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au%2FPublic%2FInventory%2FDetails%2F514966e9-d0de-4fee-83e4-77fc342a8e68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817024229/http://www.experienceperth.com/destinations/perth/kings-park">"Kings Park"</a>. Experience Perth. Perth Region Tourism Organisation Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.experienceperth.com/destinations/perth/kings-park">the original</a> on 17 August 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Experience+Perth&rft.atitle=Kings+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.experienceperth.com%2Fdestinations%2Fperth%2Fkings-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/kings-park">"Kings Park and Botanic Garden"</a>. Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority. Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Botanic+Gardens+and+Parks+Authority&rft.atitle=Kings+Park+and+Botanic+Garden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgpa.wa.gov.au%2Fkings-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004318/http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/kings-park/walks/dna-tower-climb">"DNA Tower Climb"</a>. Government of Western Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/kings-park/walks/dna-tower-climb">the original</a> on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNA+Tower+Climb&rft.pub=Government+of+Western+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgpa.wa.gov.au%2Fkings-park%2Fwalks%2Fdna-tower-climb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503043559/http://www.vincent.wa.gov.au/Welcome_to_Vincent/About_Vincent/History">"History"</a>. City of Vincent. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vincent.wa.gov.au/Welcome_to_Vincent/About_Vincent/History">the original</a> on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=City+of+Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vincent.wa.gov.au%2FWelcome_to_Vincent%2FAbout_Vincent%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111161652/http://www.perthzoo.wa.gov.au/conservation/native-species-breeding-programs/">"Native Species Breeding Program, Perth Zoo"</a>. perthzoo.wa.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perthzoo.wa.gov.au/conservation/native-species-breeding-programs/">the original</a> on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+Species+Breeding+Program%2C+Perth+Zoo&rft.pub=perthzoo.wa.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perthzoo.wa.gov.au%2Fconservation%2Fnative-species-breeding-programs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/663AF77641585AC8CA2577FF0011ECEC/$File/41740_2009-10.pdf">"Spectator Attendance at Sporting Events"</a> (PDF). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Commonwealth of Australia. 21 December 2010. p. 11. Retrieved 5 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Spectator+Attendance+at+Sporting+Events&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2010-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausstats.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fsubscriber.nsf%2F0%2F663AF77641585AC8CA2577FF0011ECEC%2F%24File%2F41740_2009-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/4174.0~2009-10~Main+Features~Most+popular+sports+attended?OpenDocument">"Main Features — Most popular sports attended"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 21 December 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Main+Features+%E2%80%94+Most+popular+sports+attended&rft.date=2010-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FProducts%2F4174.0~2009-10~Main%2BFeatures~Most%2Bpopular%2Bsports%2Battended%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FINAWorldChampionships-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FINAWorldChampionships_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh1997" class="citation news cs1">Marsh, David (28 May 1997). "'New Era' For Swimming". <a href="/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a>. West Australian Newspapers Ltd. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+West+Australian&rft.atitle=%27New+Era%27+For+Swimming&rft.pages=139&rft.date=1997-05-28&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-redbullairrace-194"><a href="#cite_ref-redbullairrace_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601191757/http://www.news.com.au/national-news/western-australia/perth-dumps-red-bull-air-race-over-costs/story-fndo4e3y-1226534557174">"Perth won't' bid for Red Bull Air Race over costs"</a>. news.com.au. 11 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/national-news/western-australia/perth-dumps-red-bull-air-race-over-costs/story-fndo4e3y-1226534557174">the original</a> on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.com.au&rft.atitle=Perth+won%27t%27+bid+for+Red+Bull+Air+Race+over+costs&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fnational-news%2Fwestern-australia%2Fperth-dumps-red-bull-air-race-over-costs%2Fstory-fndo4e3y-1226534557174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Health_Performance_Authority" class="citation web cs1">National Health Performance Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926043401/http://www.myhospitals.gov.au/browse/wa/perth">"Hospitals in Perth"</a>. My Hospitals. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myhospitals.gov.au/browse/wa/perth">the original</a> on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Hospitals&rft.atitle=Hospitals+in+Perth&rft.au=National+Health+Performance+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myhospitals.gov.au%2Fbrowse%2Fwa%2Fperth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transperth.wa.gov.au/Portals/0/Asset/Documents/Tickets%20&%20Fares/Transperth_zone_map.pdf">"Transperth Zone Map"</a> (PDF). Transperth. Retrieved 11 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transperth&rft.atitle=Transperth+Zone+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transperth.wa.gov.au%2FPortals%2F0%2FAsset%2FDocuments%2FTickets%2520%26%2520Fares%2FTransperth_zone_map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070514232254/http://www.fremantleports.com.au/Shipping/Business/PortInformation.asp">"Port Information"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Ports" class="mw-redirect" title="Fremantle Ports">Fremantle Ports</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fremantleports.com.au/Shipping/Business/PortInformation.asp">the original</a> on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+Information&rft.pub=Fremantle+Ports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fremantleports.com.au%2FShipping%2FBusiness%2FPortInformation.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317032847/http://fremantleports.com.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/Fremantle%20Ports%20Profile%20folder.pdf">"Fremantle Ports Profile"</a> (PDF). Fremantle Ports Western Australia. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fremantleports.com.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/Fremantle%20Ports%20Profile%20folder.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fremantle+Ports+Western+Australia&rft.atitle=Fremantle+Ports+Profile&rft.pages=2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fremantleports.com.au%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2FFremantle%2520Ports%2520Profile%2520folder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724173138/http://verveenergy.com.au/verve-energy/our-company/about-us">"About Us"</a>. Verve Energy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verveenergy.com.au/verve-energy/our-company/about-us">the original</a> on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Verve+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verveenergy.com.au%2Fverve-energy%2Four-company%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728102335/http://westernpower.com.au/aboutus/aboutus.html">"About us"</a>. Western Power. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernpower.com.au/aboutus/aboutus.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us&rft.pub=Western+Power&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernpower.com.au%2Faboutus%2Faboutus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synergy.net.au/who_we_are.xhtml">"Who we are"</a>. Synergy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510025842/https://www.synergy.net.au/who_we_are.xhtml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+we+are&rft.pub=Synergy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.synergy.net.au%2Fwho_we_are.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528053138/http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/kleenheat-gas-gives-west-australians-a-choice-of-gas-supplier/story-e6frg13u-1226604439348">"Kleenheat Gas gives West Australians a choice of gas supplier"</a>. Perth Now. 24 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/kleenheat-gas-gives-west-australians-a-choice-of-gas-supplier/story-e6frg13u-1226604439348">the original</a> on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perth+Now&rft.atitle=Kleenheat+Gas+gives+West+Australians+a+choice+of+gas+supplier&rft.date=2013-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perthnow.com.au%2Fnews%2Fwestern-australia%2Fkleenheat-gas-gives-west-australians-a-choice-of-gas-supplier%2Fstory-e6frg13u-1226604439348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watercorporation.com.au/about-us/the-way-we-work">"The way we work"</a>. Water Corporation. Retrieved 17 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+way+we+work&rft.pub=Water+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watercorporation.com.au%2Fabout-us%2Fthe-way-we-work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RunOutOfWater-204"><a href="#cite_ref-RunOutOfWater_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDortch2005" class="citation news cs1">Dortch, Eloise (7 May 2005). "Plan for a second desalination plant". <a href="/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a>. West Australian Newspapers Ltd. p. 1. <q>A document dated 12 January obtained by The West Australian under Freedom of Information laws shows that the Water Corporation fears Perth will begin running out of water by late 2008 without one of the two developments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+West+Australian&rft.atitle=Plan+for+a+second+desalination+plant&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2005-05-07&rft.aulast=Dortch&rft.aufirst=Eloise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726224555/http://www.watercorporation.com.au/m/media_detail.cfm?id=3301">"Premier opens Australia's first major desalination plant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Water_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water Corporation">Water Corporation</a>. 19 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watercorporation.com.au/m/media_detail.cfm?id=3301">the original</a> on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2007. <q>When fully operational it will produce on average 130 million litres per day and supply 17 per cent of Perth's needs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Premier+opens+Australia%27s+first+major+desalination+plant&rft.pub=Water+Corporation&rft.date=2006-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watercorporation.com.au%2Fm%2Fmedia_detail.cfm%3Fid%3D3301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-09-26/kwinana-desalination-plant-open-in-months/1271552">"Kwinana desalination plant open in months"</a>. ABC News Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 September 2006. Retrieved 14 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Kwinana+desalination+plant+open+in+months&rft.date=2006-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2006-09-26%2Fkwinana-desalination-plant-open-in-months%2F1271552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/09/2681052.htm">"Winter sprinkler ban made permanent"</a>. ABC News. 9 September 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winter+sprinkler+ban+made+permanent&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2009-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2009%2F09%2F09%2F2681052.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleyardManford1979" class="citation book cs2">Appleyard, Reginald T.; Manford, Toby (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beginningeuropea0000appl">The Beginning: European Discovery and Early Settlement of Swan River, Western Australia</a>, Nedlands, Western Australia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a> Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85564-146-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85564-146-0"><bdi>0-85564-146-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6423026">6423026</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginning%3A+European+Discovery+and+Early+Settlement+of+Swan+River%2C+Western+Australia&rft.place=Nedlands%2C+Western+Australia&rft.pub=University+of+Western+Australia+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6423026&rft.isbn=0-85564-146-0&rft.aulast=Appleyard&rft.aufirst=Reginald+T.&rft.au=Manford%2C+Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeginningeuropea0000appl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1960" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, F.K. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/australiaswester0000crow">Australia's Western Third</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan & Co">Macmillan & Co</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Western+Third&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=F.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faustraliaswester0000crow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2010" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, B.M. (2010). Australia's Most Notorious Convicts. Read How You Want Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925-33332-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925-33332-9"><bdi>978-1-925-33332-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Most+Notorious+Convicts&rft.pub=Read+How+You+Want+Limited&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-925-33332-9&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=B.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFforde2002" class="citation book cs1">Fforde, Cressida (2002). "Chapter 18: Yagan". In Fforde, Cressida; Hubert, Jane; Turnbull, Paul (eds.). The Dead and Their Possessions: Repatriation in Principle, Policy, and Practice. Routledge. pp. 229–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23385-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23385-2"><bdi>0-415-23385-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+18%3A+Yagan&rft.btitle=The+Dead+and+Their+Possessions%3A+Repatriation+in+Principle%2C+Policy%2C+and+Practice&rft.pages=229-241&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-23385-2&rft.aulast=Fforde&rft.aufirst=Cressida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremantle1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Fremantle,_4th_Baron_Cottesloe" title="John Fremantle, 4th Baron Cottesloe">Fremantle, John</a> (1928). Diary & Letters of Admiral Sir C. H. Fremantle, G.C.B. Relating the Founding of the Colony of Western Australia 1829. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hazell,_Watson_and_Viney" title="Hazell, Watson and Viney">Hazell, Watson and Viney</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-909-14419-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-909-14419-7"><bdi>978-0-909-14419-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+%26+Letters+of+Admiral+Sir+C.+H.+Fremantle%2C+G.C.B.+Relating+the+Founding+of+the+Colony+of+Western+Australia+1829&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hazell%2C+Watson+and+Viney&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=978-0-909-14419-7&rft.aulast=Fremantle&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith1951" class="citation journal cs1">Goldsmith, F.H. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-603706599/view?sectionId=nla.obj-609479253&partId=nla.obj-603737641#page/n35">"The Battle of Pinjara. An Early Incident in Western Australia"</a>. Journal and Proceedings. 37. Royal Australian Historical Society. Retrieved 15 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+and+Proceedings&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Pinjara.+An+Early+Incident+in+Western+Australia&rft.volume=37&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=F.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-603706599%2Fview%3FsectionId%3Dnla.obj-609479253%26partId%3Dnla.obj-603737641%23page%2Fn35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_House2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Perth" title="Government House, Perth">Government House</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221029043902/https://govhouse.wa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/201110-CCFTT.pdf">"Establishment of The Carrolup Centre for Truth-telling"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://govhouse.wa.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/201110-CCFTT.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Establishment+of+The+Carrolup+Centre+for+Truth-telling&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Government+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovhouse.wa.gov.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F11%2F201110-CCFTT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeritage_Council_of_Western_Australia1998" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Council_of_Western_Australia" title="Heritage Council of Western Australia">Heritage Council of Western Australia</a> (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820011810/http://trails.heritage.wa.gov.au/ht_pdf/YaberooBudjara.pdf">"Heritage Trail"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trails.heritage.wa.gov.au/ht_pdf/YaberooBudjara.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage+Trail&rft.date=1998-06&rft.au=Heritage+Council+of+Western+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrails.heritage.wa.gov.au%2Fht_pdf%2FYaberooBudjara.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimberly1897" class="citation book cs1">Kimberly, W. B. (1897). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_West_Australia">History of West Australia </a>. <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>: F. W. Niven & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+West+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=F.+W.+Niven+%26+Co.&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Kimberly&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatham1981" class="citation book cs1">Statham, Pamela (1981). "Swan River Colony". In <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Stannage" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomas Stannage">Stannage, C.T.</a> (ed.). A New History of Western Australia. <a href="/wiki/Nedlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedlands">Nedlands</a>: University of Western Australia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85564-181-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85564-181-9"><bdi>0-85564-181-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swan+River+Colony&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Western+Australia&rft.place=Nedlands&rft.pub=University+of+Western+Australia+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-85564-181-9&rft.aulast=Statham&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUren1948" class="citation book cs1">Uren, Malcolm J. L. (1948). Land Looking West. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5591431">5591431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Looking+West&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5591431&rft.aulast=Uren&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2016" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Malcom (2016). Australia's Secular Foundations. Australian Scholarly Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925-33332-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925-33332-9"><bdi>978-1-925-33332-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Secular+Foundations&rft.pub=Australian+Scholarly+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-925-33332-9&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Malcom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerth" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perth&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Perth at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" class="extiw" title="c:Perth, Western Australia">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Perth,_Western_Australia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Perth, Western Australia">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Perth" class="extiw" title="voy:Perth">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perth.wa.gov.au/">City of Perth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nfsa.gov.au/blog/2012/05/15/west-australian-time-capsule/">Watch historical footage of Perth and Western Australia</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive" title="National Film and Sound Archive">National Film and Sound Archive</a> of Australia's collection.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.slwa.wa.gov.au/search~S6/?searchtype=t&searcharg=Perth&searchscope=5&sortdropdown=c&SORT=DZ">Historical photos of Perth</a> from the <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Western_Australia" title="State Library of Western Australia">State Library of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301162029/http://www.australia.com/en-us/places/perth.html">Tourism Australia Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dplh.wa.gov.au/departmentofplanninglandsheritage/media/mapping/mrs/20210831_mrs_a4_map.pdf">Metropolitan Region Scheme</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924065331/https://www.dplh.wa.gov.au/departmentofplanninglandsheritage/media/mapping/mrs/20210831_mrs_a4_map.pdf">Archived</a> 24 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Planning,_Lands_and_Heritage_(Western_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage (Western Australia)">Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drd.wa.gov.au/Publications/Documents/Metropolitan_Perth_LGA_boundaries.pdf">Metropolitan Perth LGA boundaries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229132817/http://www.drd.wa.gov.au/Publications/Documents/Metropolitan_Perth_LGA_boundaries.pdf">Archived</a> 29 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – The Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_cities_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capital_cities_of_Australia" title="Template:Capital cities of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capital_cities_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Capital cities of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capital_cities_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capital cities of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_cities_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capital cities of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a> <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">NT</a> <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">QLD</a> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">SA</a> <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">TAS</a> <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">VIC</a> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">WA</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perth</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">List of cities in Australia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_Western_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Western_Australia" title="Template:Cities of Western Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Western_Australia" title="Template talk:Cities of Western Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Western_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Western Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_Western_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cities of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capital city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolitan cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Armadale" title="City of Armadale">Armadale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bayswater" title="City of Bayswater">Bayswater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Belmont" title="City of Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canning" title="City of Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cockburn" title="City of Cockburn">Cockburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Fremantle" title="City of Fremantle">Fremantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Gosnells" title="City of Gosnells">Gosnells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Joondalup" title="City of Joondalup">Joondalup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Kwinana" title="City of Kwinana">Kwinana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Melville" title="City of Melville">Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Nedlands" title="City of Nedlands">Nedlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Perth" title="City of Perth">Perth City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Rockingham" title="City of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_South_Perth" title="City of South Perth">South Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Stirling" title="City of Stirling">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Subiaco" title="City of Subiaco">Subiaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Swan" title="City of Swan">Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Vincent" title="City of Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wanneroo" title="City of Wanneroo">Wanneroo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunbury,_Western_Australia" title="Bunbury, Western Australia">Bunbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busselton" title="Busselton">Busselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldton" title="Geraldton">Geraldton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie–Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandurah" title="Mandurah">Mandurah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia" title="Broome, Western Australia">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperance,_Western_Australia" title="Esperance, Western Australia">Esperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karratha,_Western_Australia" title="Karratha, Western Australia">Karratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Hedland,_Western_Australia" title="Port Hedland, Western Australia">Port Hedland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> host cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1930_British_Empire_Games" title="1930 British Empire Games">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_British_Empire_Games" title="1934 British Empire Games">1934</a>: <a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_British_Empire_Games" title="1938 British Empire Games">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_British_Empire_Games" title="1950 British Empire Games">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="496" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1970 British Commonwealth Games">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1974 British Commonwealth Games">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Commonwealth_Games" title="1978 Commonwealth Games">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Commonwealth_Games" title="1982 Commonwealth Games">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Commonwealth_Games" title="1986 Commonwealth Games">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Commonwealth_Games" title="1990 Commonwealth Games">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Commonwealth_Games" title="1994 Commonwealth Games">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Commonwealth_Games" title="1998 Commonwealth Games">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games" title="2010 Commonwealth Games">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Commonwealth_Games" title="2014 Commonwealth Games">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Commonwealth_Games" title="2018 Commonwealth Games">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games" title="2022 Commonwealth Games">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_Commonwealth_Games" title="2026 Commonwealth Games">2026</a>: <a href="/wiki/TBA" class="mw-redirect" title="TBA">TBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2030_Commonwealth_Games" title="2030 Commonwealth Games">2030</a>: <a href="/wiki/TBA" class="mw-redirect" title="TBA">TBA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Perth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Perth_landmarks" title="Template:Perth landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Perth_landmarks" title="Template talk:Perth landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Perth_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Perth landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Perth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Perth_landmarks" title="List of Perth landmarks">Landmarks of Perth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Town_Hall" title="Perth Town Hall">Perth Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Perth" title="Parliament House, Perth">Parliament House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_Arch" title="Barracks Arch">Barracks Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Western_Australia" title="Supreme Court of Western Australia">Supreme Court of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_House_(Western_Australia)" title="Round House (Western Australia)">Round House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precincts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Cultural_Centre" title="Perth Cultural Centre">Perth Cultural Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Square,_Perth" title="Cathedral Square, Perth">Cathedral Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Perth" title="Chinatown, Perth">Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leederville,_Western_Australia" title="Leederville, Western Australia">Leederville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maylands,_Western_Australia" title="Maylands, Western Australia">Maylands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lawley,_Western_Australia" title="Mount Lawley, Western Australia">Mount Lawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northbridge,_Western_Australia" title="Northbridge, Western Australia">Northbridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and open spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia" title="Kings Park, Western Australia">Kings Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Quay" title="Elizabeth Quay">Elizabeth Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagan_Square" title="Yagan Square">Yagan Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Gardens" title="Supreme Court Gardens">Supreme Court Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_Gardens" title="Stirling Gardens">Stirling Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_Gardens,_Perth" title="Queens Gardens, Perth">Queens Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Square,_Perth" title="Russell Square, Perth">Russell Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Perth" title="Hyde Park, Perth">Hyde Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gija_Jumulu" title="Gija Jumulu">Gija Jumulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Western_Australia" title="Art Gallery of Western Australia">Art Gallery of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Museum" title="Western Australian Museum">Western Australian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Theatre_Centre_of_Western_Australia" title="State Theatre Centre of Western Australia">State Theatre Centre of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Western_Australia" title="State Library of Western Australia">State Library of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre,_Perth" title="His Majesty's Theatre, Perth">His Majesty's Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts" title="Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts">Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Perth_Library" title="City of Perth Library">City of Perth Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scitech" title="Scitech">Scitech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Joondalup" title="Arena Joondalup">Arena Joondalup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse_(Western_Australia)" title="Ascot Racecourse (Western Australia)">Ascot Racecourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont_Park_Racecourse" title="Belmont Park Racecourse">Belmont Park Racecourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannington_Greyhounds" title="Cannington Greyhounds">Cannington Greyhounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockburn_Ice_Arena" title="Cockburn Ice Arena">Cockburn Ice Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Park,_Perth" title="Gloucester Park, Perth">Gloucester Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Karrinyup_Country_Club" title="Lake Karrinyup Country Club">Lake Karrinyup Country Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Hockey_Stadium" title="Perth Hockey Stadium">Perth Hockey Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Ice_Arena" title="Perth Ice Arena">Perth Ice Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Motorplex" title="Perth Motorplex">Perth Motorplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Rectangular_Stadium" title="Perth Rectangular Stadium">Perth Rectangular Stadium (HBF Park)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_SpeedDome" title="Perth SpeedDome">Perth SpeedDome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Stadium" title="Perth Stadium">Perth Stadium (Optus Stadium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Superdrome" title="Perth Superdrome">Perth Superdrome (HBF Stadium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subiaco_Oval" title="Subiaco Oval">Subiaco Oval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WACA_Ground" title="WACA Ground">WACA Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanneroo_Raceway" title="Wanneroo Raceway">Wanneroo Raceway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Athletics_Stadium" title="Western Australian Athletics Stadium">Western Australian Athletics Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Basketball_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australian Basketball Centre">Western Australian Basketball Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Perth_Yacht_Club" title="Royal Perth Yacht Club">Royal Perth Yacht Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Perth,_Western_Australia" title="Transport in Perth, Western Australia">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Perth_railway_station" title="East Perth railway station">East Perth Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Quay_bus_station" title="Elizabeth Quay bus station">Elizabeth Quay bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Quay_railway_station" title="Elizabeth Quay railway station">Elizabeth Quay railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Busport" title="Perth Busport">Perth Busport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_railway_station" title="Perth railway station">Perth railway station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Perth" title="Crown Perth">Crown Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Arena" title="Perth Arena">Perth Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Concert_Hall_(Western_Australia)" title="Perth Concert Hall (Western Australia)">Perth Concert Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beaches and islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cottesloe_Beach" title="Cottesloe Beach">Cottesloe Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottnest_Island" title="Rottnest Island">Rottnest Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Australia" title="Template:Western Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Australia" title="Template talk:Western Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Australia" title="Economy of Western Australia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Western_Australia" title="Flag of Western Australia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Australia" title="Geography of Western Australia">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Western Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Australia" title="History of Western Australia">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia" title="Local government areas of Western Australia">Local government (LGAs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Western_Australia" title="Parliament of Western Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Western_Australia" title="Category:People from Western Australia">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australia Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Western_Australia" title="Politics of Western Australia">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Western_Australia" title="Rail transport in Western Australia">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Western_Australia" title="Regions of Western Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Western_Australia" title="Sport in Western Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Western_Australia" title="Symbols of Western Australia">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western Australia"><img alt="Western Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/80px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/160px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Western_Australia" title="Regions of Western Australia">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gascoyne" title="Gascoyne">Gascoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfields%E2%80%93Esperance" title="Goldfields–Esperance">Goldfields–Esperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_(Western_Australia)" title="Great Southern (Western Australia)">Great Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_West_(Western_Australia)" title="Mid West (Western Australia)">Mid West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_(Western_Australia)" title="Peel (Western Australia)">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilbara" title="Pilbara">Pilbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_(Western_Australia)" title="South West (Western Australia)">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatbelt_(Western_Australia)" title="Wheatbelt (Western Australia)">Wheatbelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia#Western_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a> and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia" title="Broome, Western Australia">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunbury,_Western_Australia" title="Bunbury, Western Australia">Bunbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busselton" title="Busselton">Busselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby,_Western_Australia" title="Derby, Western Australia">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperance,_Western_Australia" title="Esperance, Western Australia">Esperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldton" title="Geraldton">Geraldton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie</a>–<a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Western_Australia" title="Boulder, Western Australia">Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karratha,_Western_Australia" title="Karratha, Western Australia">Karratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kununurra,_Western_Australia" title="Kununurra, Western Australia">Kununurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandurah" title="Mandurah">Mandurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newman,_Western_Australia" title="Newman, Western Australia">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northam,_Western_Australia" title="Northam, Western Australia">Northam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Hedland,_Western_Australia" title="Port Hedland, Western Australia">Port Hedland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Western_Australia" title="Portal:Western Australia">Western Australia portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Western_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Australian_regions" title="Template:Western Australian regions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Australian_regions" title="Template talk:Western Australian regions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Australian_regions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Australian regions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_Western_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Western_Australia" title="Regions of Western Australia">Regions of Western Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gascoyne" title="Gascoyne">Gascoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfields%E2%80%93Esperance" title="Goldfields–Esperance">Goldfields–Esperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_(Western_Australia)" title="Great Southern (Western Australia)">Great Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_West_(Western_Australia)" title="Mid West (Western Australia)">Mid West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_(Western_Australia)" title="Peel (Western Australia)">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilbara" title="Pilbara">Pilbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_(Western_Australia)" title="South West (Western Australia)">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatbelt_(Western_Australia)" title="Wheatbelt (Western Australia)">Wheatbelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Perth" title="Greater Perth">Greater Perth</a> · <a href="/wiki/Perth_metropolitan_region" title="Perth metropolitan region">Perth metropolitan region</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3183#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131332519">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204377/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqbdTVrJT3PxvVyWQxFKd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4232458-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79011231">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131921022">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131921022">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge341220&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452869">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000567482&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552643905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/21e8495a-32fa-4a97-8a92-57184e36235a">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/058632751">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044235">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perth&oldid=1260342552">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perth&oldid=1260342552</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Perth,_Western_Australia" title="Category:Perth, Western Australia">Perth, Western Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1829" title="Category:Populated places established in 1829">Populated places established in 1829</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1829_establishments_in_Australia" title="Category:1829 establishments in Australia">1829 establishments in Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metropolitan_areas_of_Australia" title="Category:Metropolitan areas of Australia">Metropolitan areas of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_capital_cities" title="Category:Australian capital cities">Australian capital cities</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2021">Articles with dead external links from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Statistical_Geography_Standard_2011_ID_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Australian Statistical Geography Standard 2011 ID different from Wikidata">Australian Statistical Geography Standard 2011 ID different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from January 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_November_2015" title="Category:Use Australian English from November 2015">Use Australian English from November 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Nyungar-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Nyungar-language text">Articles containing Nyungar-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2023" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2021" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">All self-contradictory articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-contradictory_articles_from_June_2024" title="Category:Self-contradictory articles from June 2024">Self-contradictory articles from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_contradicting_other_articles" title="Category:Articles contradicting other articles">Articles contradicting other articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2008" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 November 2024, at 06:15 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perth&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-8n4qm","wgBackendResponseTime":189,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.291","walltime":"2.872","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21292,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":540176,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24195,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":43,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":746415,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":3,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2353.298 1 -total"," 40.46% 952.189 3 Template:Reflist"," 24.50% 576.624 149 Template:Cite_web"," 13.11% 308.542 1 Template:Infobox_Australian_place"," 6.53% 153.712 2 Template:Navbox_with_columns"," 5.25% 123.434 12 Template:Sfn"," 4.41% 103.859 1 Template:Nativename"," 3.87% 91.089 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.62% 85.128 1 Template:Capital_cities_of_Australia"," 3.11% 73.301 1 Template:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.347","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25199617,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlbert2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllan-Petale2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppelo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppleyardManford1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustralian_Broadcasting_Corporation2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarlow2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarey2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmody2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartwright2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoatesJamesDevenish2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopyright_Global_Sea_Temperatures_—_A-Connect_Ltd\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCourtneyMiddelmann2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Culture_and_the_Arts\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Education\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDortch2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFforde2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForster2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFremantle1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodfrey1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsmith1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_House2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarben2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeritage_Council_of_Western_Australia1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowell2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKei2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimberly1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinacreGeerts,_Bart1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacgregor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajor1859\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRae2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetropolitan_Local_Government_Review_Panel2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoskovitch2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Health_Performance_Authority\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;ConnellMcPheeHiatt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay_Purvis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandra_Bowdler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaefer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchool_Curriculum_and_Standards_Authority\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatham1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistics\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephensonHepburn1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStirling1829\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTapperTapper1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTourism_Western_Australia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUren1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeld2006\"] = 1,\n [\"cbd\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Capital cities of Australia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Census 2011 AUS\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite check\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite map\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 148,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Cities of Western Australia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonwealth Games Host Cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Contradictory inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 35,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 2,\n [\"How\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Australian place\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nativename\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Perth landmarks\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Rut\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 12,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project auto\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Australian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"WAcity\"] = 2,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Western Australia\"] = 1,\n [\"Western Australian regions\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikidata\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 Clare Menck\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","27.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","17.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","9.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getDescription","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","40","2.6"],["[others]","300","19.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-864bbfd546-wv2f8","timestamp":"20241130061521","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Perth","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perth","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3183","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3183","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-12T13:33:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-30T06:15:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3e\/Perth_CBD_skyline_from_State_War_Memorial_Lookout%2C_2023%2C_04_b.jpg","headline":"capital city of Western Australia, Australia"}</script> </body> </html>