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id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_Arianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_Arianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Opposition to Arianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Arianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriarch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriarch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Patriarch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriarch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>First exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Second exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Third exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Fourth exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Fifth exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.6</span> <span>Final years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polemical_and_theological_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polemical_and_theological_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Polemical and theological works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polemical_and_theological_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographical_and_ascetic_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical_and_ascetic_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Biographical and ascetic works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical_and_ascetic_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misattributed_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misattributed_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Misattributed works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misattributed_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eschatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eschatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Eschatology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eschatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Veneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_significance_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_significance_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historical significance and controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_significance_and_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical significance and controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_significance_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Testament_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>New Testament canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supporters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Supporters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Critics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Athanasius of Alexandria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_die_Grote" title="Athanasius die Grote – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Athanasius die Grote" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_(%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="أثناسيوس الأول (بابا الإسكندرية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أثناسيوس الأول (بابا الإسكندرية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Աթանաս Ալեքսանդրացի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Աթանաս Ալեքսանդրացի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasiu_d%27Alexandr%C3%ADa" title="Atanasiu d'Alexandría – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Atanasiu d'Alexandría" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sk%C9%99nd%C9%99riyy%C9%99li_Afanasi" title="İskəndəriyyəli Afanasi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İskəndəriyyəli Afanasi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="আলেকজান্দ্রিয়ার অ্যাথানাসিয়াস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলেকজান্দ্রিয়ার অ্যাথানাসিয়াস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Афанасій Вялікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Афанасій Вялікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Атанасий Велики – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атанасий Велики" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_vo_Alexandria" title="Athanasius vo Alexandria – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Athanasius vo Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Atanasi_d%27Alexandria" title="Sant Atanasi d'Alexandria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sant Atanasi d'Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atan%C3%A1%C5%A1" title="Atanáš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atanáš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_af_Alexandria" title="Athanasius af Alexandria – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Athanasius af Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_der_Gro%C3%9Fe" title="Athanasius der Große – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Athanasius der Große" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasios" title="Athanasios – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Athanasios" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αθανάσιος Αλεξανδρείας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αθανάσιος Αλεξανδρείας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasio_de_Alejandr%C3%ADa" title="Atanasio de Alejandría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atanasio de Alejandría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanazio" title="Atanazio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atanazio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasio_Alexandriakoa" title="Atanasio Alexandriakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atanasio Alexandriakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="آتاناسیوس اسکندریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتاناسیوس اسکندریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanase_d%27Alexandrie" title="Athanase d'Alexandrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Athanase d'Alexandrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atan%C3%A1is_Chathair_Alastair" title="Atanáis Chathair Alastair – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Atanáis Chathair Alastair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasio_de_Alexandr%C3%ADa" title="Atanasio de Alexandría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Atanasio de Alexandría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%95%84%ED%83%80%EB%82%98%EC%8B%9C%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="알렉산드리아의 아타나시우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산드리아의 아타나시우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Աթանաս Ալեքսանդրացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աթանաս Ալեքսանդրացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanazije_Aleksandrijski" title="Atanazije Aleksandrijski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atanazije Aleksandrijski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius" title="Athanasius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Athanasius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasio_di_Alessandria" title="Atanasio di Alessandria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atanasio di Alessandria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אתנסיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אתנסיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94_I_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98)" title="ათანასე I (ალექსანდრიის პატრიარქი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ათანასე I (ალექსანდრიის პატრიარქი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasi_wa_Aleksandria" title="Atanasi wa Aleksandria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Atanasi wa Aleksandria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_Alexandrinus" title="Athanasius Alexandrinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Athanasius Alexandrinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrijas_Atanasijs" title="Aleksandrijas Atanasijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrijas Atanasijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v._Atanazas_Aleksandrietis" title="Šv. Atanazas Aleksandrietis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šv. Atanazas Aleksandrietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandriai_Szent_Atan%C3%A1z" title="Alexandriai Szent Atanáz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alexandriai Szent Atanáz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Атанасиј Александриски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атанасиј Александриски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasi%C3%B4sy_avy_any_Aleksandria" title="Atanasiôsy avy any Aleksandria – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Atanasiôsy avy any Aleksandria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അത്തനാസിയൂസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അത്തനാസിയൂസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اثناسيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اثناسيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_dari_Iskandariah" title="Athanasius dari Iskandariah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Athanasius dari Iskandariah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_van_Alexandri%C3%AB" title="Athanasius van Alexandrië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Athanasius van Alexandrië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9" title="アレクサンドリアのアタナシオス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドリアのアタナシオス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_av_Alexandria" title="Athanasius av Alexandria – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Athanasius av Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_av_Alexandria" title="Athanasius av Alexandria – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Athanasius av Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="د اسکندريې اتاناسيوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اسکندريې اتاناسيوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanazy_Wielki" title="Atanazy Wielki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atanazy Wielki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atan%C3%A1sio_de_Alexandria" title="Atanásio de Alexandria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atanásio de Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasie_din_Alexandria" title="Atanasie din Alexandria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atanasie din Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Афанасий Великий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Афанасий Великий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasi_i_Aleksandris%C3%AB" title="Athanasi i Aleksandrisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Athanasi i Aleksandrisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius" title="Athanasius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Athanasius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atan%C3%A1z_Alexandrijsk%C3%BD" title="Atanáz Alexandrijský – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atanáz Alexandrijský" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanazij_Veliki" title="Atanazij Veliki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atanazij Veliki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Атанасије Александријски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атанасије Александријски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanazije_Aleksandrijski" title="Atanazije Aleksandrijski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atanazije Aleksandrijski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasios_Suuri" title="Athanasios Suuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Athanasios Suuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasios" title="Athanasios – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Athanasios" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasio" title="Atanasio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Atanasio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="அலெக்சாந்திரியா நகர அத்தனாசியார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலெக்சாந்திரியா நகர அத்தனாசியார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อะทาเนเชียสแห่งอะเล็กซานเดรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะทาเนเชียสแห่งอะเล็กซานเดรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Athanasios_(%C4%B0skenderiye_piskoposu)" title="I. Athanasios (İskenderiye piskoposu) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Athanasios (İskenderiye piskoposu)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Афанасій Великий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Афанасій Великий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasi%C3%B4_th%C3%A0nh_Alexandria" title="Athanasiô thành Alexandria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Athanasiô thành Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Atanaze_d%E2%80%99_Alegzandreye" title="Sint Atanaze d’ Alegzandreye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sint Atanaze d’ Alegzandreye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_van_Alexandri%C3%AB" title="Athanasius van Alexandrië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Athanasius van Alexandrië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%BB%96%E9%82%A3%E4%BF%AE" title="亚他那修 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚他那修" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E7%B4%8D%E5%89%8A" title="聖亞大納削 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖亞大納削" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%BB%96%E9%82%A3%E4%BF%AE" title="亚他那修 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚他那修" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44024#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pope of Alexandria from 328 to 373</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Athanasius" redirects here. For other people named Athanasius or Athanasios, see <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_(given_name)" title="Athanasius (given name)">Athanasius (given name)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Athanasius of Alexandria</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Pope_and_Patriarch_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria">Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ikone_Athanasius_von_Alexandria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ikone_Athanasius_von_Alexandria.jpg/220px-Ikone_Athanasius_von_Alexandria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ikone_Athanasius_von_Alexandria.jpg/330px-Ikone_Athanasius_von_Alexandria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ikone_Athanasius_von_Alexandria.jpg/440px-Ikone_Athanasius_von_Alexandria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="1025" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Icon of St Athanasius</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">Early Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">See</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter II of Alexandria">Peter II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 296–298</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 May 373 (aged 75–77)<br />Alexandria, Roman Egypt<hr /><b>Philosophy career</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Pope of Alexandria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>First Letters to <a href="/wiki/Serapion_of_Nitria" class="mw-redirect" title="Serapion of Nitria">Serapion</a></i></li> <li><i>Life of Antony</i></li> <li><i>On the Incarnation</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Patristic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic Age">Patristic Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Nicene Christianity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divinity_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Divinity of Jesus">divinity of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feast day</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashons_7_(Coptic_Orthodox_liturgics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashons 7 (Coptic Orthodox liturgics)">7 Pashons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Christianity</a>)</li> <li>2 May (<a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>)</li> <li>18 January (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Byzantine_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Christianity</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data">Bishop arguing with a <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a>; bishop holding an open book; bishop standing over a defeated <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shrines</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Zaccaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of San Zaccaria">Church of San Zaccaria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Italy, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark%27s_Coptic_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral">Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Eastern Orthodoxy">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/140px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/210px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/280px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2900" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of theology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Church history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Sacrament">Holy Mysteries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">View of salvation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">View of Mary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#Eastern_Orthodox_teaching" title="Icon">View of icons</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension<br />of Jesus</a></div></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clergy#Orthodoxy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Eastern Orthodox Church)">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Orthodox Church)">Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Eastern_Catholicism" title="Deacon">Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism#Byzantine_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism" title="Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism">Degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_brotherhood" title="Orthodox brotherhood">Bratstvo</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Archdiocese_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid">North Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches <i>de jure</i>: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine (OCU)</a></li></ul> <p>Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (UOC)</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (MP)</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Semi-Autonomous: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">ROCOR (MP)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Episcopal assemblies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium,_Holland,_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Noncanonical jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="True Orthodoxy">True Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Orthodox_Catholic_Church" title="American Orthodox Catholic Church">American Orthodox Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_World_Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="American World Patriarchs">American World Patriarchs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Churches_that_are_unrecognized" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">National</a> churches:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church" title="Abkhazian Orthodox Church">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Italy" title="Orthodox Church in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Orthodox_Churches_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Orthodox Churches in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Orthodox Church">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">UOC–KP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First Seven Ecumenical Councils</a>:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Seventh</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other possible ecumenical councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Ninth</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other important councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jassy" title="Synod of Jassy">Jassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moscow_Synod" title="Great Moscow Synod">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(1872)" title="Council of Constantinople (1872)">Constantinople (1872)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of Eastern Orthodox theology</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology_in_the_20th_century" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology in the 20th century">20th century (Neo-Palamism)</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplative prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence vs. Energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepsis" title="Nepsis">Nepsis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Oikonomia</a></i> vs <i><a href="/wiki/Akribeia" title="Akribeia">Akribeia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_view_of_sin" title="Eastern Orthodox view of sin">Sin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Differences from the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_regarding_the_Filioque" title="Eastern Orthodox teaching regarding the Filioque">Opposition to the Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Opposition to papal supremacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy and worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Divine Services</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist" title="Akathist">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolytikion" title="Apolytikion">Apolytikion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artos" title="Artos">Artos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectenia" title="Ectenia">Ectenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">Holy Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrance_(liturgical)" title="Entrance (liturgical)">Liturgical entrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_fan_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical fan in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Liturgical fans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lity_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lity in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Lity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_service_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Memorial service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Eternal" title="Memory Eternal">Memory Eternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowing_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Bowing in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox bowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraklesis" title="Paraklesis">Paraklesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">Paschal greeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Homily" title="Paschal Homily">Paschal Homily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_troparion" title="Paschal troparion">Paschal troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rope" title="Prayer rope">Prayer rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphora" title="Prosphora">Prosphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron">Semantron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticheron" title="Sticheron">Sticheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparion" title="Troparion">Troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment#Byzantine_Rite" title="Vestment">Vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurible#Byzantine_Rite" title="Thurible">Use of incense</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Liturgical calendar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_cycle" title="Paschal cycle">Paschal cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_feasts_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church">12 Great Feasts</a></li> <li>Other feasts:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Orthodoxy" title="Feast of Orthodoxy">Feast of Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_the_Theotokos" title="Intercession of the Theotokos">Intercession of the Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>The four fasting periods:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> Fast</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassia" title="Kassia">Kassiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Orthodoxy" title="Folk Orthodoxy">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical_of_the_Eastern_Patriarchs" title="Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs">Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_cross" title="Russian Orthodox cross">Eastern Orthodox cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Saint titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Statistics by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_philosophers" title="Category:Catholic philosophers">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/73px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/110px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/147px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="6000" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/68px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/102px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/136px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="762" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/82px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/124px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/165px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></span></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Oriental Orthodoxy"> a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy"><span style="color:7a2cfe;font-size:14pt">Oriental Orthodoxy</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristCopticArt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png/100px-ChristCopticArt.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png 1.5x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#7a2cfe; color:#FFFFFF;"> Oriental Orthodox churches</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Independent churches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Orthodox_Church" title="British Orthodox Church">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Autonomous churches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a>: <a href="/wiki/French_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="French Coptic Orthodox Church">French Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History and theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">History of Oriental Orthodoxy</a>:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Coptic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Timeline of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Ecumenical Councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Ephesus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Third Council of Ephesus">Ephesus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Dvin" title="First Council of Dvin">Dvin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Dvin" title="Second Council of Dvin">Dvin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Dvin" title="Third Council of Dvin">Dvin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Dvin" title="Fourth Council of Dvin">Dvin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Manzikert" title="Council of Manzikert">Manzikert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Capharthutha" title="Council of Capharthutha">Capharthutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Shirakavan" title="Council of Shirakavan">Shirakavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Hromkla" title="Council of Hromkla">Hromkla</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Theology:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Theology">Oriental Orthodox Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liturgy and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li>Anaphora & Rites:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_of_Saint_Gregory" title="Anaphora of Saint Gregory">Anaphora of Saint Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Liturgy of Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" title="Liturgy of Saint Basil">Liturgy of Saint Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Cyril" title="Liturgy of Saint Cyril">Liturgy of Saint Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurobo" title="Holy Qurobo">Holy Qurobo</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Calendars:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Armenian_Apostolic_Church)" title="Calendar of saints (Armenian Apostolic Church)">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Bible:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Bible">Coptic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Bible">Armenian Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Tewahedo Bible">Orthodox Tewahedo Bible</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Cross:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_cross" title="Coptic cross">Coptic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cross" title="Armenian Cross">Armenian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_cross" title="Saint Thomas Christian cross">St. Thomas Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cross" title="Ethiopian cross">Ethiopian cross</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addai_of_Edessa" title="Addai of Edessa">Mor Addai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V">Abgar V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Saints" title="Nine Saints">Nine Saints of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates III of Armenia">Tiridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Awgin" title="Mar Awgin">Mar Awgin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana of Axum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumentius" title="Frumentius">Frumentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenoute" title="Shenoute">Shenoute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_(Copt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham (Copt)">Abraham of Farshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yared" title="Yared">Yared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Tanner" title="Simon the Tanner">Simon the Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerses_IV_the_Gracious" title="Nerses IV the Gracious">Nerses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot" title="Tekle Haymanot">Tekle Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giyorgis_of_Segla" title="Giyorgis of Segla">Giyorgis of Segla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma I">Mar Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Mar_Gregorios_of_Parumala" class="mw-redirect" title="Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala">Geevarghese Gregorios</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuna" title="Abuna">Abuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_India" title="Catholicos of India">Catholicos of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch"> Patriarch of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maphrian" title="Maphrian">Maphrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_ecclesiastical_titles" title="Ethiopian ecclesiastical titles">Ethiopian titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Church-Ordinance" title="Apostolic Church-Ordinance">Apostolic Church-Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Coptic monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_saints" title="List of Coptic saints">Coptic saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debtera" title="Debtera">Debtera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonan_Cross_Oath" title="Coonan Cross Oath">Coonan Cross Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_chant" title="Ethiopian chant">Ethiopian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Nineveh" title="Fast of Nineveh">Fast 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oriental_Orthodox_sidebar" title="Template:Oriental Orthodox sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oriental_Orthodox_sidebar" title="Template talk:Oriental Orthodox sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oriental_Orthodox_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oriental Orthodox sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Athanasius I of Alexandria</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 296–298</span> – 2 May 373), also called <b>Athanasius the Great</b>, <b>Athanasius the Confessor</b>, or, among <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Coptic Christians</a>, <b>Athanasius the Apostolic</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theologian</a> and the 20th <a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="List of patriarchs of Alexandria">pope of Alexandria</a> (as <b>Athanasius I</b>). His intermittent episcopacy spanned 45 years (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8 June 328</span> – 2 May 373), of which over 17 encompassed five exiles, when he was replaced on the order of four different <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a>. Athanasius was a <a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Father</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the chief <a href="/wiki/Tomus_ad_Antiochenos" title="Tomus ad Antiochenos">proponent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a> against <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, and a noted <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egyptian</a> Christian leader of the fourth century. </p><p>Conflict with <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a> and Arianism, as well as with successive Roman emperors, shaped Athanasius' career. In 325, at age 27, Athanasius began his leading role against the Arians as a deacon and assistant to Bishop <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>. Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> had convened the council in May–August 325 to address the Arian position that the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a>, is of a distinct substance from the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Father</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years after that council, Athanasius succeeded his mentor as Patriarch of Alexandria. In addition to the conflict with the Arians (including powerful and influential Arian churchmen led by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius of Nicomedia</a>), he struggled against the Emperors Constantine, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian the Apostate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>. He was known as <i><b>Athanasius Contra Mundum</b></i> (Latin for 'Athanasius Against the World'). </p><p>Nonetheless, within a few years of his death, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a> called him the "Pillar of the Church". His writings were well regarded by subsequent Church fathers in the West and the East, who noted their devotion to the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Word-become-man</a>, pastoral concern and interest in <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>. Athanasius is considered one of the four great Eastern <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doctors_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doctors-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue that, in his <a href="/wiki/Easter_letter" title="Easter letter">Easter letter</a> of 367, Athanasius was the first person to list the 27 books of the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> that are in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argue that <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> of Alexandria was the first to list the twenty-seven books of the New Testament in his Homilies on Joshua (only there is a textual variant as to whether or not he included Revelation).<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher,_Edmon_L_2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher,_Edmon_L_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michael_J._Kruger_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_J._Kruger-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athanasius is venerated as a saint in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Catholic Church,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2896_-_Catania_-_Cattedrale_-_G._Nicoli_-_S._Atanasio,_nella_%27%27Floretta%27%27_(giardino)_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_4-July-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2896_-_Catania_-_Cattedrale_-_G._Nicoli_-_S._Atanasio%2C_nella_%27%27Floretta%27%27_%28giardino%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_4-July-2008.jpg/170px-2896_-_Catania_-_Cattedrale_-_G._Nicoli_-_S._Atanasio%2C_nella_%27%27Floretta%27%27_%28giardino%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_4-July-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2896_-_Catania_-_Cattedrale_-_G._Nicoli_-_S._Atanasio%2C_nella_%27%27Floretta%27%27_%28giardino%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_4-July-2008.jpg/255px-2896_-_Catania_-_Cattedrale_-_G._Nicoli_-_S._Atanasio%2C_nella_%27%27Floretta%27%27_%28giardino%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_4-July-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2896_-_Catania_-_Cattedrale_-_G._Nicoli_-_S._Atanasio%2C_nella_%27%27Floretta%27%27_%28giardino%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_4-July-2008.jpg/340px-2896_-_Catania_-_Cattedrale_-_G._Nicoli_-_S._Atanasio%2C_nella_%27%27Floretta%27%27_%28giardino%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_4-July-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Athanasius in <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Athanasius was born to a Christian family in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-oca_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oca-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or possibly the nearby <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Damanhur" title="Damanhur">Damanhur</a>, sometime between 293 and 298. The earlier date is sometimes assigned because of the maturity revealed in his two earliest treatises <i>Contra Gentes</i> (<i>Against the Heathens</i>) and <i>De Incarnatione</i> (<i>On the Incarnation</i>), which were likely written circa 318 before Arianism had begun to make itself felt, as those writings do not show an awareness of Arianism.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Cornelius Clifford places his birth no earlier than 296 and no later than 298, based on the fact that Athanasius indicates no first-hand recollection of the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Maximian persecution</a> of 303, which he suggests Athanasius would have remembered if he had been ten years old at the time. Secondly, the <i>Festal Epistles</i> state that the Arians had accused Athanasius, among other charges, of not having yet attained the canonical age (35) and thus could not have been properly ordained as patriarch of Alexandria in 328. The accusation must have seemed plausible.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orthodox Church places his year of birth around 297.<sup id="cite_ref-oca_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oca-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His parents were wealthy enough to give him a fine secular education.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was, nevertheless, clearly not a member of the Egyptian aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Western scholars consider his command of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, in which he wrote most (if not all) of his surviving works, evidence that he may have been a <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> born in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. Historical evidence, however, indicates that he was fluent in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> as well, given the regions of Egypt where he preached.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_2001_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some surviving copies of his writings are in fact in Coptic, though scholars differ as to whether he wrote them in Coptic originally (which would make him the first patriarch to do so) or whether these were translations of writings originally in Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_2001_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus</a> relates a story that as Bishop <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander</a> stood by a window, he watched boys playing on the seashore below, imitating the ritual of Christian baptism. He sent for the children and discovered that one of the boys (Athanasius) had acted as bishop. After questioning Athanasius, Bishop Alexander informed him that the baptisms were genuine, as both the <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_matter_and_form" title="Sacramental matter and form">form and matter of the sacrament</a> had been performed through the recitation of the correct words and the administration of water, and that he must not continue to do this as those baptized had not been properly <a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">catechized</a>. He invited Athanasius and his playfellows to prepare for clerical careers.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1930_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1930-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexandria was the most important trade centre in the empire during Athanasius's boyhood. Intellectually, morally, and politically—it epitomized the ethnically diverse Graeco-Roman world, even more than Rome or Constantinople, Antioch or Marseilles.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1930_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1930-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its famous catechetical school, while sacrificing none of its famous passion for orthodoxy since the days of <a href="/wiki/Pantaenus" title="Pantaenus">Pantaenus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theognostus_of_Alexandria" title="Theognostus of Alexandria">Theognostus</a>, had begun to take on an almost secular character in the comprehensiveness of its interests and had counted influential pagans among its serious auditors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Alexandria" title="Peter I of Alexandria">Peter of Alexandria</a>, the 17th archbishop of Alexandria, was martyred in 311 in the closing days of the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Great Persecution</a> and may have been one of Athanasius's teachers. His successor as bishop of Alexandria was <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a>; "the Bishop Alexander 'invited Athanasius to be his commensal and secretary. He had been well educated, and was versed in grammar and rhetoric, and had already, while still a young man, and before reaching the episcopate, given proof to those who dwelt with him of his wisdom and acumen' ".(Soz., II, xvii)<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Athanasius' earliest work, <i>Against the Heathen – On the Incarnation</i> (written before 319), bears traces of Origenist Alexandrian thought but in an orthodox way.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athanasius was also familiar with the theories of various philosophical schools and in particular with the developments of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonism</a>. Ultimately, Athanasius would modify the philosophical thought of the <a href="/wiki/Catechetical_School_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical School of Alexandria">School of Alexandria</a> away from the Origenist principles such as the "entirely allegorical interpretation of the text". Still, in later works, Athanasius quotes <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> more than once (<i>Hist. Ar. 68, Orat. iv. 29</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athanasius_Frederikskirken.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Athanasius_Frederikskirken.JPG/170px-Athanasius_Frederikskirken.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Athanasius_Frederikskirken.JPG/255px-Athanasius_Frederikskirken.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Athanasius_Frederikskirken.JPG/340px-Athanasius_Frederikskirken.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption><i>St. Athanasius</i> (1883–84), by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rohl-Smith" title="Carl Rohl-Smith">Carl Rohl-Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederik%27s_Church" title="Frederik's Church">Frederik's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen,_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen, Denmark">Copenhagen, Denmark</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Athanasius knew Greek and admitted not knowing <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> [see, e.g., the 39th Festal Letter of St. Athan]. The Old Testament passages he quotes frequently come from the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> Greek translation. Only rarely did he use other Greek versions (to <a href="/wiki/Aquila_of_Sinope" title="Aquila of Sinope">Aquila</a> once in the <i>Ecthesis</i>, to other versions once or twice on the Psalms), and his knowledge of the Old Testament was limited to the Septuagint.<sup id="cite_ref-GK_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GK-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bishop (or Patriarch, the highest ecclesial rank in the Centre of the Church, in Alexandria) Alexander ordained Athanasius a deacon in 319.<sup id="cite_ref-EA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 325, Athanasius served as Alexander's secretary at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>. Already a recognized theologian and <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a>, he was the obvious choice to replace his ageing mentor Alexander as the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Pope of Alexandria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the opposition of the followers of <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melitius_of_Lycopolis" title="Melitius of Lycopolis">Meletius of Lycopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EA_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At length, in the Council of Nicaea, the term "consubstantial" (<a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">homoousion</a>) was adopted, and a formulary of faith embodying it was drawn up by <a href="/wiki/Hosius_of_Corduba" title="Hosius of Corduba">Hosius of Córdoba</a>. From this time to the end of the Arian controversies, the word "consubstantial" continued to be the test of orthodoxy. The formulary of faith drawn up by Hosius is known as the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 232">: 232 </span></sup> However, "he was not the originator of the famous 'homoousion' (<small><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">ACC</a></small> of <i>homoousios</i>). The term had been proposed in a non-obvious and illegitimate sense by <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Samosata" title="Paul of Samosata">Paul of Samosata</a> to the Fathers at Antioch, and had been rejected by them as savouring of materialistic conceptions of the Godhead."<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While still a deacon under Alexander's care (or early in his patriarchate as discussed below) Athanasius may have also become acquainted with some of the solitaries of the Egyptian desert, and in particular <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a>, whose life he is said to have written.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1930_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1930-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_Arianism">Opposition to Arianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposition to Arianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></div> <p>In about 319, when Athanasius was a deacon, a <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a> named Arius came into a direct conflict with Alexander of Alexandria. It appears that Arius reproached Alexander for what he felt were misguided or heretical teachings being taught by the bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arius embraced a subordinationist <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> which taught that Christ was the divine Son (<a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a>) of God, made, not begotten. Arius had support from a powerful bishop named <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius of Nicomedia</a> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> of Caesarea),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> illustrating how Arius's subordinationist Christology was shared by other Christians in the empire. Arius was subsequently excommunicated by Alexander, and Arius began to elicit the support of many bishops who agreed with his position.<sup id="cite_ref-EA_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 297">: 297 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patriarch">Patriarch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Patriarch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: plum;"><span style="font-size:80%">Papal styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Pope Athanasius I</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/75px-Coptic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/113px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/150px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Holiness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religious style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria"> Pope and Patriarch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Posthumous style</th><td class="infobox-data">Saint</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Frances A. M. Forbes writes that when Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made bishop. "When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch, the whole Catholic population surrounded the church, holding up their hands to Heaven and crying; "Give us Athanasius!" The Bishops had nothing better. Athanasius was thus elected, as Gregory tells us..." (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> had full access to the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Archive" title="Vatican Apostolic Archive">Vatican Archives</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Chapter 4">: Chapter 4 </span></sup> Alban Butler writes on the subject: "Five months after this great Council, Nicae, St Alexander lying on his deathbed, recommended to his clergy and people the choice of Athanasius for his successor, thrice repeating his name. In consequence of his recommendation, the bishops of all Egypt assembled at Alexandria, and finding the people and clergy unanimous in their choice of Athanasius for patriarch, they confirmed the election about the middle of year 326. He seems, then, to have been about thirty years of age."<sup id="cite_ref-Butler1860_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler1860-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>T. Gilmartin (Professor of History, <a href="/wiki/Maynooth" title="Maynooth">Maynooth</a>, 1890) writes: "On the death of Alexander, five months after the termination of the Council of Nicaea, Athanasius was unanimously elected to fill the vacant see. He was most unwilling to accept the dignity, for he clearly foresaw the difficulties in which it would involve him. The clergy and people were determined to have him as their bishop, Patriarch of Alexandria, and refused to accept any excuses. He at length consented to accept a responsibility that he sought in vain to escape, and was consecrated in 326, when he was about thirty years of age."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 244–248">: 244–248 </span></sup> </p><p>Athanasius' episcopate began on 9 May 328 as the <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Alexandria" title="Councils of Alexandria">Alexandrian Council</a> elected Athanasius to succeed after the death of Alexander.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 245">: 245 </span></sup> Patriarch Athanasius spent over 17 years in five exiles ordered by four different Roman Emperors, not counting approximately six more incidents in which Athanasius fled Alexandria to escape people seeking to take his life.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his first years as bishop, Athanasius visited the churches of his territory, which at that time included all of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya_in_the_Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya in the Roman era">Libya</a>. He established contacts with the hermits and monks of the desert, including <a href="/wiki/Pachomius_the_Great" title="Pachomius the Great">Pachomius</a>, which proved very valuable to him over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"During the forty-eight years of his episcopate, his history is told in the history of the controversies in which he was constantly engaged with the Arians, and of the sufferings he had to endure in defence of the Nicene faith. We have seen that when Arius was allowed to return from exile in 328, Athanasius refused to remove the sentence of excommunication."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 245">: 245 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_exile">First exile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Athanasius' first problem lay with Meletius of Lycopolis and his followers, who had failed to abide by the First Council of Nicaea. That council also <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathematized</a> Arius. Accused of mistreating Arians and Meletians, Athanasius answered those charges at a gathering of bishops at the <a href="/wiki/First_Synod_of_Tyre" title="First Synod of Tyre">First Synod of Tyre</a> in 335. There, Eusebius of Nicomedia and other supporters of Arius deposed Athanasius.<sup id="cite_ref-EA_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 6 November, both sides of the dispute met with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that meeting, the Arians claimed Athanasius would try to cut off essential Egyptian grain supplies to Constantinople. He was found guilty and sent into exile to Augusta Treverorum in Gaul (now <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> in Germany).<sup id="cite_ref-EA_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christianity,_Daily_Telegraph_1999_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christianity,_Daily_Telegraph_1999-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Athanasius reached his destination in exile in 336, <a href="/wiki/Maximin_of_Trier" title="Maximin of Trier">Maximin of Trier</a> received him, but not as a disgraced person. Athanasius stayed with him for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler1860_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler1860-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine died in 337 and was succeeded by his three sons, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a> had cautioned Emperor Constans against the Arians, revealing their plots, and he also had been banished and found shelter with Maximin.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_exile">Second exile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hosios_Loukas_Crypt_(south_east_groin-vault)_-_Athanasios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hosios_Loukas_Crypt_%28south_east_groin-vault%29_-_Athanasios.jpg/170px-Hosios_Loukas_Crypt_%28south_east_groin-vault%29_-_Athanasios.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hosios_Loukas_Crypt_%28south_east_groin-vault%29_-_Athanasios.jpg/255px-Hosios_Loukas_Crypt_%28south_east_groin-vault%29_-_Athanasios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hosios_Loukas_Crypt_%28south_east_groin-vault%29_-_Athanasios.jpg/340px-Hosios_Loukas_Crypt_%28south_east_groin-vault%29_-_Athanasios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>Fresco at <a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a>, Greece (11th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athanasius_of_Alexandria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Athanasius_of_Alexandria.jpg/170px-Athanasius_of_Alexandria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Athanasius_of_Alexandria.jpg/255px-Athanasius_of_Alexandria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Athanasius_of_Alexandria.jpg/340px-Athanasius_of_Alexandria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Statue of the saint in St Athanasius's <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When Emperor Constantine I died, Athanasius was allowed to return to his <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">See</a> of Alexandria. Shortly thereafter, however, Constantius II renewed the order for Athanasius's banishment in 338. "Within a few weeks he set out for Rome to lay his case before the Church at large. He had made his appeal to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Pope Julius</a>, who took up his cause with whole-heartedness that never wavered down to the day of that holy pontiff's death. The pope summoned a synod of bishops to meet in Rome. After a careful and detailed examination of the entire case, the primate's innocence was proclaimed to the Christian world."<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Cappadocia" title="Gregory of Cappadocia">Gregory of Cappadocia</a>, an Arian bishop, was installed as the patriarch of Alexandria, usurping the absent Athanasius. Athanasius did, however, remain in contact with his people through his annual <i>Festal Letters</i>, in which he also announced on which date <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> would be celebrated that year.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 339 or 340, nearly one hundred bishops met at Alexandria, declared in favour of Athanasius,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and vigorously rejected the criticisms of the Eusebian faction at Tyre. Plus, Pope Julius wrote to the supporters of Arius strongly urging Athanasius's reinstatement, but that effort proved in vain. Julius called a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> in Rome in 340 to address the matter, which proclaimed Athanasius the rightful bishop of Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in 343 Athanasius met with Hosius of Córdoba, and together they set out for <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Serdica</a>. A full council of the Church was summoned there in deference to the Roman pontiff's wishes. At this great gathering of prelates, leaders of the Church, the case of Athanasius was taken up once more, that is, Athanasius was formally questioned over misdemeanours and even murder, (a bishop in Egypt named Arsenius had turned up missing, and they blamed his death on Athanasius, even supposedly producing Arsenius' severed hand.)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The council was convoked for the purpose of inquiring into the charges against Athanasius and other bishops, on account of which they were deposed from their sees by the semi-Arian Synod of Antioch in 341 and went into exile. Eusebian bishops objected to the admission of Athanasius and other deposed bishops to the council, except as accused persons to answer the charges brought against them. Their objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops. The Eusebians, seeing they had no chance of having their views carried, retired to <a href="/wiki/Philippopolis_(Thrace)" title="Philippopolis (Thrace)">Philippopolis</a> in Thrace where they held an opposition council under the presidency of the Patriarch of Antioch and confirmed the decrees of the <a href="/wiki/Synods_of_Antioch" title="Synods of Antioch">Synod of Antioch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 233–234">: 233–234 </span></sup> </p><p>Athanasius' innocence was reaffirmed at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Serdica" title="Council of Serdica">Council of Serdica</a>. Two conciliar letters were prepared, one to the clergy and faithful of Alexandria, the other to the bishops of Egypt and Libya, in which the will of the council was made known. Meanwhile, the Eusebians issued an anathema against Athanasius and his supporters. The persecution against the orthodox party broke out with renewed vigour, and Constantius was induced to prepare drastic measures against Athanasius and the priests who were devoted to him. Orders were given that if Athanasius attempted to re-enter his see, he should be put to death. Athanasius, accordingly, withdrew from Serdica to <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Naissus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a>, where he celebrated the Easter festival of the year 344.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hosius presided over the Council of Serdica, as he did for the First Council of Nicaea, which like the 341 synod found Athanasius innocent.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1878_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1878-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He celebrated his last Easter in exile in <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> in April 345, received by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Fortunatianus_of_Aquileia" title="Fortunatianus of Aquileia">Fortunatianus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Council of Serdica sent an emissary to report their finding to Constantius. Constantius reconsidered his decision, owing to a threatening letter from his brother Constans and the uncertain conditions of affairs on the Persian border, and he accordingly made up his mind to yield. But three separate letters were needed to overcome the natural hesitation of Athanasius. When he finally acquiesced to meet with Constantius, he was accorded a gracious interview by the emperor and sent back to his see in triumph and began ten years of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope Julius died in April 352 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a>. For two years Liberius had been favourable to the cause of Athanasius; but driven at last into exile, he was induced to sign an ambiguous formula, from which the great Nicene text, the "homoousion", had been studiously omitted. In 355 a <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Milan" title="Synod of Milan">council was held at Milan</a>, where in spite of the vigorous opposition of a handful of loyal prelates among the Western bishops, a fourth condemnation of Athanasius was announced to the world. With his friends scattered, Hosius in exile, and Pope Liberius denounced as acquiescing in Arian formularies, Athanasius could hardly hope to escape. On the night of 8 February 356, while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas, a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest. It was the beginning of his third exile.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gilmartin writes: "By Constantius' order, the sole ruler of The Roman Empire at the death of his brother Constans, the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Arles" title="Synod of Arles">Council of Arles in 353</a>, was held, which was presided over by Vincent, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a>, in the name of Pope Liberius. The fathers terrified of the threats of the Emperor, an avowed Arian, they consented to the condemnation of Athanasius. The Pope refused to accept their decision, and requested the Emperor to hold another Council, in which the charges against Athanasius could be freely investigated. To this Constantius consented, for he felt able to control the Council in Milan."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 234">: 234 </span></sup> </p><p>In 355, three hundred bishops assembled in Milan, most from the West and only a few from the East. They met in the Church of Milan. Shortly, the emperor ordered them to a hall in the Imperial Palace, thus ending any free debate. He presented an Arian formula of faith for their acceptance. He threatened any who refused with exile and death. All, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_(bishop_of_Milan)" title="Dionysius (bishop of Milan)">Dionysius (bishop of Milan)</a>, and the two Papal Legates, viz., <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Vercelli" title="Eusebius of Vercelli">Eusebius of Vercelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Lucifer of Cagliari</a>, consented to the <a href="/wiki/Arian_creeds" title="Arian creeds">Arian Creed</a> and the condemnation of Athanasius. Those who refused were sent into exile. The decrees were forwarded to the pope for approval but were rejected because of the violence to which the bishops were subjected.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 235">: 235 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_exile">Third exile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Third exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Athanasius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Saint_Athanasius.jpg/220px-Saint_Athanasius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Saint_Athanasius.jpg/330px-Saint_Athanasius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Saint_Athanasius.jpg/440px-Saint_Athanasius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>Athanasius at the Council of Nicea, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a> manuscripts</figcaption></figure> <p>Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, <a href="/wiki/George_of_Cappadocia" title="George of Cappadocia">George of Cappadocia</a>, was appointed to rule the see of Alexandria in 356. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into the desert of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> where he remained for a period of six years, living the life of the monks and devoting himself to the composition of a group of writings, such as his <i>Letter to the Monks</i> and <i>Four Orations against the Arians</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also defended his own recent conduct in the <i>Apology to Constantius</i> and <i>Apology for His Flight</i>. Constantius' persistence in his opposition to Athanasius, combined with reports Athanasius received about the persecution of non-Arians by the Arian bishop <a href="/wiki/George_of_Laodicea" title="George of Laodicea">George of Laodicea</a>, prompted Athanasius to write his more emotional <i>History of the Arians</i>, in which he described Constantius as a precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constantius died on 4 November 361 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a>. The proclamation of the new prince's accession was the signal for a pagan outbreak against the still dominant Arian faction in Alexandria. George, the usurping bishop, was imprisoned and murdered. An obscure presbyter named Pistus was chosen by the Arians to succeed him, when news arrived that filled the orthodox party with hope. An edict had been put forth by Julian permitting the exiled bishops of the "Galileans" to return to their "towns and provinces". Athanasius accordingly returned to Alexandria on 22 February 362.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 362 Athanasius convened a council at Alexandria and presided over it with <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Vercelli" title="Eusebius of Vercelli">Eusebius of Vercelli</a>. Athanasius appealed for unity among all those who had faith in Christianity, even if they differed on matters of terminology. This prepared the groundwork for his definition of the orthodox doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. However, the council also was directed against those who denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit, the human soul of Christ, and Christ's divinity. Mild measures were agreed on for those heretic bishops who repented, but severe penance was decreed for the chief leaders of the major heresies.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years, an attempt was made to determine still further the significance of the Nicene formularies. In the meanwhile, Julian, who seems to have become suddenly jealous of the influence that Athanasius was exercising at Alexandria, addressed an order to Ecdicius, the Prefect of Egypt, peremptorily commanding the expulsion of the restored primate on the ground that he had not been included in the imperial act of clemency. The edict was communicated to the bishop by Pythicodorus Trico, who, though described in the "Chronicon Athanasianum" (XXXV) as a "philosopher", seems to have behaved with brutal insolence. On 23 October the people gathered about the proscribed bishop to protest against the emperor's decree; but Athanasius urged them to submit, consoling them with the promise that his absence would be of short duration.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fourth_exile">Fourth exile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fourth exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 362 Julian, noted for his opposition to Christianity, ordered Athanasius to leave Alexandria once again. Athanasius left for Upper Egypt, remaining there with the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a> until Julian's death on 26 June 363. Athanasius returned in secret to Alexandria, where he received a document from the new emperor, <a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a>, reinstating him once more in his episcopal functions. His first act was to convene a council which reaffirmed the terms of the Nicene Creed. Early in September 363 he set out for <a href="/wiki/Antioch_on_the_Orontes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioch on the Orontes">Antioch on the Orontes</a>, bearing a synodal letter, in which the pronouncements of this council had been embodied. At Antioch he had an interview with Jovian, who received him graciously and even asked him to prepare an exposition of the orthodox faith. In February 364 Jovian died.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fifth_exile">Fifth exile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fifth exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accession of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> gave a fresh lease of life to the Arian party. He issued a decree banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius but who had been permitted by Jovian to return to their sees. The news created the greatest consternation in Alexandria, and the prefect, in order to prevent a serious outbreak, gave public assurance that the very special case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor. But Athanasius seems to have divined what was preparing in secret against him. He quietly withdrew from Alexandria in October 364 and took up his abode in a country house outside the city. Valens, who seems to have sincerely dreaded the possible consequences of another popular outbreak, within a few weeks issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some early reports state that Athanasius spent this period of exile at his family's ancestral tomb<sup id="cite_ref-EA_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a Christian cemetery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Final years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After returning to Alexandria, Athanasius spent his final years repairing all the damage done during the earlier years of violence, dissent, and exile. He resumed writing and preaching undisturbed, and characteristically re-emphasized the view of the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a> which had been defined at Nicaea. On 2 May 373, having consecrated <a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter II of Alexandria">Peter II</a>, one of his presbyters as his successor, Athanasius died peacefully in his own bed, surrounded by his clergy and faithful supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1930_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1930-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Coptic_literature" title="Coptic literature">Coptic literature</a>, Athanasius is the first patriarch of Alexandria to use <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> as well as Greek in his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polemical_and_theological_works">Polemical and theological works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Polemical and theological works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Athanasius was not a speculative theologian. As he states in his <i>First Letters to <a href="/wiki/Serapion_of_Nitria" class="mw-redirect" title="Serapion of Nitria">Serapion</a></i>, he held on to "the tradition, teaching, and faith proclaimed by the apostles and guarded by the fathers."<sup id="cite_ref-EA_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held that both the Son of God and the Holy Spirit are <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">consubstantial</a> with the Father, which had a great deal of influence in the development of later doctrines regarding the Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-EA_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athanasius' <i>"Letter Concerning the Decrees of the Council of Nicaea"</i> (<i>De Decretis</i>), is an important historical as well as theological account of the proceedings of that council. </p><p>Examples of Athanasius' polemical writings against his theological opponents include <i>Orations Against the Arians</i>, his defence of the divinity of the Holy Spirit (<i>Letters to Serapion</i> in the 360s, and <i>On the Holy Spirit</i>), against <a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a> and <i>On the Incarnation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athanasius also authored a two-part work, <i>Against the Heathen</i> and <i>The Incarnation of the Word of God</i>. Completed probably early in his life, before the Arian controversy,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they constitute the first classic work of developed Orthodox theology. In the first part, Athanasius attacks several pagan practices and beliefs. The second part presents teachings on the redemption.<sup id="cite_ref-EA_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in these books, Athanasius put forward the belief, referencing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:1–4&version=nrsv">John 1:1–4</a>, that the Son of God, the eternal Word (Logos) through whom God created the world, entered that world in human form to lead men back into the harmony from which they had earlier fallen away.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His other important works include his <i>Letters to Serapion</i>, which defends the <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a> of the Holy Spirit. In a letter to Epictetus of Corinth, Athanasius anticipates future controversies in his defence of the humanity of Christ. In a letter addressed to the monk Dracontius, Athanasius urges him to leave the desert for the more active duties of a bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athanasius also wrote several works of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical exegesis</a>, primarily on <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> materials. The most important of these is his <i>Epistle to Marcellinus</i> (PG 27:12–45) on how to incorporate psalm-saying into one's spiritual practice. </p><p> Perhaps his most notable letter was his Festal Letter, written to his Church in Alexandria when he was in exile, as he could not be in their presence. This letter clearly shows his stand that accepting Jesus as the Divine Son of God is not optional but necessary: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I know moreover that not only this thing saddens you, but also the fact that while others have obtained the churches by violence, you are meanwhile cast out from your places. For they hold the places, but you the Apostolic Faith. They are, it is true, in the places, but outside of the true Faith; while you are outside the places indeed, but the Faith, within you. Let us consider whether is the greater, the place or the Faith. Clearly the true Faith. Who then has lost more, or who possesses more? He who holds the place, or he who holds the Faith?<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical_and_ascetic_works">Biographical and ascetic works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Biographical and ascetic works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_mysticism" title="Category:Christian mysticism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transfiguration of Jesus"><img alt="Transfiguration of Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg/180px-Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg/270px-Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg/360px-Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="964" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theology and philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascetical_theology" title="Ascetical theology">Ascetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_spirituality" title="Catholic spirituality">Catholic spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Christianity and Ancient Greek philosophy">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Neoplatonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <dl><dt>Monasticism<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_silence" title="Monastic silence">Silence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_direction" title="Spiritual direction">Spiritual direction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Meditation<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectio_Divina" title="Lectio Divina">Lectio Divina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">Invoking of Mystic Saints</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Active asceticism<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplation</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_contemplation)" title="Quietism (Christian contemplation)">Quietism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (theology)">Stages of Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychia" title="Hesychia">Hesychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">Catharsis</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosis" title="Kenosis">Kenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_dryness" title="Spiritual dryness">Spiritual dryness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Passive asceticism<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">Abstinence</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Esoteric<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(by era or century)</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.3em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Antiquity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism_in_ancient_Africa" title="Christian mysticism in ancient Africa">Ancient African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasines" title="Thomasines">Thomasines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite"><span class="nowrap">Pseudo-Dionysius</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenius_the_Great" title="Arsenius the Great">Arsenius the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemen" title="Poemen">Poemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Egypt" title="Macarius of Egypt">Macarius of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_the_Black" title="Moses the Black">Moses the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncletica_of_Alexandria" title="Syncletica of Alexandria">Syncletica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarion" title="Hilarion">Hilarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">11th <b>·</b> 12th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guigo_II" title="Guigo II">Guigo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon the New Theologian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">13th <b>·</b> 14th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dominican_mystics" title="Category:Dominican mystics">Dominican</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Franciscan_mystics" title="Category:Franciscan mystics">Franciscan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopone_da_Todi" title="Jacopone da Todi">Jacopone da Todi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_Foligno" title="Angela of Foligno">Angela of Foligno</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> English</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margery_Kempe" title="Margery Kempe">Margery Kempe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Flemish_Christian_mystics" title="Category:Flemish Christian mystics">Flemish</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutgardis" title="Lutgardis">Lutgardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadewijch" title="Hadewijch">Hadewijch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John van Ruysbroeck</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Henry Suso</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_mystics#Christianity" title="List of female mystics">Female</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden"><span class="wrap">Bridget of Sweden</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechthild_of_Magdeburg" title="Mechthild of Magdeburg">Mechthild of Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Porete" title="Marguerite Porete">Marguerite Porete</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">15th <b>·</b> 16th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_mystics" title="Spanish mystics">Spanish</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna"><span class="wrap">Francisco de Osuna</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <span class="nobold">Others</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Genoa" title="Catherine of Genoa">Catherine of Genoa</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">17th <b>·</b> 18th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/French_school_of_spirituality" title="French school of spirituality">French</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mary_Alacoque" title="Margaret Mary Alacoque">Margaret Mary Alacoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Condren" title="Charles de Condren">Charles de Condren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eudes" title="John Eudes">John Eudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Samson" title="John of St. Samson">John of St. Samson</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <span class="nobold">Others</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Catherine_Emmerich" title="Anne Catherine Emmerich"><span class="wrap">Anne Catherine Emmerich</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Giuliani" title="Veronica Giuliani">Veronica Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">19th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dina_B%C3%A9langer" title="Dina Bélanger">Dina Bélanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Calvat" title="Mélanie Calvat">Mélanie Calvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximin_Giraud" title="Maximin Giraud">Maximin Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_Cabrera_de_Armida" title="Concepción Cabrera de Armida">Conchita de Armida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Piccarreta" title="Luisa Piccarreta">Luisa Piccarreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux"><span class="wrap">Thérèse of Lisieux</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Galgani" title="Gemma Galgani">Gemma Galgani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">20th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Padre Pio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therese_Neumann" title="Therese Neumann">Therese Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marthe_Robin" title="Marthe Robin">Marthe Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrina_of_Balazar" title="Alexandrina of Balazar"><span class="wrap">Alexandrina of Balazar</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_L%C3%BAcia" title="Sister Lúcia"><span class="wrap">Sister Lúcia of Fátima</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cayce" title="Edgar Cayce">Edgar Cayce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvige_Carboni" title="Edvige Carboni">Edvige Carboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Aiello" title="Elena Aiello">Elena Aiello</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary papal views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; padding-bottom:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_Christian_meditation" title="Aspects of Christian meditation">Aspects of meditation<br />(<i>Orationis Formas</i>, 1989)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/A_Christian_Reflection_on_the_New_Age" title="A Christian Reflection on the New Age"><i>Reflection on the New Age</i> (2003)</a></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature and media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ignota" title="Lingua ignota">Lingua ignota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Virtutum" title="Ordo Virtutum">Ordo Virtutum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scivias" title="Scivias">Scivias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascent_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Ascent of Mount Carmel">Ascent of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Night_of_the_Soul" title="Dark Night of the Soul">Dark Night of the Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Canticle" title="Spiritual Canticle">Spiritual Canticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_Perfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Way of Perfection">Way of Perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_First_Monks" title="Book of the First Monks">Book of the First Monks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Interior_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Interior Castle">The Interior Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_the_Holy_Ghost" title="Abbey of the Holy Ghost">Abbey of the Holy Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_of_Comfort_against_Tribulation" title="A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation">A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_Willow_Creek_to_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart">From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Glories_of_Mary" title="The Glories of Mary">The Glories of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imitation_of_Christ" title="The Imitation of Christ">The Imitation of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent" title="The Ladder of Divine Ascent">The Ladder of Divine Ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelations_of_Divine_Love" title="Revelations of Divine Love">Revelations of Divine Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_a_Soul" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of a Soul">The Story of a Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologia_Germanica" title="Theologia Germanica">Theologia Germanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_in_Lucia%27s_Own_Words" title="Fatima in Lucia's Own Words">Fatima in Lucia's Own Words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calls_from_the_Message_of_Fatima" title="Calls from the Message of Fatima">Calls from the Message of Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Miracle_of_Our_Lady_of_Fatima" title="The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima">The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_de_F%C3%A1tima" title="Sol de Fátima">Sol de Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Consolation_of_Philosophy" title="On the Consolation of Philosophy">On the Consolation of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Simple_Souls" title="The Mirror of Simple Souls">The Mirror of Simple Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Catherine_Treatise" title="Sister Catherine Treatise">Sister Catherine Treatise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_de_Purgatorio_Sancti_Patricii" title="Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii">Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_of_Adamn%C3%A1n" title="The Vision of Adamnán">The Vision of Adamnán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_(2020_film)" title="Fatima (2020 film)">Fatima</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_mysticism" title="Template:Christian mysticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_mysticism" title="Template talk:Christian mysticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_mysticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian mysticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>His biography of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a> entitled <i>Life of Antony</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(Βίος καὶ Πολιτεία Πατρὸς Ἀντωνίου, <i>Vita Antonii</i>) became his most widely read work. Translated into several languages, it became something of a best seller in its day and played an important role in the spreading of the <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It depicts Anthony as an illiterate yet holy man who continuously engages in spiritual exercises in the Egyptian desert and struggles against demonic powers. It later served as an inspiration to Christian <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastics</a> in both the East and the West.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athanasius' works on asceticism also include a <i>Discourse on Virginity</i>, a short work on <i>Love and Self-Control</i>, and a treatise <i>On Sickness and Health</i> (of which only fragments remain).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misattributed_works">Misattributed works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Misattributed works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Athanasius" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Athanasius">Apocalypse of Pseudo-Athanasius</a></div> <p>There are several other works ascribed to him, although not necessarily generally accepted as being his own. These include the so-called <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a> (which is today generally seen as being of 5th-century Galician origin), and a complete <i>Expositions on the Psalms</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EA_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eschatology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on his understanding of the prophecies of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, Athanasius described Jesus’ <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> in the clouds of heaven and pleads with his readers to be ready for that day, at which time Jesus would <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">judge the earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">raise the dead</a>, cast out the wicked, and <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">establish his kingdom</a>. Athanasius also argued that the date of Jesus’ earthly sojourn was divinely foretold beyond refutation by the <a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">seventy weeks prophecy</a> of Daniel 9.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroom1950393_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroom1950393-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Athanasius was originally buried in Alexandria, but his remains were later transferred to the <a href="/wiki/San_Zaccaria,_Venice" title="San Zaccaria, Venice">Chiesa di San Zaccaria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Italy. During <a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria">Pope Shenouda III</a>'s visit to Rome (4–10 May 1973), <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> gave the Coptic Patriarch a <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relic</a> of Athanasius,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he brought back to Egypt on 15 May.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (May 2022)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> The relic is currently preserved under the new <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark%27s_Coptic_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral">Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. However, the majority of Athanasius's corpse remains in the Venetian church.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (May 2022)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All major Christian denominations which officially recognize saints venerate Athanasius. Western Christians observe his <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast day</a> on 2 May, the anniversary of his death. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> considers Athanasius a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doctors_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doctors-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Coptic Christians, his feast day is Pashons 7 (now circa 15 May). Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendars remember Athanasius on 18 January.<sup id="cite_ref-PRAVOSLAVIE_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athanasius is honored on the liturgical calendars of the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Church of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church</a> on 2 May.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a> (330–390, also a Doctor of the Church), said: "When I praise Athanasius, virtue itself is my theme: for I name every virtue as often as I mention him who was possessed of all virtues. He was the true pillar of the Church. His life and conduct were the rule of bishops, and his doctrine the rule of the orthodox faith."<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1930_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1930-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Zaccaria_and_Saint_Athanasius.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Saint Zaccaria and Saint Athanasius in Venice"><img alt="Tomb of Saint Zaccaria and Saint Athanasius in Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tomb_of_Zaccaria_and_Saint_Athanasius.jpg/133px-Tomb_of_Zaccaria_and_Saint_Athanasius.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tomb_of_Zaccaria_and_Saint_Athanasius.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Zaccaria_and_Saint_Athanasius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tomb_of_Zaccaria_and_Saint_Athanasius.jpg/267px-Tomb_of_Zaccaria_and_Saint_Athanasius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="7360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Saint Zaccaria and Saint Athanasius in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StAthanasiusShrineinStMarkCathedralCairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Athanasius's Shrine (where a portion of his relics are preserved) under St. Mark's Cathedral, Cairo"><img alt="Athanasius's Shrine (where a portion of his relics are preserved) under St. Mark's Cathedral, Cairo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/StAthanasiusShrineinStMarkCathedralCairo.jpg/200px-StAthanasiusShrineinStMarkCathedralCairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/StAthanasiusShrineinStMarkCathedralCairo.jpg/300px-StAthanasiusShrineinStMarkCathedralCairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/StAthanasiusShrineinStMarkCathedralCairo.jpg/400px-StAthanasiusShrineinStMarkCathedralCairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Athanasius's Shrine (where a portion of his <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> are preserved) under <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Cathedral">St. Mark's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sant%27Atanasio_Bellante_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Procession of a statue at Bellante"><img alt="Procession of a statue at Bellante" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sant%27Atanasio_Bellante_2007.JPG/150px-Sant%27Atanasio_Bellante_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sant%27Atanasio_Bellante_2007.JPG/225px-Sant%27Atanasio_Bellante_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sant%27Atanasio_Bellante_2007.JPG/300px-Sant%27Atanasio_Bellante_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Procession of a statue at <a href="/wiki/Bellante,_Abruzzo" title="Bellante, Abruzzo">Bellante</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Athanasius_the_Apostolic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/St_Athanasius_the_Apostolic.jpg/220px-St_Athanasius_the_Apostolic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/St_Athanasius_the_Apostolic.jpg/330px-St_Athanasius_the_Apostolic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/St_Athanasius_the_Apostolic.jpg/440px-St_Athanasius_the_Apostolic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="2427" /></a><figcaption>Coptic icon of St. Athanasius the Apostolic</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian Cornelius Clifford says in his account: "Athanasius was the greatest champion of Catholic belief on the subject of the Incarnation that the Church has ever known and in his lifetime earned the characteristic title of 'Father of Orthodoxy', by which he has been distinguished ever since."<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clifford also says: "His career almost personifies a crisis in the history of Christianity; and he may be said rather to have shaped the events in which he took part than to have been shaped by them."<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford1907_13-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford1907-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a> describes him as a "principal instrument, after the Apostles, by which the sacred truths of Christianity have been conveyed and secured to the world".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greater majority of Church leaders and the emperors fell into support for Arianism, so much so that <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (340–420) wrote of the period: "The whole world groaned and was amazed to find itself Arian".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He, Athanasius, even suffered an unjust excommunication from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Pope Liberius</a> who was exiled and leant towards compromise, until he was allowed back to the See of Rome. Athanasius stood virtually alone against the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler1860_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler1860-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_significance_and_controversies">Historical significance and controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historical significance and controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament_canon">New Testament canon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New Testament canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></div> <p>It was the custom of the bishops of Alexandria to circulate a letter after <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> each year confirming the date of Easter and therefore other moveable feasts. They also took the occasion to discuss other matters. Athanasius wrote forty-five festal letters.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiede_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiede-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athanasius' <i>39th Festal Letter</i>, written in 367, is widely regarded as a milestone in the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon#Christian_canons" title="Biblical canon">canon of New Testament books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gwynn_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gwynn-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some claim that Athanasius is the first person to identify the same 27 books of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> that are in use today. Up until then, various similar lists of works to be read in churches were in use. Others argue that <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> of Alexandria was the first to list the twenty-seven books of the New Testament in his Homilies on Joshua (only there is a textual variant as to whether or not he included Revelation).<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher,_Edmon_L_2016_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher,_Edmon_L_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michael_J._Kruger_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_J._Kruger-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athanasius includes the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Book of Baruch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a> and places the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> among the "7 books not in the canon but to be read" along with the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Book of Sirach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robt_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robt-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Athanasius' list is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> in the Vatican Library. The establishment of the canon was not a unilateral decision by a bishop in Alexandria but the result of a process of careful investigation and deliberation, as documented in a codex of the Greek Bible and, twenty-seven years later, in his festal letter.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiede_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiede-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a>, the bishop of Rome in 382, promulgated a list of books which contained a New Testament canon identical to that of Athanasius. A <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">synod in Hippo</a> in 393 repeated Athanasius' and Damasus' New Testament list, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (397)">Council of Carthage (397)</a> repeated Athanasius' and Damasus' complete New Testament list.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars debate whether Athanasius' list in 367 formed the basis for later lists. Because Athanasius' canon is the closest canon of any of the Church Fathers to the one used by Protestant churches today, many Protestants point to Athanasius as the Father of the Canon.<sup id="cite_ref-Robt_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robt-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supporters">Supporters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Supporters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athanasius_and_Cyril.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Athanasius_and_Cyril.jpg/220px-Athanasius_and_Cyril.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Athanasius_and_Cyril.jpg/330px-Athanasius_and_Cyril.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Athanasius_and_Cyril.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Athanasius (left) and his supporter <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a>. 17th-century depiction.</figcaption></figure> <p>Christian denominations worldwide revere Athanasius as a saint and teacher. They cite his defence of the Christology described in the first chapter of the Gospel of St. John<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his significant theological works (<a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> calls <i>On the Incarnation of the Word of God</i> a "masterpiece")<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as evidence of his righteousness. They also emphasize his close relationship with Anthony the Great, the ancient monk who was one of the founders of the Christian monastic movement. </p><p>The Gospel of St. John, and particularly the first chapter, demonstrates the Divinity of Jesus. This Gospel is the greatest support of Athanasius' stand. The Gospel of St. John's first chapter began to be said at the end of Mass, we believe as a result of Athanasius and his life's stand.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beginning of John's Gospel was much used as an object of special devotion throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>; the practice of saying it at the altar grew, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> made this practice universal for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> in his 1570 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue1907_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue1907-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a firm custom with exceptions in using another Gospel in use from 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-Pope_Benedict_XV_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pope_Benedict_XV-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jungmann_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jungmann-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a> (370–444) in the first letter says: "Athanasius is one who can be trusted: he would not say anything that is not in accord with sacred scripture." (Ep 1). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critics">Critics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout most of his career, Athanasius had many detractors. Classics scholar <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Barnes_(classicist)" title="Timothy Barnes (classicist)">Timothy Barnes</a> recounts ancient allegations against Athanasius: from defiling an altar, to selling Church grain that had been meant to feed the poor for his own personal gain, and even violence and murder to suppress dissent.<sup id="cite_ref-wxdxek_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wxdxek-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a>, Athanasius lied about the death of <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a>, feigned other men's letters and denied his own, murdered the bishop Arsenius, broke a communion cup, overthrew an altar, was made bishop by violence and sedition against the canons of his own church, and was seditious and immoral.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athanasius used "Arian" to describe both followers of Arius and as a derogatory polemical term for Christians who disagreed with his formulation of the Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athanasius called many of his opponents "Arian", except for <a href="/wiki/Meletius_of_Antioch" title="Meletius of Antioch">Meletius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars now believe that the Arian party was not monolithic<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but held drastically different theological views that spanned the early Christian theological spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They supported the tenets of <a href="/wiki/Origenism" title="Origenism">Origenist</a> thought and <a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">subordinationist</a> theology<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but had little else in common. Moreover, many labelled "Arian" did not consider themselves followers of Arius.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, non-homoousian bishops disagreed with being labeled as followers of Arius, since Arius was merely a presbyter, while they were fully ordained bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The old allegations continue to be made against Athanasius, however, many centuries later. For example, <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Rubenstein" title="Richard E. Rubenstein">Richard E. Rubenstein</a> suggests that Athanasius ascended to the rank of bishop in Alexandria under questionable circumstances because some questioned whether he had reached the minimum age of 30 years, and further that Athanasius employed force when it suited his cause or personal interests. Thus, he argues that a small number of bishops who supported Athanasius held a private consecration to make him bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Athanasius. Contra Gentes – De Incarnatione</i> (translated by Thompson, Robert W.), text and ET (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519040456/http://www.theologynetwork.org/studying-theologyrs/on-the-incarnation.htm"><i>On the Incarnation</i></a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519040456/http://www.theologynetwork.org/studying-theologyrs/on-the-incarnation.htm">theologynetwork.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheLettersOfSaintAthanasiusConcerningTheHolySpirit"><i>Letters to Serapion</i> (on the Holy Spirit)</a> at archive.org</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Homily_of_Pseudo-Theophilus_of_Alexandria" title="Arabic Homily of Pseudo-Theophilus of Alexandria">Arabic Homily of Pseudo-Theophilus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic Church">Eastern Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius_of_Carthage" title="Eugenius of Carthage">Eugenius of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousian" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousian">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Greek_College_of_Saint_Athanasius" title="Pontifical Greek College of Saint Athanasius">Pontifical Greek College of Saint Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church/Patron_Archive/May_2" title="Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/May 2">Saint Athanasius of Alexandria, patron saint archive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4e\/En-us-Athanasius.oga\/En-us-Athanasius.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Athanasius.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/En-us-Athanasius.oga/En-us-Athanasius.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Athanasius.oga" title="File:En-us-Athanasius.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Athanásios Alexandrías</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲩ ⲡⲓⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲓⲕⲟⲥ or Ⲡⲁⲡⲁ ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲩ ⲁ̅</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008063042/http://egolpion.com/term_theotokos_.en.aspx">"The rejection of the term Theotokos by Nestorius Constantinople and the refutation of his teaching by Cyril of Alexandria"</a>. Egolpion.com. 24 June 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egolpion.com/term_theotokos_.en.aspx">the original</a> on 8 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rejection+of+the+term+Theotokos+by+Nestorius+Constantinople+and+the+refutation+of+his+teaching+by+Cyril+of+Alexandria&rft.pub=Egolpion.com&rft.date=2012-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egolpion.com%2Fterm_theotokos_.en.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://st-takla.org/Saints/Coptic-Synaxarium-Orthodox-Saints-Biography-00-Coptic-Orthodox-Popes/Life-of-Coptic-Pope-020-Pope-Athanasius-I_.html">"St. Takla Haymanout Coptic Orthodox Website"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Takla+Haymanout+Coptic+Orthodox+Website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fst-takla.org%2FSaints%2FCoptic-Synaxarium-Orthodox-Saints-Biography-00-Coptic-Orthodox-Popes%2FLife-of-Coptic-Pope-020-Pope-Athanasius-I_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaos2016" class="citation book cs1">Laos, Nicolas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Os2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA217"><i>Methexiology: Philosophical Theology and Theological Philosophy for the Deification of Humanity</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3385-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3385-9"><bdi>978-1-4982-3385-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methexiology%3A+Philosophical+Theology+and+Theological+Philosophy+for+the+Deification+of+Humanity&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-3385-9&rft.aulast=Laos&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Os2DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Council-of-Nicaea-325">"First Council of Nicaea"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=First+Council+of+Nicaea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FFirst-Council-of-Nicaea-325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doctors-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doctors_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doctors_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1909" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chapman, John (1909). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coptic+literature&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9026215%2FCoptic-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clifford1930-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clifford1930_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clifford1930_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clifford1930_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clifford1930_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clifford1930_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford, Cornelius, <i>Catholic Encyclopedia 1930</i>, Volume 2, pp. 35–40 "Athanasius".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, Hist. Eccl., VI, xix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GK-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GK_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ἀλεξανδρεὺς τῷ γένει, ἀνὴρ λόγιος, δυνατὸς ὢν ἐν ταῖς γραφαῖς</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EA-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EA_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia Americana</i>, vol. 2 <a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">Danbury, Connecticut</a>: Grolier Incorporated, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7172-0129-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7172-0129-5">0-7172-0129-5</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hardy, Edward R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Athanasius">"Saint Athanasius"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Athanasius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Athanasius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Gilmartin, <i>Manual of Church History</i>, Vol. 1. Ch XVII, 1890.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kannengiesser, Charles, "Alexander and Arius of Alexandria: The last Ante-Nicene theologians", Miscelanea En Homenaje Al P. Antonio Orbe Compostellanum Vol. XXXV, no. 1–2. (Santiago de Compostela, 1990), 398</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander of Alexandria's Catholic Epistle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1919" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, F. A. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/27707/pg27707.html"><i>Saint Athanasius: The Father of Orthodoxy</i></a>. Standard-bearers of the Faith: A Series of Lives of the Saints for Young and Old. London: R. & T. Washbourne, Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Athanasius%3A+The+Father+of+Orthodoxy&rft.place=London&rft.series=Standard-bearers+of+the+Faith%3A+A+Series+of+Lives+of+the+Saints+for+Young+and+Old&rft.pub=R.+%26+T.+Washbourne%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F27707%2Fpg27707.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler1860-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butler1860_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler1860_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler1860_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1894" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Alban (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofsaintswit00butl/page/164/mode/2up"><i>Lives of the Saints</i></a>. Benziger Bros., Inc. pp. 164–165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Saints&rft.pages=164-165&rft.pub=Benziger+Bros.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofsaintswit00butl%2Fpage%2F164%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, Timothy D., <i>Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1993), 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christianity,_Daily_Telegraph_1999-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christianity,_Daily_Telegraph_1999_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christianity, <i>Daily Telegraph</i> 1999<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ott, Michael (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Maximinus" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Maximinus">St. Maximinus</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Maximinus&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark,_William_R.2007" class="citation book cs1">Clark, William R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_VJAwAAQBAJ&q=339+or+340&pg=RA1-PA47"><i>A History of the Councils of the Church: from the Original Documents, to the close of the Second Council of Nicaea A.D. 787</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556352478" title="Special:BookSources/9781556352478"><bdi>9781556352478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Councils+of+the+Church%3A+from+the+Original+Documents%2C+to+the+close+of+the+Second+Council+of+Nicaea+A.D.+787&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781556352478&rft.au=Clark%2C+William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6_VJAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D339%2Bor%2B340%26pg%3DRA1-PA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis,_Leo_Donald1983" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Leo Donald (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMhzlnY0P0QC&q=340+Julius+called&pg=PA82"><i>The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology</i></a>. Liturgical Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814656167" title="Special:BookSources/9780814656167"><bdi>9780814656167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Seven+Ecumenical+Councils+%28325%E2%80%93787%29%3A+Their+History+and+Theology&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780814656167&rft.au=Davis%2C+Leo+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMhzlnY0P0QC%26q%3D340%2BJulius%2Bcalled%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilman1881" class="citation book cs1">Milman, Henry Hart (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OYAZAAAAYAAJ&dq=athanasius+Arsenius+severed+hand&pg=PA382"><i>The History of Christianity, from the Birth of Christ to the Abolition of Paganism in the Roman Empire</i></a>. T. Y. Crowell. p. 382.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Christianity%2C+from+the+Birth+of+Christ+to+the+Abolition+of+Paganism+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=T.+Y.+Crowell&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Milman&rft.aufirst=Henry+Hart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOYAZAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dathanasius%2BArsenius%2Bsevered%2Bhand%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1878-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1878_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/a/athanasius">"St. Athanasius – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=St.+Athanasius+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fa%2Fathanasius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, Timothy David, <i>Athanasius and Constantius</i>, Harvard 2001, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Councils of Alexandria"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Councils_of_Alexandria">"Councils of Alexandria" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Councils+of+Alexandria&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justo L. Gonzalez in <i>A History of Christian Thought</i> notes (p. 292) that E. Schwartz places this work later, around 335, but "his arguments have not been generally accepted". The introduction to the CSMV translation of <i>On the Incarnation</i> places the work in 318, around the time Athanasius was ordained to the diaconate (<i>St Athanasius On the Incarnation</i>, Mowbray, England 1953)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2802.htm">"Church Fathers: On the Incarnation of the Word (Athanasius)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Church+Fathers%3A+On+the+Incarnation+of+the+Word+%28Athanasius%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F2802.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/Npnf2-04-92.htm">"fragment conjectured to belong to a festal letter"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=fragment+conjectured+to+belong+to+a+festal+letter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers2%2FNPNF2-04%2FNpnf2-04-92.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vita-antony.asp">"Athanasius of Alexandria: Vita S. Antoni [Life of St. Antony] (written bwtween 356 and 362)"</a>. Fordham University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athanasius+of+Alexandria%3A+Vita+S.+Antoni+%5BLife+of+St.+Antony%5D+%28written+bwtween+356+and+362%29&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fbasis%2Fvita-antony.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/theologians/athanasius.html">"Athanasius"</a>. <i>Christian History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Athanasius+and+the+Views+of+His+Character&rft.place=Lynchburg%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=77-90&rft.pub=Rawlings+School+of+Divinity&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.liberty.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2678%26context%3Ddoctoral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroom1950393-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroom1950393_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFroom1950">Froom 1950</a>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220124827/http://metroplit-bishoy.org/files/Dialogues/Catholics/ICTD.doc">"Metropolitan Bishoy of Damiette"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metroplit-bishoy.org/files/Dialogues/Catholics/ICTD.doc">the original</a> on 20 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+Bishoy+of+Damiette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetroplit-bishoy.org%2Ffiles%2FDialogues%2FCatholics%2FICTD.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130625064046/http://www.avarewase.org/en/map/athanas.htm">"Saint Athanasius"</a>. Avarewase.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avarewase.org/en/map/athanas.htm">the original</a> on 25 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Athanasius&rft.pub=Avarewase.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avarewase.org%2Fen%2Fmap%2Fathanas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (May 2022)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/05/incorrupt-relics-of-saint-athanasios.html">"The Incorrupt Relics of Saint Athanasios the Great"</a>. Johnsanidopoulos.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Incorrupt+Relics+of+Saint+Athanasios+the+Great&rft.pub=Johnsanidopoulos.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnsanidopoulos.com%2F2010%2F05%2Fincorrupt-relics-of-saint-athanasios.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (May 2022)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRAVOSLAVIE-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PRAVOSLAVIE_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthochristian.com/calendar/20180118.html">January 18/January 31</a>. Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3e7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</i></a>. Church Publishing, Inc. 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-234-7"><bdi>978-1-64065-234-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts+2018&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-64065-234-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3e7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sspx.org/en/letter-st-athanasius">"Letter of St. Athanasius"</a>. <i>Society of Saint Pius X</i>. 5 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+of+Saint+Pius+X&rft.atitle=Letter+of+St.+Athanasius&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsspx.org%2Fen%2Fletter-st-athanasius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiede-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thiede_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiede_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1990/issue28/2812.html">"367 Athanasius Defines the New Testament"</a>. <i>Christian History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+History&rft.atitle=367+Athanasius+Defines+the+New+Testament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fch%2F1990%2Fissue28%2F2812.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gwynn-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gwynn_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwynn2012" class="citation book cs1">Gwynn, David M. (16 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VaLW95rdeQoC&dq=Athanasius+of+Alexandria+++the+new+testament+canon&pg=PA152"><i>Athanasius of Alexandria: Bishop, Theologian, Ascetic, Father</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921095-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921095-4"><bdi>978-0-19-921095-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athanasius+of+Alexandria%3A+Bishop%2C+Theologian%2C+Ascetic%2C+Father&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921095-4&rft.aulast=Gwynn&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVaLW95rdeQoC%26dq%3DAthanasius%2Bof%2BAlexandria%2B%2B%2Bthe%2Bnew%2Btestament%2Bcanon%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robt-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robt_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robt_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBediakoQuarshieAsamoah-Gyadu2015" class="citation book cs1">Bediako, Gillian Mary; Quarshie, Bernhardt; Asamoah-Gyadu, J. Kwabena (14 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEloBgAAQBAJ&dq=Athanasius+of+Alexandria+++the+new+testament+canon&pg=PA280"><i>Seeing New Facets of the Diamond: Christianity as a Universal Faith - Essays in Honor of Kwame Bediako</i></a>. Wipf & Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498217293" title="Special:BookSources/9781498217293"><bdi>9781498217293</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+New+Facets+of+the+Diamond%3A+Christianity+as+a+Universal+Faith+-+Essays+in+Honor+of+Kwame+Bediako&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft.isbn=9781498217293&rft.aulast=Bediako&rft.aufirst=Gillian+Mary&rft.au=Quarshie%2C+Bernhardt&rft.au=Asamoah-Gyadu%2C+J.+Kwabena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEloBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAthanasius%2Bof%2BAlexandria%2B%2B%2Bthe%2Bnew%2Btestament%2Bcanon%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Von Dehsen, Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cU7cAAAAQBAJ&dq=Athanasius+of+Alexandria+%2B+the+new+testament+canon&pg=PA15">"St. Athanasius"</a>, <i>Philosophers and Religious Leaders</i>, Routledge, 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135951023" title="Special:BookSources/9781135951023">9781135951023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.xxv.iii.iii.xxv.html">"Excerpt from Letter 39"</a>. Ccel.org. 13 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Excerpt+from+Letter+39&rft.pub=Ccel.org&rft.date=2005-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf204.xxv.iii.iii.xxv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:1–4&version=nrsv">1:1–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Introduction to St. Athanasius on the Incarnation. Translated and edited by Sister Penelope Lawson, published by Mowbray 1944. p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:1–14&version=nrsv">1:1–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortescue1907-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue1907_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fortescue, Adrian, Catholic Encyclopedia 1907, Volume 6, pp. 662–663 "Gospel"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pope_Benedict_XV-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pope_Benedict_XV_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Benedict XV, Missale Romanum, IX Additions & Variations of the Rubrics of The Missal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jungmann-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jungmann_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: Jungmann, El Sacrificio de la Misa, No. 659, 660</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wxdxek-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wxdxek_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, Timothy D., <i>Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1993), 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Isaac_Newton" class="citation web cs1">Sir Isaac Newton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/THEM00010">"Paradoxical Questions Concerning the Morals and Actions of Athanasius and His Followers"</a>. <i>The Newton Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Newton+Project&rft.atitle=Paradoxical+Questions+Concerning+the+Morals+and+Actions+of+Athanasius+and+His+Followers&rft.au=Sir+Isaac+Newton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk%2Fview%2Ftexts%2Fnormalized%2FTHEM00010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, Timothy D., <i>Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1993), 14, 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes "Athanasius and Constantius", 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haas, Christopher, "The Arians of Alexandria", Vigiliae Christianae Vol. 47, no. 3 (1993), 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadwick, Henry, "Faith and Order at the Council of Nicaea", <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> LIII (Cambridge Mass: 1960), 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kannengiesser "Alexander and Arius", 403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kannengiesser, "Athanasius of Alexandria vs. Arius: The Alexandrian Crisis", in The Roots of Egyptian Christianity (Studies in Antiquity and Christianity), ed. Birger A. Pearson and James E. Goehring (1986), 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubinstein, Richard, <i>When Jesus Became God, The Struggle to Define Christianity during the Last Days of Rome</i>, 1999<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubenstein, Richard E., <i>When Jesus Became God: The Epic Fight over Christ's Divinity in the Last Days of Rome</i> (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1999), 105–106</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alexander of Alexandria, "Catholic Epistle", <i>The Ecole Initiative</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216133107/http://ecole.evansville.edu/arians/alex1.htm">ecole.evansville.edu</a></li> <li>Anatolios, Khaled, <i>Athanasius: The Coherence of His Thought</i> (New York: Routledge, 1998).</li> <li>Arnold, Duane W.-H., <i>The Early Episcopal Career of Athanasius of Alexandria</i> (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame, 1991).</li> <li>Arius, "Arius's letter to Eusebius of Nicomedia", <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, ed. Theodoret. Ser. 2, Vol. 3, 41, <i>The Ecole Initiative</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216133117/http://ecole.evansville.edu/arians/arius1.htm">ecole.evansville.edu</a></li> <li>Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. <i>The Penguin Dictionary of Saints</i>. 3rd edition. (New York: Penguin, 1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051312-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051312-4">0-14-051312-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes,_Timothy_D." class="mw-redirect" title="Barnes, Timothy D.">Barnes, Timothy D.</a>, <i>Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1993).</li> <li>Barnes, Timothy D., <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouter2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bouter, P.F. (2010). <i>Athanasius</i> (in Dutch). Kampen: Kok.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athanasius&rft.place=Kampen&rft.pub=Kok&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Bouter&rft.aufirst=P.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brakke, David. <i>Athanasius and the Politics of Asceticism</i> (1995)</li> <li>Clifford, Cornelius, "Athanasius", <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> Vol. 2 (1907), 35–40</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Chadwick, Henry</a>, "Faith and Order at the Council of Nicaea", <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> LIII (Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press, 1960), 171–195.</li> <li>Ernest, James D., <i>The Bible in Athanasius of Alexandria</i> (Leiden: Brill, 2004).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroom1950" class="citation book cs1">Froom, Le Roy Edwin (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.adventistarchives.org/Books/PFOF1950-V01.pdf"><i>The prophetic faith of our fathers : the historical development of prophetic interpretation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. I. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780828024563" title="Special:BookSources/9780828024563"><bdi>9780828024563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prophetic+faith+of+our+fathers+%3A+the+historical+development+of+prophetic+interpretation&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Review+and+Herald&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=9780828024563&rft.aulast=Froom&rft.aufirst=Le+Roy+Edwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.adventistarchives.org%2FBooks%2FPFOF1950-V01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Freeman, Charles, <i>The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason</i> (Alfred A. Knopf, 2003).</li> <li>Haas, Christopher. "The Arians of Alexandria", <i>Vigiliae Christianae</i> Vol. 47, no. 3 (1993), 234–245.</li> <li>Hanson, R.P.C., <i>The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy, 318–381</i> (T.&T. Clark, 1988).</li> <li>Kannengiesser, Charles, "Alexander and Arius of Alexandria: The last Ante-Nicene theologians", <i>Miscelanea En Homenaje Al P. Antonio Orbe Compostellanum</i> Vol. XXXV, no. 1–2. (Santiago de Compostela, 1990), 391–403.</li> <li>Kannengiesser, Charles "Athanasius of Alexandria vs. Arius: The Alexandrian Crisis", in <i>The Roots of Egyptian Christianity (Studies in Antiquity and Christianity)</i>, ed. Birger A. Pearson and James E. Goehring (1986), 204–215.</li> <li>Ng, Nathan K. K., <i>The Spirituality of Athanasius</i> (1991).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettersen1995" class="citation book cs1">Pettersen, Alvyn (1995). <i>Athanasius</i>. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Morehouse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athanasius&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Morehouse&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Pettersen&rft.aufirst=Alvyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rubenstein, Richard E., <i>When Jesus Became God: The Epic Fight over Christ's Divinity in the Last Days of Rome</i> (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1999).</li> <li>Williams, Rowan, <i>Arius: Heresy and Tradition</i> (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1987).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anatolios, Khaled. <i>Athanasius</i> (London: Routledge, 2004). [Contains selections from the <i>Orations against the Arians</i> (pp. 87–175) and <i>Letters to Serapion on the Holy Spirit</i> (pp. 212–233), together with the full texts of <i>On the Council of Nicaea</i> (pp. 176–211) and <i>Letter 40: To Adelphius</i> (pp. 234–242)]</li> <li>Gregg, Robert C. <i>Athanasius: The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus</i>, Classics of Western Spirituality (New York: Paulist Press, 1980).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1867" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=okosAAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Christian Church: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity, AD 311–600</i></a>. Vol. 3rd. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church%3A+Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Christianity%2C+AD+311%E2%80%93600&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DokosAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffHenry_Wace1903" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip; Henry Wace (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v38XAAAAYAAJ"><i>A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church: St. Athanasius: Select Works and Letters</i></a>. Vol. 4th. New York: Scribner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Select+Library+of+Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers+of+the+Christian+Church%3A+St.+Athanasius%3A+Select+Works+and+Letters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Henry+Wace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv38XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthanasius+of+Alexandria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_of_Alexandria&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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Alexandria</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="s:el:Αθανάσιος Αλεξανδρείας">Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?module=content&cid=001003&id=97&lang=en">Official web site of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/35906">Works by Patriarch of Alexandria Saint Athanasius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Alexandria%2C%20Athanasius%20of%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alexandria%2C%20Athanasius%20o%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alexandria%2C%20A%2E%20o%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Athanasius%20of%20Alexandria%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Athanasius%20o%2E%20Alexandria%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22A%2E%20o%2E%20Alexandria%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Athanasius%20of%20Alexandria%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Athanasius%20o%2E%20Alexandria%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20o%2E%20Alexandria%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20of%20Alexandria%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alexandria%2C%20Athanasius%20of%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alexandria%2C%20Athanasius%20o%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alexandria%2C%20A%2E%20o%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alexandria%2C%20A%2E%20of%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Athanasius%20of%20Alexandria%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Athanasius%20o%2E%20Alexandria%22%20OR%20title%3A%22A%2E%20o%2E%20Alexandria%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Athanasius%20of%20Alexandria%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Athanasius%20o%2E%20Alexandria%22%20OR%20description%3A%22A%2E%20o%2E%20Alexandria%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alexandria%2C%20Athanasius%20of%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alexandria%2C%20Athanasius%20o%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%22296-373%22%20AND%20Alexandria%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Athanasius of Alexandria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3108">Works by Athanasius of Alexandria</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/TOC.htm">Archibald Robinson, Athanasius: Select Letters and Works (Edinburgh 1885)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517163828/http://www.elca.org/communication/creeds/athanasian.html">The so-called Athanasian Creed</a> (not written by Athanasius, see <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a> above)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellopos.net/blog/?p=52">Athanasius Select Resources, Bilingual Anthology</a> (in Greek original and English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502135339/http://www.wicketgate.co.uk/p10.html">Two audio lectures about Athanasius on the Deity of Christ</a>, Dr N Needham</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716144934/http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/getImage.pl?target=%2Fdata%2Fwww%2FNASD%2F4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a%2F009%2F499%2FOTIFF%2F00000060.tif&rs=1"><i>Concorida Cyclopedia</i>: Athanasius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=A&word=ATHANASIUS"><i>Christian Cyclopedia</i>: Athanasius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0295-0373-_Athanasius,_Sanctus.html">Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100219">St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria</a>, Orthodox icon and synaxarion</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224140543/http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/athanasius-werke-contents">English Key to Athanasius Werke</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228011941/http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/athanasius-chart">The Writings of Athanasius in Chronological Order</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717201623/http://www.theologynetwork.org/historical-theology/introducing----athanasius.htm"><i>Introducing...Athanasius</i></a> audio resource by Dr. Michael Reeves. Two lectures on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717201623/http://www.theologynetwork.org/historical-theology/introducing----athanasius.htm">theologynetwork.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olrl.org/snt_docs/athnasus.shtml">Letter of Saint Athanasius to His Flock</a> at the Our Lady of the Rosary Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/athanasius">St. Athanasius Patriarch of Alexandria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Classics_Ethereal_Library" title="Christian Classics Ethereal Library">Christian Classics Ethereal Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Anastasius-105/StAnthanasius.htm">Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Titles of the Great Christian Church</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Patriarch of Alexandria</a> </b><br />328–373<br /><b>or</b><br />328–339<br />346–373 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter II of Alexandria">Peter II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Cappadocia" title="Gregory of Cappadocia">Gregory of Cappadocia <i>(Anti-patriarch)</i></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter II of Alexandria">Peter II</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="Template:Patriarchs of Alexandria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="Template talk:Patriarchs of Alexandria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs of Alexandria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchs of Alexandria">Patriarchs of Alexandria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="List of patriarchs of Alexandria">Patriarchs</a> prior to the<br /><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedonian schism</a><br />(43–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark I the Evangelist</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anianus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Anianus of Alexandria">Anianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Avilius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Avilius of Alexandria">Avilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Kedron_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Kedron of Alexandria">Kedronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Primus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Primus of Alexandria">Primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Justus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Justus of Alexandria">Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eumenes_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Eumenes of Alexandria">Eumenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Markianos_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Markianos of Alexandria">Markianos</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celadion_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Celadion of Alexandria">Celadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agrippinus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Agrippinus of Alexandria">Agrippinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julian_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Julian of Alexandria">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Demetrius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Demetrius I of Alexandria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Heraclas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Heraclas of Alexandria">Heraclas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Maximus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Maximus of Alexandria">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theonas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theonas of Alexandria">Theonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Alexandria" title="Peter I of Alexandria">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Achillas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Achillas of Alexandria">Achillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athanasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter II of Alexandria">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Timothy I of Alexandria">Timothy I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Theophilus I of Alexandria">Theophilus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Orthodox_popes" title="List of Coptic Orthodox popes">Coptic Orthodox<br /> Popes and Patriarchs</a><br />(451–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Timothy II of Alexandria">Timothy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_III_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter III of Alexandria">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Athanasius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Athanasius II of Alexandria">Athanasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John I of Alexandria">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II_(III)_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John II (III) of Alexandria">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus II of Alexandria">Dioscorus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Timothy IV of Alexandria">Timothy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodosius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter IV of Alexandria">Peter IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damian_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Damian of Alexandria">Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Anastasius of Alexandria">Anastasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Andronicus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Andronicus of Alexandria">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benjamin_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria">Benjamin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Agatho of Alexandria">Agathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John III of Alexandria">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Isaac_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Isaac of Alexandria">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simeon_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Simeon I of Alexandria">Simeon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander II of Alexandria">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas I of Alexandria">Cosmas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodoros_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodoros I of Alexandria">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael I of Alexandria">Michael I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mina_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mina I of Alexandria">Mina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John IV of Alexandria">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark II of Alexandria">Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Jacob_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Jacob of Alexandria">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simeon_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Simeon II of Alexandria">Simeon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Joseph_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Joseph I of Alexandria">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael II of Alexandria">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas II of Alexandria">Cosmas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda I of Alexandria">Shenouda I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael III of Alexandria">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel I of Alexandria">Gabriel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas III of Alexandria">Cosmas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius I of Alexandria">Macarius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_II_(Coptic_patriarch_of_Alexandria)" title="Theophilus II (Coptic patriarch of Alexandria)">Theophilus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mina_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mina II of Alexandria">Mina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Abraham_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Abraham of Alexandria">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotheos_(Coptic_patriarch_of_Alexandria)" title="Philotheos (Coptic patriarch of Alexandria)">Philotheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zacharias_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Zacharias of Alexandria">Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda II of Alexandria">Shenouda II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Christodoulos_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Christodoulos of Alexandria">Christodoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril II of Alexandria">Cyril II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael IV of Alexandria">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius II of Alexandria">Macarius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel II of Alexandria">Gabriel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael V of Alexandria">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John V of Alexandria">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark III of Alexandria">Mark III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John VI of Alexandria">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril III of Alexandria">Cyril III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Athanasius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Athanasius III of Alexandria">Athanasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John VII of Alexandria">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel III of Alexandria">Gabriel III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John VII of Alexandria">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodosius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodosius III of Alexandria">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John VIII of Alexandria">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John IX of Alexandria">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benjamin_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Benjamin II of Alexandria">Benjamin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter V of Alexandria">Peter V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark IV of Alexandria">Mark IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John X of Alexandria">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel IV of Alexandria">Gabriel IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Matthew_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Matthew I of Alexandria">Matthew I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel V of Alexandria">Gabriel V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XI of Alexandria">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Matthew_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Matthew II of Alexandria">Matthew II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel VI of Alexandria">Gabriel VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael VI of Alexandria">Michael VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XII of Alexandria">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XIII of Alexandria">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel VII of Alexandria">Gabriel VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XIV of Alexandria">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_VIII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel VIII of Alexandria">Gabriel VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark V of Alexandria">Mark V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XV of Alexandria">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Matthew_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Matthew III of Alexandria">Matthew III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark VI of Alexandria">Mark VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Matthew_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Matthew IV of Alexandria">Matthew IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XVI of Alexandria">John XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter VI of Alexandria">Peter VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XVII of Alexandria">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark VII of Alexandria">Mark VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XVIII of Alexandria">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_VIII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark VIII of Alexandria">Mark VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter VII of Alexandria">Peter VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril IV of Alexandria">Cyril IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Demetrius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Demetrius II of Alexandria">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril V of Alexandria">Cyril V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XIX of Alexandria">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius III of Alexandria">Macarius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Joseph_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Joseph II of Alexandria">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Cyril VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria">Shenouda III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Tawadros_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria">Tawadros II</a> (current)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Orthodox_patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="List of Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox <br />Popes and Patriarchs</a><br />(451–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proterius_of_Alexandria" title="Proterius of Alexandria">Proterius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Timothy II of Alexandria">Timothy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Salophakiolos" title="Timothy Salophakiolos">Timothy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talaia" title="John Talaia">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_III_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter III of Alexandria">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Athanasius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Athanasius II of Alexandria">Athanasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John I of Alexandria">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II_(III)_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John II (III) of Alexandria">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus II of Alexandria">Dioscorus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Timothy IV of Alexandria">Timothy IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodosius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaianus_of_Alexandria" title="Gaianus of Alexandria">Gaianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Paul_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Paul of Alexandria">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Zoilus_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Zoilus of Alexandria">Zoilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Apollinarius_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Apollinarius of Alexandria">Apollinarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_John_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch John IV of Alexandria">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulogius_of_Alexandria" title="Eulogius of Alexandria">Eulogius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theodore_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Theodore I of Alexandria">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Merciful" title="John the Merciful">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_George_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch George I of Alexandria">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_of_Alexandria" title="Cyrus of Alexandria">Cyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Peter_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Peter IV of Alexandria">Peter IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Peter_V_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Peter V of Alexandria">Peter V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Peter_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Peter VI of Alexandria">Peter VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_I_of_Alexandria" title="Cosmas I of Alexandria">Cosmas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Politianus_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Politianus of Alexandria">Politianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Eustatius_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Eustatius of Alexandria">Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Christopher_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Christopher I of Alexandria">Christopher I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Sophronius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Sophronius I of Alexandria">Sophronius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Michael_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Michael I of Alexandria">Michael I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Michael_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Michael II of Alexandria">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christodoulos_(Greek_patriarch_of_Alexandria)" title="Christodoulos (Greek patriarch of Alexandria)">Christodoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychius_of_Alexandria" title="Eutychius of Alexandria">Eutychius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Sophronius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Sophronius II of Alexandria">Sophronius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Isaac_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Isaac of Alexandria">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Job_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Job of Alexandria">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Elias_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Elias I of Alexandria">Elias I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Arsenius_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Arsenius of Alexandria">Arsenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_II_(Greek_patriarch_of_Alexandria)" title="Theophilus II (Greek patriarch of Alexandria)">Theophilus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_George_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch George II of Alexandria">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Leontius_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Leontius of Alexandria">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Alexander_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Alexander II of Alexandria">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_John_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch John VI of Alexandria">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Cyril_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Cyril II of Alexandria">Cyril II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Sabbas_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Sabbas of Alexandria">Sabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Sophronius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Sophronius III of Alexandria">Sophronius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Elias_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Elias II of Alexandria">Elias II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Eleutherius_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Eleutherius of Alexandria">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Mark_III_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Mark III of Alexandria">Mark III</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicholas_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicholas I of Alexandria">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gregory_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Gregory I of Alexandria">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicholas_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicholas II of Alexandria">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Athanasius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Athanasius III of Alexandria">Athanasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gregory_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Gregory II of Alexandria">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gregory_III_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Gregory III of Alexandria">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Niphon_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Niphon of Alexandria">Niphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Mark_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Mark IV of Alexandria">Mark IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicholas_III_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicholas III of Alexandria">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gregory_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Gregory IV of Alexandria">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicholas_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicholas IV of Alexandria">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Athanasius_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Athanasius IV of Alexandria">Athanasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Mark_V_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Mark V of Alexandria">Mark V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotheos_(Greek_patriarch_of_Alexandria)" title="Philotheos (Greek patriarch of Alexandria)">Philotheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Mark_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Mark VI of Alexandria">Mark VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gregory_V_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Gregory V of Alexandria">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Alexandria" title="Joachim of Alexandria">Joachim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Silvester_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Silvester of Alexandria">Silvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_I_Pegas" title="Meletius I Pegas">Meletius I Pegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Lucaris" title="Cyril Lucaris">Cyril III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gerasimus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Gerasimus I of Alexandria">Gerasimus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Metrophanes_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Metrophanes of Alexandria">Metrophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicephorus_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicephorus of Alexandria">Nicephorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Joannicius_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Joannicius of Alexandria">Joannicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisios_Ligarides" title="Paisios Ligarides">Paisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Parthenius I of Alexandria">Parthenius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimos_Palladas" title="Gerasimos Palladas">Gerasimus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Alexandria" title="Samuel of Alexandria">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_III_of_Constantinople" title="Cosmas III of Constantinople">Cosmas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_III_of_Alexandria" title="Cosmas III of Alexandria">Cosmas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Matthew_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Matthew of Alexandria">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_of_Alexandria" title="Cyprian of Alexandria">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimus_III_of_Alexandria" title="Gerasimus III of Alexandria">Gerasimus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Parthenius II of Alexandria">Parthenius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_III_of_Alexandria" title="Theophilus III of Alexandria">Theophilus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierotheus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Hierotheus I of Alexandria">Hierotheus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemius_of_Alexandria" title="Artemius of Alexandria">Artemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierotheus_II_of_Alexandria" title="Hierotheus II of Alexandria">Hierotheus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callinicus_of_Alexandria" title="Callinicus of Alexandria">Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Jacob_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Jacob of Alexandria">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicanor_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicanor of Alexandria">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_of_Pentapolis" title="Nilus of Pentapolis">Nilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophronius_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Sophronius IV of Alexandria">Sophronius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Photius_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Photius of Alexandria">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_Metaxakis" title="Meletius Metaxakis">Meletius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicholas_V_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicholas V of Alexandria">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Christopher_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Christopher II of Alexandria">Christopher II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicholas_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Nicholas VI of Alexandria">Nicholas VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Parthenius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Parthenius III of Alexandria">Parthenius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Peter_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria">Peter VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theodore_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria">Theodore II</a> (current)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Latin Catholic</a><br />(1276–1954)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Atanasio (Athanasius)</li> <li>Egidio da Ferrara (Giles)</li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Humbert_II_of_Viennois" title="Humbert II of Viennois">Humbert II, Dauphin of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Aragon_(patriarch)" title="John of Aragon (patriarch)">Juan (John)</a></li> <li>Guillaume de Chanac</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnaud_Bernard_du_Pouget&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnaud Bernard du Pouget (page does not exist)">Arnaud Bernard du Pouget</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnaldo_Bernardi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnaldo Bernardi (page does not exist)">Arnaldo Bernardi</a>)</li> <li><i>uncanonical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_de_Cardaillac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean de Cardaillac (page does not exist)">Jean de Cardaillac</a></i></li> <li>Pietro Amely di Brunac</li> <li>? <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Walteri_von_Sinten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Walteri von Sinten (page does not exist)">Johannes Walteri von Sinten</a></li> <li><i>uncanonical <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cramaud" title="Simon of Cramaud">Simon of Cramaud</a></i></li> <li>Pietro Amely di Brunac</li> <li>Leonardo Dolfin</li> <li>Ugo Roberti</li> <li>Pietro Amaury di Lordat</li> <li>Lancelotus de Navarra</li> <li>Giovanni Contarini</li> <li>Pietro</li> <li>Vitalis di Mauléon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Vitelleschi" title="Giovanni Vitelleschi">Giovanni Vitelleschi</a></li> <li>Marco Condulmer</li> <li>Jean d'Harcourt</li> <li>Arnaldo Rogerii de Palas</li> <li>Pedro de Urrea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza" title="Pedro González de Mendoza">Pedro González de Mendoza</a></li> <li>Diego Hurtado de Mendoza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Fonseca_y_Acevedo" title="Alonso de Fonseca y Acevedo">Alonso de Fonseca y Acevedo</a></li> <li>Bernardino Carafa</li> <li>Cesare Riario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Ascanio_Sforza_di_Santa_Fiora" title="Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora">Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Maria_Sforza" title="Ottaviano Maria Sforza">Ottaviano Maria Sforza</a></li> <li>Julius Gonzaga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Guidalotti_Ciocchi_del_Monte" title="Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte">Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte</a></li> <li>Jacques Cortès</li> <li>Tommaso</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Riario" title="Alessandro Riario">Alessandro Riario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caetani" title="Enrico Caetani">Enrico Caetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Albani" title="Giovanni Battista Albani">Giovanni Battista Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Caetani" title="Camillo Caetani">Camillo Caetani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9raphin_Olivier-Razali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Séraphin Olivier-Razali (page does not exist)">Séraphin Olivier-Razali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_di_Sangro" title="Alessandro di Sangro">Alessandro di Sangro</a></li> <li>Honoratus Caetani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Borromeo_(iuniore)" title="Federico Borromeo (iuniore)">Federico Borromeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Crescenzi_(cardinal)" title="Alessandro Crescenzi (cardinal)">Allesandro Crescenzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bevilacqua" title="Aloysius Bevilacqua">Aloysius Bevilacqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Draghi_Bartoli" title="Petrus Draghi Bartoli">Petrus Draghi Bartoli</a></li> <li>Gregorio Giuseppe Gaetani de Aragonia</li> <li>Carlo Ambrosio Mezzabarba</li> <li>Filippo Carlo Spada</li> <li>Girolamo Crispi</li> <li>Giuseppe Antonio Davanzati</li> <li>Lodovico Agnello Anastasi</li> <li>Francisco Mattei</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus_Foscolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustus Foscolo (page does not exist)">Augustus Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Angelo_Ballerini" title="Paolo Angelo Ballerini">Paolo Angelo Ballerini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Marinangeli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domenico Marinangeli (page does not exist)">Domenico Marinangeli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_de_Huyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo de Huyn (page does not exist)">Paolo de Huyn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luca_Ermenegildo_Pasetto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luca Ermenegildo Pasetto (page does not exist)">Luca Ermenegildo Pasetto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Melkite Catholic</a><br />(1724–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas" title="Cyril VI Tanas">Cyril VI Tanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_IV_Jawhar" title="Athanasius IV Jawhar">Athanasius IV Jawhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximos_II_Hakim" title="Maximos II Hakim">Maximos II Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_V_Dahan" title="Theodosius V Dahan">Theodosius V Dahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_IV_Jawhar" title="Athanasius IV Jawhar">Athanasius IV Jawhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VII_Siaj" title="Cyril VII Siaj">Cyril VII Siaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapius_II_Matar" title="Agapius II Matar">Agapius II Matar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_IV_Sarrouf" title="Ignatius IV Sarrouf">Ignatius IV Sarrouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_V_Matar" title="Athanasius V Matar">Athanasius V Matar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_IV_Tawil" title="Macarius IV Tawil">Macarius IV Tawil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_V_Qattan" title="Ignatius V Qattan">Ignatius V Qattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximos_III_Mazloum" title="Maximos III Mazloum">Maximos III Mazloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Bahouth" title="Clement Bahouth">Clement Bahouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_II_Youssef" title="Gregory II Youssef">Gregory II Youssef-Sayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_Geraigiry" title="Peter IV Geraigiry">Peter IV Geraigiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VIII_Geha" title="Cyril VIII Geha">Cyril VIII Geha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Qadi" title="Demetrius I Qadi">Demetrius I Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_IX_Moghabghab" title="Cyril IX Moghabghab">Cyril IX Moghabghab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximos_IV_Sayegh" title="Maximos IV Sayegh">Maximos IV Sayegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximos_V_Hakim" title="Maximos V Hakim">Maximos V Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_III_Laham" title="Gregory III Laham">Gregory III Laham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssef_Absi" title="Youssef Absi">Youssef I Absi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria">Coptic Catholic</a><br />(1824–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximos_Jouwed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximos Jouwed (page does not exist)">Maximos Jouwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrillos_Makarios" title="Kyrillos Makarios">Kyrillos Makarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phanos_I_Sidarouss" title="Stéphanos I Sidarouss">Stéphanos I Sidarouss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phanos_II_Ghattas" title="Stéphanos II Ghattas">Stéphanos II Ghattas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonios_Naguib" title="Antonios Naguib">Antonios I Naguib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Isaac_Sidrak" title="Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak">Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>*Markianos is considered Mark II on the Greek side of the subsequent schism, hence this numbering of Mark III.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" title="Category:Patriarchs of Alexandria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Patriarchs of Alexandria">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a><br />Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_in_the_Coptic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coptic_saints" title="Template:Coptic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coptic_saints" title="Template talk:Coptic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coptic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coptic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_in_the_Coptic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_saints" title="List of Coptic saints">Saints in the Coptic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coptic cross"><img alt="Coptic cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/100px-Coptic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/150px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/200px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, Our Lady of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Assiut" title="Our Lady of Assiut">Assiut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Warraq" title="Our Lady of Warraq">Warraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Zeitoun" title="Our Lady of Zeitoun">Zeitoun</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Suriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zedekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananiel" title="Ananiel">Ananiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe the Deaconess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C4%81m%C5%ABn_of_Tarn%C5%ABt" title="Abāmūn of Tarnūt">Abāmūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C4%81m%C5%ABn_of_Tukh" title="Abāmūn of Tukh">Abāmūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanoub" title="Abanoub">Abanoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaskhiron_the_Soldier" title="Abaskhiron the Soldier">Abaskhiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Alexandria_bombing" title="2011 Alexandria bombing">Alexandrian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Arianus" title="Saint Arianus">Arianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Apollonia" title="Saint Apollonia">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barbara" title="Saint Barbara">Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashnouna" title="Bashnouna">Bashnouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilides_and_Potamiana" title="Basilides and Potamiana">Basilides and Potamiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthus_and_Daria" title="Chrysanthus and Daria">Chrysanthus and Daria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaffredo" title="Chiaffredo">Chiaffredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Colluthus" title="Saint Colluthus">Colluthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_and_Damian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmas and Damian">Cosmas and Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_and_Justina" title="Cyprian and Justina">Cyprian and Justina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_and_John" title="Cyrus and John">Cyrus and John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasya" title="Dasya">Dasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiana" title="Demiana">Demiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_of_Alexandria" title="Dorothea of Alexandria">Dorothea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_and_companions" title="Elias and companions">Elias and companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimachus_of_Pelusium" title="Epimachus of Pelusium">Epimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustus,_Abibus_and_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius of Alexandria">Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_and_Regula" title="Felix and Regula">Felix and Regula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Abdel_El-Metgaly" title="Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly">Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Gallicanus" title="Saint Gallicanus">Gallicanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anba_George" title="Anba George">George Bishop of Assiut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_El_Mozahem" title="George El Mozahem">George El Mozahem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gereon" title="Gereon">Gereon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor,_Besoy,_and_Daydara" title="Hor, Besoy, and Daydara">Hor, Besoy, and Daydara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Imbaba_church_attacks" title="2011 Imbaba church attacks">Imbaba Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Dafra" title="Isaac of Dafra">Isaac of Dafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Senhout" title="John of Senhout">John of Senhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Malati" title="Master Malati">Malati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_the_Virgin" title="Margaret the Virgin">Marina the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Maurice" title="Saint Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Memnon" title="Saint Memnon">Memnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Menas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Menas">Menas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohrael" title="Mohrael">Mohrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Moura" title="Saint Moura">Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_massacre" title="Nag Hammadi massacre">Nag Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otimus" title="Otimus">Otimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Philotheos" title="Saint Philotheos">Philotheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rais" title="Saint Rais">Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_the_Martyr" title="Sarah the Martyr">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidhom_Bishay" title="Sidhom Bishay">Sidhom Bishay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theban_Legion" title="Theban Legion">Theban Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thecla" title="Thecla">Thecla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Theoclia" title="Saint Theoclia">Theoclia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_and_Didymus" title="Theodora and Didymus">Theodora and Didymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Stratelates" title="Theodore Stratelates">Theodore Stratelates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Varus" title="Saint Varus">Varus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronia_of_Syria" title="Febronia of Syria">Veronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadamoun" title="Wadamoun">Wadamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanas" title="Wanas">Wanas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anianus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Anianus of Alexandria">Anianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Avilius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Avilius of Alexandria">Avilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Kedron_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Kedron of Alexandria">Kedron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Justus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Justus of Alexandria">Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eumenes_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Eumenes of Alexandria">Eumenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Markianos_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Markianos of Alexandria">Markianos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celadion_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Celadion of Alexandria">Celadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agrippinus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Agrippinus of Alexandria">Agrippinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julian_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Julian of Alexandria">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Demetrius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Demetrius I of Alexandria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Heraclas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Heraclas of Alexandria">Heraclas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theonas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theonas of Alexandria">Theonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter I of Alexandria">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athanasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter II of Alexandria">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Timothy I of Alexandria">Timothy I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Theophilus I of Alexandria">Theophilus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Timothy II of Alexandria">Timothy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_III_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter III of Alexandria">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus II of Alexandria">Dioscorus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Timothy IV of Alexandria">Timothy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodosius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter IV of Alexandria">Peter IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damian_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Damian of Alexandria">Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Anastasius of Alexandria">Anastasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Andronicus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Andronicus of Alexandria">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benjamin_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria">Benjamin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Agatho of Alexandria">Agathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simeon_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Simeon I of Alexandria">Simeon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander II of Alexandria">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodoros_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodoros I of Alexandria">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael I of Alexandria">Michael I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John IV of Alexandria">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark II of Alexandria">Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Jacob_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Jacob of Alexandria">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simeon_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Simeon II of Alexandria">Simeon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Joseph_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Joseph I of Alexandria">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael II of Alexandria">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas II of Alexandria">Cosmas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael III of Alexandria">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel I of Alexandria">Gabriel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas III of Alexandria">Cosmas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Abraham_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Abraham of Alexandria">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zacharias_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Zacharias of Alexandria">Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril II of Alexandria">Cyril II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius II of Alexandria">Macarius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Matthew_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Matthew I of Alexandria">Matthew I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel VII of Alexandria">Gabriel VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XIV of Alexandria">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril V of Alexandria">Cyril V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius III of Alexandria">Macarius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Cyril VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abadiu_of_Antinoe" title="Abadiu of Antinoe">Abadiu of Antinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraam,_Bishop_of_Faiyum" title="Abraam, Bishop of Faiyum">Abraam of Faiyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Amun" title="Saint Amun">Amun of Scetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Thaumaturgus" title="Gregory Thaumaturgus">Gregory of Neocaesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Nisibis" title="Jacob of Nisibis">Jacob of Nisibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II,_Bishop_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="John II, Bishop of Jerusalem"> John of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Karas" title="Bishop Karas">Karas of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Mikhail_of_Asyut" title="Metropolitan Mikhail of Asyut">Mikhaeil of Asyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_of_Jerusalem" title="Narcissus of Jerusalem">Narcissus of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Nicholas of Myra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_the_Bishop" title="Paphnutius the Bishop">Paphnutius of Scetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Porphyrius" title="Saint Porphyrius">Porphyrius of Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psote" title="Psote">Psote of Ebsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentary_of_Serapion_of_Thmuis" title="Sacramentary of Serapion of Thmuis">Serapion of Thmuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severian_of_Gabala" title="Severian of Gabala">Severian of Gabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousab_El_Abah" title="Yousab El Abah">Yousab el-Abah of Girga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Messih_El-Makari" title="Abdel Messih El-Makari">Abdel Messih El-Makari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abib_and_Apollo" title="Abib and Apollo">Abib and Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Farshut" title="Abraham of Farshut">Abraham of Farshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Scetis" title="Abraham of Scetis">Abraham of Scetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Amun" title="Saint Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Awgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Awgin">Awgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashnouna" title="Bashnouna">Bashnouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarion" title="Hilarion">Hilarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsiesius" title="Horsiesius">Horsiesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitius" title="Hospitius">Hospitius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Irini" title="Mother Irini">Mother Irini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Nineveh" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac of Nineveh">Isaac of Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Pelusium" title="Isidore of Pelusium">Isidore of Pelusium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Dwarf" title="John the Dwarf">John the Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria" title="Macarius of Alexandria">Macarius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Egypt" title="Macarius of Egypt">Macarius of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_the_Monk" title="Marina the Monk">Marina the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_the_Black" title="Moses the Black">Moses the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_of_Sinai" title="Nilus of Sinai">Nilus of Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachomius_the_Great" title="Pachomius the Great">Pachomius the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambo" title="Pambo">Pambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsoma" title="Parsoma">Parsoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patapios_of_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Patapios of Thebes">Patapios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tammah" title="Paul of Tammah">Paul of Tammah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Simple" title="Paul the Simple">Paul the Simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius_of_Egypt" title="Petronius of Egypt">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishoy" title="Pishoy">Pishoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemen" title="Poemen">Poemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_the_Confessor" title="Samuel the Confessor">Samuel the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisoes_the_Great" title="Sisoes the Great">Sisoes the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot" title="Tekle Haymanot">Tekle Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Tabennese" title="Theodorus of Tabennese">Theodorus of Tabennese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Alexandria" title="Theodora of Alexandria">Theodora of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">Anchorites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Karas" title="Saint Karas">Karas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt" title="Mary of Egypt">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misael_the_Anchorite" title="Misael the Anchorite">Misael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onuphrius" title="Onuphrius">Onuphrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_the_Ascetic" title="Paphnutius the Ascetic">Paphnutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pijimi" title="Pijimi">Pijimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenoute" title="Shenoute">Shenouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Hermit" title="Thomas the Hermit">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimas_of_Palestine" title="Zosimas of Palestine">Zosimas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Other saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Alexandria" title="Ambrose of Alexandria">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind" title="Didymus the Blind">Didymus the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_of_Alexandria" title="Euphrosyne of Alexandria">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Girgis" title="Habib Girgis">Habib Girgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Candidus" title="Saint Candidus">Candidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Tanner" title="Simon the Tanner">Simon the Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Three Holy Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Maximus_and_Domatius" title="Saints Maximus and Domatius">Maximus and Domatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verena" class="mw-redirect" title="Verena">Verena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121035972">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/105155222">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/992154381007830291633">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1805613/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmpdjpXVHttKcK3r3dqQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118504843">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, -373"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79145591">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889341x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889341x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00462526">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Athanasius : Alexandrinus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV007443">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35009755">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981000155&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1054698">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/8168">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070562954">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90276470">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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