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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitan_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Metropolitan area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolitan_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighbourhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighbourhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Neighbourhoods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighbourhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Retail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Arts and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arts and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nightlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nightlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Nightlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nightlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Attractions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attractions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attractions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parkland_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parkland_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Parkland and environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parkland_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Museums and galleries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sports and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 City council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Provincial politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Federal politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Fire department </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Policing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.1 Aviation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.2 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.3 Public transit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads_and_highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads_and_highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.4 Roads and highways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads_and_highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trail_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trail_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.5 Trail system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trail_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity_and_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_and_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Electricity and water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_and_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste_disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Waste disposal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Primary and secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Post-secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Edmonton</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" > 112 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92adhelmt%C5%ABn" title="Ēadhelmtūn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēadhelmtūn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="إدمونتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدمونتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A8%D5%B6" title="Էտմընթըն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Էտմընթըն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ائدمونتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ائدمونتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="এডমন্টন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডমন্টন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эдмантан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдмантан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эдмантан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эдмантан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Едмънтън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едмънтън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨེ་ཏི་མོན་ཐོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨེ་ཏི་མོན་ཐོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Edmonton (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Edmonton (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Έντμοντον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντμοντον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmontono" title="Edmontono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edmontono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ادمونتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادمونتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EB%A8%BC%ED%84%B4" title="에드먼턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드먼턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Էդմոնտոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդմոնտոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эдмонтон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эдмонтон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אדמונטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדמונטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ედმონტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედმონტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эдмонтон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эдмонтон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эдмонтон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эдмонтон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmontona" title="Edmontona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Edmontona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmontonas" title="Edmontonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Edmontonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_(Kanada)" title="Edmonton (Kanada) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edmonton (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BB" title="എഡ്മണ്ടൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഡ്മണ്ടൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="एडमंटन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एडमंटन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ادمونتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادمونتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="エドモントン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドモントン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эдмонтон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эдмонтон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8" title="ਐਡਮੰਟਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਡਮੰਟਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%86" title="ایڈمنٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈمنٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эдмонтон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эдмонтон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эдмонтон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эдмонтон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ئێدمنتن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێدمنتن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Едмонтон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едмонтон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="எட்மன்டன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எட்மன்டன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эдмонтон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эдмонтон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="เอดมันตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอดมันตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Едмонтон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едмонтон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%86" title="ایڈمنٹن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈمنٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dmonton" title="Édmonton – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Édmonton" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Edmonton" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E9%A0%93" 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class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Edmonton" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edmonton" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Edmonton" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2096" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" 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53.53444°N 113.49028°W / 53.53444; -113.49028</a><a href="#cite_note-IACMP-2">[2]</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and second largest city of Alberta, Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Canada. For the town in England, see <a href="/wiki/Edmonton,_London" title="Edmonton, London">Edmonton, London</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Edmonton (disambiguation)">Edmonton (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Alberta, Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Edmonton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Edmonton</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_Skyline_from_106_Street_Lookout_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Edmonton_Skyline_from_106_Street_Lookout_2019.jpg/268px-Edmonton_Skyline_from_106_Street_Lookout_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Edmonton_Skyline_from_106_Street_Lookout_2019.jpg/402px-Edmonton_Skyline_from_106_Street_Lookout_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Edmonton_Skyline_from_106_Street_Lookout_2019.jpg/536px-Edmonton_Skyline_from_106_Street_Lookout_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4737" data-file-height="1577" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Walterdale_Bridge" title="Walterdale Bridge">Walterdale Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Edmonton" title="Downtown Edmonton">Downtown Edmonton</a> skyline</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberta_Legislature_Building_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Alberta_Legislature_Building_at_night.jpg/250px-Alberta_Legislature_Building_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Alberta_Legislature_Building_at_night.jpg/330px-Alberta_Legislature_Building_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1047" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Legislature_Building" title="Alberta Legislature Building">Legislature Building</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_-_Art_Gallery_of_Alberta_(15015846212).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Edmonton_-_Art_Gallery_of_Alberta_%2815015846212%29.jpg/250px-Edmonton_-_Art_Gallery_of_Alberta_%2815015846212%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Edmonton_-_Art_Gallery_of_Alberta_%2815015846212%29.jpg/330px-Edmonton_-_Art_Gallery_of_Alberta_%2815015846212%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="1825" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Alberta" title="Art Gallery of Alberta">Art Gallery of Alberta</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Edmonton_Park_(36894696671).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fort_Edmonton_Park_%2836894696671%29.jpg/121px-Fort_Edmonton_Park_%2836894696671%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fort_Edmonton_Park_%2836894696671%29.jpg/182px-Fort_Edmonton_Park_%2836894696671%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fort_Edmonton_Park_%2836894696671%29.jpg/242px-Fort_Edmonton_Park_%2836894696671%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Edmonton_Park" title="Fort Edmonton Park">Fort Edmonton Park</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_conservatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Edmonton_conservatory.jpg/250px-Edmonton_conservatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Edmonton_conservatory.jpg/330px-Edmonton_conservatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Muttart_Conservatory" title="Muttart Conservatory">Muttart Conservatory</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_Law_Courts_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Edmonton_Law_Courts_10.jpg/137px-Edmonton_Law_Courts_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Edmonton_Law_Courts_10.jpg/206px-Edmonton_Law_Courts_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Edmonton_Law_Courts_10.jpg/274px-Edmonton_Law_Courts_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="1342" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Law_Courts_(Edmonton)" title="Law Courts (Edmonton)">Law Courts Building</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_ship_in_the_West_Edmonton_Mall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pirate_ship_in_the_West_Edmonton_Mall.jpg/250px-Pirate_ship_in_the_West_Edmonton_Mall.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pirate_ship_in_the_West_Edmonton_Mall.jpg/330px-Pirate_ship_in_the_West_Edmonton_Mall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5652" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/West_Edmonton_Mall" title="West Edmonton Mall">West Edmonton Mall</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Edmonton.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Edmonton"><img alt="Flag of Edmonton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Edmonton.svg/120px-Flag_of_Edmonton.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Edmonton.svg/250px-Flag_of_Edmonton.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="224" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Edmonton" title="Flag of Edmonton">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:EdmontonCOA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Edmonton"><img alt="Coat of arms of Edmonton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/EdmontonCOA.svg/77px-EdmontonCOA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/EdmontonCOA.svg/116px-EdmontonCOA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/EdmontonCOA.svg/154px-EdmontonCOA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="193" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Edmonton" title="Coat of arms of Edmonton">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_Square_Logo_(2022).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Edmonton"><img alt="Official logo of Edmonton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Edmonton_Square_Logo_%282022%29.svg/100px-Edmonton_Square_Logo_%282022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Edmonton_Square_Logo_%282022%29.svg/150px-Edmonton_Square_Logo_%282022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Edmonton_Square_Logo_%282022%29.svg/200px-Edmonton_Square_Logo_%282022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Canada's Festival City, City of Champions, The Oil Capital of Canada <a href="/wiki/List_of_city_nicknames_in_Canada#Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of city nicknames in Canada">more</a>...<a href="#cite_note-nicknames-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Industry, integrity, progress</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_relief_map_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edmonton is located in Canada"><img alt="Edmonton is located in Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Canada_relief_map_2.svg/250px-Canada_relief_map_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Canada_relief_map_2.svg/500px-Canada_relief_map_2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="942" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.674%;left:22.611%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Edmonton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Edmonton</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Edmonton in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></div>Show map of Canada</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Alberta_relief_location_map_-_transverse_mercator_proj.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edmonton is located in Alberta"><img alt="Edmonton is located in Alberta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Canada_Alberta_relief_location_map_-_transverse_mercator_proj.svg/250px-Canada_Alberta_relief_location_map_-_transverse_mercator_proj.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Canada_Alberta_relief_location_map_-_transverse_mercator_proj.svg/375px-Canada_Alberta_relief_location_map_-_transverse_mercator_proj.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Canada_Alberta_relief_location_map_-_transverse_mercator_proj.svg/500px-Canada_Alberta_relief_location_map_-_transverse_mercator_proj.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1638" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.221%;left:62.465%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Edmonton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Edmonton</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Edmonton (Alberta)</div>Show map of Alberta</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Edmonton&params=53_32_04_N_113_29_25_W_region:CA-AB_type:city">53°32′04″N 113°29′25″W / 53.53444°N 113.49028°W / 53.53444; -113.49028</a><a href="#cite_note-IACMP-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada#Alberta" title="List of regions of Canada">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region" title="Edmonton Metropolitan Region">Edmonton Metropolitan Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_divisions_of_Alberta" title="List of census divisions of Alberta">Census division</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Division_No._11,_Alberta" title="Division No. 11, Alberta">11</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adjacent <a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_municipalities_in_Alberta" title="List of specialized municipalities in Alberta">Specialized municipality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strathcona_County" title="Strathcona County">Strathcona County</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adjacent <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_districts_in_Alberta" title="List of municipal districts in Alberta">municipal districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leduc_County" title="Leduc County">Leduc County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkland_County" title="Parkland County">Parkland County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_County" title="Sturgeon County">Sturgeon County</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1795</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated<a href="#cite_note-AMACityProfiles-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amalgamation-4">[4]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Alberta" title="List of towns in Alberta">Town</a></th><td class="infobox-data">January 9, 1892</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">City</a></th><td class="infobox-data">October 8, 1904</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_amalgamations_in_Alberta" title="List of municipal amalgamations in Alberta">Amalgamated</a><a href="#cite_note-AMACityProfiles-3">[3]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">February 12, 1912</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named after</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edmonton,_London" title="Edmonton, London">Edmonton, London</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Council" title="Edmonton City Council">Edmonton City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Edmonton" title="List of mayors of Edmonton">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amarjeet_Sohi" title="Amarjeet Sohi">Amarjeet Sohi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">Manager</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Eddie Robar<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-2021censusb-6">[6]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">765.61 km2 (295.60 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">627.20 km2 (242.16 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,416.19 km2 (3,635.61 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">645 m (2,116 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-2021censusb-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021censusPC-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021censusCMA-10">[10]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,010,899 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2023)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,128,811</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,320.4/km2 (3,420/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,151,635 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,836.2/km2 (4,756/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,418,118 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">6th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">150.6/km2 (390/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Municipal_census_in_Canada" title="Municipal census in Canada">Municipal census</a> (<a href="/wiki/2019_Alberta_municipal_censuses" title="2019 Alberta municipal censuses">2019</a>)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">972,223<a href="#cite_note-2019census-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Edmontonian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00" title="UTC−07:00">UTC−07:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">MST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC−06:00</a> (MDT)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_postal_code#Forward_sortation_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian postal code">FSAs</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/List_of_T_postal_codes_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of T postal codes of Canada">T5A – T6Y</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_780" title="Area code 780">780</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_codes_587,_825,_and_368" title="Area codes 587, 825, and 368">587, 825, 368</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_Topographic_System" title="National Topographic System">NTS</a> Map</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.canada.ca/czs/index-en.html?bbox=-114,53.25,-113.5,53.5&name=NTS_map_sheet_83H5">83H5</a> <a href="/wiki/Leduc,_Alberta" title="Leduc, Alberta">Leduc</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.canada.ca/czs/index-en.html?bbox=-113.5,53.25,-113,53.5&name=NTS_map_sheet_83H6">83H6</a> <a href="/wiki/Cooking_Lake_(Alberta)" title="Cooking Lake (Alberta)">Cooking Lake</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.canada.ca/czs/index-en.html?bbox=-113.5,53.5,-113,53.75&name=NTS_map_sheet_83H11">83H11</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton, Alberta">Edmonton</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.canada.ca/czs/index-en.html?bbox=-114,53.5,-113.5,53.75&name=NTS_map_sheet_83H12">83H12</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Albert,_Alberta" title="St. Albert, Alberta">St. Albert</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada" title="Geographical Names Board of Canada">GNBC</a> Code</th><td class="infobox-data">IACMP<a href="#cite_note-IACMP-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> (Edmonton <abbr title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>87.48 billion (2020)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita (Edmonton <abbr title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data">CA$63,601 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edmonton.ca/">www.edmonton.ca</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2096#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Edmonton<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>. It is situated on the <a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River" title="North Saskatchewan River">North Saskatchewan River</a> and is the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region" title="Edmonton Metropolitan Region">Edmonton Metropolitan Region</a>, which is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Central_Alberta" title="Central Alberta">Alberta's central region</a>. It anchors the northern end of what <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> defines as the "<a href="/wiki/Calgary%E2%80%93Edmonton_Corridor" title="Calgary–Edmonton Corridor">Calgary–Edmonton Corridor</a>".<a href="#cite_note-CRBGeoProfile-14">[13]</a> The area that later became the city of Edmonton was first inhabited by <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="First Nations in Alberta">First Nations</a> peoples and was also a historic site for the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis</a>. By 1795, many <a href="/wiki/Trading_post" title="Trading post">trading posts</a> had been established around the area that later became the Edmonton census metropolitan area. "Fort Edmonton", as it was known, became the main centre for trade in the area after the 1821 merger of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-15">[14]</a> It remained sparsely populated until the Canadian acquisition of Rupert's Land in 1870, followed eventually by the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> in 1891, its inauguration as a <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> in 1904, and its designation as the capital of the new province of Alberta in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Its growth was facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities (<a href="/wiki/Strathcona,_Alberta" title="Strathcona, Alberta">Strathcona</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Edmonton,_Alberta" title="North Edmonton, Alberta">North Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Edmonton,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="West Edmonton, Alberta">West Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Alberta" title="Beverly, Alberta">Beverly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Place" title="Jasper Place">Jasper Place</a>)<a href="#cite_note-pophistory-17">[16]</a> in addition to a series of annexations through 1982,<a href="#cite_note-AnnexationMap-18">[17]</a> and the annexation of 8,260 ha (82.6 km2; 31.9 sq mi) of land from <a href="/wiki/Leduc_County" title="Leduc County">Leduc County</a> and the City of <a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Alberta" title="Beaumont, Alberta">Beaumont</a> on January 1, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-City_of_Edmonton-19">[18]</a> As of <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a>, Edmonton had a city population of 1,010,899 and a <a href="/wiki/Census_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census Metropolitan Area">metropolitan</a> population of 1,418,118, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">fifth-largest</a> city<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-2016CensusABmunis-21">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">sixth-largest</a> metropolitan area (CMA) in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-2016censusCMA-23">[22]</a> It is the northernmost city and metropolitan area in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> to have a population of over one million.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Residents are called Edmontonians.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Known as the "Gateway to the North" <a href="/wiki/North_Bay,_Ontario" title="North Bay, Ontario">outside of Ontario</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Edmonton has become a staging point for large-scale <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a> projects occurring in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alberta" title="Northern Alberta">northern Alberta</a> and large-scale <a href="/wiki/Diamond#Surfacing" title="Diamond">diamond</a> mining operations in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Diavik_Diamond_Mine-27">[26]</a> It is a cultural, governmental and educational centre that hosts festivals year-round, reflected in the nickname "Canada's Festival City".<a href="#cite_note-nicknames-1">[1]</a> It is home to Canada's largest mall, <a href="/wiki/West_Edmonton_Mall" title="West Edmonton Mall">West Edmonton Mall</a> (the world's largest mall from 1981 until 2004);<a href="#cite_note-Welcome_to_West_Edmonton_Mall's_Website.-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-30">[29]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edmonton_Park" title="Fort Edmonton Park">Fort Edmonton Park</a>, Canada's largest <a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">living history</a> museum.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_name">Origin of name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of name">edit</a>]</div> Established as the first permanent settlement in the area of what is now Edmonton, the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> trading post of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edmonton" title="Fort Edmonton">Fort Edmonton</a> (also known as Edmonton House) was named after <a href="/wiki/Edmonton,_London" title="Edmonton, London">Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The fort's name was chosen by <a href="/wiki/William_Tomison" title="William Tomison">William Tomison</a>, who was in charge of its construction, taking the fort's namesake from the hometown of the Lake family – at least five of whom were influential members of the Hudson's Bay Company between 1696 and 1807.<a href="#cite_note-:1-33">[32]</a> In turn, the name of Edmonton derives from Adelmetone, meaning 'farmstead/estate of Ēadhelm' (from Ēadhelm, an <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> personal name, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-tun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-tun">tūn</a>); this earlier form of the name appears in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Fort Edmonton was also called Fort-des-Prairies by <a href="/wiki/French-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Canadian">French-Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_trapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal trapping">trappers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coureurs_des_bois" class="mw-redirect" title="Coureurs des bois">coureurs des bois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Indigenous languages refer to the Edmonton area by multiple names which reference the presence of fur trading posts.<a href="#cite_note-:5-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, the area is known as ᐊᒥᐢᑿᒌᐚᐢᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ amiskwacîwâskahikan,<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> which translates to "Beaver Hills House" and references the location's proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Hills_(Alberta)" title="Beaver Hills (Alberta)">Beaver Hills</a> east of Edmonton. In <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a>, the area is known as Omahkoyis;<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Nakota Sioux</a>, the area is known as Titâga;<a href="#cite_note-:7-41">[40]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a>, the area is known as Nââsʔágháàchú<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> (anglicised as Nasagachoo).<a href="#cite_note-:8-43">[42]</a> The Blackfoot name translates to 'big lodge',<a href="#cite_note-:6-44">[43]</a> while the Nakota Sioux and Tsuutʼina names translate to 'big house'.<a href="#cite_note-:5-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-43">[42]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Denesuline</a>, the area is known as Kuę́ Nedhé,<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymic</a> toponym which also generally means 'city'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Edmonton" title="History of Edmonton">History of Edmonton</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Edmonton_history" title="Timeline of Edmonton history">Timeline of Edmonton history</a>.</div> The earliest known inhabitants arrived in the area that is now Edmonton around 3,000 BC and perhaps as early as 12,000 BC when an ice-free corridor opened as the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> ended and timber, water, and wildlife became available in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton's_Timeline-46">[45]</a> The site of present-day Edmonton was home to several <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="First Nations in Alberta">First Nations</a> peoples, including the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakota" title="Nakota">Nakota Sioux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_Nation" title="Tsuutʼina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chipewyan" title="Chipewyan">Denesuline</a>. The valley of the <a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River" title="North Saskatchewan River">North Saskatchewan River</a>, in particular the area of Edmonton, was settled to varying degrees for thousands of years, and provided many essential resources, including fish, medicine, and materials for tool making, such as <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>, which are abundant in the area around the modern city and which can be easily <a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">knapped</a> into tools such as <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowheads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-47">[46]</a> The city was also a historic site for the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis</a>, who held many narrow lots along the North Saskatchewan which gave access to resources in the area. By 1882, these lots numbered about 44, after which they were displaced and integrated into the expanding city of Edmonton.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kane_Fort_Edmonton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kane_Fort_Edmonton.jpg/220px-Kane_Fort_Edmonton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kane_Fort_Edmonton.jpg/330px-Kane_Fort_Edmonton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kane_Fort_Edmonton.jpg/440px-Kane_Fort_Edmonton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The last of five <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edmonton" title="Fort Edmonton">Fort Edmontons</a> was constructed in 1830. It was the third to be built within present-day Edmonton.</figcaption></figure> In 1754, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Henday" title="Anthony Henday">Anthony Henday</a>, an explorer for the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> (HBC), may have been the first European to enter the Edmonton area.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> His expeditions across the Prairies of <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> were mainly to seek contact with the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Indigenous population</a> for establishing the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>, as the competition was fierce between the HBC and the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> (NWC). By 1795, Fort Edmonton was established on the river's north bank as a major <a href="/wiki/Trading_post" title="Trading post">trading post</a> for the HBC, near the mouth of the Sturgeon River close to present-day <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saskatchewan" title="Fort Saskatchewan">Fort Saskatchewan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fortedm-50">[49]</a> Fort Edmonton was built within "musket-shot range" of the rival NWC's Fort Augustus.<a href="#cite_note-:1-33">[32]</a> Although both forts were initially successful, declines in beaver pelt hauls and firewood stocks forced both HBC and NWC to move their forts upstream.<a href="#cite_note-:1-33">[32]</a> By 1813, after some changes in location, Fort Edmonton was established in the area of what is now <a href="/wiki/Rossdale,_Edmonton" title="Rossdale, Edmonton">Rossdale</a>, beginning Edmonton's start as a permanent population centre.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The fort was located on the border of territory that was disputed by the Blackfoot and Cree nations.<a href="#cite_note-:1-33">[32]</a> Furthermore, the fort intersected territory patrolled by the Blackfoot Confederacy to the South, and the Cree, <a href="/wiki/Dene" title="Dene">Dene</a>, and Nakoda nations to the north.<a href="#cite_note-:1-33">[32]</a> After the NWC merged with the HBC, Fort Augustus was closed in favour of Fort Edmonton.<a href="#cite_note-:1-33">[32]</a> In 1876, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty 6</a>, which includes what is now Edmonton, was signed between <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Treaties-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The agreement includes the Plains and Woods Cree, <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboine people">Assiniboine</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">band governments</a> of First Nations at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Carlton" title="Fort Carlton">Fort Carlton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pitt_(Saskatchewan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Pitt (Saskatchewan)">Fort Pitt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_River" title="Battle River">Battle River</a>. The area covered by the treaty represents most of the central area of the current provinces of <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The coming of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> (CPR) to southern Alberta in 1885 helped the Edmonton economy, and the 1891 building of the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_and_Edmonton_Railway" title="Calgary and Edmonton Railway">Calgary and Edmonton (C&E) Railway</a> resulted in the emergence of a railway townsite (South Edmonton/Strathcona) on the river's south side, across from Edmonton. The arrival of the CPR and the C&E Railway helped bring settlers and entrepreneurs from eastern Canada, Europe, the U.S. and other parts of the world. The Edmonton area's fertile soil and cheap land attracted settlers, further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre. Some people participating in the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a> passed through South Edmonton/Strathcona in 1897. Strathcona was North America's northernmost railway point, but travel to the Klondike was still very difficult for the "Klondikers", and a majority of them took a <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamship</a> north to the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LegislatureFortEd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/LegislatureFortEd.jpg/220px-LegislatureFortEd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/LegislatureFortEd.jpg/330px-LegislatureFortEd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/LegislatureFortEd.jpg/440px-LegislatureFortEd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>The completed <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Legislature_Building" title="Alberta Legislature Building">Alberta Legislature Building</a> in 1914, just above the last Fort Edmonton. The city was selected as Alberta's capital in 1905.</figcaption></figure> Incorporated as a town in 1892 with a population of 700 and then as a city in 1904 with a population of 8,350,<a href="#cite_note-history-edm-56">[55]</a> Edmonton became the capital of Alberta when the province was formed a year later, on September 1, 1905.<a href="#cite_note-edmontoncanencyclo-57">[56]</a> In November 1905, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Railway" title="Canadian Northern Railway">Canadian Northern Railway</a> (CNR) arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton,_Alberta_(2004)-58">[57]</a> During the early 1900s, Edmonton's rapid growth led to speculation in real estate. In 1912, Edmonton <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (politics)">amalgamated</a> with the City of <a href="/wiki/Strathcona,_Alberta" title="Strathcona, Alberta">Strathcona</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River" title="North Saskatchewan River">North Saskatchewan River</a>; as a result, the city held land on both banks of the North Saskatchewan River for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Amalgamation_(1904–1922)-59">[58]</a> Just before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the boom ended, and the city's population declined from more than 72,000 in 1914 to less than 54,000 only two years later.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-60">[59]</a> Many impoverished families moved to subsistence farms outside the city, while others fled to greener pastures in other provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonto2011346–349-61">[60]</a> Recruitment to the army during the war also contributed to the drop in population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonto2011354-62">[61]</a> Afterwards, the city slowly recovered in population and economy during the 1920s and 1930s and took off again during and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Centre_(Blatchford_Field)_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton City Centre (Blatchford Field) Airport">Edmonton City Centre Airport</a> opened in 1929,<a href="#cite_note-ECCAclosure-63">[62]</a> becoming Canada's first licensed airfield.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton's_Historic_City_Centre_Airport-64">[63]</a> Originally named Blatchford Field in honour of former mayor <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Blatchford" title="Kenny Blatchford">Kenny Blatchford</a>, pioneering aviators such as <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_R._%22Wop%22_May" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilfrid R. "Wop" May">Wilfrid R. "Wop" May</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Ward_(bush_pilot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Ward (bush pilot)">Max Ward</a> used Blatchford Field as a major base for distributing mail, food, and medicine to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a>; hence Edmonton's emergence as the "Gateway to the North". World War II saw Edmonton become a major base for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Highway" title="Alaska Highway">Alaska Highway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Staging_Route" title="Northwest Staging Route">Northwest Staging Route</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Northwest_Staging_Route-65">[64]</a> The airport was closed in November 2013.<a href="#cite_note-City_Centre_Airport_shuts_down-66">[65]</a> On July 31, 1987, an <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_tornado" title="Edmonton tornado">F4 tornado hit the city</a> and killed 27 people.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Tornado-67">[66]</a> The storm hit the areas of Beaumont, <a href="/wiki/Mill_Woods" title="Mill Woods">Mill Woods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bannerman,_Edmonton" title="Bannerman, Edmonton">Bannerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraser,_Edmonton" title="Fraser, Edmonton">Fraser</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evergreen,_Edmonton" title="Evergreen, Edmonton">Evergreen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Edmonton_tornado_20_years_later-68">[67]</a> The day became known as "Black Friday" and earned the city the moniker "City of Champions".<a href="#cite_note-20th_Anniversary_of_Black_Friday—The_Edmonton,_AB_F4_Tornado-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_municipal_governance">History of municipal governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of municipal governance">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Does not contain information about how Edmonton's municipal governance has changed or evolved since 1989. This section should be updated with more information regarding this. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg/220px-City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg/330px-City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg/440px-City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Hall" title="Edmonton City Hall">Edmonton City Hall</a> is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Council" title="Edmonton City Council">municipal government</a> for Edmonton.</figcaption></figure> In 1892, Edmonton was incorporated as a town. The first mayor was <a href="/wiki/Matthew_McCauley_(politician)" title="Matthew McCauley (politician)">Matthew McCauley</a>, who established the first school board in Edmonton and Board of Trade (later Chamber of Commerce) and a municipal police service.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Politics-70">[69]</a> Due to McCauley's good relationship with the federal Liberals, Edmonton maintained economic and political prominence over Strathcona, a rival town on the south side of the North Saskatchewan River.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Politics-70">[69]</a> Edmonton was incorporated as a city in 1904 and became Alberta's capital in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-edmontoncanencyclo-57">[56]</a> In 1904, the City of Edmonton purchased the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Government_Telephones" title="Alberta Government Telephones">Edmonton District Telephone Company</a> for $17,000 from <a href="/wiki/Alex_Taylor_(businessman)" title="Alex Taylor (businessman)">Alex Taylor</a>, a Canadian entrepreneur, inventor, and politician. Amalgamated into a city department as City of Edmonton Telephone Department, City Telephone System (CTS), 'Edmonton telephones'. In 1989, City Council voted to create <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Telephones_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton Telephones Corporation">Edmonton Telephones Corporation</a> (Ed Tel) to operate as an autonomous organization under a board of directors appointed by the city. In 1995, City of Edmonton ownership of its telephone service ended when Ed Tel was sold to the <a href="/wiki/Telus" title="Telus">Telus</a> corporation. City Bylaw 11713 created The Ed Tel Endowment Fund whereas the shares owned by Edmonton Telephones Corporation in Ed Tel Inc. were sold by the City of Edmonton to Telus on March 10, 1995, for $470,221,872 to be invested for the perpetual benefit of Edmontonians.<a href="#cite_note-edtel-71">[70]</a> Unions such as the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> struggled for progressive social change through the early years, with the first reformer, <a href="/wiki/James_East" title="James East">James East</a>, elected in 1912, followed by the first official Labour alderman, <a href="/wiki/James_Kinney_(politician)" title="James Kinney (politician)">James Kinney</a>, the following year. Many thousands of workers participated in the Edmonton general strike of 1919 and a strong block of Labour representatives were on council after the next election: East, Kinney, Sam McCoppen, <a href="/wiki/Rice_Sheppard" title="Rice Sheppard">Rice Sheppard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Clarke_(Canadian_politician)" title="Joseph Clarke (Canadian politician)">Joe Clarke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Labour representation on city council became a near-majority in 1929, and a full majority from 1932 to 1934, during the Great Depression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonto2011433,_164-73">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Reimer" title="Jan Reimer">Jan Reimer</a> became the city's first female mayor when she was elected in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonto2011326-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Amarjeet_Sohi" title="Amarjeet Sohi">Amarjeet Sohi</a> became the first person of colour to be elected as mayor of Edmonton.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-06-19_North_Saskatchewan_River_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2008-06-19_North_Saskatchewan_River_3.jpg/220px-2008-06-19_North_Saskatchewan_River_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2008-06-19_North_Saskatchewan_River_3.jpg/330px-2008-06-19_North_Saskatchewan_River_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2008-06-19_North_Saskatchewan_River_3.jpg/440px-2008-06-19_North_Saskatchewan_River_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River" title="North Saskatchewan River">North Saskatchewan River</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a>-fed river that bisects the city.</figcaption></figure> Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River, at an elevation of 671 m (2,201 ft).<a href="#cite_note-edmontoncanencyclo-57">[56]</a> It is North America's northernmost city with a population over one million. It is south of Alberta's geographic centre, which is near the Hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Assiniboine,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Assiniboine, Alberta">Fort Assiniboine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The terrain in and around Edmonton is generally flat to gently rolling, with ravines and deep river valleys, such as the North Saskatchewan River valley.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_River_Valley-78">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a> are west of Edmonton and about 220 km (140 mi) to the southwest. The North Saskatchewan River originates at the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Icefield" title="Columbia Icefield">Columbia Icefield</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jasper_National_Park" title="Jasper National Park">Jasper National Park</a> and bisects the city. It sometimes floods Edmonton's river valley, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River_flood_of_1915" title="North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915">North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915</a>. It empties via the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_River" title="Saskatchewan River">Saskatchewan River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg" title="Lake Winnipeg">Lake Winnipeg</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nelson_River" title="Nelson River">Nelson River</a> into <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-North_Saskatchewan-79">[78]</a> It runs from the southwest to the northeast and is fed by numerous creeks throughout the city, including <a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_Ravine" title="Mill Creek Ravine">Mill Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitemud_Creek" title="Whitemud Creek">Whitemud Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackmud_Creek" title="Blackmud Creek">Blackmud Creek</a>; these creeks have created ravines, some of which are used for <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">urban parkland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Industry_on_the_river-80">[79]</a> Edmonton is within the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Prairies_Ecozone" title="Prairies Ecozone">Prairies Ecozone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EcologicalP-81">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspen_parkland" title="Aspen parkland">Aspen parkland</a> surrounds the city and is a transitional area from the prairies to the south and <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal forest</a> in the north.<a href="#cite_note-WWF-82">[81]</a> The aspen woods and forests in and around Edmonton have long since been reduced by farming and residential and commercial developments including oil and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> exploration.<a href="#cite_note-Project_of_Gold_Copper_Mine_Exploration_Near_Edmonton_Delay-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Edmonton" title="Climate of Edmonton">Climate of Edmonton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winter_season_in_Canada_-_Edmonton,_November_2013_(11508911505).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Winter_season_in_Canada_-_Edmonton%2C_November_2013_%2811508911505%29.jpg/220px-Winter_season_in_Canada_-_Edmonton%2C_November_2013_%2811508911505%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Winter_season_in_Canada_-_Edmonton%2C_November_2013_%2811508911505%29.jpg/330px-Winter_season_in_Canada_-_Edmonton%2C_November_2013_%2811508911505%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Winter_season_in_Canada_-_Edmonton%2C_November_2013_%2811508911505%29.jpg/440px-Winter_season_in_Canada_-_Edmonton%2C_November_2013_%2811508911505%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Winters in Edmonton are typically cold and dry.</figcaption></figure> Edmonton has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Dfb, <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha climate classification</a> Dcbc) with typically cold, dry winters and warm, sunny summers, prone to extremes and large swings at all times of the year. It falls into the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">NRC</a> 4a <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">Plant Hardiness Zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Plant_Hardiness_Zones-84">[83]</a> Summer in Edmonton lasts from June until early September, while winter lasts from November until March and in common with all of Alberta<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> varies greatly in length and severity. Spring and autumn are both short and highly variable. Edmonton's <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing season</a> on average lasts from May 9 to September 22;<a href="#cite_note-ECCA-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> having an average 135–140 frost-free days each year,<a href="#cite_note-ECCA-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Growing_Season-88">[87]</a> resulting in one of the longest growing seasons on the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a>, Edmonton receives 17 hours and three minutes of daylight, with an hour and 46 minutes of <a href="/wiki/Civil_twilight" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil twilight">civil twilight</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> and on average receives 2,344 hours of bright sunshine<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> per year, making it one of Canada's sunniest cities.<a href="#cite_note-ECCA-86">[85]</a> The city is known for having cold winters, though its weather is milder than <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-coldestcities-92">[91]</a> all of which are on a more southerly latitude than Edmonton. Its average daily temperatures range from a low of −10.3 °C (13.5 °F) in January to a summer peak of 18.1 °C (64.6 °F) in July,<a href="#cite_note-ECCA-86">[85]</a> with average maximum of 23.5 °C (74.3 °F) in July and minimum of −14.7 °C (5.5 °F) in January.<a href="#cite_note-ECCA-86">[85]</a> Temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) for an average of four to five afternoons anytime from late April to mid-September and fall below −20 °C (−4 °F) for an average of 24.6 days in the winter. The highest temperature recorded in Edmonton was 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) on June 29, 1937<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> and on July 2, 2013, a record high <a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">humidex</a> of 44 was recorded due to an unusually humid day with a temperature of 33.9 °C (93.0 °F) and a record high <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> of 23 °C (73 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Humidex43-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-hotdayedm-95">[94]</a> The lowest temperature ever recorded in Edmonton was −49.4 °C (−56.9 °F) on January 19 and 21, 1886.<a href="#cite_note-January_1886-96">[95]</a> Edmonton has a fairly dry climate, receiving 422.5 mm (16.63 in) of precipitation per year, of which 329.3 mm (12.96 in) is rain and 93.2 mm (3.67 in) is the melt from 123.9 cm (48.8 in) from snowfall.<a href="#cite_note-ECCA-86">[85]</a> Over 75% of the average annual precipitation falls in the late spring, summer, and early autumn, with the wettest month being July, having a mean precipitation of 93.8 mm (3.69 in),<a href="#cite_note-ECCA-86">[85]</a> and the driest months being February, March, October, November and December.<a href="#cite_note-ECCA-86">[85]</a> Significant snowfall accumulation typically begins in late October and tapers off by late March. Dry spells are not uncommon and may occur at any time of the year. Extremes do occur, such as the 114 mm (4.49 in) of rainfall that fell on July 31, 1953.<a href="#cite_note-ECCA-86">[85]</a> Much of the precipitation that Edmonton receives in the summer comes from late-day thunderstorms,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> which are frequent and occasionally severe enough to produce large hail, damaging winds, funnel clouds, and tornadoes. The summer of 2006 was particularly warm for Edmonton, as temperatures reached 29 °C (84 °F) or higher more than 20 times from mid-May to early September. Later, the summer of 2021 saw the temperature rise above 29 °C (84 °F) on 23 days between June and August, while nearly breaking the record high temperature on June 30 with a temperature of 37.0 °C (98.6 °F).<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The winter of 2011–12 was particularly warm: from December 22 through March 20 there were 53 occasions when Edmonton saw temperatures at or above 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) at the City Centre Airport, and even warmer in the city proper.<a href="#cite_note-Daily_Data_Report_for_December_2011-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Data_Report_for_January_2012-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Data_Report_for_February_2012-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Data_Report_for_March_2012-103">[102]</a> A massive cluster of thunderstorms swept through Edmonton on July 11, 2004, with large hail and over 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain reported within an hour in many places.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_2004_Storm-104">[103]</a> This "1-in-200 year event" flooded major intersections and underpasses and damaged both residential and commercial properties. The storm caused extensive damage to West Edmonton Mall; a small glass section of the roof collapsed under the weight of the rainwater, causing water to drain onto the mall's indoor ice rink. As a result, the mall was evacuated as a precautionary measure.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Twelve tornadoes had been recorded in Edmonton between 1890 and 1989,<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_8-106">[105]</a> and eight since 1990.<a href="#cite_note-CNRD_1980-2009-107">[106]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_tornado" title="Edmonton tornado">F4 tornado</a> that struck Edmonton on July 31, 1987, killing 27, was unusual in many respects, including severity, duration, damage, and casualties.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> It is commonly referred to as Black Friday due both to its aberrant characteristics and the emotional shock it generated.<a href="#cite_note-EdmontonTornado-110">[109]</a> Then-mayor <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Decore" title="Laurence Decore">Laurence Decore</a> cited the community's response to the tornado as evidence that Edmonton was a "city of champions," which later became an unofficial slogan of the city.<a href="#cite_note-nicknames-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Champions-111">[110]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Edmonton (<a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Centre_Airport" title="Edmonton City Centre Airport">Edmonton City Centre Airport</a>). Climate ID: 3012208; coordinates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Edmonton&params=53_34_24_N_113_31_06_W_type:airport_region:CA-AB&title=Edmonton+City+Centre+Airport">53°34′24″N 113°31′06″W / 53.57333°N 113.51833°W / 53.57333; -113.51833 (Edmonton City Centre Airport)</a>; elevation: 670.6 m (2,200 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1880–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high <a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">humidex</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9 </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0 </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.6 </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2 (99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7 (98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.2 (99.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8 (21.6) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7 (23.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.3 (48.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.3 (13.5) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.9 (17.8) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1 (26.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0 (62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5 (25.7) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.0 (15.8) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.7 (5.5) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.7 (9.1) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.8 (18.0) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7 (30.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1 (31.8) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.5 (18.5) </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.2 (8.2) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−0.9 (30.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−49.4 (−57.0) </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−49.4 (−57.0) </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−40.0 (−40.0) </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.1 (−15.0) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.2 (10.0) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9 (25.0) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7 (28.9) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.7 (10.9) </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.1 (−15.0) </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−42.2 (−44.0) </td> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−48.3 (−55.0) </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−49.4 (−57.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a> </th> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−52.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000D4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−50.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−44.6 </td> <td style="background: #1C1CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−37.5 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.5 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.3 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000D6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−50.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000BA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−55.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000BA; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−55.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (0.77) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (0.46) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (0.66) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (1.13) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.2 (1.74) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.9 (2.75) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.7 (3.26) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.7 (2.39) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.5 (1.52) </td> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (0.81) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (0.69) </td> <td style="background: #EDFFED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 (0.46) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">422.5 (16.63) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (0.04) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 (0.07) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (0.62) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.9 (1.73) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.9 (2.75) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.2 (3.08) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.6 (2.62) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.4 (1.51) </td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (0.45) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (0.05) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (0.02) </td> <td style="background: #D5FFD5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">329.3 (12.96) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #008000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">25.6 (10.1) </td> <td style="background: #2FFF2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (5.0) </td> <td style="background: #00E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (7.5) </td> <td style="background: #18FF18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (5.9) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 (0.3) </td> <td style="background: #5BFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (4.3) </td> <td style="background: #00CD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (7.8) </td> <td style="background: #1DFF1D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (5.9) </td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">123.9 (48.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.1 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">124.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.82 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.1 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.75 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">82.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) </th> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.06 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.29 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 1500 LST) </th> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.2 </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.5 </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.9 </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.5 </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.3 </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.8 </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.6 </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.3 </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.2 </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.0 </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8 </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.4 </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">53.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #ADAD94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.8 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">121.7 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">176.3 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.2 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.9 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">285.9 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">307.5 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.3 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.7 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.8 </td> <td style="background: #ADAD92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.4 </td> <td style="background: #9A9A9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.5 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,344.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #AEAE8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #F1F111; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #AEAE8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #9B9B9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.2 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.1 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF54; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF61; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.0 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.8 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">50.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada" title="Environment and Climate Change Canada">Environment and Climate Change Canada</a> (sun, UV 1981–2010)<a href="#cite_note-ECCA-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a>, (July record high humidex)<a href="#cite_note-Humidex43leduc-113">[112]</a>, Extremes (1880–1943)<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton-114">[113]</a> Note: climate data was collected near <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Edmonton" title="Downtown Edmonton">downtown Edmonton</a> from July 1880 to June 1943, and at Edmonton City Centre Airport (Blatchford Field) from October 1937 to present. </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Leduc,_Alberta" title="Leduc, Alberta">Leduc</a>-<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmonton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edmonton_International_Airport" title="Edmonton International Airport">Edmonton International Airport</a>) <a href="/wiki/Location_identifier#WMO_station_identifiers" title="Location identifier">WMO ID</a>: 71123; coordinates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Edmonton&params=53_19_N_113_35_W_type:airport_region:CA-AB&title=Edmonton+International+Airport">53°19′N 113°35′W / 53.317°N 113.583°W / 53.317; -113.583 (Edmonton International Airport)</a>; elevation: 723.3 m (2,373 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1959–2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high <a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">humidex</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3 </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0 </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.7 </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3 (55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 (86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9 (94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1 (84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.1 (24.6) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4 (72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.3 (22.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.3 (9.9) </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.4 (13.3) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.3 (22.5) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.2 (22.6) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.0 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.4 (36.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.1 (−0.6) </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.6 (2.1) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.2 (11.8) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2 (26.2) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.6 (12.9) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.7 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−4.1 (24.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−48.3 (−54.9) </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−43.9 (−47.0) </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−42.7 (−44.9) </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.3 (−18.9) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.6 (11.1) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1 (21.0) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0 (30.2) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.6 (14.7) </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.5 (−15.7) </td> <td style="background: #2222FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−36.4 (−33.5) </td> <td style="background: #0000ED; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−46.1 (−51.0) </td> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−48.3 (−54.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a> </th> <td style="background: #00009C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−61.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−53.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000D4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−50.7 </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33.7 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.3 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.3 </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9 </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.3 </td> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−51.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000AB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−58.3 </td> <td style="background: #00009C; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−61.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (0.85) </td> <td style="background: #EAFFEA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (0.49) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (0.68) </td> <td style="background: #D1FFD1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8 (1.17) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.0 (1.85) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.7 (2.94) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.2 (3.43) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.6 (2.07) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7 (1.37) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 (0.88) </td> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (0.79) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (0.57) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">434.0 (17.09) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (0.04) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 (0.03) </td> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (0.59) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.6 (1.64) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.2 (2.96) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.0 (3.46) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.2 (2.09) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5 (1.36) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (0.49) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (0.06) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (0.02) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">324.1 (12.76) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #009500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24.2 (9.5) </td> <td style="background: #13FF13; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (5.7) </td> <td style="background: #00DF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (7.6) </td> <td style="background: #04FF04; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (6.4) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 (2.5) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F5FFF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (0.2) </td> <td style="background: #68FF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (4.0) </td> <td style="background: #00D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (7.5) </td> <td style="background: #0CFF0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (6.4) </td> <td style="background: #5EFF5E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">126.7 (49.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #3737FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.2 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">132.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.5 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) </th> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.04 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.04 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.29 </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">54.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 1500 LST) </th> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.7 </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.7 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.8 </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.9 </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.1 </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.9 </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5 </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.9 </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.4 </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3 </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.9 </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.2 </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #ADAD93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">101.1 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.0 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.7 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">233.3 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">271.0 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">275.9 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">302.2 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.4 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.1 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160.4 </td> <td style="background: #ADAD95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.2 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,310.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.1 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.9 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA29; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.3 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.7 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.0 </td> <td style="background: #FEFE31; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada" title="Environment and Climate Change Canada">Environment and Climate Change Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-ECCC-115">[114]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metropolitan_area">Metropolitan area</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Metropolitan area">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region" title="Edmonton Metropolitan Region">Edmonton Metropolitan Region</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_Skyline_July_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Edmonton_Skyline_July_2020.jpg/250px-Edmonton_Skyline_July_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Edmonton_Skyline_July_2020.jpg/330px-Edmonton_Skyline_July_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Edmonton_Skyline_July_2020.jpg/500px-Edmonton_Skyline_July_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Downtown Edmonton is the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region" title="Edmonton Metropolitan Region">Edmonton Metropolitan Region</a>.</figcaption></figure> Edmonton is at the centre of Canada's sixth-largest census metropolitan area (CMA),<a href="#cite_note-2011censusCMAs-116">[115]</a> which includes Edmonton and 34 other municipalities in the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Larger urban communities include <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Park" title="Sherwood Park">Sherwood Park</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Urban_service_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban service area">urban service area</a> within <a href="/wiki/Strathcona_County" title="Strathcona County">Strathcona County</a>), the cities of <a href="/wiki/St._Albert,_Alberta" title="St. Albert, Alberta">St. Albert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Alberta" title="Beaumont, Alberta">Beaumont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leduc,_Alberta" title="Leduc, Alberta">Leduc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spruce_Grove" title="Spruce Grove">Spruce Grove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saskatchewan" title="Fort Saskatchewan">Fort Saskatchewan</a>, and the towns of <a href="/wiki/Stony_Plain,_Alberta" title="Stony Plain, Alberta">Stony Plain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morinville" title="Morinville">Morinville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Devon,_Alberta" title="Devon, Alberta">Devon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Major employment areas outside Edmonton but within the CMA include the <a href="/wiki/Nisku,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisku, Alberta">Nisku Industrial Business Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_International_Airport" title="Edmonton International Airport">Edmonton International Airport</a> (including a planned <a href="/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">inland port</a> logistics support facility in support of the <a href="/wiki/Port_Alberta" title="Port Alberta">Port Alberta</a> initiative)<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> in Leduc County, the <a href="/wiki/Acheson_Industrial_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheson Industrial Park">Acheson Industrial Area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parkland_County" title="Parkland County">Parkland County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refinery_Row_(Edmonton)" title="Refinery Row (Edmonton)">Refinery Row</a> in Strathcona County and <a href="/wiki/Alberta%27s_Industrial_Heartland" title="Alberta's Industrial Heartland">Alberta's Industrial Heartland</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> within portions of Fort Saskatchewan, Strathcona County and <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_County" title="Sturgeon County">Sturgeon County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AIH-121">[120]</a> Alberta's Industrial Heartland also extends beyond the CMA's northeastern boundary<a href="#cite_note-CRBGeoProfile-14">[13]</a> into <a href="/wiki/Lamont_County" title="Lamont County">Lamont County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AIH-121">[120]</a> The individual economic development interests and costs of service delivery in certain municipalities within the region have led to intermunicipal competition, strained intermunicipal relationships and overall fragmentation of the region. Although several attempts have been made by the City of Edmonton to absorb surrounding municipalities<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Annexation_Attempt-122">[121]</a> or annex portions of its neighbours,<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> the city has not absorbed another municipality since the Town of Jasper Place joined Edmonton on August 17, 1964,<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> and the city has not annexed land from any of its neighbours since January 1, 1982.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> After years of mounting pressure in the early 21st century, the Province of Alberta formed the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Region_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital Region Board">Capital Region Board</a> (CRB) on April 15, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The CRB consists of 24 <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region#Member_municipalities" title="Edmonton Metropolitan Region">member municipalities</a> – 22 of which are within the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region#Edmonton_CMA" title="Edmonton Metropolitan Region">Edmonton CMA</a> and two of which are outside the CMA. The City of Edmonton announced in March 2013 its intent to annex 156 square kilometres of land (including the Edmonton International Airport) from Leduc County.<a href="#cite_note-EJ130305-127">[126]</a> On November 30, 2016, the City of Edmonton and Leduc County came to an agreement on Edmonton's annexation proposal. The City of Edmonton was poised to annex 12,100 ha (121 km2; 47 sq mi) of land from Leduc County and Beaumont, including the Edmonton International Airport, as a result.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> On January 1, 2019, the City of Edmonton officially annexed 8,260 ha (82.6 km2; 31.9 sq mi) from Leduc County and the City of Beaumont, increasing the city's area to 767.85 km2 (296.47 sq mi), with discussions of annexing an additional 2,830 ha (28.3 km2; 10.9 sq mi) of Edmonton International Airport land still ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-City_of_Edmonton-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbourhoods">Neighbourhoods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Neighbourhoods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Edmonton" title="List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton">List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Promenade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Victoria_Promenade.jpg/220px-Victoria_Promenade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Victoria_Promenade.jpg/330px-Victoria_Promenade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Victoria_Promenade.jpg/440px-Victoria_Promenade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Victoria Promenade in the residential neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Oliver,_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver, Edmonton">Oliver</a>. The neighbourhood borders downtown Edmonton.</figcaption></figure> Edmonton is divided into 375 neighbourhoods<a href="#cite_note-nbhds-129">[128]</a> within seven geographic sectors – a mature area sector, which includes neighbourhoods that were essentially built out before 1970,<a href="#cite_note-MDP-130">[129]</a> and six surrounding suburban sectors.<a href="#cite_note-sectors-131">[130]</a> Edmonton's <a href="/wiki/Downtown,_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown, Edmonton">Downtown</a> is within the city's mature area or inner city.<a href="#cite_note-sectors-131">[130]</a> It and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Boyle_Street,_Edmonton" title="Boyle Street, Edmonton">Boyle Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_McDougall,_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Central McDougall, Edmonton">Central McDougall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloverdale,_Edmonton" title="Cloverdale, Edmonton">Cloverdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garneau,_Edmonton" title="Garneau, Edmonton">Garneau</a>, <a href="/wiki/McCauley,_Edmonton" title="McCauley, Edmonton">McCauley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver,_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver, Edmonton">Oliver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Park,_Edmonton" title="Queen Mary Park, Edmonton">Queen Mary Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Edmonton" title="Riverdale, Edmonton">Riverdale</a>, Rossdale, <a href="/wiki/Strathcona,_Edmonton" title="Strathcona, Edmonton">Strathcona</a> and University of Alberta form Edmonton's Central Core.<a href="#cite_note-MDP-130">[129]</a> Oliver and Garneau are the city's <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Edmonton#List" title="List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton">most populated and most densely populated</a> neighbourhoods respectively. The mature area sector also contains the five former <a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta#Urban_municipalities" title="List of communities in Alberta">urban municipalities</a> annexed by the city over its history: Beverly, Jasper Place, North Edmonton, Strathcona and West Edmonton (Calder).<a href="#cite_note-AnnexationMap-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-sectors-131">[130]</a> Larger residential areas within Edmonton's six suburban sectors,<a href="#cite_note-sectors-131">[130]</a> each comprising multiple neighbourhoods,<a href="#cite_note-wardsnbhds-132">[131]</a> include <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Valley,_Edmonton" title="Heritage Valley, Edmonton">Heritage Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaskitayo,_Edmonton" title="Kaskitayo, Edmonton">Kaskitayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riverbend,_Edmonton" title="Riverbend, Edmonton">Riverbend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terwillegar_Heights,_Edmonton" title="Terwillegar Heights, Edmonton">Terwillegar Heights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windermere_(area),_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Windermere (area), Edmonton">Windermere</a> (southwest sector); <a href="/wiki/The_Grange,_Edmonton" title="The Grange, Edmonton">The Grange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Farms,_Edmonton" title="Lewis Farms, Edmonton">Lewis Farms</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Jasper_Place_(area),_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="West Jasper Place (area), Edmonton">West Jasper Place</a> (west sector); <a href="/wiki/Big_Lake,_Edmonton" title="Big Lake, Edmonton">Big Lake</a> (northwest sector); <a href="/wiki/Castle_Downs,_Edmonton" title="Castle Downs, Edmonton">Castle Downs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_District,_Edmonton" title="Lake District, Edmonton">Lake District</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Palisades,_Edmonton" title="The Palisades, Edmonton">The Palisades</a> (north sector); <a href="/wiki/Casselman-Steele_Heights,_Edmonton" title="Casselman-Steele Heights, Edmonton">Casselman-Steele Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clareview,_Edmonton" title="Clareview, Edmonton">Clareview</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermitage,_Edmonton" title="Hermitage, Edmonton">Hermitage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Londonderry,_Edmonton" title="Londonderry, Edmonton">Londonderry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pilot_Sound,_Edmonton" title="Pilot Sound, Edmonton">Pilot Sound</a> (northeast sector); and <a href="/wiki/Ellerslie_(area),_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellerslie (area), Edmonton">Ellerslie</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Meadows,_Edmonton" title="The Meadows, Edmonton">The Meadows</a>, Mill Woods and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Edmonton" title="Southeast Edmonton">Southeast Edmonton</a> (southeast sector).<a href="#cite_note-plans-133">[132]</a> Mill Woods is divided into a town centre community (<a href="/wiki/Mill_Woods_Town_Centre_(community),_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill Woods Town Centre (community), Edmonton">Mill Woods Town Centre</a>)<a href="#cite_note-MWTCNASP-134">[133]</a> and eight surrounding communities:<a href="#cite_note-MWDC-135">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnewood,_Edmonton" title="Burnewood, Edmonton">Burnewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knottwood,_Edmonton" title="Knottwood, Edmonton">Knottwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Edmonton" title="Lakewood, Edmonton">Lakewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millbourne,_Edmonton" title="Millbourne, Edmonton">Millbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millhurst,_Edmonton" title="Millhurst, Edmonton">Millhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ridgewood,_Edmonton" title="Ridgewood, Edmonton">Ridgewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwood,_Edmonton" title="Southwood, Edmonton">Southwood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woodvale,_Edmonton" title="Woodvale, Edmonton">Woodvale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MWCL-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Each has between two and four neighbourhoods.<a href="#cite_note-wardsnbhds-132">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-12-27_Candy_Cane_Lane_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2008-12-27_Candy_Cane_Lane_013.jpg/250px-2008-12-27_Candy_Cane_Lane_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2008-12-27_Candy_Cane_Lane_013.jpg/330px-2008-12-27_Candy_Cane_Lane_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2008-12-27_Candy_Cane_Lane_013.jpg/500px-2008-12-27_Candy_Cane_Lane_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Houses in <a href="/wiki/Crestwood,_Edmonton" title="Crestwood, Edmonton">Crestwood</a>, a residential neighbourhood typical of most suburban areas of Edmonton</figcaption></figure> Several <a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">transit-oriented developments</a> (TOD) have begun to appear along the LRT line at Clareview, with future developments planned at <a href="/wiki/Belvedere,_Edmonton" title="Belvedere, Edmonton">Belvedere</a> (part of the Old Town Fort Road Redevelopment Project).<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Another TOD, Century Park,<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> is being constructed at the site of what was once Heritage Mall, at the southern end of the LRT line. Century Park will eventually house up to 5,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-edmontonslrt2005-140">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Row_Housing_Blatchford_Edmonton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Row_Housing_Blatchford_Edmonton.jpg/250px-Row_Housing_Blatchford_Edmonton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Row_Housing_Blatchford_Edmonton.jpg/330px-Row_Housing_Blatchford_Edmonton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Row_Housing_Blatchford_Edmonton.jpg/500px-Row_Housing_Blatchford_Edmonton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Row housing in Blatchford</figcaption></figure> The Edmonton City Centre Airport is being redeveloped into a sustainable community of 30,000 people called <a href="/wiki/Blatchford,_Edmonton" title="Blatchford, Edmonton">Blatchford</a>, comprising a transit-oriented mixed use town centre, townhouses, low, medium and high rise apartments, neighbourhood retail and service uses, renewable energy, district heating and cooling, and a major park.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The first residents moved into Blatchford in November 2020.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Edmonton has four major industrial districts: the Northwest Industrial District, the Northeast Industrial District, the Southeast Industrial District, and the emerging Edmonton Energy and Technology Park,<a href="#cite_note-EIN-143">[142]</a> which is part of Alberta's Industrial Heartland.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The northwest, northeast and southeast districts each have smaller industrial areas and neighbourhoods within them.<a href="#cite_note-wardsnbhds-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-EIN-143">[142]</a> The city has established 12 <a href="/wiki/Business_revitalization_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Business revitalization zone">business revitalization zones</a>: <a href="/wiki/124_Street,_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="124 Street, Edmonton">124 Street and Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Avenue,_Edmonton" title="Alberta Avenue, Edmonton">Alberta Avenue</a>, Beverly, Downtown, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown_and_Little_Italy,_Edmonton" title="Chinatown and Little Italy, Edmonton">Chinatown and Little Italy</a>, Fort Road and Area, Inglewood, Kingsway, North Edge, Northwest Industrial, <a href="/wiki/Old_Strathcona" title="Old Strathcona">Old Strathcona</a> and Stony Plain Road.<a href="#cite_note-BRZ-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">City of Edmonton Federal census population history</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1901_Canadian_census" title="1901 Canadian census">1901</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,626</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1906_Canadian_census" title="1906 Canadian census">1906</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,167</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+325.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_census" title="1911 Canadian census">1911</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+123.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1916_Canadian_census" title="1916 Canadian census">1916</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">53,846</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+116.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1921_Canadian_census" title="1921 Canadian census">1921</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">58,821</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+9.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1926_Canadian_census" title="1926 Canadian census">1926</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">65,163</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1931_Canadian_census" title="1931 Canadian census">1931</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">79,197</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1936_Canadian_census" title="1936 Canadian census">1936</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">85,774</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1941_Canadian_census" title="1941 Canadian census">1941</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">93,817</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1946_Canadian_census" title="1946 Canadian census">1946</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">113,116</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+20.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1951_Canadian_census" title="1951 Canadian census">1951</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">159,631</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+41.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1956_Canadian_census" title="1956 Canadian census">1956</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">226,002</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+41.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1961_Canadian_census" title="1961 Canadian census">1961</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">281,027</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1966_Canadian_census" title="1966 Canadian census">1966</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">376,925</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+34.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1971_Canadian_census" title="1971 Canadian census">1971</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">438,152</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+16.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1976_Canadian_census" title="1976 Canadian census">1976</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">461,361</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1981_Canadian_census" title="1981 Canadian census">1981</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">532,246</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1986_Canadian_census" title="1986 Canadian census">1986</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">573,982</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1991_Canadian_census" title="1991 Canadian census">1991</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">616,741</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1996_Canadian_census" title="1996 Canadian census">1996</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">616,306</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2001_Canadian_census" title="2001 Canadian census">2001</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">666,104</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_census" title="2006 Canadian census">2006</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">730,372</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_census" title="2011 Canadian census">2011</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">812,201</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_census" title="2016 Canadian census">2016</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">932,546</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,010,899</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> <a href="#cite_note-1906census-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-1911census-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-1916census-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-1921census-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-1926census-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-1931census-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-1936census-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-1941census-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-1946census-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-1951census-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-1956census-156">[155]</a> <a href="#cite_note-1961census-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-1966census-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-1971census-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-1976census-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-1981census-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-1986census-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-1991census-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-1996census-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-2001census-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-2006census-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-2011censusABmunis-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-2016censusABmunis-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021census-169">[168]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Edmonton" title="Demographics of Edmonton">Demographics of Edmonton</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census of Population</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, the City of Edmonton had a population of 1,010,899 living in 396,404 of its 428,857 total private dwellings, a change of 8.3% from its 2016 population of 933,088. With a land area of 765.61 km2 (295.60 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,320.4/km2 (3,419.8/sq mi) in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-2021censusb-6">[6]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Census_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census metropolitan area">census metropolitan area</a> (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Edmonton CMA had a population of 1,418,118 living in 548,624 of its 589,554 total private dwellings, a change of 7.3% from its 2016 population of 1,321,441. With a land area of 9,416.19 km2 (3,635.61 sq mi), it had a population density of 150.6/km2 (390.1/sq mi) in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-2021censusCMA-10">[10]</a> The population of the City of Edmonton according to its <a href="/wiki/2019_Alberta_municipal_censuses" title="2019 Alberta municipal censuses">2019 municipal census</a> is 972,223,<a href="#cite_note-2019census-8">[8]</a> a change of 8.1% from its <a href="/wiki/2016_Alberta_municipal_censuses" title="2016 Alberta municipal censuses">2016 municipal census</a> population of 899,447.<a href="#cite_note-2016MAPL-170">[169]</a> After factoring in dwellings that did not respond to the municipal census, Edmonton's population is further estimated to be 992,812.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Per its municipal census policy,<a href="#cite_note-censuspolicy-172">[171]</a> the city's next municipal census is scheduled for 2020.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">2016 Census of Population</a> conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Edmonton had a population of 932,546 living in 360,828 of its 387,950 total private dwellings, a change of 14.8% from its 2011 population of 812,201. With a land area of 685.25 km2 (264.58 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,360.9/km2 (3,524.7/sq mi) in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-2016CensusABmunis-21">[20]</a> The 2016 municipal census captured more detailed demographic information on residents, including age and gender, marital status, employment status, length of residency, prior residence, employment transportation mode, citizenship, school residency, economic diversity, city resource access, highest educational attainment, household language and income, as well as dwellings and properties, including ownership, structure and status.<a href="#cite_note-2016censussummary-174">[173]</a> The 2011 Census reported that 50.2 percent of the population (407,325) was female while 49.8 percent (404,875) was male. The average age of the city's population was 36.0 years while there was an average 2.5 people per household.<a href="#cite_note-2011profile-175">[174]</a> The Edmonton census metropolitan area (CMA) has the fifth-greatest population of CMAs in Canada and the second-greatest in Alberta, but has the largest land area in Canada. It had a population of 1,159,869 in the 2011 Census compared to its 2006 population of 1,034,945. Its five-year population change of 12.1 percent was second only to the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary Region">Calgary CMA</a> between 2006 and 2011. With a land area of 9,426.73 km2 (3,639.68 sq mi), the Edmonton CMA had a population density of 123.0/km2 (318.7/sq mi) in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-2011censusCMAs-116">[115]</a> Statistics Canada's latest estimate of the Edmonton CMA population, as of July 1, 2016, is 1,363,300<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> The Edmonton <a href="/wiki/Population_centre_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Population centre (Canada)">population centre</a> is the core<a href="#cite_note-CMAdefn-177">[176]</a> of the Edmonton CMA. This core includes the cities of Edmonton, Fort Saskatchewan and St. Albert, the Sherwood Park portion of Strathcona County, and portions of Parkland County and Sturgeon County.<a href="#cite_note-CTmap-178">[177]</a> The Edmonton population centre, the fifth-largest in Canada, had a population of 960,015 in 2011, an 11.3 percent increase over its 2006 population of 862,544.<a href="#cite_note-2011censusPCs-179">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">immigrants</a> (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 324,315 persons or 32.5% of the total population of Edmonton. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were Philippines (54,850 persons or 16.9%), India (50,435 persons or 15.6%), China (21,110 persons or 6.5%), Vietnam (10,280 persons or 3.2%), United Kingdom (9,990 persons or 3.1%), Pakistan (8,895 persons or 2.7%), Hong Kong (6,985 persons or 2.2%), Poland (6,470 persons or 2.0%), United States of America (6,295 persons or 1.9%), and Somalia (5,765 persons or 1.8%).<a href="#cite_note-2021censusC-180">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Edmonton#City_of_Edmonton" title="Demographics of Edmonton">Demographics of Edmonton § City of Edmonton</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption"><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Pan-ethnic</a> breakdown of Edmonton from the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2021_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2021 Census">2021 census</a><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-186">[180]</a></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li>European<a href="#cite_note-euro-181">[b]</a> (51.39%)</li> <li>South Asian (11.54%)</li> <li>Southeast Asian<a href="#cite_note-SoutheastAsian-182">[c]</a> (9.01%)</li> <li>Black (7.58%)</li> <li>East Asian<a href="#cite_note-EastAsian-183">[d]</a> (7.02%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous</a> (5.84%)</li> <li>Middle Eastern<a href="#cite_note-MiddleEastern-184">[e]</a> (3.83%)</li> <li>Latin American (1.95%)</li> <li>Other<a href="#cite_note-Other-185">[f]</a> (1.84%)</li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:grey;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Other'"`UNIQ--ref-00000107-QINU`"' (1.84%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:white;color:#000" title="European'"`UNIQ--ref-00000102-QINU`"' (51.39%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:white;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.014turn)" title="European'"`UNIQ--ref-00000102-QINU`"' (51.39%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#804000;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.514turn)" title="South Asian (11.54%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#804000;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.559turn)" title="South Asian (11.54%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.629turn)" title="Southeast Asian'"`UNIQ--ref-00000103-QINU`"' (9.01%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.649turn)" title="Southeast Asian'"`UNIQ--ref-00000103-QINU`"' (9.01%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:black;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.719turn)" title="Black (7.58%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:black;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.725turn)" title="Black (7.58%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:yellow;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.795turn)" title="East Asian'"`UNIQ--ref-00000104-QINU`"' (7.02%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:yellow;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.795turn)" title="East Asian'"`UNIQ--ref-00000104-QINU`"' (7.02%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.865turn)" title="Indigenous (5.84%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.874turn)" title="Indigenous (5.84%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.924turn); background:darkgreen;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 24.34039451% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Middle Eastern'"`UNIQ--ref-00000105-QINU`"' (3.83%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.962turn); background:brown;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 12.63293784% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Latin American (1.95%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> According to the 2021 census, 51.4% of Edmonton's population were of <a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">European ethnicities</a>, the most frequent of which included the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> (13.3%), <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> (11.7%), <a href="/wiki/Canadians_of_German_ethnicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadians of German ethnicity">German</a> (11.6%), <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish</a> (10.8%), <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Canadian">Ukrainian</a> (9.3%), <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> (7.3%), and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Canadian">Polish</a> (4.4%) <a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> 8.5% of the population identified their ethnic origin as <a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian</a>, counted as non-visible minority in the census. Other <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">ethnic groups and origins</a> included, among others:<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> <ul><li>East and Southeast Asian (16%) (7.1% Filipino, 6% Chinese, and 1.5% Vietnamese);</li> <li>South Asian (11.5%) (6.2% Indian);</li> <li>Indigenous (5.8% (2.8% First Nations and 2.8% Métis);</li> <li>Black (7.6%);</li> <li>Latin American (2%) and</li> <li>West Asian and Arab (3.8% (1.2% Lebanese)).</li></ul> The 2016 census also reported that 37.1% of Edmonton's population identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">visible minorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2016Visible-189">[183]</a> The most frequent visible minorities included South Asian (9.5%), Chinese (6.3%), Black (5.9%), Filipino (5.9%), and Arab (2.6%).<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2016Visible-189">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Edmonton" title="Religion in Edmonton">Religion in Edmonton</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279587269" /> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Edmonton religious affiliation (<a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a>)<a href="#cite_note-religionsurvey-190">[184]</a></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> (44.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (8.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> (4.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> (3.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> (1.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> (0.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#Northern_America" title="Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous spirituality</a> (0.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Other religion</a> (1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">Irreligion</a> (36.4%)</li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:White;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Irreligion (36.4%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie25" style="background:DodgerBlue;color:#000" title="Christianity (44.6%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:DodgerBlue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.196turn)" title="Christianity (44.6%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.446turn)" title="Islam (8.3%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.459turn)" title="Islam (8.3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.529turn); background:DarkKhaki;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 27.01952221% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Sikhism (4.2%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.571turn); background:DarkOrange;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 21.69385298% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Hinduism (3.4%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.605turn); background:Gold;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 9.45278312% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Buddhism (1.5%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.620turn); background:DarkBlue;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 2.51380343% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Judaism (0.4%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.624turn); background:Red;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 1.25670321% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Indigenous spirituality (0.2%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.626turn); background:Grey;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 6.29146673% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Other religion (1%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> Edmonton is home to members of a number of world religions. According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a>, 44.6 percent of metropolitan Edmonton residents identify as <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>. Significant religious minorities include <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a> (8.3 percent), <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhs</a> (4.1 percent), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> (1.5 percent), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> (3.4 percent), <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish people</a> (0.4 percent), and practitioners of traditional <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">Aboriginal</a> spirituality (0.2 percent). Those belonging to smaller religions account for 1.1 percent, while 36.4 percent profess no religious affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-religionsurvey-190">[184]</a> Within Christianity, major denominations include the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> (44.4 percent of self-identified Christians) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church</a> (10.5 percent).<a href="#cite_note-religionsurvey-190">[184]</a> Edmonton is home to four major cathedrals, with <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Basilica,_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joseph's Basilica, Edmonton">St. Joseph's Basilica</a> seating the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Edmonton">Archdiocese of Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Anglican_Cathedral,_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="All Saints' Anglican Cathedral, Edmonton">All Saints' Cathedral</a> seating the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Edmonton" title="Anglican Diocese of Edmonton">Anglican Diocese of Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Josaphat_Cathedral" title="St. Josaphat Cathedral">St. Josaphat Cathedral</a> seating the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Edmonton" title="Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton">Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._John_Cathedral_(Edmonton)" title="St. John Cathedral (Edmonton)">St. John Cathedral</a> seating the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Eparchy_of_Western_Canada" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Eparchy of Western Canada">Ukrainian Orthodox Eparchy of Western Canada</a>. Additionally, members of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> are served by the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Alberta_Temple" title="Edmonton Alberta Temple">Edmonton Alberta Temple</a>. Edmonton also hosts a <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Catholic</a> church. In the 1930s, the local Muslim community began organizing to build a mosque. A local Muslim woman, <a href="/wiki/Hilwie_Hamdon" title="Hilwie Hamdon">Hilwie Hamdon</a>, met with the mayor to acquire the land, and campaigned to raise $5,000 for the building. In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Abdullah Yusuf Ali</a> was present at the opening of the new <a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_Mosque" title="Al-Rashid Mosque">Al-Rashid Mosque</a>, which became the first <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> established in Canada and the third in North America.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Rashid_Mosque-191">[185]</a> In the 1980s, Muslim students at the University of Alberta found it difficult to rent prayer rooms large enough to accommodate the local population, and opened the Muslim Community of Edmonton as a mosque and outreach centre in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-MCE-192">[186]</a> From these beginnings, Muslims now form the city's largest religious minority, with 83,015 members (2021)<a href="#cite_note-religionsurvey-190">[184]</a> representing over 62 ethnic backgrounds<a href="#cite_note-alrashid-history-193">[187]</a> at over 20 Edmonton-area mosques (2019).<a href="#cite_note-salatomatic-194">[188]</a> Edmonton's Jewish community is represented by the Jewish Federation of Edmonton, operating the historic Edmonton Jewish Cemetery, purchased in 1907. The city contains six <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rabbis-195">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Federation_of_Edmonton-196">[190]</a> The oldest, <a href="/wiki/Beth_Israel_Synagogue_(Edmonton)" title="Beth Israel Synagogue (Edmonton)">Beth Israel</a>, was established in 1912 and served as home of Canada's first <a href="/wiki/Jewish_day_school" title="Jewish day school">Jewish day school</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> active in Edmonton include the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, operating a Baháʼí Centre in <a href="/wiki/Norwood,_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwood, Edmonton">Norwood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, with its Canadian Druze Centre located in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Edmonton#Northwest_Industrial" title="List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton">Northwest Industrial District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-druze-198">[192]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Joseph_s_Basillica_Compressed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St_Joseph_s_Basillica_Compressed.jpg/220px-St_Joseph_s_Basillica_Compressed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St_Joseph_s_Basillica_Compressed.jpg/330px-St_Joseph_s_Basillica_Compressed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St_Joseph_s_Basillica_Compressed.jpg/440px-St_Joseph_s_Basillica_Compressed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Basilica,_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joseph's Basilica, Edmonton">St. Joseph's Basilica</a> is the only Roman Catholic basilica in <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>. In 2021, 21.0 percent of residents of Edmonton identified as Catholic.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> community of Edmonton is served by the Hindu Society of Alberta<a href="#cite_note-The_Friday_Bulletin-199">[193]</a> (North Indian Temple), the Maha Ganapathy Society of Alberta (South Indian - Sri Lankan Tamil Temple), Bhartiya Cultural Society Of Alberta and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iskconedmonton.ca">Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Mandir (Iskcon Edmonton)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maha_Ganapathy_Temple_(Hindu_Temple)-200">[194]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> community in Edmonton is served by four <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwaras</a>. Edmonton is also home to two of Alberta's five <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitarian Universalist">Unitarian Universalist</a> congregations – the Unitarian Church of Edmonton<a href="#cite_note-Unitarian_Church_of_Edmonton-201">[195]</a> and the Westwood Unitarian Congregation;<a href="#cite_note-Westwood_Unitarian_Congregation-202">[196]</a> the other three are located in Calgary, <a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CUC-203">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Alberta" title="Economy of Alberta">Economy of Alberta</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_Tower,_Edmonton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bell_Tower%2C_Edmonton.jpg/250px-Bell_Tower%2C_Edmonton.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bell_Tower%2C_Edmonton.jpg/330px-Bell_Tower%2C_Edmonton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="1829" /></a><figcaption>Edmonton is home to Alberta Innovates, a provincially-funded applied research and development corporation based in Edmonton's <a href="/wiki/Bell_Tower_(Edmonton)" title="Bell Tower (Edmonton)">Bell Tower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> </figcaption></figure> Edmonton is the major economic centre for northern and central Alberta and a major centre for the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">oil and gas industry</a>. As of 2014, the estimated value of major projects within the Edmonton Metropolitan Region was $57.8-billion, of which $34.4-billion are within the oil and gas, oil sands, and pipeline sectors.<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> Edmonton traditionally has been a hub for Albertan <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> industries, earning it the nickname "Oil Capital of Canada" in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Market_Profile-206">[200]</a> Supply and service industries drive the energy extraction engine, while research develops new technologies and supports expanded value-added processing of Alberta's massive oil, gas, and oil sands reserves. These are reported to be the second-largest in the world, after <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oil_Sands-207">[201]</a> Much of the growth in technology sectors is due to Edmonton's reputation as one of Canada's premier research and education centres. Research initiatives are anchored by educational institutions such as the University of Alberta (U of A) as well as government initiatives underway at Alberta Innovates and Edmonton Research Park. The U of A campus is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Nanotechnology" title="National Institute for Nanotechnology">National Institute for Nanotechnology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_edmonton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Downtown_edmonton.jpg/220px-Downtown_edmonton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Downtown_edmonton.jpg/330px-Downtown_edmonton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Downtown_edmonton.jpg/440px-Downtown_edmonton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5998" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption>View of Edmonton's <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business district</a> in 2018</figcaption></figure> During the 1970s and 1980s, Edmonton became a major financial centre, with both regional offices of Canada's major banks and locally based institutions opening.<a href="#cite_note-The_Era_of_Urban_Growth_(1961-1981)-209">[203]</a> The turmoil of the late-1980s economy radically changed the situation. Locally based operations such as Principal Trust and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Commercial_Bank" title="Canadian Commercial Bank">Canadian Commercial Bank</a><a href="#cite_note-CanadianCommercialBank-210">[204]</a> would fail, and some regional offices were moved to other cities. The 1990s saw a solidification of the economy, and Edmonton is now home to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Western_Bank" title="Canadian Western Bank">Canadian Western Bank</a>, the only publicly traded Schedule I chartered bank headquarters west of Toronto.<a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Western_Bank_Group-211">[205]</a> Other major financial institutions include <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Investment_Management_Corporation" title="Alberta Investment Management Corporation">Alberta Investment Management Corporation</a> (AIMCo), <a href="/wiki/ATB_Financial" title="ATB Financial">ATB Financial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Servus_Credit_Union" title="Servus Credit Union">Servus Credit Union</a> (formerly Capital City Savings), <a href="/wiki/TD_Canada_Trust" title="TD Canada Trust">TD Canada Trust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manulife_Financial" class="mw-redirect" title="Manulife Financial">Manulife Financial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Services,_Edmonton-212">[206]</a> Edmonton has been the birthplace of several companies that have grown to international stature.<a href="#cite_note-PCL-213">[207]</a> The local retail market has also seen the creation of many successful store concepts, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Brick" title="The Brick">The Brick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katz_Group_of_Companies" title="Katz Group of Companies">Katz Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/AutoCanada" title="AutoCanada">AutoCanada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Pizza" title="Boston Pizza">Boston Pizza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizza_73" title="Pizza 73">Pizza 73</a>, Liquor Stores GP (which includes Liquor Depot, Liquor Barn, OK Liquor, and Grapes & Grains), Planet Organic, <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Communications" title="Shaw Communications">Shaw Communications</a>, Empire Design, Running Room, <a href="/wiki/Booster_Juice" title="Booster Juice">Booster Juice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earls_(restaurant_chain)" title="Earls (restaurant chain)">Earl's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fountain_Tire" title="Fountain Tire">Fountain Tire</a> and <a href="/wiki/XS_Cargo" title="XS Cargo">XS Cargo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hoover's_Company_Directory-214">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bioware" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioware">Bioware</a>, a video game developer owned by American Publisher <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>, is also based in Edmonton. Edmonton's geographical location has made it an ideal spot for distribution and logistics. CN Rail's North American operational facility is located in the city, as well as a major intermodal facility that handles all incoming freight from the port of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbia" title="Prince Rupert, British Columbia">Prince Rupert, British Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-containerport-215">[209]</a> In early 2020, CN Rail announced that it was closing its Montreal control centre and would eventually close its Vancouver control centre as well, with a goal to consolidate all of its control operations into Edmonton.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail">Retail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Retail">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WestEdmontonMall2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WestEdmontonMall2017.jpg/250px-WestEdmontonMall2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WestEdmontonMall2017.jpg/330px-WestEdmontonMall2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WestEdmontonMall2017.jpg/500px-WestEdmontonMall2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/West_Edmonton_Mall" title="West Edmonton Mall">West Edmonton Mall</a> is the second-<a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_shopping_malls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest shopping malls">largest shopping mall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.</figcaption></figure> Edmonton is home to several shopping malls and the second largest mall in North America, West Edmonton Mall, which is also considered to be the 10th largest mall in the world.<a href="#cite_note-size-217">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> Other mentionable malls include <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Doon_Shopping_Centre" title="Bonnie Doon Shopping Centre">Bonnie Doon Shopping Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Centre" title="Edmonton City Centre">Edmonton City Centre</a> (a combination of the former Edmonton Centre and <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Centre#Former_Eaton_Centres" title="Eaton Centre">Eaton Centre</a> malls), <a href="/wiki/Southgate_Centre" title="Southgate Centre">Southgate Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingsway_Mall" title="Kingsway Mall">Kingsway Mall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northgate_Centre" title="Northgate Centre">Northgate Centre</a>, Riverview Crossing, <a href="/wiki/Londonderry_Mall" title="Londonderry Mall">Londonderry Mall</a>, and Mill Woods Town Centre.<a href="#cite_note-Malls_In_Edmonton-219">[213]</a> Edmonton also has many <a href="/wiki/Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">big box</a> shopping centres and <a href="/wiki/Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">power centres</a>. Some of the major ones include <a href="/wiki/South_Edmonton_Common" title="South Edmonton Common">South Edmonton Common</a> (one of North America's largest open air retail developments),<a href="#cite_note-South_Edmonton_Common-220">[214]</a> RioCan Mayfield, Westpoint Centre, Skyview Centre, Terra Losa Centre, Unity Square, SouthPark Centre, The Meadows, Christy's Corner, Currents of Windermere, and Manning Village.<a href="#cite_note-Windermere-221">[215]</a> In contrast to suburban centres, Edmonton has many urban retail locations. The largest of them all, Old Strathcona, includes many independent stores between 99 Street and 109 Street, on Whyte Avenue and in the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-PlaysREW-222">[216]</a> Old Strathcona also houses the city's largest indoor farmer's market with over 130 vendors selling local and regional produce, meat, crafts, and clothing year-round.<a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a> In and around Downtown Edmonton, there are a few shopping districts, including the Edmonton City Centre mall, Jasper Avenue, and 104 Street. Near Oliver, 124 Street is home to a significant number of retail stores. Edmonton is the Canadian testing ground for many American retailers, such as <a href="/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works" title="Bath & Body Works">Bath & Body Works</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Klein" title="Calvin Klein">Calvin Klein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EOOW-224">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Arts and culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_attractions_and_landmarks_in_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="List of attractions and landmarks in Edmonton">List of attractions and landmarks in Edmonton</a></div> Many events are anchored in the downtown Arts District around <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Square_(Edmonton)" title="Churchill Square (Edmonton)">Churchill Square</a> (named in honour of Sir <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>). On the south side of the river, the university district and Whyte Avenue contain theatres, concert halls, and various live music venues. The centrepiece of the square builds a life-size bronze statue of Churchill, unveiled by <a href="/wiki/Lady_Soames" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Soames">Lady Soames</a> on May 24, 1989. It is a copy of a statue by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Nemon" title="Oscar Nemon">Oscar Nemon</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Performing arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winspear_centre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Winspear_centre.JPG/170px-Winspear_centre.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Winspear_centre.JPG/255px-Winspear_centre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Winspear_centre.JPG/340px-Winspear_centre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_Winspear_Centre_for_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Winspear Centre for Music">Francis Winspear Centre for Music</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing arts centre">performing arts centre</a> in downtown Edmonton. The centre is home to the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Edmonton Symphony Orchestra">Edmonton Symphony Orchestra</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Francis_Winspear_Centre_for_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Winspear Centre for Music">Francis Winspear Centre for Music</a><a href="#cite_note-Francis_Winspear_Centr-225">[219]</a> opened in 1997 after years of planning and fundraising.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Symphony_Orchestra_fundraising-226">[220]</a> Described as one of the most acoustically perfect concert halls in Canada, it is home to the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Edmonton Symphony Orchestra">Edmonton Symphony Orchestra</a> and hosts a wide variety of shows every year. It seats 1,932 patrons and houses the $3-million Davis Concert Organ, the largest <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">concert organ</a> in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-WinspearCanEncyclo-227">[221]</a> Across 102 Avenue is the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Theatre" title="Citadel Theatre">Citadel Theatre</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a> Citadel in which <a href="/wiki/Joe_Shoctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Shoctor">Joe Shoctor</a> first started the Citadel Theatre Company in 1965. It is now one of the largest theatre complexes in Canada, with five halls, each specializing in different kinds of productions.<a href="#cite_note-Citadel_Theatre-228">[222]</a> In 2015 the Citadel Theatre also became home to <a href="/wiki/Catalyst_Theatre" title="Catalyst Theatre">Catalyst Theatre</a>. On the University of Alberta grounds is the 2,534-seat <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alberta_Jubilee_Auditorium" title="Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium">Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium</a>, which had over a year of heavy renovations as part of the province's 2005 centennial celebrations. Both it and its <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alberta_Jubilee_Auditorium" title="Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium">southern twin</a> in Calgary were constructed in 1955 for the province's golden jubilee and have hosted many concerts, musicals, and ballets. On the front of the building is a quote from <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>' <a href="/wiki/On_the_Life_of_the_Caesars#Life_of_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Life of the Caesars">Life of Augustus</a>: "He found a city built of brick – left it built of marble."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Old Strathcona neighbourhood is home to the Theatre District, which holds the ATB Financial Arts Barns (headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_International_Fringe_Festival" title="Edmonton International Fringe Festival">Edmonton International Fringe Festival</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Walterdale_Playhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walterdale Playhouse">The Walterdale Playhouse</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Varscona_Theatre" title="Varscona Theatre">Varscona Theatre</a> (base of operations for several theatre companies, including Teatro la Quindicina, <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Theatre" title="Shadow Theatre">Shadow Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die-Nasty" title="Die-Nasty">Die-Nasty</a>, Plane Jane Theatre, and Grindstone Theatre!). The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Dnipro_Ensemble_of_Edmonton" title="Ukrainian Dnipro Ensemble of Edmonton">Ukrainian Dnipro Ensemble of Edmonton</a>, along with other Ukrainian choirs such as the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Male_Chorus_of_Edmonton" title="Ukrainian Male Chorus of Edmonton">Ukrainian Male Chorus of Edmonton</a>, helps preserve the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukrainian musical culture</a> within the parameters of the Canadian multicultural identity in Edmonton.<a href="#cite_note-Ukrainian_Dnipro_Ensemble_of_Edmonton-229">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Festivals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Edmonton" title="List of festivals in Edmonton">List of festivals in Edmonton</a></div> Edmonton hosts several large <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a> each year, contributing to its nickname, "Canada's Festival City".<a href="#cite_note-nicknames-1">[1]</a> Downtown Edmonton's Churchill Square host numerous festivals each summer. <a href="/wiki/The_Works_Art_%26_Design_Festival" title="The Works Art & Design Festival">The Works Art & Design Festival</a>, which takes place from late June to early July, showcases Canadian and international art and design from well-known award-winning artists as well as emerging and student artists. The <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_International_Street_Performer%27s_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton International Street Performer's Festival">Edmonton International Street Performer's Festival</a> takes place in mid-July and is the biggest of its kind in North America.<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> The <a href="/wiki/TD_Edmonton_International_Jazz_Festival" title="TD Edmonton International Jazz Festival">TD Edmonton International Jazz Festival</a> takes place in late June and, along with Montreal, were the first jazz festivals in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_Folk_Music_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Edmonton_Folk_Music_Festival.jpg/250px-Edmonton_Folk_Music_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Edmonton_Folk_Music_Festival.jpg/330px-Edmonton_Folk_Music_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Edmonton_Folk_Music_Festival.jpg/500px-Edmonton_Folk_Music_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Folk_Music_Festival" title="Edmonton Folk Music Festival">Edmonton Folk Music Festival</a>. Edmonton is host to several large festivals each year.</figcaption></figure> Edmonton's main summer festival is <a href="/wiki/K-Days" title="K-Days">K-Days</a>, formerly Klondike Days, Capital Ex and originally the Edmonton Exhibition.<a href="#cite_note-KDays-232">[226]</a> Founded in 1879, the Edmonton Exhibition was originally an annual fair and exhibition that eventually adopted a gold rush theme, becoming Klondike Days in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-KDays-232">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Northlands_(organization)" title="Northlands (organization)">Northlands</a>, the operators, renamed the festival "Edmonton's Capital Ex" or "Capital Ex" in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-KDays-232">[226]</a> In 2012 Edmonton Northlands conducted a poll to rename the festival that resulted in changing the name to "K-Days".<a href="#cite_note-KDays-232">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Finals_Rodeo" title="Canadian Finals Rodeo">Canadian Finals Rodeo</a> was held in Edmonton from 1974 to 2017, but moved to Red Deer in 2018 due to the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Northlands_Coliseum" title="Northlands Coliseum">Northlands Coliseum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> It moved back to Edmonton in 2024 and will be held at <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Place" title="Rogers Place">Rogers Place</a> through 2026.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> The Edmonton International Fringe Festival, held in mid-August, is the largest fringe theatre festival in North America.<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Folk_Music_Festival" title="Edmonton Folk Music Festival">Edmonton Folk Music Festival</a> is also held in August. It was the fourth major Canadian folk festival to be created and has the largest budget for talent of Canada festivals.<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> Other summer festivals in and around Edmonton include the Edmonton Heritage Festival, Taste of Edmonton, the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Pride_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton Pride Festival">Edmonton Pride Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> Chaos Alberta Festival, <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Rodeo" title="Interstellar Rodeo">Interstellar Rodeo</a>, Big Valley Jamboree, Pigeon Lake Music Festival, Edmonton Rockfest, Edmonton International Reggae Jamboree Festival, Edmonton Blues Festival and <a href="/wiki/Cariwest" title="Cariwest">Cariwest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> Edmonton also hosts a number of winter festivals, one of the oldest being the Silver Skate Festival.<a href="#cite_note-:0-240">[234]</a> Others are Flying Canoe Volant,<a href="#cite_note-:0-240">[234]</a> Ice on Whyte and the Ice Magic Festival.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_musicians_from_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="List of musicians from Edmonton">List of musicians from Edmonton</a></div> In the city's early days, music was performed in churches and community halls. Edmonton has a history of opera and classical music performance; both have been supported by a variety of clubs and associations. Edmonton's first major radio station, <a href="/wiki/CKUA_Radio_Network" title="CKUA Radio Network">CKUA</a>, began broadcasting music in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> The city is a centre for music instruction; the University of Alberta began its music department in 1945, and MacEwan University opened a jazz and musical theatre program in 1980. Festivals of jazz, folk, and classical music are popular entertainment events in the city.<a href="#cite_note-EMCEd-243">[237]</a> Edmonton is also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Grand_North_American_Old_Time_Fiddle_Championship" title="Grand North American Old Time Fiddle Championship">Grand North American Old Time Fiddle Championship</a> each summer in July, which showcases some of the best fiddlers in Canada, the United States, and Scotland. The Edmonton Symphony Orchestra has existed under various incarnations since 1913. In 1952 the Edmonton Philharmonic and the Edmonton Pops orchestras amalgamated to form the 60-member modern version. The Orchestra performs at the Francis Winspear Centre for Music.<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> The city also has a vibrant popular music scene, across genres including hip-hop, reggae, R&B, rock, pop, metal, punk, country and electronic. Notable past and present local musicians include <a href="/wiki/Robert_Goulet" title="Robert Goulet">Robert Goulet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Banks_(musician)" title="Tommy Banks (musician)">Tommy Banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Collins" title="Eleanor Collins">Eleanor Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stu_Davis" title="Stu Davis">Stu Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Feehan" title="Tim Feehan">Tim Feehan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadence_Weapon" title="Cadence Weapon">Cadence Weapon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kreesha_Turner" title="Kreesha Turner">Kreesha Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Smalls" title="The Smalls">the Smalls</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNFU" title="SNFU">SNFU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Code" title="Social Code">Social Code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stereos" title="Stereos">Stereos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ten_Second_Epic" title="Ten Second Epic">Ten Second Epic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupelo_Honey_(band)" title="Tupelo Honey (band)">Tupelo Honey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_DeMarco" title="Mac DeMarco">Mac DeMarco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shout_Out_Out_Out_Out" title="Shout Out Out Out Out">Shout Out Out Out Out</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psyche_(band)" title="Psyche (band)">Psyche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purity_Ring_(band)" title="Purity Ring (band)">Purity Ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wet_Secrets" title="The Wet Secrets">The Wet Secrets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuela_Charles" title="Nuela Charles">Nuela Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celeigh_Cardinal" title="Celeigh Cardinal">Celeigh Cardinal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_B." title="Ruth B.">Ruth B.</a><a href="#cite_note-EdJourMusic-246">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightlife">Nightlife</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nightlife">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_theatre_edmonton.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Princess_theatre_edmonton.JPG/170px-Princess_theatre_edmonton.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Princess_theatre_edmonton.JPG/255px-Princess_theatre_edmonton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Princess_theatre_edmonton.JPG/340px-Princess_theatre_edmonton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Opened in 1915, the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Theatre_(Edmonton)" title="Princess Theatre (Edmonton)">Princess Theatre</a> is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">cinema</a> in the city.</figcaption></figure> There are several key areas of nightlife in Edmonton. The most popular is the <a href="/wiki/Old_Strathcona" title="Old Strathcona">Whyte Avenue</a> (82 Avenue) strip, between 109 Street and 99 Street; it has the highest number of heritage buildings in Edmonton,<a href="#cite_note-revitalization-247">[241]</a> and bars, clubs, and restaurants throughout, but mostly west of <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Boulevard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway Boulevard">Gateway Boulevard</a> (103 Street). Once the heart of the town of Strathcona (annexed by Edmonton on February 1, 1912), it fell into disrepair during the middle of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-firststepsstrathcona-248">[242]</a> Beginning in the 1970s, a coordinated effort to revive the area through a business revitalization zone produced an area rich with restored historical buildings and pleasant streetscapes.<a href="#cite_note-BRZ-145">[144]</a> Its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> has led to a high number of restaurants, pubs, trendy clubs, and retail and specialty shops. This area also has two independent movie theatres, the <a href="/wiki/Garneau_Theatre" title="Garneau Theatre">Garneau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Theatre_(Edmonton)" title="Princess Theatre (Edmonton)">Princess</a>, as well as several live theatre, music, and comedy venues.<a href="#cite_note-oldstrahcona-249">[243]</a> Downtown Edmonton has undergone a continual process of renewal and growth since the mid-1990s. Many buildings were demolished during the oil boom, starting in the 1960s and continuing into the 1980s, to make way for office towers. There have always been numerous pub-type establishments, hotel lounges, and restaurants. The past decade has seen a strong resurgence in more mainstream venues. Edmonton also has a high demand for pub crawl tours in the city. Various clubs are found along Edmonton's main street, Jasper Avenue. The Edmonton City Centre mall also houses a <a href="/wiki/Landmark_Cinemas" title="Landmark Cinemas">Landmark Cinemas</a> movie theatre with nine screens. The nonprofit Metro Cinema<a href="#cite_note-Metro_Cinema-250">[244]</a> shows a variety of alternative or otherwise unreleased films every week. West Edmonton Mall holds several after-hour establishments in addition to its many stores and attractions. Bourbon Street has numerous eating establishments; clubs and casinos can also be found within the complex. Scotiabank Theatre (formerly known as Silver City), at the west end of the mall, is a theatre with 12 screens and an <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Welcome_to_West_Edmonton_Mall's_Website.-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attractions">Attractions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Attractions">edit</a>]</div> Edmonton is known for its natural scenery, food, history and facilities. It is home to Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum, and West Edmonton Mall, North America's largest shopping mall. Other notable attractions include the Royal Alberta Museum, the Muttart Conservatory, Alberta Legislature Building, Art Gallery of Alberta, Edmonton Valley Zoo, Alberta Railway Museum, and many other natural and man-made attractions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parkland_and_environment">Parkland and environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Parkland and environment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River_valley_parks_system" title="North Saskatchewan River valley parks system">North Saskatchewan River valley parks system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_River_Valley_and_Dawson_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Edmonton_River_Valley_and_Dawson_Bridge.jpg/250px-Edmonton_River_Valley_and_Dawson_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Edmonton_River_Valley_and_Dawson_Bridge.jpg/330px-Edmonton_River_Valley_and_Dawson_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Edmonton_River_Valley_and_Dawson_Bridge.jpg/500px-Edmonton_River_Valley_and_Dawson_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3660" data-file-height="5483" /></a><figcaption>Edmonton River Valley and Dawson Bridge</figcaption></figure> Edmonton's river valley constitutes the longest stretch of connected urban parkland in North America, and Edmonton has the highest amount of parkland per capita of any Canadian city; the river valley is 22 times larger than New York City's <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-River_Valley-251">[245]</a> The river valley is home to various parks ranging from fully serviced urban parks to campsite-like facilities with few amenities. This main "Ribbon of Green" is supplemented by tributary creeks and ravines, particularly the Whitemud Creek, Blackmud Creek, and Mill Creek Ravine. There are also numerous neighbourhood parks located throughout the city, to give a total of 111 km2 (27,400 acres) of parkland.<a href="#cite_note-River_Valley-251">[245]</a> Within the 7,400 ha (18,000 acres), 25 km (16 mi)-long river valley park system, there are 11 lakes, 14 ravines, and 22 major parks, and most of the city has accessible bike and walking trail connections.<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> These trails are also part of the 235 km (146 mi) <a href="/wiki/Waskahegan_Trail" title="Waskahegan Trail">Waskahegan walking trail</a>. The City of Edmonton has named five parks in its River Valley Parks System in honour of each of "<a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)" title="The Famous Five (Canada)">The Famous Five</a>".<a href="#cite_note-The_Famous_Five-253">[247]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Saskatchewan_River_Valley_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_04_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/North_Saskatchewan_River_Valley_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_04_A.jpg/220px-North_Saskatchewan_River_Valley_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_04_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/North_Saskatchewan_River_Valley_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_04_A.jpg/330px-North_Saskatchewan_River_Valley_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_04_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/North_Saskatchewan_River_Valley_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_04_A.jpg/440px-North_Saskatchewan_River_Valley_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_04_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A trail in the <a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River_valley_parks_system" title="North Saskatchewan River valley parks system">North Saskatchewan River valley parks system</a> </figcaption></figure> Edmonton's streets and parklands also contain one of the largest remaining concentrations of healthy <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana" title="Ulmus americana">American elm</a> trees in the world, unaffected by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_elm_disease" title="Dutch elm disease">Dutch elm disease</a>, which has wiped out vast numbers of such trees in eastern North America. <a href="/wiki/Jack_pine" title="Jack pine">Jack pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lodgepole_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodgepole pine">lodgepole pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picea_glauca" title="Picea glauca">white spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betula_pubescens" title="Betula pubescens">white birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">aspen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorbus" title="Sorbus">mountain ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acer_ginnala" class="mw-redirect" title="Acer ginnala">Amur maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleagnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleagnus">Russian olive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_pennsylvanica" title="Fraxinus pennsylvanica">green ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">basswood</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">flowering crabapple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_padus" title="Prunus padus">Mayday tree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acer_negundo" title="Acer negundo">Manitoba maple</a> are also abundant; <a href="/wiki/Bur_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bur oak">bur oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acer_saccharinum" title="Acer saccharinum">silver maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus">hawthorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aesculus_glabra" title="Aesculus glabra">Ohio buckeye</a> are increasingly popular. Other introduced tree species include <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_americana" title="Fraxinus americana">white ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picea_pungens" class="mw-redirect" title="Picea pungens">blue spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acer_platanoides" title="Acer platanoides">Norway maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythrobalanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrobalanus">red oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acer_saccharum" title="Acer saccharum">sugar maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesculus_hippocastanum" title="Aesculus hippocastanum">common horse-chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/McIntosh_(apple)" title="McIntosh (apple)">McIntosh apple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evans_cherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Evans cherry">Evans cherry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Selection_List_of_Common_Tree_Species-254">[248]</a> Three walnut species—<a href="/wiki/Juglans_cinerea" title="Juglans cinerea">butternut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juglans_mandshurica" title="Juglans mandshurica">Manchurian walnut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">black walnut</a>—have survived in Edmonton.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a>, both public and private, are also located in the river valley; the long summer daylight hours of this northern city provide for extended play from early morning well into the evening.<a href="#cite_note-Golf_Courses-256">[250]</a> Golf courses and the park system become a winter recreation area during this season, and cross-country skiing and skating are popular during the long winter. Four <a href="/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)" title="Downhill (ski competition)">downhill</a> ski slopes are located in the river valley as well, two within the city and two immediately outside.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Winter-257">[251]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larch_Sanctuary_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Larch_Sanctuary_bridge.jpg/220px-Larch_Sanctuary_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Larch_Sanctuary_bridge.jpg/330px-Larch_Sanctuary_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Larch_Sanctuary_bridge.jpg/440px-Larch_Sanctuary_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2621" /></a><figcaption>Entry to Larch Sanctuary</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_%26_Area_Land_Trust" title="Edmonton & Area Land Trust">Edmonton & Area Land Trust</a> (EALT) is a charity focused on conserving natural areas in Edmonton and surrounding municipalities. Its first project in Edmonton was conserving Larch Sanctuary,<a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> via a 0.24 km2 (59 acres) <a href="/wiki/Conservation_easement" title="Conservation easement">conservation easement</a> with the city, straddling Whitemud Creek south of 23rd Avenue, and containing the only <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">oxbow lake</a> in the city. EALT works with many organizations in Edmonton, and is working to conserve the 0.94 km2 (233 acres) of forest and farmland<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> in a loop of the river in northeast Edmonton. A variety of volunteer opportunities exist for citizens to participate in the stewardship of Edmonton's parkland and river valley. Volunteer programs include River Valley Clean-up, Root for Trees, and Partner in Parks.<a href="#cite_note-volunteer_opportunities-260">[254]</a> River Valley Clean-up engages volunteers to pick up hundreds of bags of litter each year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Museums and galleries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_entrance_to_RAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Interior_entrance_to_RAM.jpg/250px-Interior_entrance_to_RAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Interior_entrance_to_RAM.jpg/330px-Interior_entrance_to_RAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Interior_entrance_to_RAM.jpg/500px-Interior_entrance_to_RAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4241" data-file-height="2829" /></a><figcaption>Interior entrance lobby to the new Royal Alberta Museum</figcaption></figure> There are many museums in Edmonton of various sizes.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Museums-261">[255]</a> The largest is the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Alberta_Museum" title="Royal Alberta Museum">Royal Alberta Museum</a> (RAM), which was formerly known as the Provincial Museum of Alberta until it was renamed in honour of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>'s 2005 Alberta centennial visit. The RAM houses over 10 million objects in its collection and showcases the culture and practices of the diverse aboriginal tribes of the region. In 2018, the building relocated from its location in <a href="/wiki/Glenora,_Edmonton" title="Glenora, Edmonton">Glenora</a> to a new building in downtown on 103A Avenue and 97 Street. The museum held a grand opening event and gave out 40,000 free tickets for its first few days of operation.<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Telus_World_of_Science_(Edmonton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telus World of Science (Edmonton)">Telus World of Science</a> is located in the <a href="/wiki/Woodcroft,_Edmonton" title="Woodcroft, Edmonton">Woodcroft</a> neighbourhood northwest of the city centre. It opened in 1984 and has since been expanded several times. It contains five permanent galleries, one additional gallery for temporary exhibits, an IMAX theatre, a <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetarium</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_station" title="Amateur radio station">amateur radio station</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Valley_Zoo" title="Edmonton Valley Zoo">Edmonton Valley Zoo</a> is in the river valley to the southwest of the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-Valley_Zoo-263">[257]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Aviation_Museum" title="Alberta Aviation Museum">Alberta Aviation Museum</a>, located in a hangar at the City Centre Airport, was built for the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">British Commonwealth Air Training Plan</a>. Its collection includes both civilian and military <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, the largest of which are a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a> and two <a href="/wiki/CF-101_Voodoo" class="mw-redirect" title="CF-101 Voodoo">CF-101 Voodoos</a>. It also has one of only three <a href="/wiki/BOMARC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOMARC">BOMARC</a> missiles in Canada.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Edmonton_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fort_Edmonton_1900.jpg/220px-Fort_Edmonton_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fort_Edmonton_1900.jpg/330px-Fort_Edmonton_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fort_Edmonton_1900.jpg/440px-Fort_Edmonton_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Edmonton_Park" title="Fort Edmonton Park">Fort Edmonton Park</a> is Canada's largest <a href="/wiki/Living_museum" title="Living museum">living museum</a> by area.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales_Armouries_Heritage_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince of Wales Armouries Heritage Centre (page does not exist)">Prince of Wales Armouries Heritage Centre</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment_Military_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyal Edmonton Regiment Military Museum">Loyal Edmonton Regiment Military Museum</a>. The museum is dedicated to preserving the military heritage and the sacrifices made by the people of Edmonton and Alberta in general. The museum features two galleries and several smaller exhibits. The collection includes historic firearms, uniforms, souvenirs, memorabilia, military accoutrements, as well as a large photographic and archival collection spanning the pre-World War One period to the present. The museum features an exhibit on the role of the <a href="/wiki/49th_Battalion,_CEF" class="mw-redirect" title="49th Battalion, CEF">49th Battalion, CEF</a> in Canada's <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Telephone_Historical_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone Historical Centre">Telephone Historical Centre</a> is a telephone museum also located in the Prince of Wales Armouries Heritage Centre. In addition to a collection of artifacts tracing the history of the telephone, the museum has its own theatre featuring a brief film led by the robot Xeldon.<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> As of April 2019, the museum is permanently closed.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Railway_Museum" title="Alberta Railway Museum">Alberta Railway Museum</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberta_Railway_Museum-267">[261]</a> is located in the rural northeast portion of the city. It contains a variety of <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">railroad cars</a> from different periods, and includes a working <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a>. Since most of its exhibits are outdoors, it is only open between <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Day" title="Victoria Day">Victoria Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_Day_(Canada)" title="Labour Day (Canada)">Labour Day</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_Gallery_of_Alberta_(10293224826).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Art_Gallery_of_Alberta_%2810293224826%29.jpg/250px-Art_Gallery_of_Alberta_%2810293224826%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Art_Gallery_of_Alberta_%2810293224826%29.jpg/330px-Art_Gallery_of_Alberta_%2810293224826%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Art_Gallery_of_Alberta_%2810293224826%29.jpg/500px-Art_Gallery_of_Alberta_%2810293224826%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3871" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Alberta" title="Art Gallery of Alberta">Art Gallery of Alberta</a> is Edmonton's largest <a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">art gallery</a>.</figcaption></figure> Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum, is located in the river valley southwest of the city centre. Edmonton's heritage is displayed through historical buildings (many of which are originals moved to the park), <a href="/wiki/Heritage_interpretation" title="Heritage interpretation">costumed historical interpreters</a>, and authentic artifacts. In total, it covers the region's history from approximately 1795 to 1929 (represented by Fort Edmonton), followed chronologically by 1885, 1905, and 1920 streets, and a recreation of a 1920s <a href="/wiki/Midway_(fair)" title="Midway (fair)">midway</a>. A steam train, streetcars, automobiles and horse-drawn vehicles may be seen in operation (and utilized by the public) around the park. The John Walter Museum and Historical Area (c. 1875 to 1901) is on the Canadian Register of Historic Places.<a href="#cite_note-Canada's_Historic_Place-268">[262]</a> The University of Alberta operates its own internal Museums and Collections service.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Alberta_Museums-269">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Alberta" title="Art Gallery of Alberta">Art Gallery of Alberta</a> (AGA) is the city's largest single gallery. Formerly housed in an iconic 1970s <a href="/wiki/Brutalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutalist">Brutalist</a> building designed by Don Bittorf,<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> the AGA collection had over 5,000 pieces of art. The former AGA building was demolished in July 2007 to make way for construction of a new facility designed by <a href="/wiki/Randall_Stout" title="Randall Stout">Randall Stout</a>. It was estimated to cost over $88-million and the amount that <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Council" title="Edmonton City Council">Edmonton City Council</a> donated towards its construction was met with some controversy. The AGA officially opened on January 31, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-AGA-271">[265]</a> Commercial art galleries can be found throughout the city, especially along the 124 Street/Jasper Avenue corridor, known as the "gallery walk".<a href="#cite_note-gallerywalk-272">[266]</a> Edmonton is home to four artist-run centres all located in the downtown core <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_House,_Edmonton" title="Harcourt House, Edmonton">Harcourt House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latitude_53" title="Latitude 53">Latitude 53</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ociciwan_Contemporary_Art_Collective" title="Ociciwan Contemporary Art Collective">Ociciwan Contemporary Art Collective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Northern_Alberta_Print-Artists" title="Society of Northern Alberta Print-Artists">Society of Northern Alberta Print-Artists</a> (SNAP). The University of Alberta and MacEwan University also have galleries: the Fine Arts Building Gallery<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> and the Mitchell Art Gallery,<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> respectively. The University of Alberta Museums and Collections also has 17 million objects, 29 registered museum collections and occasional exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports_and_recreation">Sports and recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sports and recreation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Edmonton" title="Sport in Edmonton">Sport in Edmonton</a></div> Edmonton has a number of professional sports teams,<a href="#cite_note-Sports_History_in_Edmonton-276">[270]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Elks" title="Edmonton Elks">Edmonton Elks</a>, formerly referred to as the Edmonton Eskimos and, for a brief period, the Edmonton Football Team, of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers" title="Edmonton Oilers">Edmonton Oilers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Stingers" title="Edmonton Stingers">Edmonton Stingers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Elite_Basketball_League" title="Canadian Elite Basketball League">Canadian Elite Basketball League</a>. Edmonton is the only city home to two teams in the semi-professional <a href="/wiki/National_Ringette_League" title="National Ringette League">National Ringette League</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_WAM!" title="Edmonton WAM!">Edmonton WAM!</a> and Edmonton Black Gold Rush. The city also hosts an amateur women's football team, the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Storm_(football)" title="Edmonton Storm (football)">Edmonton Storm</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Women%27s_Canadian_Football_League" title="Western Women's Canadian Football League">Western Women's Canadian Football League</a>. Junior sports clubs include the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Huskies" title="Edmonton Huskies">Edmonton Huskies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Wildcats" title="Edmonton Wildcats">Edmonton Wildcats</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Junior_Football_League" title="Canadian Junior Football League">Canadian Junior Football League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oil_Kings" title="Edmonton Oil Kings">Edmonton Oil Kings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hockey_League" title="Western Hockey League">Western Hockey League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Riverhawks" title="Edmonton Riverhawks">Edmonton Riverhawks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_League" title="West Coast League">West Coast League</a>. Venues for Edmonton's professional and junior sports teams include <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Stadium_(Edmonton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Stadium (Edmonton)">Commonwealth Stadium</a> (Edmonton Elks), <a href="/wiki/Argyll_Velodrome" title="Argyll Velodrome">Argyll Velodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Place" title="Rogers Place">Rogers Place</a> (Oilers and Oil Kings), <a href="/wiki/RE/MAX_Field" title="RE/MAX Field">RE/MAX Field</a> (Riverhawks), the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Expo_Centre" title="Edmonton Expo Centre">Edmonton Expo Centre</a> (Stingers), and <a href="/wiki/Clarke_Stadium" title="Clarke Stadium">Clarke Stadium</a> (Huskies, Wildcats, and Storm). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rogers_Place,_Edmonton,_June_6,_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rogers_Place%2C_Edmonton%2C_June_6%2C_2024.jpg/250px-Rogers_Place%2C_Edmonton%2C_June_6%2C_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rogers_Place%2C_Edmonton%2C_June_6%2C_2024.jpg/330px-Rogers_Place%2C_Edmonton%2C_June_6%2C_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rogers_Place%2C_Edmonton%2C_June_6%2C_2024.jpg/500px-Rogers_Place%2C_Edmonton%2C_June_6%2C_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6770" data-file-height="4514" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Place" title="Rogers Place">Rogers Place</a> is a multi-use indoor arena, and the present home arena for the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers" title="Edmonton Oilers">Edmonton Oilers</a>.</figcaption></figure> Edmonton's teams have rivalries with Calgary's teams and games between Edmonton and Calgary teams are often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alberta" title="Battle of Alberta">Battle of Alberta</a>. Past notable hockey teams in Edmonton include: the original junior hockey incarnation of the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oil_Kings_(WCHL)" title="Edmonton Oil Kings (WCHL)">Edmonton Oil Kings</a>, with multiple league and national <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Cup" title="Memorial Cup">Memorial Cup</a> championships playing in the Western Hockey League; the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Flyers" title="Edmonton Flyers">Edmonton Flyers</a>, with multiple <a href="/wiki/Lester_Patrick_Cup" title="Lester Patrick Cup">Lester Patrick Cups</a> and one national <a href="/wiki/Allan_Cup" title="Allan Cup">Allan Cup</a>, and; the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Roadrunners" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton Roadrunners">Edmonton Roadrunners</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">American Hockey League</a>. Other past notable sports teams include; the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Grads" title="Edmonton Grads">Edmonton Grads</a>, a women's basketball team with 108 local, provincial, national, and international titles and the world champions for 17 years in a row; the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Trappers" title="Edmonton Trappers">Edmonton Trappers</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)" title="Triple-A (baseball)">Triple-A</a> level baseball team with multiple division and league titles in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League" title="Pacific Coast League">Pacific Coast League</a>, and; the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Rush" title="Edmonton Rush">Edmonton Rush</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Box_lacrosse" title="Box lacrosse">box lacrosse</a> team with one <a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">league</a> championship.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Local university-level sports teams include the U of A <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Golden_Bears" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta Golden Bears">Golden Bears</a>, the U of A <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Pandas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta Pandas">Pandas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology#Mascot_and_colours" title="Northern Alberta Institute of Technology">NAIT Ooks</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/MacEwan_Griffins" title="MacEwan Griffins">MacEwan Griffins</a>. Local amateur teams, among others, include the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Gold" title="Edmonton Gold">Edmonton Gold</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Canada_Super_League" title="Rugby Canada Super League">Rugby Canada Super League</a> and two flat track <a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">roller derby</a> leagues: Oil City Roller Derby<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> and E-Ville Roller Derby.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> The <a href="/wiki/RAD_Torque_Raceway" title="RAD Torque Raceway">RAD Torque Raceway</a> hosts regular <a href="/wiki/Sprint_car_racing" title="Sprint car racing">sprint car</a> and a national <a href="/wiki/International_Hot_Rod_Association" title="International Hot Rod Association">International Hot Rod Association</a> (IHRA) events at their facility next to Edmonton International Airport.<a href="#cite_note-edmontonindyback-279">[273]</a> The airport also hosts horse racing at the <a href="/wiki/Century_Mile_Racetrack_and_Casino" title="Century Mile Racetrack and Casino">Century Mile Racetrack and Casino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_International_Raceway" title="Edmonton International Raceway">Edmonton International Raceway</a>, which hosts <a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Pinty%27s_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="NASCAR Pinty's Series">NASCAR Pinty's Series</a> races, is located about 50 km (31 mi) to the south near <a href="/wiki/Wetaskiwin" title="Wetaskiwin">Wetaskiwin</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CommonwealthStadium2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CommonwealthStadium2023.jpg/220px-CommonwealthStadium2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CommonwealthStadium2023.jpg/330px-CommonwealthStadium2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CommonwealthStadium2023.jpg/440px-CommonwealthStadium2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Stadium_(Edmonton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Stadium (Edmonton)">Commonwealth Stadium</a> is an open-air <a href="/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium" title="Multi-purpose stadium">multi-purpose stadium</a>. Opened in 1978 for the <a href="/wiki/1978_Commonwealth_Games" title="1978 Commonwealth Games">1978 Commonwealth Games</a>, the facility is also used as the home stadium for <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">CFL</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Elks" title="Edmonton Elks">Edmonton Elks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:REMAX_Field,_Edmonton_Ballpark_-_Edmonton,_Alberta_-_Edmonton_Riverhawks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/REMAX_Field%2C_Edmonton_Ballpark_-_Edmonton%2C_Alberta_-_Edmonton_Riverhawks.jpg/250px-REMAX_Field%2C_Edmonton_Ballpark_-_Edmonton%2C_Alberta_-_Edmonton_Riverhawks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/REMAX_Field%2C_Edmonton_Ballpark_-_Edmonton%2C_Alberta_-_Edmonton_Riverhawks.jpg/330px-REMAX_Field%2C_Edmonton_Ballpark_-_Edmonton%2C_Alberta_-_Edmonton_Riverhawks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/REMAX_Field%2C_Edmonton_Ballpark_-_Edmonton%2C_Alberta_-_Edmonton_Riverhawks.jpg/500px-REMAX_Field%2C_Edmonton_Ballpark_-_Edmonton%2C_Alberta_-_Edmonton_Riverhawks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7893" data-file-height="5394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RE/MAX_Field" title="RE/MAX Field">RE/MAX Field</a>, a ballpark opened in 1995 home to the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Riverhawks" title="Edmonton Riverhawks">Edmonton Riverhawks</a></figcaption></figure> From 2005 to 2012, Edmonton hosted an annual circuit on the <a href="/wiki/Indy_Racing_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Indy Racing League">Indy Racing League</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Indy" title="Edmonton Indy">Edmonton Indy</a>. Other past sporting events hosted by Edmonton include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Commonwealth_Games" title="1978 Commonwealth Games">1978 Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/U-18_Women%27s_Softball_World_Cup" title="U-18 Women's Softball World Cup">U-18 Women's Softball World Cup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> and 1981 <a href="/wiki/U-18_Men%27s_Softball_World_Cup" title="U-18 Men's Softball World Cup">U-18 Men's Softball World Cup</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Summer_Universiade" title="1983 Summer Universiade">1983 World University Games</a> (<a href="/wiki/Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiade">Universiade</a>)</li> <li>1981 and 1985 <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_(baseball)" title="Intercontinental Cup (baseball)">Intercontinental Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Baseball_World_Cup" title="1990 Baseball World Cup">1990 Baseball World Cup</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/North_American_Indigenous_Games" title="North American Indigenous Games">North American Indigenous Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_World_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="1996 World Figure Skating Championships">1996 World Figure Skating Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_World_Taekwondo_Championships" title="1999 World Taekwondo Championships">1999 World Taekwondo Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2001 World Championships in Athletics">2001 World Championships in Athletics</a></li> <li>2002 World Ringette Championships</li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/World_Masters_Games" title="World Masters Games">World Masters Games</a><a href="#cite_note-2005_World_Masters_Games-283">[277]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2006 Women's Rugby World Cup">2006 Women's Rugby World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_FIFA_U-19_Women%27s_World_Championship" title="2002 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship">2002</a> and <a href="/wiki/2007_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup" title="2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup">2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup">2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2015 FIFA Women's World Cup">2015 FIFA Women's World Cup</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Women%27s_Baseball_World_Cup" title="2004 Women's Baseball World Cup">2004</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Women%27s_Baseball_World_Cup" title="2012 Women's Baseball World Cup">2012 Women's Baseball World Cup</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a></li> <li>CN <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Open" title="Canadian Women's Open">Canadian Women's Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships" title="1995 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships">1995 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships</a> (co-hosted with Red Deer and Calgary), <a href="/wiki/2012_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships" title="2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships">2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships</a> (co-hosted with Calgary), <a href="/wiki/2022_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships" title="2022 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships">2022 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships</a> (co-host with Red Deer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_World_Men%27s_Curling_Championship" title="2007 World Men's Curling Championship">2007 World Men's Curling Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_World_Men%27s_Curling_Championship" title="2017 World Men's Curling Championship">2017 World Men's Curling Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships" title="2021 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships">2021 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships</a></li> <li>2022 World Dodgeball Championships</li></ul> Despite submitting a bid, Edmonton was not selected as a host city for the <a href="/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2026 FIFA World Cup">2026 FIFA World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> Edmonton will co-host the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2027_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2027 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships (page does not exist)">2027 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships</a> alongside Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275448275">.mw-parser-output .defaultleft{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .defaultcenter{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .defaultright{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .col1left td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2left td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3left td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4left td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5left td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6left td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7left 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.col29left td:nth-child(29){text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col1center td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2center td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3center td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4center td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5center td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6center td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7center td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8center td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9center td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10center td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11center td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12center td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13center td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14center td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15center td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16center td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17center td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18center td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19center td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20center td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21center td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22center td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23center td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24center td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25center td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26center td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27center td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28center td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29center td:nth-child(29){text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .col1right td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2right td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3right td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4right td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5right td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6right td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7right td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8right td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9right td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10right td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11right td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12right td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13right td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14right td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15right td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16right td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17right td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18right td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19right td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20right td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21right td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22right td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23right td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24right td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25right td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26right td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27right td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28right td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29right td:nth-child(29){text-align:right}</style> <table class="wikitable col5center col6center"> <caption>Professional sports teams </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:130px;">Club </th> <th style="width:130px;">Type </th> <th style="width:240px;">League </th> <th style="width:200px;">Venue </th> <th style="width:50px">Established </th> <th style="width:20px">Championships </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Elks" title="Edmonton Elks">Edmonton Elks</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Stadium_(Edmonton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Stadium (Edmonton)">Commonwealth Stadium</a> </td> <td>1949 </td> <td>14<a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers" title="Edmonton Oilers">Edmonton Oilers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Place" title="Rogers Place">Rogers Place</a> </td> <td>1972 </td> <td>5<a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Stingers" title="Edmonton Stingers">Edmonton Stingers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Elite_Basketball_League" title="Canadian Elite Basketball League">Canadian Elite Basketball League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Expo_Centre" title="Edmonton Expo Centre">Edmonton Expo Centre</a> </td> <td>2018 </td> <td>2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275448275" /> <table class="wikitable col5center col6center"> <caption>Semi-pro, amateur and junior clubs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:130px;">Club </th> <th style="width:130px;">Type </th> <th style="width:240px;">League </th> <th style="width:200px;">Venue </th> <th style="width:50px;">Established </th> <th style="width:20px;">Championships </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Huskies" title="Edmonton Huskies">Edmonton Huskies</a> </td> <td>Canadian football </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Junior_Football_League" title="Canadian Junior Football League">Canadian Junior Football League</a> </td> <td>Clarke Stadium </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>5[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Wildcats" title="Edmonton Wildcats">Edmonton Wildcats</a> </td> <td>Canadian football </td> <td>Canadian Junior Football League </td> <td>Clarke Stadium </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>3[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Storm_(football)" title="Edmonton Storm (football)">Edmonton Storm</a> </td> <td>Canadian football </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Women%27s_Canadian_Football_League" title="Western Women's Canadian Football League">Western Women's Canadian Football League</a> </td> <td>Clarke Stadium </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Energy_City_Cactus_Rats" title="Energy City Cactus Rats">Energy City Cactus Rats</a> </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Baseball_League" title="Western Canadian Baseball League">Western Canadian Baseball League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myshak_Metro_Ballpark" title="Myshak Metro Ballpark">Myshak Metro Ballpark</a>, Spruce Grove </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Riverhawks" title="Edmonton Riverhawks">Edmonton Riverhawks</a> </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_League" title="West Coast League">West Coast League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RE/MAX_Field" title="RE/MAX Field">RE/MAX Field</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oil_Kings" title="Edmonton Oil Kings">Edmonton Oil Kings</a> </td> <td>Ice hockey </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Hockey_League" title="Western Hockey League">Western Hockey League</a> </td> <td>Rogers Place </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>3[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_BTB_SC" title="Edmonton BTB SC">Edmonton BTB SC</a> </td> <td>Soccer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/League1_Alberta" title="League1 Alberta">League1 Alberta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clarke_Stadium" title="Clarke Stadium">Clarke Stadium</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Scottish" title="Edmonton Scottish">Edmonton Scottish</a> </td> <td>Soccer </td> <td>League1 Alberta </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Scottish#Hamish_Black_Field" title="Edmonton Scottish">Hamish Black Field</a> </td> <td>1909 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_council">City council</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: City council">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg/220px-City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg/330px-City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg/440px-City-Hall-Edmonton-Alberta-2A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Hall" title="Edmonton City Hall">Edmonton City Hall</a></figcaption></figure> The Edmonton City Council consists of a mayor and twelve councillors serving four-year terms. Each councillor is elected in a ward (electoral district); the mayor is elected at-large through <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a>. The elections are non-partisan. Council has the responsibility of approving the city's budget, and develops laws and policies intended to promote the health and safety of Edmonton residents based on the powers granted by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_Government_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Municipal Government Act (page does not exist)">Municipal Government Act</a>. The council passes all legislation related to the city's police, firefighting, parks, and libraries, as well as its utilities – electricity, water supply, solid waste handling, and drainage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On July 22, 2009, City Council adopted an electoral system that divides Edmonton into 12 wards, instead of the previous system where two councillors were elected in each of six wards. As of 2010, each ward would elect one councillor by first-past-the-post voting. This system came into effect with the <a href="/wiki/2010_Edmonton_municipal_election" title="2010 Edmonton municipal election">following election</a> in October 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Ward_System-292">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2021_Edmonton_municipal_election" title="2021 Edmonton municipal election">most recent election</a> was held in October 2021, and elected members to a four-year term. On December 7, 2020, a bylaw approving new ward boundaries and Indigenous ward names was passed by city council.<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_politics">Provincial politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Provincial politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlbertaLegislature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AlbertaLegislature.jpg/220px-AlbertaLegislature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AlbertaLegislature.jpg/330px-AlbertaLegislature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/AlbertaLegislature.jpg/440px-AlbertaLegislature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Edmonton is home to the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Legislature_Building" title="Alberta Legislature Building">Alberta Legislature Building</a>, the meeting place for the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly of Alberta</a>.</figcaption></figure> Edmonton is the capital of the province of Alberta and holds all main provincial areas of government such as the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Legislature" title="Alberta Legislature">Alberta Legislature</a>. The Edmonton Metropolitan Region is represented by 20 <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">MLAs</a>, one for each <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Alberta provincial electoral districts">provincial electoral district</a>. Many of these boundaries have been changed, adjusted and renamed while the city has grown.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_MLAs-295">[289]</a> In the current <a href="/wiki/31st_Alberta_Legislature" title="31st Alberta Legislature">31st Alberta Legislature</a> all of Edmonton's districts are represented by members from the Opposition <a href="/wiki/Alberta_New_Democratic_Party" title="Alberta New Democratic Party">Alberta New Democratic Party</a>. One of the MLAs, <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Notley" title="Rachel Notley">Rachel Notley</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Alberta)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Alberta)">Leader of the Opposition</a> and was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Alberta" title="List of premiers of Alberta">17th premier of Alberta</a> from 2015 to 2019. <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>Edmonton provincial election results<a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[291]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Year </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/United_Conservative_Party" title="United Conservative Party">United Cons.</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_New_Democratic_Party" title="Alberta New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 0.25em; background-color: #F4A460"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_Alberta_general_election" title="2019 Alberta general election">2019</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#005D7C">35% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#005D7C;">140,672 </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">53% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;">213,546 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 0.25em; background-color: #F4A460"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2023_Alberta_general_election" title="2023 Alberta general election">2023</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#005D7C">34% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#005D7C;">127,773 </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">63% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;">232,879 </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_politics">Federal politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Federal politics">edit</a>]</div> Edmonton is represented by nine Members of Parliament (MP), with one being elected to represent each of its federal electoral districts.<a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/43rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="43rd Canadian Parliament">43rd Canadian Parliament</a>, which was in session from late 2019 to late 2021, eight MPs were members of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a>, while the remaining MP was part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019 federal election</a>, Edmonton lacked elected representation in the federal government for the first time since 1980.<a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a> Compared to the rest of Alberta, Edmonton tends to vote for more left of centre leaning parties. Due to vote splitting, the Conservative Party dominated the city, with <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Strathcona_(federal_electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton Strathcona (federal electoral district)">Edmonton Strathcona</a> the only electoral district not to have voted Conservative in the 2019 federal election. This changed in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 federal election</a>, when the NDP also flipped the seat of <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Griesbach" title="Edmonton Griesbach">Edmonton Griesbach</a> while holding Edmonton Strathcona, and the Liberals retook <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Centre" title="Edmonton Centre">Edmonton Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[295]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>Edmonton federal election results<a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Year </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: #6495ED"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">23% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;">94,886 </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED">39% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;">160,938 </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">32% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;">133,984 </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">0% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;">1,933 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">23% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;">100,759 </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED">52% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;">231,813 </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">21% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;">92,733 </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">2% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;">10,264 </td></tr> </tbody></table><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_department">Fire department</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fire department">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EFRS_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/EFRS_01.jpg/250px-EFRS_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/EFRS_01.jpg/330px-EFRS_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/EFRS_01.jpg/500px-EFRS_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption>Edmonton Fire Rescue Services Headquarters, Administration Offices, & Number 1 Station</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Fire_Rescue_Services" title="Edmonton Fire Rescue Services">Edmonton Fire Rescue</a>, established in 1892, is a full-time professional firefighting department which provides a variety of services in Edmonton and the surrounding region.<a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-304">[298]</a> Some of the service's major tasks include fire suppression, assistance in medical emergencies, watercraft rescues on the North Saskatchewan River, and emergencies which involve hazardous materials.<a href="#cite_note-:3-304">[298]</a> Edmonton Fire Rescue is one of nine Canadian fire departments which are accredited by the Centre for Public Safety Excellence.<a href="#cite_note-305">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policing">Policing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Policing">edit</a>]</div> The city's police force, the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Police_Service" title="Edmonton Police Service">Edmonton Police Service</a>, was founded in 1892, and had approximately 1,400 officers in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-306">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/CFB_Edmonton" title="CFB Edmonton">Canadian Forces Base Edmonton</a> is home to <a href="/wiki/1_Canadian_Mechanized_Brigade_Group" title="1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group">1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group</a> (1 CMBG), the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Force" title="Regular Force">Regular Force</a> army brigade group of <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division" title="3rd Canadian Division">3rd Canadian Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a>. Units in 1 CMBG include <a href="/wiki/Lord_Strathcona%27s_Horse_(Royal_Canadians)" title="Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)">Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Combat_Engineer_Regiment" title="1 Combat Engineer Regiment">1 Combat Engineer Regiment</a>, two of the three battalions of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry" title="Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry">Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry</a>, and various headquarters, service, and support elements. Although not part of 1 CMBG, <a href="/wiki/408_Tactical_Helicopter_Squadron" title="408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron">408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/1_Field_Ambulance" title="1 Field Ambulance">1 Field Ambulance</a> are located with the brigade group. All of these units are located at Lancaster Park, immediately north of the city. From 1943, as CFB Namao (now CFB Edmonton/Edmonton Garrison), it was a major air force base.<a href="#cite_note-CFB_Namao-307">[301]</a> In 1996, all fixed-wing aviation units were transferred to <a href="/wiki/CFB_Cold_Lake" title="CFB Cold Lake">CFB Cold Lake</a>. The Canadian Parachute Centre was located in the city until 1996, when it was moved to <a href="/wiki/CFB_Trenton" title="CFB Trenton">CFB Trenton</a>, Ontario, and renamed the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army_Advanced_Warfare_Centre" title="Canadian Army Advanced Warfare Centre">Canadian Army Advanced Warfare Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[302]</a> The move of 1 CMBG and component units from Calgary occurred in 1996 in what was described as a cost-saving measure.<a href="#cite_note-Proceedings_of_the_Standing_Senate_Committee_on_National_Security_and_Defence-309">[303]</a> The brigade had existed in Calgary since the 1950s, and Lord Strathcona's Horse had traditionally been a Calgary garrison unit dating back to before World War I. Edmonton also has a large army <a href="/wiki/Primary_Reserve" title="Primary Reserve">reserve</a> element from <a href="/wiki/41_Canadian_Brigade_Group" title="41 Canadian Brigade Group">41 Canadian Brigade Group</a> (41 CBG), including <a href="/wiki/The_Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment_(4th_Battalion,_Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)">The Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)</a>; <a href="/wiki/41_Combat_Engineer_Regiment" title="41 Combat Engineer Regiment">41 Combat Engineer Regiment</a>; HQ Battery, <a href="/wiki/20th_Field_Regiment,_Royal_Canadian_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery">20th Field Artillery Regiment</a>; and B Squadron of <a href="/wiki/The_South_Alberta_Light_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="The South Alberta Light Horse">The South Alberta Light Horse</a>, one of Alberta's oldest army reserve units. Despite being far from Canada's coasts, Edmonton is also the home of <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Nonsuch" title="HMCS Nonsuch">HMCS Nonsuch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HMCS_Nonsuch-310">[304]</a> a naval reserve division. There are numerous <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cadet_Organizations" title="Canadian Cadet Organizations">cadet</a> corps<a href="#cite_note-cadet-311">[305]</a> of the different elements (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Sea_Cadets" title="Royal Canadian Sea Cadets">naval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Army_Cadets" title="Royal Canadian Army Cadets">army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Cadets" title="Royal Canadian Air Cadets">air force</a>) within Edmonton as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crime">Crime</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Crime">edit</a>]</div> Edmonton experienced a decrease in crime in the 1990s, an increase in the early 2000s,<a href="#cite_note-312">[306]</a> and another downturn at the end of the decade.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_Police_At_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Edmonton_Police_At_Headquarters.jpg/220px-Edmonton_Police_At_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Edmonton_Police_At_Headquarters.jpg/330px-Edmonton_Police_At_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Edmonton_Police_At_Headquarters.jpg/440px-Edmonton_Police_At_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5335" data-file-height="3557" /></a><figcaption>Edmonton Police Service vehicle at Downtown Headquarters</figcaption></figure> The Edmonton census metropolitan area (CMA) had a crime severity index of 84.5 in 2013, which is higher than the national average of 68.7.<a href="#cite_note-2013crime-313">[307]</a> Its crime severity index was the fifth-highest among CMAs in Canada behind Regina, Saskatoon, Kelowna and Vancouver.<a href="#cite_note-2013crime-313">[307]</a> In 2011, the city set a record for the most homicides in a year with 53 murders, giving the city a homicide rate of 6.5 per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Government_of_Canada-314">[308]</a> Edmonton had the fourth-most homicides in 2013 with 27, a 49% decrease from 2011. In 2017, it hit another peak in homicides with a slightly lower total of 49, for a rate of 5.2 per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-Government_of_Canada-314">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-2013crime-313">[307]</a> There were 165 shootings reported in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-315">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[310]</a> In 2023, Edmonton saw an increase in homicides with 46 being reported, giving the city a homicide rate of around 4.5 per 100,000 and also had a record 221 shootings, a 33.9% increase from the year before.<a href="#cite_note-:11-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-30">[29]</a> Noteworthy events that have occurred in Edmonton include the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_aircraft_bombing" title="Edmonton aircraft bombing">Edmonton aircraft bombing</a>, the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twitchell" title="Mark Twitchell">murder of Johnny Altinger</a>, the 2012 <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta_shooting" title="University of Alberta shooting">University of Alberta shooting</a>, the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton shooting">Edmonton shooting</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2017_Edmonton_attack" title="2017 Edmonton attack">2017 Edmonton attack</a>. Over $100,000 of property damage to Edmonton City Hall occurred in a shooting and firebombs attack on January 23, 2024, where no one was injured.<a href="#cite_note-317">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Edmonton" title="Transportation in Edmonton">Transportation in Edmonton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_International_Airport_Control_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Edmonton_International_Airport_Control_Tower.jpg/220px-Edmonton_International_Airport_Control_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Edmonton_International_Airport_Control_Tower.jpg/330px-Edmonton_International_Airport_Control_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Edmonton_International_Airport_Control_Tower.jpg/440px-Edmonton_International_Airport_Control_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Control tower for <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_International_Airport" title="Edmonton International Airport">Edmonton International Airport</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airport</a> is the primary air passenger and air cargo facility for the Edmonton Metropolitan Region.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aviation">Aviation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Aviation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region" title="List of airports in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region">List of airports in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region</a></div> Edmonton is a major air transportation gateway to northern Alberta and northern Canada.<a href="#cite_note-edmontoncanencyclo-57">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_International_Airport" title="Edmonton International Airport">Edmonton International Airport</a> (YEG) is the main airport serving the city. The airport provides passenger service to destinations in the United States, Europe, Mexico, and the Caribbean. The airport is located within Leduc County, adjacent to the City of Leduc and the Nisku Industrial Business Park. With direct air distances from Edmonton to places such as <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in United Kingdom being shorter than to other main airports in western North America,<a href="#cite_note-319">[313]</a> Edmonton Airports is working to establish a major container shipping hub called Port Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-320">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> Edmonton serves as a major <a href="/wiki/Transportation_hub" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation hub">transportation hub</a> for <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railway</a>, whose North American operations management centre is located at their Edmonton offices. It is also tied into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City" title="Canadian Pacific Kansas City">Canadian Pacific Kansas City</a> network, which provides service from Calgary to the south and extends northeast of Edmonton to serve Alberta's Industrial Heartland.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city rail</a> passenger rail service is provided by <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a>'s premier train, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian (train)">Canadian</a>, as it travels between Vancouver, British Columbia, and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario. Passenger trains stop at the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_railway_station_(Via_Rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton railway station (Via Rail)">Edmonton railway station</a> two days a week in both directions. The train connects Edmonton to multiple stops in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-Train_station:_Edmonton_(Alberta)-321">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_transit">Public transit</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Public transit">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Transit_Service" title="Edmonton Transit Service">Edmonton Transit Service</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ETS_Bus_Stadium_Station,_Edmonton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/ETS_Bus_Stadium_Station%2C_Edmonton.jpg/220px-ETS_Bus_Stadium_Station%2C_Edmonton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/ETS_Bus_Stadium_Station%2C_Edmonton.jpg/330px-ETS_Bus_Stadium_Station%2C_Edmonton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/ETS_Bus_Stadium_Station%2C_Edmonton.jpg/440px-ETS_Bus_Stadium_Station%2C_Edmonton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>An ETS bus at the <a href="/wiki/Stadium_station_(Edmonton)" title="Stadium station (Edmonton)">Stadium Station</a> transit centre</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Transit_Service" title="Edmonton Transit Service">Edmonton Transit Service</a> (ETS) is the city's public transit agency, operating the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Light_Rail_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton Light Rail Transit">Edmonton Light Rail Transit</a> (LRT) network as well as a fleet of buses.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_ETS-322">[316]</a> In 2017, ETS served approximately 86,997,466 people; the bus system saw 62,377,183 riders, while the LRT network served 24,620,283 passengers.<a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a> From the 1990s to early 2009, Edmonton was one of two cities in Canada still operating <a href="/wiki/Trolley_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trolley bus">trolley buses</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Trolley_buses_in_Vancouver" title="Trolley buses in Vancouver">Vancouver</a>. On June 18, 2008, City Council decided to abandon the <a href="/wiki/Trolley_buses_in_Edmonton" title="Trolley buses in Edmonton">Edmonton trolley bus system</a><a href="#cite_note-TrolleyDecision-324">[318]</a> and the last trolley bus ran on May 2, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-lastdaytrolley-325">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trolleyreachend-326">[320]</a> Scheduled LRT service began on April 23, 1978, with nine extensions of the network completed since.<a href="#cite_note-327">[321]</a> The original Edmonton line is considered to be the first "modern" <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> line (i.e., built from scratch, rather than being an upgrade of an old system) in North America to be constructed in a city with a population of under one million people.<a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a> It introduced the use of German-designed rolling stock that subsequently became the standard light rail vehicle of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Transit_System's_LRT_History-329">[323]</a> The Edmonton "<a href="/wiki/Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">proof-of-payment</a>" fare collection system adopted in 1980 – modelled after European ticket systems – became the North American transit industry's preferred approach for subsequent light rail projects.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton's_Light_Rail_Transit_From_Concept_to_Operations-330">[324]</a> The four-year South LRT extension was opened in full on April 24, 2010, which sees trains travelling to <a href="/wiki/Century_Park_station_(Edmonton)" title="Century Park station (Edmonton)">Century Park</a><a href="#cite_note-edmontonlrt2005-331">[325]</a> (located at 23 Avenue and 111 Street), making stops at <a href="/wiki/South_Campus/Fort_Edmonton_Park_station" title="South Campus/Fort Edmonton Park station">South Campus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southgate_station_(Edmonton)" title="Southgate station (Edmonton)">Southgate Centre</a> along the way.<a href="#cite_note-edmontonlrt2005-331">[325]</a> A line to the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in north-central Edmonton using the same high-floor technology of the existing system opened September 6, 2015. The southeast leg of the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Line_(Edmonton)" title="Valley Line (Edmonton)">Valley Line</a>, which starts in Mill Woods and ends in the downtown core, opened on November 4, 2023, after experiencing significant delays.<a href="#cite_note-:2-332">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[327]</a> Construction on the second and final phase of the Valley Line, which will extend the line west to Lewis Farms, commenced in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a> Unlike the Capital and Metro lines, trains on the Valley Line use low-floor technology.<a href="#cite_note-:2-332">[326]</a> Edmonton is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Metropolitan_Transit_Services_Commission" title="Edmonton Metropolitan Transit Services Commission">Edmonton Metropolitan Transit Services Commission</a>, which will begin service in mid-2022.<a href="#cite_note-335">[329]</a> The Edmonton Metropolitan Transit Services Commission is scheduled to be disestablished May 31, 2023, as a result of Edmonton's withdrawal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads_and_highways">Roads and highways</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Roads and highways">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AB216wRoad-Exit46BA-AB15_(33828017685).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/AB216wRoad-Exit46BA-AB15_%2833828017685%29.jpg/250px-AB216wRoad-Exit46BA-AB15_%2833828017685%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/AB216wRoad-Exit46BA-AB15_%2833828017685%29.jpg/330px-AB216wRoad-Exit46BA-AB15_%2833828017685%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/AB216wRoad-Exit46BA-AB15_%2833828017685%29.jpg/500px-AB216wRoad-Exit46BA-AB15_%2833828017685%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Henday_Drive" title="Anthony Henday Drive">Anthony Henday Drive</a> in Edmonton. The freeway is the main <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring road</a> for the city.</figcaption></figure> A largely gridded system forms most of Edmonton's street and road network.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Transit_System_Advisory_Board-336">[330]</a> The address system is mostly numbered, with streets running south to north and avenues running east to west. In built-up areas built since the 1950s, local streets and major roadways generally do not conform to the grid system. Major roadways include <a href="/wiki/Kingsway_(Edmonton)" title="Kingsway (Edmonton)">Kingsway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_Trail" title="Yellowhead Trail">Yellowhead Trail</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_16" title="Alberta Highway 16">Highway 16</a>), <a href="/wiki/Whitemud_Drive" title="Whitemud Drive">Whitemud Drive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Henday_Drive" title="Anthony Henday Drive">Anthony Henday Drive</a>. The major roads connecting to other communities elsewhere in Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan are the <a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_Highway" title="Yellowhead Highway">Yellowhead Highway</a> to the west and east and <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_2" title="Alberta Highway 2">Highway 2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> Highway) to the south.<a href="#cite_note-Trans_Canada_Yellowhead_Highway_Association-337">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberta_Highway_2-338">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trail_system">Trail system</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Trail system">edit</a>]</div> Edmonton maintains over 160 km (99 mi) of multi-use trails, mostly within the river valley parkland system.<a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trail_System-340">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity_and_water">Electricity and water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Electricity and water">edit</a>]</div> Edmonton's first power company established itself in 1891 and installed streetlights along the city's main avenue, Jasper Avenue. The power company was bought by the Town of Edmonton in 1902 and remains under municipal ownership today as <a href="/wiki/EPCOR" class="mw-redirect" title="EPCOR">EPCOR</a>. Also in charge of <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a>, in 2002 EPCOR installed the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">ultraviolet (UV) water treatment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_disinfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet disinfection">ultraviolet disinfection</a>) system at its E. L. Smith Water Treatment Plant.<a href="#cite_note-EPCOR-341">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste_disposal">Waste disposal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Waste disposal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRF_Composter03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MRF_Composter03.jpg/250px-MRF_Composter03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MRF_Composter03.jpg/330px-MRF_Composter03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MRF_Composter03.jpg/500px-MRF_Composter03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Composting_Facility" title="Edmonton Composting Facility">Edmonton Composting Facility</a> was the largest co-<a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">composting</a> facility in North America by volume and capacity.</figcaption></figure> Edmonton delivers <a href="/wiki/Source-separated_organics" title="Source-separated organics">source-separated organics</a> waste collection to all single-unit, and some multi-unit homes.<a href="#cite_note-:4-342">[336]</a> The city collects four streams of waste under this program: Garbage in black bins, organic waste in green bins, recycling in blue bags, and yard waste in large brown paper bags or clear plastic bags (four times per year).<a href="#cite_note-343">[337]</a> The rollout of the source-separated organics program began in March 2021, and was completed on September 3, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-344">[338]</a> During this period, Edmonton delivered approximately 10,000 new carts every week to a total of approximately 250,000 homes.<a href="#cite_note-345">[339]</a> City employees collect waste from half of these homes, and collection from the other homes is contracted to a private company.<a href="#cite_note-346">[340]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digester" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic digester">anaerobic digester</a> began service in April 2021, and has the capacity to process 40,000 tonnes of organic waste annually.<a href="#cite_note-:4-342">[336]</a> This facility produces high-quality compost and generates renewable heat and electricity.<a href="#cite_note-347">[341]</a> Edmonton signed contracts for private partners to process the remaining 28,000 tonnes of organic waste generated annually.<a href="#cite_note-:4-342">[336]</a> In spring 2021, the city started selling compost produced at this facility.<a href="#cite_note-:4-342">[336]</a> The city will roll-out the new waste collection service to the remaining multi-unit households which receive curbside service, but were not included in the initial transition, in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-348">[342]</a> Meanwhile, the city has stopped offering curbside waste collection from commercial businesses, and has not yet said whether businesses will eventually be required to separate their organic waste.<a href="#cite_note-349">[343]</a> The rollout of the new waste collection system follows a successful two-year pilot program which began service in 2019, and included 8,000 households in 12 neighbourhoods.<a href="#cite_note-350">[344]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Composting_Facility" title="Edmonton Composting Facility">Edmonton Composting Facility</a> was the largest of its type in the world, and the largest <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> building in North America.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Composting_Facility-351">[345]</a> Among the innovative uses for the city's waste included a <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</a> recycling program. The trees were collected each January and put through a <a href="/wiki/Woodchipper" title="Woodchipper">woodchipper</a>; this material was used as an addition to the <a href="/wiki/Composting" class="mw-redirect" title="Composting">composting</a> process. In addition, the wood chips absorbed much of the odour produced by the compost by providing a <a href="/wiki/Biofilter" title="Biofilter">biofilter</a> element to trap odour causing gaseous results of the process.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-352">[346]</a> The composting facility was permanently shut down in 2019 after an inspection found that the structural integrity of its roof was compromised.<a href="#cite_note-353">[347]</a> Together, the Waste Management Centre and Wastewater Treatment plant are known as the Edmonton Waste Management Centre of Excellence. Research partners include the University of Alberta, the Alberta Research Council, the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, and <a href="/wiki/Olds_College" title="Olds College">Olds College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Waste_Management_Centre_of_Excellence-354">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Health care">edit</a>]</div> There are four main hospitals serving Edmonton: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta_Hospital" title="University of Alberta Hospital">University of Alberta Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Alexandra_Hospital,_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton">Royal Alexandra Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misericordia_Community_Hospital" title="Misericordia Community Hospital">Misericordia Community Hospital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grey_Nuns_Community_Hospital,_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton">Grey Nuns Community Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hospitals_&_Primary_Care_Facilities-355">[349]</a> Other area hospitals include <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Community_Hospital" title="Sturgeon Community Hospital">Sturgeon Community Hospital</a> in St. Albert, <a href="/wiki/Leduc_Community_Hospital" title="Leduc Community Hospital">Leduc Community Hospital</a> in Leduc, <a href="/wiki/WestView_Health_Centre" title="WestView Health Centre">WestView Health Centre</a> in Stony Plain, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saskatchewan_Community_Hospital" title="Fort Saskatchewan Community Hospital">Fort Saskatchewan Community Hospital</a> in Fort Saskatchewan. Dedicated psychiatric care is provided at the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Hospital_Edmonton" title="Alberta Hospital Edmonton">Alberta Hospital</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Community_Health_Centre" title="Northeast Community Health Centre">Northeast Community Health Centre</a> offers a 24-hour emergency room with no inpatient ward services. The University of Alberta Hospital is the centre of a larger complex of hospitals and clinics located adjacent to the university campus which comprises the <a href="/wiki/Stollery_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Stollery Children's Hospital">Stollery Children's Hospital</a>, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Cross Cancer Institute, Zeidler Gastrointestinal Health Centre, Ledcor Clinical Training Centre, and Edmonton Clinic. Several health research institutes, including the Heritage Medical Research Centre, Medical Sciences Building, Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, and Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, are also located at this site. A similar set-up is also evident at the Royal Alexandra Hospital, which is connected to the Lois Hole Hospital for Women and Orthopaedic Surgery Centre. All hospitals are under the administration of <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Health_Services" title="Alberta Health Services">Alberta Health Services</a>, the single provincial health authority that plans and delivers health services to Albertans, on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Alberta)" title="Ministry of Health (Alberta)">Ministry of Health</a>. The Misericordia and Grey Nuns are run separately by Covenant Health.<a href="#cite_note-AHSEdmonton-356">[350]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_Public_School_Board_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Edmonton_Public_School_Board_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg/220px-Edmonton_Public_School_Board_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Edmonton_Public_School_Board_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg/330px-Edmonton_Public_School_Board_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Edmonton_Public_School_Board_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg/440px-Edmonton_Public_School_Board_Edmonton_Alberta_Canada_01A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Public_Schools" title="Edmonton Public Schools">Edmonton Public Schools</a>, one of three publicly funded <a href="/wiki/School_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="School districts">school districts</a> in the city</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary">Primary and secondary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary">edit</a>]</div> Edmonton has three publicly funded school boards (districts) that provide kindergarten and grades 1–12. The vast majority of students attend schools in the two large English-language boards: <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Public_Schools" title="Edmonton Public Schools">Edmonton Public Schools</a>, with 213 operating schools,<a href="#cite_note-EPS_profile-357">[351]</a> and the separate <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Catholic_School_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton Catholic School District">Edmonton Catholic School District</a>, with 95 operating schools, as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Catholic_Schools-358">[352]</a> Since 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> minority community has had their own school board based in Edmonton, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Central_Francophone_Education_Region_No._2" title="Greater North Central Francophone Education Region No. 2">Greater North Central Francophone Education Region No. 2</a>, which includes surrounding communities. The city also has a number of public <a href="/wiki/Alberta_charter_schools" title="Alberta charter schools">charter schools</a> that are independent of any board. All three school boards and public charter schools are funded through provincial grants and <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property taxes</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some private schools exist as well, including Edmonton Academy,<a href="#cite_note-EdmontonAcademy-359">[353]</a> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Academy" title="Progressive Academy">Progressive Academy</a><a href="#cite_note-ProgressiveAcademy-360">[354]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tempo_School" title="Tempo School">Tempo School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tempo-361">[355]</a> Edmonton Public Schools is known for pioneering the concept of site-based decision making (decentralization) in Canada, which gives principals the authority, the financial resources and the flexibility to make decisions based on the individual needs of their schools.<a href="#cite_note-362">[356]</a> This initiative has led to Edmonton Public offering a school of choice model in which students have more options as to what school they want to attend to suit their interests, and has led to the creation of alternative programs such as Vimy Ridge Academy, <a href="/wiki/Old_Scona_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Scona Academic">Old Scona Academic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_School_of_the_Arts" title="Victoria School of the Arts">Victoria School of the Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[359]</a> The Edmonton Society for Christian Education<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Society_for_Christian_Education-366">[360]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millwoods_Christian_School" title="Millwoods Christian School">Millwoods Christian School</a> (not part of the former) used to be private schools; both have become part of Edmonton Public Schools' alternative programs.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Academy_History-367">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-Millwoods_Christian_School_History-368">[362]</a> Both the Edmonton Public Schools and the Edmonton Catholic School District provide support and resources for those wishing to <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">homeschool</a> their children.<a href="#cite_note-Home_Schooling_in_Edmonton-369">[363]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-secondary">Post-secondary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Post-secondary">edit</a>]</div> Those post-secondary institutions based in Edmonton that are publicly funded include <a href="/wiki/Concordia_University_College_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordia University College of Alberta">Concordia University of Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacEwan_University" title="MacEwan University">MacEwan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/NorQuest_College" title="NorQuest College">NorQuest College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology" title="Northern Alberta Institute of Technology">Northern Alberta Institute of Technology</a> (NAIT) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> (U of A).<a href="#cite_note-PublicPostSec-370">[364]</a> The publicly funded <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_University" title="Athabasca University">Athabasca University</a> also has a campus in Edmonton.<a href="#cite_note-AULocations-371">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-UofLEdmonton-372">[366]</a> The U of A is a board-governed institution<a href="#cite_note-UofABoard-373">[367]</a> that has an annual revenue of over one billion dollars.<a href="#cite_note-UofAFinancial-374">[368]</a> In 2021/22, the university had over 40,000 students enrolled within over 700 undergraduate, graduate and professional programs, as well as over 7,000 students enrolled in its faculty of extension.<a href="#cite_note-375">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[370]</a> The U of A is also home to the second-largest research library system in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-UofALibrary-377">[371]</a> In 2019/20, MacEwan University had a total student population of over 18,000 full-time and part-time students enrolled in programs offering bachelor's degrees, university transfers, diplomas and certificates.<a href="#cite_note-378">[372]</a> NAIT has an approximate total of 41,000 students enrolled in more than 200 programs,<a href="#cite_note-379">[373]</a> while <a href="/wiki/NorQuest_College" title="NorQuest College">NorQuest College</a> has approximately 21,000 students enrolled in various full-time, part-time and continuing education programs.<a href="#cite_note-380">[374]</a> Other post-secondary institutions within Edmonton include <a href="/wiki/King%27s_University_(Canada)" title="King's University (Canada)">King's University</a> (private), <a href="/wiki/Newman_Theological_College" title="Newman Theological College">Newman Theological College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_College_and_Seminary" title="Taylor College and Seminary">Taylor College and Seminary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_Tribal_College" title="Yellowhead Tribal College">Yellowhead Tribal College</a> (an Indigenous college).<a href="#cite_note-381">[375]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Edmonton" title="Media in Edmonton">Media in Edmonton</a></div> Edmonton has seven local broadcast television stations shown on basic cable TV or <a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air programming">over-the-air</a>, with the oldest broadcasters in the city being <a href="/wiki/CFRN-DT" title="CFRN-DT">CTV Edmonton</a> (1954) and <a href="/wiki/CBXT-DT" title="CBXT-DT">CBC TV Edmonton</a> (1961).<a href="#cite_note-CCF-TV-382">[376]</a> Most of Edmonton's conventional television stations have made the switch to over-the-air digital broadcasting. The <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> providers in Edmonton are Telus (for <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a>) and Shaw Communications. Twenty-one FM and eight AM radio stations are based in Edmonton.<a href="#cite_note-CCF-R-383">[377]</a> Edmonton has two large-circulation daily newspapers, the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Journal" title="Edmonton Journal">Edmonton Journal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Sun" title="Edmonton Sun">Edmonton Sun</a>. The Journal, established in 1903, has a daily circulation of 112,000. The Sun, established in 1978, has a circulation of 55,000. Both newspapers are owned by the <a href="/wiki/Postmedia_Network" title="Postmedia Network">Postmedia Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-384">[378]</a> The Journal no longer publishes a Sunday edition as of July 2012.<a href="#cite_note-385">[379]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metro_International" title="Metro International">Metro</a>, Edmonton's only free daily newspaper, ceased printing on December 20, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Metro-386">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[381]</a> The magazine <a href="/wiki/Vue_Weekly" title="Vue Weekly">Vue Weekly</a>, a weekly publication which focused on <a href="/wiki/Alternative_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative news">alternative news</a>, was published in Edmonton from 1995 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-VueWeekly-388">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[383]</a> The Edmonton Examiner is a citywide community-based paper also published weekly.<a href="#cite_note-AWNA-390">[384]</a> There are also a number of smaller weekly and community newspapers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sister cities in Canada">List of sister cities in Canada</a></div> Edmonton has five <a href="/wiki/Sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities">sister cities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-391">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[386]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a>, Quebec, Canada (1967)<a href="#cite_note-fn1-393">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edmontontwin-394">[387]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, China (1985)<a href="#cite_note-Edmontontwin-394">[387]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, United States (1990)<a href="#cite_note-Nashville_sisters-395">[388]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonju" title="Wonju">Wonju</a>, South Korea (1998)<a href="#cite_note-Wonju_Sister_City-396">[389]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom" title="Bergen op Zoom">Bergen op Zoom</a>, Netherlands (2013)<a href="#cite_note-Bergensister-397">[390]</a></li></ul> In the United States, American cities and their sisters are listed with that country's <a href="/wiki/Sister_Cities_International" title="Sister Cities International">Sister Cities International</a>. In 1990, Edmonton became the first sister city of Nashville. In 2015, Nashville Mayor <a href="/wiki/Karl_Dean" title="Karl Dean">Karl Dean</a> visited Edmonton, addressing the crowd at the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Folk_Music_Festival" title="Edmonton Folk Music Festival">Edmonton Folk Music Festival</a>, celebrating the 25th anniversary of becoming sister cities. That year, more than 150 Canadians visited Nashville to attend Alberta-born <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kissel" title="Brett Kissel">Brett Kissel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry" title="Grand Ole Opry">Grand Ole Opry</a> debut and to meet with Sister Cities representatives.<a href="#cite_note-398">[391]</a> In November 2015, <a href="/wiki/Doug_Hoyer" title="Doug Hoyer">Doug Hoyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Witten_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremy Witten (musician)">Jeremy Witten</a> represented Edmonton at World of Friendship, Nashville's annual sister cities celebration.<a href="#cite_note-399">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/40px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/60px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">List of cities in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta" title="List of communities in Alberta">List of communities in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Edmonton" title="List of mayors of Edmonton">List of mayors of Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Alberta" title="List of municipalities in Alberta">List of municipalities in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Edmonton" title="List of people from Edmonton">List of people from Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Edmonton" title="List of tallest buildings in Edmonton">List of tallest buildings in Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Federation_of_Community_Leagues" title="Edmonton Federation of Community Leagues">Edmonton Federation of Community Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Something_Edmonton" title="Make Something Edmonton">Make Something Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmontosaurus_annectens" title="Edmontosaurus annectens">Edmontosaurus annectens</a> - a dinosaur, for "connected lizard from Edmonton"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɛdməntən/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/86\/En-ca-Edmonton.ogg\/En-ca-Edmonton.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-ca-Edmonton.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/En-ca-Edmonton.ogg/En-ca-Edmonton.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-ca-Edmonton.ogg" title="File:En-ca-Edmonton.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ED-mən-tən</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-euro-181"><a href="#cite_ref-euro_181-0">^</a> Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity. </li> <li id="cite_note-SoutheastAsian-182"><a href="#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_182-0">^</a> Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census. </li> <li id="cite_note-EastAsian-183"><a href="#cite_ref-EastAsian_183-0">^</a> Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census. </li> <li id="cite_note-MiddleEastern-184"><a href="#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_184-0">^</a> Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census. </li> <li id="cite_note-Other-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Other_185-0">^</a> Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, <abbr title="not included elsewhere">n.i.e.</abbr>" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census. </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-393"><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_393-0">^</a> Originally named <a href="/wiki/Hull,_Quebec" title="Hull, Quebec">Hull, Quebec</a> until January 1, 2002, See:<a href="/wiki/2000%E2%80%9306_municipal_reorganization_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="2000–06 municipal reorganization in Quebec">2000–06 municipal reorganization in Quebec</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nicknames-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nicknames_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nicknames_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nicknames_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nicknames_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/OcctopusDocs/Public/Complete/Reports/EX/Elected-1995/2003-04-23/2003COC009.doc">"Economic Development Edmonton 'Branding Edmonton' Initiative"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doc_(computing)" title="Doc (computing)">Doc</a>). City of Edmonton. March 28, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211073636/http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/OcctopusDocs/Public/Complete/Reports/EX/Elected-1995/2003-04-23/2003COC009.doc">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2015. 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Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780557438365" title="Special:BookSources/9780557438365"><bdi>9780557438365</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2001+Indian+Place+Names+of+the+West+%E2%80%93+Part+1+-&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780557438365&rft.aulast=Fromhold&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DahvVAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/documents/Newcomers_Guide_English_FINAL.pdf">"Newcomer's Guide to Edmonton"</a> (PDF). CIty of Edmonton. January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326214237/http://www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/documents/Newcomers_Guide_English_FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIty+of+Edmonton&rft.atitle=Newcomer%27s+Guide+to+Edmonton&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edmonton.ca%2Fprograms_services%2Fdocuments%2FNewcomers_Guide_English_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulethbridge.ca/lib/bdl/index.php?sort=Blackfoot&id=91">"Omahkoyis"</a>. www.ulethbridge.ca. Retrieved February 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ulethbridge.ca&rft.atitle=Omahkoyis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulethbridge.ca%2Flib%2Fbdl%2Findex.php%3Fsort%3DBlackfoot%26id%3D91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMany_Guns2019" class="citation book cs1">Many Guns, Payne (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1139336039">Siksikawa Otaawahsinnowa = Where the Blackfoot People live</a> (1st ed.). Calgary, Alberta: Durville. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9992947-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9992947-2-4"><bdi>978-1-9992947-2-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1139336039">1139336039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siksikawa+Otaawahsinnowa+%3D+Where+the+Blackfoot+People+live&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Durville&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1139336039&rft.isbn=978-1-9992947-2-4&rft.aulast=Many+Guns&rft.aufirst=Payne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1139336039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.stoneynakoda.org/#/E/edmonton">"Stoney Nakoda Dictionary"</a>. dictionary.stoneynakoda.org. Retrieved May 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.stoneynakoda.org&rft.atitle=Stoney+Nakoda+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.stoneynakoda.org%2F%23%2FE%2Fedmonton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://togetherattaza.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Taza-Guidelines-May2020-Sm.pdf">"Taza Development Guidelines"</a> (PDF). April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923172440/https://togetherattaza.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Taza-Guidelines-May2020-Sm.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taza+Development+Guidelines&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftogetherattaza.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F08%2FTaza-Guidelines-May2020-Sm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614101552/https://www.everyonescanada.ca/territorial_acknowledgement">"Territorial Acknowledgement"</a>. Everyone's Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everyonescanada.ca/territorial_acknowledgement">the original</a> on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Everyone%27s+Canada&rft.atitle=Territorial+Acknowledgement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.everyonescanada.ca%2Fterritorial_acknowledgement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-44"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrantz2017" class="citation book cs1">Frantz, Donald G. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/982378173">Blackfoot Grammar</a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781487500863" title="Special:BookSources/9781487500863"><bdi>9781487500863</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982378173">982378173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackfoot+Grammar&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F982378173&rft.isbn=9781487500863&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F982378173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Chipweyan Dictionary, South Slave Divisional Education Council <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssdec.nt.ca/ablang/ablanguage/chiptionary/Chipewyan%20Dictionary.pdf">Link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623170024/http://www.ssdec.nt.ca/ablang/ablanguage/chiptionary/Chipewyan%20Dictionary.pdf">Archived</a> June 23, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmonton's_Timeline-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Edmonton's_Timeline_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWallsMahaffy2007" class="citation book cs1">Walls, Martha; Mahaffy, Cheryl (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hK2tAAAACAAJ&pg=PP1">Edmonton Book of Everything: Everything You Wanted to Know about Edmonton and Were Going to Ask Anyway</a>. MacIntyre & Purcell. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9738063-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9738063-4-2"><bdi>978-0-9738063-4-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmonton+Book+of+Everything%3A+Everything+You+Wanted+to+Know+about+Edmonton+and+Were+Going+to+Ask+Anyway&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=MacIntyre+%26+Purcell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9738063-4-2&rft.aulast=Walls&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft.au=Mahaffy%2C+Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhK2tAAAACAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-47"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ealt.ca/indigenous-connections-blog-list/amiskwaciy-wskahikan-edmonton-history">"amiskwaciy-wâskahikan (Edmonton) History"</a>. Edmonton & Area Land Trust. February 3, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edmonton+%26+Area+Land+Trust&rft.atitle=amiskwaciy-w%C3%A2skahikan+%28Edmonton%29+History&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ealt.ca%2Findigenous-connections-blog-list%2Famiskwaciy-wskahikan-edmonton-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fortedmontonpark.ca/learn/blog/post/metis-in-treaty-6-relationship-to-fort-edmonton-park">"Métis in Treaty 6 & Relationship to Fort Edmonton Park"</a>. www.fortedmontonpark.ca. January 2022. Retrieved April 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fortedmontonpark.ca&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9tis+in+Treaty+6+%26+Relationship+to+Fort+Edmonton+Park&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortedmontonpark.ca%2Flearn%2Fblog%2Fpost%2Fmetis-in-treaty-6-relationship-to-fort-edmonton-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_G.1975" class="citation book cs1">James G., MacGregor (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zj8lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1">Edmonton: A History</a>. Hurtig. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88830-100-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88830-100-0"><bdi>978-0-88830-100-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmonton%3A+A+History&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Hurtig&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-88830-100-0&rft.aulast=James+G.&rft.aufirst=MacGregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzj8lAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fortedm-50"><a href="#cite_ref-fortedm_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwitzer2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Switzer, Jan (March 4, 2015) [February 7, 2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fort-edmonton/">"Fort Edmonton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140503222236/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fort-edmonton/">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fort+Edmonton&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft.aulast=Switzer&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ffort-edmonton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Goyette, Edmonton In Our Own Words, xxiii </li> <li id="cite_note-Treaties-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Treaties_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113201346/http://www.canadiana.org/citm/specifique/numtreatyoverview_e.html">"Numbered Treaty Overview"</a>. Canadiana.org (Formerly Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions). Canada in the Making. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiana.org/citm/specifique/numtreatyoverview_e.html">the original</a> on January 13, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2009. <q>The Numbered Treaties – also called the Land Cession or Post-Confederation Treaties – were signed between 1871 and 1921, and granted the federal government large tracts of land throughout the Prairies, Canadian North and Northwestern Ontario for white settlement and industrial use. In exchange for the land, Canada promised to give the Aboriginal peoples various items: cash, blankets, tools, farming supplies, and so on. The impact of these treaties can be still felt in modern times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadiana.org+%28Formerly+Canadian+Institute+for+Historical+Microreproductions%29&rft.atitle=Numbered+Treaty+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiana.org%2Fcitm%2Fspecifique%2Fnumtreatyoverview_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFilice2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Filice, Michelle (August 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/numbered-treaties">"Numbered Treaties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203104005/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/numbered-treaties">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Numbered+Treaties&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft.aulast=Filice&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fnumbered-treaties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edmonton.ca/attractions_events/schedule_festivals_events/treaty-six-recognition-day.aspx">"City of Edmonton, Treaty 6 Recognition Day"</a>. Edmonton.ca. March 31, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822052052/http://www.edmonton.ca/attractions_events/schedule_festivals_events/treaty-six-recognition-day.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Edmonton%2C+Treaty+6+Recognition+Day&rft.pub=Edmonton.ca&rft.date=2017-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edmonton.ca%2Fattractions_events%2Fschedule_festivals_events%2Ftreaty-six-recognition-day.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonto2011" class="citation book cs1">Monto, Tom (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PkFstwAACAAJ&pg=PP1">Old Strathcona: Edmonton's Southside Roots</a>. Crang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-895097-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-895097-13-9"><bdi>978-1-895097-13-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Strathcona%3A+Edmonton%27s+Southside+Roots&rft.pub=Crang&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-895097-13-9&rft.aulast=Monto&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPkFstwAACAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-edm-56"><a href="#cite_ref-history-edm_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Edmonton" class="citation web cs1">City of Edmonton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028213622/http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/InfraPlan/demographic/Edmonton%20Population%20Historical.pdf">"Population, Historical"</a> (PDF). City of Edmonton. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/InfraPlan/demographic/Edmonton%20Population%20Historical.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 28, 2008. 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Edmonton Book of Everything. Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9738063-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9738063-4-2"><bdi>978-0-9738063-4-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmonton+Book+of+Everything&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Maclntyre+Purcell+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9738063-4-2&rft.aulast=Walls&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-edtel-71"><a href="#cite_ref-edtel_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edmonton.ca/public-files/assets/document?path=PDF/C11713.pdf">"Ed Tel Endowment Fund Bylaw"</a> (PDF). edmonton.ca. 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Global News Retrieved August 9, 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706164022/http://www.woodlands.ab.ca/UserFiles/small%20map2%281%29.pdf">"Recreation and Tourism Map"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Woodlands_County" title="Woodlands County">Woodlands County</a>. January 4, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodlands.ab.ca/UserFiles/small%20map2(1).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 6, 2011. 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Retrieved February 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edmonton+River+Valley&rft.pub=Edmonton+River+Valley&rft.au=Jim+Willet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edmontonrivervalley.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-North_Saskatchewan-79"><a href="#cite_ref-North_Saskatchewan_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Canadian_Heritage_Rivers_System" class="citation web cs1">The Canadian Heritage Rivers System. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414210615/http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/NorthSask/NorthSask-F_e.php">"North Saskatchewan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/NorthSask/NorthSask-F_e.php">the original</a> on April 14, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Saskatchewan&rft.au=The+Canadian+Heritage+Rivers+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrs.ca%2FRivers%2FNorthSask%2FNorthSask-F_e.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Industry_on_the_river-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Industry_on_the_river_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerzog,_Lawrence" class="citation news cs1">Herzog, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908211958/http://www.rewedmonton.ca/content_view_rew?CONTENT_ID=1785">"Industry on the river"</a>. Real Estate Weekly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rewedmonton.ca/content_view_rew?CONTENT_ID=1785">the original</a> on September 8, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Industry+on+the+river&rft.au=Herzog%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rewedmonton.ca%2Fcontent_view_rew%3FCONTENT_ID%3D1785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EcologicalP-81"><a href="#cite_ref-EcologicalP_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecozones.ca/english/zone/Prairies/land.html">"Prairies Ecozone"</a>. Ecological Framework of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529213149/http://ecozones.ca/english/zone/Prairies/land.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Framework+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Prairies+Ecozone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecozones.ca%2Fenglish%2Fzone%2FPrairies%2Fland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWF-82"><a href="#cite_ref-WWF_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0802">"Canadian Aspen forests and parklands"</a>. WEF. World Wildlife Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603040651/http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0802">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WEF&rft.atitle=Canadian+Aspen+forests+and+parklands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fna0802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Project_of_Gold_Copper_Mine_Exploration_Near_Edmonton_Delay-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Project_of_Gold_Copper_Mine_Exploration_Near_Edmonton_Delay_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMining_Exploration_News" class="citation web cs1">Mining Exploration News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007031135/http://paguntaka.org/2008/08/30/project-of-gold-copper-mine-exploration-near-edmonton-delay/">"Project of Gold Copper Mine Exploration Near Edmonton Delay"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paguntaka.org/2008/08/30/project-of-gold-copper-mine-exploration-near-edmonton-delay/">the original</a> on October 7, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+of+Gold+Copper+Mine+Exploration+Near+Edmonton+Delay&rft.au=Mining+Exploration+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaguntaka.org%2F2008%2F08%2F30%2Fproject-of-gold-copper-mine-exploration-near-edmonton-delay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadian_Plant_Hardiness_Zones-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_Plant_Hardiness_Zones_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?m=22&lang=en&prov=Alberta&val=E">"Plant Hardiness Zone by Municipality"</a>. Natural Resources Canada. Government of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313212349/http://planthardiness.gc.ca/?lang=en&m=22&prov=alberta&val=e">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft.atitle=Plant+Hardiness+Zone+by+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planthardiness.gc.ca%2F%3Fm%3D22%26lang%3Den%26prov%3DAlberta%26val%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSzeto2008" class="citation book cs1">Szeto, Kit K. (2008). "Variability of Cold-Season Temperatures in the Mackenzie Basin". In Woo, M. (ed.). Cold Region Atmospheric and Hydrologic Studies. The Mackenzie GEWEX Experience. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin. pp. 61–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-73936-4_4">10.1007/978-3-540-73936-4_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-73935-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-73935-7"><bdi>978-3-540-73935-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Variability+of+Cold-Season+Temperatures+in+the+Mackenzie+Basin&rft.btitle=Cold+Region+Atmospheric+and+Hydrologic+Studies.+The+Mackenzie+GEWEX+Experience&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-73936-4_4&rft.isbn=978-3-540-73935-7&rft.aulast=Szeto&rft.aufirst=Kit+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECCA-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECCA_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECCA_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECCA_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECCA_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECCA_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECCA_86-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECCA_86-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECCA_86-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECCA_86-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECCA_86-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=AB&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=452000000&dispBack=0">"Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved May 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=Environment+and+Climate+Change+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_normals%2Fresults_1991_2020_e.html%3FsearchType%3DstnProv%26lstProvince%3DAB%26txtCentralLatMin%3D0%26txtCentralLatSec%3D0%26txtCentralLongMin%3D0%26txtCentralLongSec%3D0%26stnID%3D452000000%26dispBack%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almanac.com/content/frost-chart-canada">"Frost Chart for Canada"</a>. The Old Farmer's Almanac. September 20, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101022064911/http://www.almanac.com/content/frost-chart-canada">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frost+Chart+for+Canada&rft.pub=The+Old+Farmer%27s+Almanac&rft.date=2010-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almanac.com%2Fcontent%2Ffrost-chart-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Growing_Season-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Growing_Season_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalls2007" class="citation book cs1">Walls, Martha (2007). Edmonton Book of Everything. Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9738063-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9738063-4-2"><bdi>978-0-9738063-4-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmonton+Book+of+Everything&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Maclntyre+Purcell+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9738063-4-2&rft.aulast=Walls&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veseys.com/ca/canada-hardiness-zones-frost-dates">"Canada Hardiness Zones Frost Dates | Veseys"</a>. www.veseys.com. Retrieved January 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.veseys.com&rft.atitle=Canada+Hardiness+Zones+Frost+Dates+%7C+Veseys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veseys.com%2Fca%2Fcanada-hardiness-zones-frost-dates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/sunrise/advanced.html">"Advanced options and sun angles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_Canada" title="National Research Council Canada">National Research Council Canada</a>. August 7, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121233211/http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/sunrise/advanced.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advanced+options+and+sun+angles&rft.pub=National+Research+Council+Canada&rft.date=2012-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fservices%2Fsunrise%2Fadvanced.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415153955/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/winners/categorydata_e.html?SelectedCategory=40&submit=Submit">"Sunniest Year Round"</a>. March 14, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/winners/categorydata_e.html?SelectedCategory=40&submit=Submit">the original</a> on April 15, 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunniest+Year+Round&rft.date=2012-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca%2Fwinners%2Fcategorydata_e.html%3FSelectedCategory%3D40%26submit%3DSubmit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coldestcities-92"><a href="#cite_ref-coldestcities_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiz_Osborn" class="citation web cs1">Liz Osborn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Canada/coldest-cities-winter.php">"Coldest Canadian Cities in Winter"</a>. Current Results Publishing Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805050544/http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Canada/coldest-cities-winter.php">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2009. <q>The cities included in these rankings are Canada's largest metropolitan areas. These are the 33 urban regions that had over 100,000 people according to the 2011 census by Statistics Canada. The temperature data are averages of weather measurements made from 1981 to 2010.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coldest+Canadian+Cities+in+Winter&rft.pub=Current+Results+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.au=Liz+Osborn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentresults.com%2FWeather-Extremes%2FCanada%2Fcoldest-cities-winter.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1880-07-01%7C1943-06-30&mlyRange=1880-01-01%7C1943-12-01&StationID=1863&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=6&Day=14&txtStationName=edmonton&timeframe=2&Year=1937">"Climate Data for June 1937 for Edmonton"</a>. Climate Data Almanac. Environment Canada. February 17, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202025644/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1880-07-01%7C1943-06-30&mlyRange=1880-01-01%7C1943-12-01&StationID=1863&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=6&Day=14&txtStationName=edmonton&timeframe=2&Year=1937">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2017. 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Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. September 22, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610080710/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/monthly_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1880-07-01%7C1943-06-30&mlyRange=1880-01-01%7C1943-12-01&StationID=1863&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=edmonton&timeframe=3&Year=1880&Month=7">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/edmontons-industrial-neighbourhoods.aspx">the original</a> on January 25, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edmonton%27s+Industrial+Neighbourhoods&rft.pub=City+of+Edmonton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edmonton.ca%2Fbusiness_economy%2Fedmontons-industrial-neighbourhoods.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/industrial_development/edmonton-energy-technology-park.aspx">"Edmonton Energy and Technology Park"</a>. City of Edmonton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326042212/http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/industrial_development/edmonton-energy-technology-park.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edmonton+Energy+and+Technology+Park&rft.pub=City+of+Edmonton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edmonton.ca%2Fbusiness_economy%2Findustrial_development%2Fedmonton-energy-technology-park.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRZ-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BRZ_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRZ_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_City_of_Edmonton" class="citation web cs1">The City of Edmonton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140503115318/http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/business_resources/business-revitalization-zones.aspx">"Business Revitalization Zones"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edmonton.ca/business_economy/business_resources/business-revitalization-zones.aspx">the original</a> on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Business+Revitalization+Zones&rft.au=The+City+of+Edmonton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edmonton.ca%2Fbusiness_economy%2Fbusiness_resources%2Fbusiness-revitalization-zones.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1906census-146"><a href="#cite_ref-1906census_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Table IX: Population of cities, towns and incorporated villages in 1906 and 1901 as classed in 1906". Census of the Northwest Provinces, 1906. Vol. Sessional Paper No. 17a. Ottawa: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>. 1907. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+IX%3A+Population+of+cities%2C+towns+and+incorporated+villages+in+1906+and+1901+as+classed+in+1906&rft.btitle=Census+of+the+Northwest+Provinces%2C+1906&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1911census-147"><a href="#cite_ref-1911census_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Table I: Area and Population of Canada by Provinces, Districts and Subdistricts in 1911 and Population in 1901". Census of Canada, 1911. Vol. I. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1912. pp. 2–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+I%3A+Area+and+Population+of+Canada+by+Provinces%2C+Districts+and+Subdistricts+in+1911+and+Population+in+1901&rft.btitle=Census+of+Canada%2C+1911&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=1912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1916census-148"><a href="#cite_ref-1916census_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Table I: Population of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta by Districts, Townships, Cities, Towns, and Incorporated Villages in 1916, 1911, 1906, and 1901". Census of Prairie Provinces, 1916. Vol. Population and Agriculture. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1918. pp. 77–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+I%3A+Population+of+Manitoba%2C+Saskatchewan%2C+and+Alberta+by+Districts%2C+Townships%2C+Cities%2C+Towns%2C+and+Incorporated+Villages+in+1916%2C+1911%2C+1906%2C+and+1901&rft.btitle=Census+of+Prairie+Provinces%2C+1916&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1921census-149"><a href="#cite_ref-1921census_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Table 8: Population by districts and sub-districts according to the Redistribution Act of 1914 and the amending act of 1915, compared for the census years 1921, 1911 and 1901". Census of Canada, 1921. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1922. pp. 169–215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+8%3A+Population+by+districts+and+sub-districts+according+to+the+Redistribution+Act+of+1914+and+the+amending+act+of+1915%2C+compared+for+the+census+years+1921%2C+1911+and+1901&rft.btitle=Census+of+Canada%2C+1921&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1926census-150"><a href="#cite_ref-1926census_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Table 7: Population of cities, towns and villages for the province of Alberta in census years 1901–26, as classed in 1926". Census of Prairie Provinces, 1926. Vol. Census of Alberta, 1926. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1927. pp. 565–567.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+7%3A+Population+of+cities%2C+towns+and+villages+for+the+province+of+Alberta+in+census+years+1901%E2%80%9326%2C+as+classed+in+1926&rft.btitle=Census+of+Prairie+Provinces%2C+1926&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E565-%3C%2Fspan%3E567&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=1927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1931census-151"><a href="#cite_ref-1931census_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Table 12: Population of Canada by provinces, counties or census divisions and subdivisions, 1871–1931". Census of Canada, 1931. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1932. pp. 98–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+12%3A+Population+of+Canada+by+provinces%2C+counties+or+census+divisions+and+subdivisions%2C+1871%E2%80%931931&rft.btitle=Census+of+Canada%2C+1931&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=1932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1936census-152"><a href="#cite_ref-1936census_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Table 4: Population in incorporated cities, towns and villages, 1901–1936". Census of the Prairie Provinces, 1936. Vol. I: Population and Agriculture. Ottawa: <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Dominion Bureau of Statistics</a>. 1938. pp. 833–836.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+4%3A+Population+in+incorporated+cities%2C+towns+and+villages%2C+1901%E2%80%931936&rft.btitle=Census+of+the+Prairie+Provinces%2C+1936&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E833-%3C%2Fspan%3E836&rft.pub=Dominion+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1941census-153"><a href="#cite_ref-1941census_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Table 10: Population by census subdivisions, 1871–1941". Eighth Census of Canada, 1941. Vol. II: Population by Local Subdivisions. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1944. pp. 134–141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+10%3A+Population+by+census+subdivisions%2C+1871%E2%80%931941&rft.btitle=Eighth+Census+of+Canada%2C+1941&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E141&rft.pub=Dominion+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=1944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1946census-154"><a href="#cite_ref-1946census_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1926–1946". Census of the Prairie Provinces, 1946. Vol. I: Population. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1949. pp. 401–414.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+6%3A+Population+by+census+subdivisions%2C+1926%E2%80%931946&rft.btitle=Census+of+the+Prairie+Provinces%2C+1946&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E414&rft.pub=Dominion+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1951census-155"><a href="#cite_ref-1951census_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1871–1951". Ninth Census of Canada, 1951. Vol. I: Population, General Characteristics. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1953. p. 6.73–6.83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+6%3A+Population+by+census+subdivisions%2C+1871%E2%80%931951&rft.btitle=Ninth+Census+of+Canada%2C+1951&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=6.73-6.83&rft.pub=Dominion+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=1953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1956census-156"><a href="#cite_ref-1956census_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Table 6: Population by sex, for census subdivisions, 1956 and 1951". Census of Canada, 1956. Vol. Population, Counties and Subdivisions. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1957. p. 6.50–6.53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+6%3A+Population+by+sex%2C+for+census+subdivisions%2C+1956+and+1951&rft.btitle=Census+of+Canada%2C+1956&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=6.50-6.53&rft.pub=Dominion+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=1957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1961census-157"><a href="#cite_ref-1961census_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1901–1961". 1961 Census of Canada. Series 1.1: Historical, 1901–1961. Vol. I: Population. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1963. p. 6.77–6.83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+6%3A+Population+by+census+subdivisions%2C+1901%E2%80%931961&rft.btitle=1961+Census+of+Canada&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.series=Series+1.1%3A+Historical%2C+1901%E2%80%931961&rft.pages=6.77-6.83&rft.pub=Dominion+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1966census-158"><a href="#cite_ref-1966census_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Population by specified age groups and sex, for census subdivisions, 1966". Census of Canada, 1966. Vol. Population, Specified Age Groups and Sex for Counties and Census Subdivisions, 1966. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1968. p. 6.50–6.53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Population+by+specified+age+groups+and+sex%2C+for+census+subdivisions%2C+1966&rft.btitle=Census+of+Canada%2C+1966&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=6.50-6.53&rft.pub=Dominion+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1971census-159"><a href="#cite_ref-1971census_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Table 2: Population of Census Subdivisions, 1921–1971". 1971 Census of Canada. Vol. I: Population, Census Subdivisions (Historical). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1973. p. 2.102–2.111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+2%3A+Population+of+Census+Subdivisions%2C+1921%E2%80%931971&rft.btitle=1971+Census+of+Canada&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=2.102-2.111&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1976census-160"><a href="#cite_ref-1976census_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Table 3: Population for census divisions and subdivisions, 1971 and 1976". 1976 Census of Canada. Census Divisions and Subdivisions, Western Provinces and the Territories. Vol. I: Population, Geographic Distributions. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1977. p. 3.40–3.43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+3%3A+Population+for+census+divisions+and+subdivisions%2C+1971+and+1976&rft.btitle=1976+Census+of+Canada&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.series=Census+Divisions+and+Subdivisions%2C+Western+Provinces+and+the+Territories&rft.pages=3.40-3.43&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1981census-161"><a href="#cite_ref-1981census_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Table 4: Population and Total Occupied Dwellings, for Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1976 and 1981". 1981 Census of Canada. Vol. II: Provincial series, Population, Geographic distributions (Alberta). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1982. p. 4.1–4.10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-51095-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-660-51095-2"><bdi>0-660-51095-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+4%3A+Population+and+Total+Occupied+Dwellings%2C+for+Census+Divisions+and+Subdivisions%2C+1976+and+1981&rft.btitle=1981+Census+of+Canada&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=4.1-4.10&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-660-51095-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1986census-162"><a href="#cite_ref-1986census_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Table 2: Census Divisions and Subdivisions – Population and Occupied Private Dwellings, 1981 and 1986". Census Canada 1986. Vol. Population and Dwelling Counts – Provinces and Territories (Alberta). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1987. p. 2.1–2.10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-53463-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-660-53463-0"><bdi>0-660-53463-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+2%3A+Census+Divisions+and+Subdivisions+%E2%80%93+Population+and+Occupied+Private+Dwellings%2C+1981+and+1986&rft.btitle=Census+Canada+1986&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=2.1-2.10&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-660-53463-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1991census-163"><a href="#cite_ref-1991census_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Table 2: Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 and 1991 – 100% Data". 91 Census. Vol. Population and Dwelling Counts – Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions. 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November 2, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207103012/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4811061&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=Edmonton&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=4811061">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2013. 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February 26, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161216151031/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo05a-eng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Population+of+census+metropolitan+areas&rft.date=2014-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Ftables-tableaux%2Fsum-som%2Fl01%2Fcst01%2Fdemo05a-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMAdefn-177"><a href="#cite_ref-CMAdefn_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/ref/dict/geo009-eng.cfm">"Census metropolitan area (CMA) and census agglomeration (CA)"</a>. Statistics Canada. August 23, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207103008/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/ref/dict/geo009-eng.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2013. 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Retrieved February 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%2C+for+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+and+population+centres%2C+2011+and+2006+censuses+%28Alberta%29&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Fpd-pl%2FTable-Tableau.cfm%3FLANG%3DEng%26T%3D802%26SR%3D1%26S%3D3%26O%3DD%26RPP%3D9999%26PR%3D48%26CMA%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021censusC-180"><a href="#cite_ref-2021censusC_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00054811061&SearchText=edmonton">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population"</a>. www12.statcan.gc.ca. 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Edmonton Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920071021/https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/edmonton-synagogue-led-by-husband-and-wife-rabbi-team">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2019. 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Retrieved February 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Federation+of+Edmonton&rft.au=Jewish+Federation+of+Edmonton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishedmonton.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904005802/http://edmontonbahai.org/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. Baháʼí Community of Edmonton. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edmontonbahai.org/about-us/">the original</a> on September 4, 2013. 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Retrieved September 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Druze+Association+of+Edmonton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedmontondruze.ca%2FpageHome.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Friday_Bulletin-199"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Friday_Bulletin_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114214419/http://www.hindusociety.ab.ca/">"Hindu Society of Alberta"</a>. The Friday Bulletin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindusociety.ab.ca">the original</a> on January 14, 2009. 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Retrieved February 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Edmonton+Common&rft.au=South+Edmonton+Common&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthedmontoncommon.com%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Windermere-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Windermere_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollier_International" class="citation web cs1">Collier International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130412192541/http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/business/story.html?id=1b9e9fa4-046c-493f-8645-1d14d7df140d">"Windermere Power Centre"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/business/story.html?id=1b9e9fa4-046c-493f-8645-1d14d7df140d">the original</a> on April 12, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windermere+Power+Centre&rft.au=Collier+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fedmontonjournal%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D1b9e9fa4-046c-493f-8645-1d14d7df140d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlaysREW-222"><a href="#cite_ref-PlaysREW_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReal_Estate_Weekly" class="citation web cs1">Real Estate Weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908193312/http://www.rewedmonton.ca/content_view2?CONTENT_ID=139">"The Plays the Thing in Old Strathcona"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rewedmonton.ca/content_view2?CONTENT_ID=139">the original</a> on September 8, 2013. Retrieved March 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Plays+the+Thing+in+Old+Strathcona&rft.au=Real+Estate+Weekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rewedmonton.ca%2Fcontent_view2%3FCONTENT_ID%3D139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor" class="citation web cs1">MacGregor, Sandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/sandramacgregor/2020/01/09/discover-why-edmonton-is-one-of-canadas-hottest-destinations/">"Discover Why Edmonton, Alberta Is One Of Canada's Hottest Destinations"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved December 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Discover+Why+Edmonton%2C+Alberta+Is+One+Of+Canada%27s+Hottest+Destinations&rft.aulast=MacGregor&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fsandramacgregor%2F2020%2F01%2F09%2Fdiscover-why-edmonton-is-one-of-canadas-hottest-destinations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOOW-224"><a href="#cite_ref-EOOW_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoyetteRoemmich2005" class="citation book cs1">Goyette, Linda; Roemmich, Carolina Jakeway (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRtWO4osCYYC&q=Edmonton+in+Our+Own+Words">Edmonton in Our Own Words</a>. Edmonton: University of Alberta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780888644497" title="Special:BookSources/9780888644497"><bdi>9780888644497</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224010838/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRtWO4osCYYC&dq=Edmonton+in+Our+Own+Words&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmonton+in+Our+Own+Words&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780888644497&rft.aulast=Goyette&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Roemmich%2C+Carolina+Jakeway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRtWO4osCYYC%26q%3DEdmonton%2Bin%2BOur%2BOwn%2BWords&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis_Winspear_Centr-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Francis_Winspear_Centr_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Winspear_Centre" class="citation web cs1">Francis Winspear Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winspearcentre.com/about/history/">"Winspear Centre History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713002059/http://www.winspearcentre.com/about/history/">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winspear+Centre+History&rft.au=Francis+Winspear+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winspearcentre.com%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmonton_Symphony_Orchestra_fundraising-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Edmonton_Symphony_Orchestra_fundraising_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdmonton_Symphony_Orchestra" class="citation web cs1">Edmonton Symphony Orchestra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edmontonsymphony.com/support/reasons-to-give/">"Support ESO – Reasons to Give"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625155005/http://www.edmontonsymphony.com/support/reasons-to-give/">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Support+ESO+%E2%80%93+Reasons+to+Give&rft.au=Edmonton+Symphony+Orchestra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edmontonsymphony.com%2Fsupport%2Freasons-to-give%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WinspearCanEncyclo-227"><a href="#cite_ref-WinspearCanEncyclo_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Canadian_Encyclopedia" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/francis-winspear-centre-for-music-emc/">"Francis Winspear Centre for Music"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140503115026/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/francis-winspear-centre-for-music-emc/">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Francis+Winspear+Centre+for+Music&rft.au=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ffrancis-winspear-centre-for-music-emc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Citadel_Theatre-228"><a href="#cite_ref-Citadel_Theatre_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCitadel_Theatre" class="citation web cs1">Citadel Theatre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citadeltheatre.com/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. The Citadel Theatre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141203040946/http://www.citadeltheatre.com/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Citadel+Theatre&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft.au=Citadel+Theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citadeltheatre.com%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ukrainian_Dnipro_Ensemble_of_Edmonton-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Ukrainian_Dnipro_Ensemble_of_Edmonton_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUkrainian_Dnipro_Ensemble_of_Edmonton" class="citation web cs1">Ukrainian Dnipro Ensemble of Edmonton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dniprochoir.com/">"Ukrainian Dnipro Ensemble of Edmonton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140503100356/http://www.dniprochoir.com/">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+Dnipro+Ensemble+of+Edmonton&rft.au=Ukrainian+Dnipro+Ensemble+of+Edmonton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dniprochoir.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeil2019" class="citation web cs1">Neil, Graham (July 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/it-s-a-legendary-festival-performers-get-set-to-hit-the-street-1.4495047">"'It's a legendary festival': Performers get set to hit the street"</a>. CTV News Edmonton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705130854/https://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/it-s-a-legendary-festival-performers-get-set-to-hit-the-street-1.4495047">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTV+News+Edmonton&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+a+legendary+festival%27%3A+Performers+get+set+to+hit+the+street&rft.date=2019-07-04&rft.aulast=Neil&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedmonton.ctvnews.ca%2Fit-s-a-legendary-festival-performers-get-set-to-hit-the-street-1.4495047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevesque2019" class="citation web cs1">Levesque, Roger (June 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/festivals/all-that-jazz-edmonton-festival-marks-40-years-playing-host-to-jazz-giants">"All that jazz: Edmonton festival marks 40 years playing host to jazz giants"</a>. Edmonton Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624001336/https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/festivals/all-that-jazz-edmonton-festival-marks-40-years-playing-host-to-jazz-giants">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edmonton+Journal&rft.atitle=All+that+jazz%3A+Edmonton+festival+marks+40+years+playing+host+to+jazz+giants&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft.aulast=Levesque&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedmontonjournal.com%2Fentertainment%2Ffestivals%2Fall-that-jazz-edmonton-festival-marks-40-years-playing-host-to-jazz-giants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KDays-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KDays_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KDays_232-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KDays_232-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KDays_232-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrishnan,_Manisha2012" class="citation news cs1">Krishnan, Manisha (July 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120731233950/http://www.edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/festivals/Capital%2Bnamed%2BDays/7002873/story.html">"Capital Ex to be named K-Days (Poll)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Journal" title="Edmonton Journal">Edmonton Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Postmedia_Network" title="Postmedia Network">Postmedia Network</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/festivals/Capital+named+Days/7002873/story.html">the original</a> on July 31, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edmonton+Journal&rft.atitle=Capital+Ex+to+be+named+K-Days+%28Poll%29&rft.date=2012-07-29&rft.au=Krishnan%2C+Manisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedmontonjournal.com%2Fentertainment%2Ffestivals%2FCapital%2Bnamed%2BDays%2F7002873%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/cfr-red-deer-canadian-finals-rodeo-1.4490604">"It's official: Red Deer will host the CFR for 10 years"</a>. CBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216021047/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/cfr-red-deer-canadian-finals-rodeo-1.4490604">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=It%27s+official%3A+Red+Deer+will+host+the+CFR+for+10+years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fedmonton%2Fcfr-red-deer-canadian-finals-rodeo-1.4490604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/10048536/canadian-finals-rodeo-edmonton-2024/">"Canadian Finals Rodeo returning to Edmonton in 2024"</a>. globalnews.ca. Global News. October 25, 2023. Retrieved August 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=globalnews.ca&rft.atitle=Canadian+Finals+Rodeo+returning+to+Edmonton+in+2024&rft.date=2023-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F10048536%2Fcanadian-finals-rodeo-edmonton-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMertz2019" class="citation web cs1">Mertz, Emily (August 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/5736954/edmonton-international-fringe-theatre-festival-2019/">"Edmonton International Fringe Theatre Festival 2019 ready for 'the Wild Things'"</a>. Global News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205033944/https://globalnews.ca/news/5736954/edmonton-international-fringe-theatre-festival-2019/">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2019. 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Edmonton Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807151235/https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/festivals/building-on-a-40-year-foundation-folk-fest-has-brought-a-world-of-music-to-our-doorstep-for-four-decades">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2019. 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CBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915162415/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/royal-alberta-museum-free-admission-opens-oct-3-edmonton-1.4822658">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=More+free+tickets+available+Saturday+for+Royal+Alberta+Museum+opening+%7C+CBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fedmonton%2Froyal-alberta-museum-free-admission-opens-oct-3-edmonton-1.4822658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valley_Zoo-263"><a href="#cite_ref-Valley_Zoo_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFValley_Zoo" class="citation web cs1">Valley Zoo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edmonton.ca/attractions_events/edmonton-valley-zoo.aspx">"Valley Zoo"</a>. City of Edmonton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200241/http://www.edmonton.ca/attractions_events/edmonton-valley-zoo.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valley+Zoo&rft.pub=City+of+Edmonton&rft.au=Valley+Zoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edmonton.ca%2Fattractions_events%2Fedmonton-valley-zoo.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edmonton.ca/attractions_events/prince-of-wales-armouries.aspx">"Prince of Wales Armouries Heritage Centre"</a>. City of Edmonton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825152330/http://www.edmonton.ca/attractions_events/prince-of-wales-armouries.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webdocs.edmonton.ca/transit/about_ets/etsab2008Minutes/etsab_minutes_apr08.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved February 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edmonton+Transit+System+Advisory+Board&rft.au=Edmonton+Transit+System+Advisory+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebdocs.edmonton.ca%2Ftransit%2Fabout_ets%2Fetsab2008Minutes%2Fetsab_minutes_apr08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trans_Canada_Yellowhead_Highway_Association-337"><a href="#cite_ref-Trans_Canada_Yellowhead_Highway_Association_337-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrans_Canada_Yellowhead_Highway_Association" class="citation web cs1">Trans Canada Yellowhead Highway Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transcanadayellowhead.com/">"Trans Canada Yellowhead Highway Association"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928145721/http://www.transcanadayellowhead.com/">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trans+Canada+Yellowhead+Highway+Association&rft.au=Trans+Canada+Yellowhead+Highway+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transcanadayellowhead.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberta_Highway_2-338"><a href="#cite_ref-Alberta_Highway_2_338-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Alberta" class="citation web cs1">Government of Alberta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transportation.alberta.ca/Content/docType329/Production/11x17_Provincial_Network_Map.pdf">"Alberta Highway 2"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705094637/http://www.transportation.alberta.ca/Content/docType329/Production/11x17_Provincial_Network_Map.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2010. 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Retrieved November 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPCOR+UV&rft.au=EPCOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epcor.ca%2Fen-ca%2Fcorporate-responsibility%2Fenvironmental-vision%2FCleanerWater%2FPages%2FUV.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-342">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_342-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_342-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_342-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_342-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdmonton2021" class="citation web cs1">Edmonton, City of (March 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/garbage_waste/edmonton-cart-rollout.aspx">"Edmonton Cart Rollout"</a>. www.edmonton.ca. 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SCNashville.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728004357/http://www.scnashville.org/">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SCNashville.org&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities+of+Nashville&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scnashville.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wonju_Sister_City-396"><a href="#cite_ref-Wonju_Sister_City_396-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326001015/http://www.albertacanada.com/korea/images/Gangwon-AB.pdf">"Gangwon – Alberta Relations"</a> (PDF). Government of Alberta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albertacanada.com/korea/images/Gangwon-AB.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 26, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gangwon+%E2%80%93+Alberta+Relations&rft.pub=Government+of+Alberta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albertacanada.com%2Fkorea%2Fimages%2FGangwon-AB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergensister-397"><a href="#cite_ref-Bergensister_397-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bndestem.nl/regio/bergen-op-zoom/vriendschap-bergen-op-zoom-met-edmonton-1.3922932">"Vriendschap Bergen op Zoom met Edmonton (Friendship Bergen op Zoom met Edmonton)"</a> (in Dutch). BN DeStem. BN DeStem. July 21, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401165422/http://www.bndestem.nl/regio/bergen-op-zoom/vriendschap-bergen-op-zoom-met-edmonton-1.3922932">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vriendschap+Bergen+op+Zoom+met+Edmonton+%28Friendship+Bergen+op+Zoom+met+Edmonton%29&rft.date=2013-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bndestem.nl%2Fregio%2Fbergen-op-zoom%2Fvriendschap-bergen-op-zoom-met-edmonton-1.3922932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scnashville.org/edmonton-canada.html">"Edmonton, Canada"</a>. Sister Cities of Nashville. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522112640/https://www.scnashville.org/edmonton-canada.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sister+Cities+of+Nashville&rft.atitle=Edmonton%2C+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scnashville.org%2Fedmonton-canada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tennessean.com/picture-gallery/entertainment/people/2015/11/19/world-of-friendship-reception/76045948/">"World of Friendship reception"</a>. The Tennessean. Retrieved May 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tennessean&rft.atitle=World+of+Friendship+reception&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Fpicture-gallery%2Fentertainment%2Fpeople%2F2015%2F11%2F19%2Fworld-of-friendship-reception%2F76045948%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAubrey2004" class="citation book cs1">Aubrey, Merrily K (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/namingedmontonfr00aubr">Naming Edmonton : from Ada to Zoie</a>. (Edmonton Historical Board. Heritage Sites Committee) University of Alberta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88864-423-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88864-423-X"><bdi>0-88864-423-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.ca/dp/088864423X">088864423X</a>. Retrieved April 13, 2017. <q>Edmonton.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naming+Edmonton+%3A+from+Ada+to+Zoie&rft.pub=%28Edmonton+Historical+Board.+Heritage+Sites+Committee%29+University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-88864-423-X&rft.aulast=Aubrey&rft.aufirst=Merrily+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnamingedmontonfr00aubr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCashman2002" class="citation book cs1">Cashman, Tony (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edmontonstoriesf00cash">Edmonton: stories from the river city</a>. University of Alberta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88864-392-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88864-392-6"><bdi>0-88864-392-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.ca/dp/0888643926">0888643926</a>. Retrieved May 10, 2012. <q>Edmonton.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmonton%3A+stories+from+the+river+city&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-88864-392-6&rft.aulast=Cashman&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedmontonstoriesf00cash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMerrett2001" class="citation book cs1">Merrett, Kathryn Chase (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hfjefyb5LYEC&q=Edmonton&pg=PP1">A history of the Edmonton City Market, 1900–2000</a>. University of Calgary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55238-052-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55238-052-1"><bdi>1-55238-052-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.ca/dp/1552380521">1552380521</a>. Retrieved May 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Edmonton+City+Market%2C+1900%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55238-052-1&rft.aulast=Merrett&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+Chase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHfjefyb5LYEC%26q%3DEdmonton%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRooke2001" class="citation book cs1">Rooke, Charlene (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPi5JUEliQ4C&q=Edmonton&pg=PP1">Edmonton: secrets of the city</a>. Arsenal Pulp Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55152-103-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55152-103-2"><bdi>1-55152-103-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.ca/dp/1551521032">1551521032</a>. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmonton%3A+secrets+of+the+city&rft.pub=Arsenal+Pulp+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55152-103-2&rft.aulast=Rooke&rft.aufirst=Charlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPi5JUEliQ4C%26q%3DEdmonton%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalls2007" class="citation book cs1">Walls, Martha (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macintyrepurcell.com/books/book-of-everything/edmonton-book-of-everything-detail">Edmonton Book of Everything</a>. Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9738063-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9738063-4-2"><bdi>978-0-9738063-4-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.ca/dp/0973806346">0973806346</a>. Retrieved May 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmonton+Book+of+Everything&rft.pub=Maclntyre+Purcell+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9738063-4-2&rft.aulast=Walls&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macintyrepurcell.com%2Fbooks%2Fbook-of-everything%2Fedmonton-book-of-everything-detail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor1975" class="citation book cs1">MacGregor, James G. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zj8lAAAAMAAJ">Edmonton:a history</a>. Hurtig. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-888301-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-888301-00-6"><bdi>0-888301-00-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.ca/dp/0888301006">0888301006</a>. Retrieved April 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmonton%3Aa+history&rft.pub=Hurtig&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-888301-00-6&rft.aulast=MacGregor&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzj8lAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmonton" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Edmonton at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Edmonton" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Edmonton">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edmonton" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Edmonton">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Edmonton" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Edmonton">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 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href="/wiki/Template:Edmonton" title="Template:Edmonton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edmonton" title="Template talk:Edmonton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edmonton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edmonton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Edmonton415" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Edmonton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Edmonton" title="Coat of arms of Edmonton">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Edmonton" title="Demographics of Edmonton">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Journal" title="Edmonton Journal">Edmonton Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Edmonton" title="Flag of Edmonton">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Edmonton" title="List of people from Edmonton">Notable Edmontonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Edmonton" title="Religion in Edmonton">Religion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sister_cities">Sister cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Edmonton" title="History of Edmonton">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Commonwealth_Games" title="1978 Commonwealth Games">1978 Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Summer_Universiade" title="1983 Summer Universiade">1983 Summer Universiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2001 World Championships in Athletics">2001 World Championships in Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_annexations" title="Edmonton annexations">Annexations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Centre_(Blatchford_Field)_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton City Centre (Blatchford Field) Airport">City Centre Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Edmonton" title="Fort Edmonton">Fort Edmonton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Edmonton_Park" title="Fort Edmonton Park">Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_buildings_in_Edmonton" title="Heritage buildings in Edmonton">Heritage buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Macdonald" title="Hotel Macdonald">Hotel Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River_flood_of_1915" title="North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915">North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Theatre_(Edmonton)" title="Princess Theatre (Edmonton)">Princess Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathcona,_Alberta" title="Strathcona, Alberta">Strathcona</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Strathcona,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Strathcona, Alberta">List of mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Edmonton_history" title="Timeline of Edmonton history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_tornado" title="Edmonton tornado">Tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindbender_(Galaxyland)#Accident" title="Mindbender (Galaxyland)">Mindbender crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Edmonton" title="Category:Geography of Edmonton">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspen_parkland" title="Aspen parkland">Aspen parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region" title="Edmonton Metropolitan Region">Edmonton Metro Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Edmonton" title="Downtown Edmonton">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region" title="Category:Edmonton Metropolitan Region">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Edmonton" title="List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton">Neighbourhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River" title="North Saskatchewan River">North Saskatchewan River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River_valley_parks_system" title="North Saskatchewan River valley parks system">Ribbon of Green</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Parks in Edmonton">Parks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hawrelak_Park" title="William Hawrelak Park">William Hawrelak Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitemud_Creek" title="Whitemud Creek">Whitemud Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Edmonton" title="Category:Economy of Edmonton">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta%27s_Industrial_Heartland" title="Alberta's Industrial Heartland">Alberta's Industrial Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Companies based in Edmonton">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioWare" title="BioWare">BioWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPCOR_Utilities" title="EPCOR Utilities">EPCOR Utilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCL_Construction" title="PCL Construction">PCL Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stantec" title="Stantec">Stantec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Edmonton_Mall" title="West Edmonton Mall">West Edmonton Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Edmonton" title="List of tallest buildings in Edmonton">Tallest buildings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Edmonton" title="Category:Politics of Edmonton">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Council" title="Edmonton City Council">City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Hall" title="Edmonton City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Municipal_elections_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Municipal elections in Edmonton">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Edmonton">Mayor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Edmonton" title="List of mayors of Edmonton">List of mayors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Municipal_government_of_Edmonton" title="Category:Municipal government of Edmonton">Public services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Institution" title="Edmonton Institution">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Fire_Rescue_Services" title="Edmonton Fire Rescue Services">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Hospitals in Edmonton">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Police_Service" title="Edmonton Police Service">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Remand_Centre" title="Edmonton Remand Centre">Remand Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Education in Edmonton">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Catholic_School_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton Catholic School District">Catholic schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Libraries_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Libraries in Edmonton">List of libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Schools in Edmonton">List of schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Universities and colleges in Edmonton">List of Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacEwan_University" title="MacEwan University">MacEwan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology" title="Northern Alberta Institute of Technology">Northern Alberta Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Public_Library" title="Edmonton Public Library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Public_Schools" title="Edmonton Public Schools">Public schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Alberta" title="Category:Academic staff of the University of Alberta">academic staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Alberta_alumni" title="Category:University of Alberta alumni">alumni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Edmonton" title="Category:Culture of Edmonton">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K-Days" title="K-Days">K-Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Edmonton" title="Media in Edmonton">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Museums in Edmonton">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Edmonton" title="Category:Music of Edmonton">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Edmonton" title="Sport in Edmonton">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theatres_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Theatres in Edmonton">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Edmonton" title="Transportation in Edmonton">Transportation and infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region" title="List of airports in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region">Airports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Airports" title="Edmonton Airports">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_International_Airport" title="Edmonton International Airport">International airport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Henday_Drive" title="Anthony Henday Drive">Anthony Henday Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bridges_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Bridges in Edmonton">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFB_Edmonton" title="CFB Edmonton">Canadian Forces Base (CFB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Pedway" title="Edmonton Pedway">Pedway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_station_(Via_Rail)" title="Edmonton station (Via Rail)">Railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Transit_Service" title="Edmonton Transit Service">Transit service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_LRT" title="Edmonton LRT">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edmonton_Transit_Service_bus_routes" title="List of Edmonton Transit Service bus routes">Bus routes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Edmonton27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Edmonton27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Edmonton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morinville" title="Morinville">Morinville</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Albert,_Alberta" title="St. Albert, Alberta">St. Albert</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/CFB_Edmonton" title="CFB Edmonton">CFB Edmonton</a> <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_County" title="Sturgeon County">Sturgeon County</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Saskatchewan" title="Fort Saskatchewan">Fort Saskatchewan</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Parkland_County" title="Parkland County">Parkland County</a> <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Cree_Nation" title="Enoch Cree Nation">Enoch Cree Nation</a> <a href="/wiki/Spruce_Grove" title="Spruce Grove">Spruce Grove</a> <a href="/wiki/Stony_Plain,_Alberta" title="Stony Plain, Alberta">Stony Plain</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Edmonton<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Strathcona_County" title="Strathcona County">Strathcona County</a> <a href="/wiki/Elk_Island_National_Park" title="Elk Island National Park">Elk Island National Park</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Devon,_Alberta" title="Devon, Alberta">Devon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leduc_County" title="Leduc County">Leduc County</a> <a href="/wiki/Leduc,_Alberta" title="Leduc, Alberta">Leduc (city)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Alberta" title="Beaumont, Alberta">Beaumont</a> <a href="/wiki/Camrose,_Alberta" title="Camrose, Alberta">Camrose</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Edmonton95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table align="center" style="background:transparent;" cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="width:20%;"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent; text-align:left; line-height:1.4em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:3.0em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">AB</a></td><td style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmonton</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:20%;"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent; text-align:left; line-height:1.4em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:3.0em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">NB</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Fredericton" title="Fredericton">Fredericton</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:20%;"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent; text-align:left; line-height:1.4em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:3.0em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:20%;"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent; text-align:left; line-height:1.4em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:3.0em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">PE</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:20%;"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent; text-align:left; line-height:1.4em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:3.0em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:20%;"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent; text-align:left; line-height:1.4em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.75em;">Territories:</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a></td><td style=""> <a href="/wiki/Yellowknife" title="Yellowknife">Yellowknife</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:20%;"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent; text-align:left; line-height:1.4em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:3.0em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">NU</a></td><td style=""> <a href="/wiki/Iqaluit" title="Iqaluit">Iqaluit</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">YT</a></td><td style=""> <a href="/wiki/Whitehorse" title="Whitehorse">Whitehorse</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_Alberta585" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada#Alberta" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_divisions_of_Alberta" title="List of census divisions of Alberta">Census divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_agglomerations_in_Alberta" title="List of census agglomerations in Alberta">Census agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Alberta" title="List of municipalities in Alberta">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_authorities_in_Alberta" title="List of school authorities in Alberta">School authorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta" title="List of communities in Alberta">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Alberta" title="List of towns in Alberta">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of villages in Alberta">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">Summer villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hamlets_in_Alberta" title="List of hamlets in Alberta">Hamlets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Alberta" title="List of Indian reserves in Alberta">Indian reserves and settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Metis settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_Alberta" title="List of ghost towns in Alberta">Ghost towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_centres_in_Alberta" title="List of population centres in Alberta">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_places_in_Alberta" title="List of designated places in Alberta">Designated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_localities_in_Alberta" title="List of localities in Alberta">Localities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">Cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_service_areas_in_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban service areas in Alberta">urban service areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airdrie,_Alberta" title="Airdrie, Alberta">Airdrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Alberta" title="Beaumont, Alberta">Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks,_Alberta" title="Brooks, Alberta">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camrose,_Alberta" title="Camrose, Alberta">Camrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestermere" title="Chestermere">Chestermere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake,_Alberta" title="Cold Lake, Alberta">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmonton</a> (capital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Saskatchewan" title="Fort Saskatchewan">Fort Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Prairie" title="Grande Prairie">Grande Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacombe,_Alberta" title="Lacombe, Alberta">Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leduc,_Alberta" title="Leduc, Alberta">Leduc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloydminster" title="Lloydminster">Lloydminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat" title="Medicine Hat">Medicine Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Park" title="Sherwood Park">Sherwood Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Grove" title="Spruce Grove">Spruce Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Albert,_Alberta" title="St. Albert, Alberta">St. Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetaskiwin" title="Wetaskiwin">Wetaskiwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alberta" title="Category:Alberta">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/40px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/60px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alberta" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Alberta">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Edmonton415" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edmonton" title="Template:Edmonton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edmonton" title="Template 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people from Edmonton">Notable Edmontonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Edmonton" title="Religion in Edmonton">Religion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sister_cities">Sister cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Edmonton" title="History of Edmonton">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Commonwealth_Games" title="1978 Commonwealth Games">1978 Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Summer_Universiade" title="1983 Summer Universiade">1983 Summer Universiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2001 World Championships in Athletics">2001 World Championships in Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_annexations" title="Edmonton annexations">Annexations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Centre_(Blatchford_Field)_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton City Centre (Blatchford Field) Airport">City Centre Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Edmonton" title="Fort Edmonton">Fort Edmonton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Edmonton_Park" title="Fort Edmonton Park">Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_buildings_in_Edmonton" title="Heritage buildings in Edmonton">Heritage buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Macdonald" title="Hotel Macdonald">Hotel Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River_flood_of_1915" title="North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915">North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Theatre_(Edmonton)" title="Princess Theatre (Edmonton)">Princess Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathcona,_Alberta" title="Strathcona, Alberta">Strathcona</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Strathcona,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Strathcona, Alberta">List of mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Edmonton_history" title="Timeline of Edmonton history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_tornado" title="Edmonton tornado">Tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindbender_(Galaxyland)#Accident" title="Mindbender (Galaxyland)">Mindbender crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Edmonton" title="Category:Geography of Edmonton">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspen_parkland" title="Aspen parkland">Aspen parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region" title="Edmonton Metropolitan Region">Edmonton Metro Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Edmonton" title="Downtown Edmonton">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region" title="Category:Edmonton Metropolitan Region">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Edmonton" title="List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton">Neighbourhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River" title="North Saskatchewan River">North Saskatchewan River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River_valley_parks_system" title="North Saskatchewan River valley parks system">Ribbon of Green</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Parks in Edmonton">Parks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hawrelak_Park" title="William Hawrelak Park">William Hawrelak Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitemud_Creek" title="Whitemud Creek">Whitemud Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Edmonton" title="Category:Economy of Edmonton">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta%27s_Industrial_Heartland" title="Alberta's Industrial Heartland">Alberta's Industrial Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Companies based in Edmonton">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioWare" title="BioWare">BioWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPCOR_Utilities" title="EPCOR Utilities">EPCOR Utilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCL_Construction" title="PCL Construction">PCL Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stantec" title="Stantec">Stantec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Edmonton_Mall" title="West Edmonton Mall">West Edmonton Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Edmonton" title="List of tallest buildings in Edmonton">Tallest buildings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Edmonton" title="Category:Politics of Edmonton">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Council" title="Edmonton City Council">City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Hall" title="Edmonton City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Municipal_elections_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Municipal elections in Edmonton">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Edmonton">Mayor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Edmonton" title="List of mayors of Edmonton">List of mayors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Municipal_government_of_Edmonton" title="Category:Municipal government of Edmonton">Public services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Institution" title="Edmonton Institution">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Fire_Rescue_Services" title="Edmonton Fire Rescue Services">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Hospitals in Edmonton">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Police_Service" title="Edmonton Police Service">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Remand_Centre" title="Edmonton Remand Centre">Remand Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Education in Edmonton">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Catholic_School_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton Catholic School District">Catholic schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Libraries_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Libraries in Edmonton">List of libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Schools in Edmonton">List of schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Universities and colleges in Edmonton">List of Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacEwan_University" title="MacEwan University">MacEwan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology" title="Northern Alberta Institute of Technology">Northern Alberta Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Public_Library" title="Edmonton Public Library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Public_Schools" title="Edmonton Public Schools">Public schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Alberta" title="Category:Academic staff of the University of Alberta">academic staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Alberta_alumni" title="Category:University of Alberta alumni">alumni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Edmonton" title="Category:Culture of Edmonton">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K-Days" title="K-Days">K-Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Edmonton" title="Media in Edmonton">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Museums in Edmonton">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Edmonton" title="Category:Music of Edmonton">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Edmonton" title="Sport in Edmonton">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theatres_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Theatres in Edmonton">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Edmonton" title="Transportation in Edmonton">Transportation and infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region" title="List of airports in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region">Airports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Airports" title="Edmonton Airports">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_International_Airport" title="Edmonton International Airport">International airport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Henday_Drive" title="Anthony Henday Drive">Anthony Henday Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bridges_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Bridges in Edmonton">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFB_Edmonton" title="CFB Edmonton">Canadian Forces Base (CFB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Pedway" title="Edmonton Pedway">Pedway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_station_(Via_Rail)" title="Edmonton station (Via Rail)">Railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Transit_Service" title="Edmonton Transit Service">Transit service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_LRT" title="Edmonton LRT">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edmonton_Transit_Service_bus_routes" title="List of Edmonton Transit Service bus routes">Bus routes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edmonton_neighbourhoods303" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edmonton_neighbourhoods" title="Template:Edmonton neighbourhoods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edmonton_neighbourhoods" title="Template talk:Edmonton neighbourhoods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edmonton_neighbourhoods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edmonton neighbourhoods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edmonton_neighbourhoods303" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmonton</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Edmonton" title="List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton">neighbourhoods</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mature Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jasper_Place38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Place,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasper Place, Alberta">Jasper Place</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Youngstown,_Edmonton" title="Britannia Youngstown, Edmonton">Britannia Youngstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canora,_Edmonton" title="Canora, Edmonton">Canora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmwood,_Edmonton" title="Elmwood, Edmonton">Elmwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood,_Edmonton" title="Glenwood, Edmonton">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Park,_Edmonton" title="High Park, Edmonton">High Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Park,_Edmonton" title="Jasper Park, Edmonton">Jasper Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynnwood,_Edmonton" title="Lynnwood, Edmonton">Lynnwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield,_Edmonton" title="Mayfield, Edmonton">Mayfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowlark_Park,_Edmonton" title="Meadowlark Park, Edmonton">Meadowlark Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Heights,_Edmonton" title="Patricia Heights, Edmonton">Patricia Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Terrace,_Edmonton" title="Rio Terrace, Edmonton">Rio Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood,_Edmonton" title="Sherwood, Edmonton">Sherwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jasper_Place,_Edmonton" title="West Jasper Place, Edmonton">West Jasper Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Meadowlark_Park,_Edmonton" title="West Meadowlark Park, Edmonton">West Meadowlark Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crestwood,_Edmonton" title="Crestwood, Edmonton">Crestwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenora,_Edmonton" title="Glenora, Edmonton">Glenora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grovenor,_Edmonton" title="Grovenor, Edmonton">Grovenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurier_Heights,_Edmonton" title="Laurier Heights, Edmonton">Laurier Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McQueen,_Edmonton" title="McQueen, Edmonton">McQueen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Glenora,_Edmonton" title="North Glenora, Edmonton">North Glenora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkview,_Edmonton" title="Parkview, Edmonton">Parkview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quesnell_Heights,_Edmonton" title="Quesnell Heights, Edmonton">Quesnell Heights</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dickinsfield,_Edmonton" title="Dickinsfield, Edmonton">Dickinsfield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Evansdale,_Edmonton" title="Evansdale, Edmonton">Evansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northmount,_Edmonton" title="Northmount, Edmonton">Northmount</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Londonderry,_Edmonton" title="Londonderry, Edmonton">Londonderry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kildare,_Edmonton" title="Kildare, Edmonton">Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilkenny,_Edmonton" title="Kilkenny, Edmonton">Kilkenny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athlone,_Edmonton" title="Athlone, Edmonton">Athlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balwin,_Edmonton" title="Balwin, Edmonton">Balwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvedere,_Edmonton" title="Belvedere, Edmonton">Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calder,_Edmonton" title="Calder, Edmonton">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwood,_Edmonton" title="Delwood, Edmonton">Delwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovercourt,_Edmonton" title="Dovercourt, Edmonton">Dovercourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glengarry,_Edmonton" title="Glengarry, Edmonton">Glengarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglewood,_Edmonton" title="Inglewood, Edmonton">Inglewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington,_Edmonton" title="Kensington, Edmonton">Kensington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killarney,_Edmonton" title="Killarney, Edmonton">Killarney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauderdale,_Edmonton" title="Lauderdale, Edmonton">Lauderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Edmonton" title="Prince Charles, Edmonton">Prince Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosslyn,_Edmonton" title="Rosslyn, Edmonton">Rosslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke,_Edmonton" title="Sherbrooke, Edmonton">Sherbrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Edmonton" title="Wellington, Edmonton">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcroft,_Edmonton" title="Woodcroft, Edmonton">Woodcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Edmonton" title="York, Edmonton">York</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Central_Core_North18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Core North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyle_Street,_Edmonton" title="Boyle Street, Edmonton">Boyle Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_McDougall,_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="Central McDougall, Edmonton">Central McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Edmonton" title="Downtown Edmonton">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCauley,_Edmonton" title="McCauley, Edmonton">McCauley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Park,_Edmonton" title="Queen Mary Park, Edmonton">Queen Mary Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Edmonton" title="Riverdale, Edmonton">Riverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossdale,_Edmonton" title="Rossdale, Edmonton">Rossdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AEhkw%C3%AAnt%C3%B4win,_Edmonton" title="Wîhkwêntôwin, Edmonton">Wîhkwêntôwin</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blatchford,_Edmonton" title="Blatchford, Edmonton">Blatchford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_Edmonton" title="Prince Rupert, Edmonton">Prince Rupert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Avenue,_Edmonton" title="Spruce Avenue, Edmonton">Spruce Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmount,_Edmonton" title="Westmount, Edmonton">Westmount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwood,_Edmonton" title="Westwood, Edmonton">Westwood</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Beverly28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Alberta" title="Beverly, Alberta">Beverly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbottsfield,_Edmonton" title="Abbottsfield, Edmonton">Abbottsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Heights,_Edmonton" title="Beacon Heights, Edmonton">Beacon Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergman,_Edmonton" title="Bergman, Edmonton">Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Heights,_Edmonton" title="Beverly Heights, Edmonton">Beverly Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundle_Heights,_Edmonton" title="Rundle Heights, Edmonton">Rundle Heights</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Avenue,_Edmonton" title="Alberta Avenue, Edmonton">Alberta Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonmore,_Edmonton" title="Avonmore, Edmonton">Avonmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Edmonton" title="Bellevue, Edmonton">Bellevue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Doon,_Edmonton" title="Bonnie Doon, Edmonton">Bonnie Doon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilano,_Edmonton" title="Capilano, Edmonton">Capilano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromdale,_Edmonton" title="Cromdale, Edmonton">Cromdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delton,_Edmonton" title="Delton, Edmonton">Delton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastwood,_Edmonton" title="Eastwood, Edmonton">Eastwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmwood_Park,_Edmonton" title="Elmwood Park, Edmonton">Elmwood Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Heights,_Edmonton" title="Forest Heights, Edmonton">Forest Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Place,_Edmonton" title="Fulton Place, Edmonton">Fulton Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Bar,_Edmonton" title="Gold Bar, Edmonton">Gold Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands,_Edmonton" title="Highlands, Edmonton">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyrood,_Edmonton" title="Holyrood, Edmonton">Holyrood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idylwylde,_Edmonton" title="Idylwylde, Edmonton">Idylwylde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenilworth,_Edmonton" title="Kenilworth, Edmonton">Kenilworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Park,_Edmonton" title="King Edward Park, Edmonton">King Edward Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Edmonton" title="Montrose, Edmonton">Montrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Edmonton" title="Newton, Edmonton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottewell,_Edmonton" title="Ottewell, Edmonton">Ottewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkdale,_Edmonton" title="Parkdale, Edmonton">Parkdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathearn,_Edmonton" title="Strathearn, Edmonton">Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_Heights,_Edmonton" title="Terrace Heights, Edmonton">Terrace Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Park,_Edmonton" title="Virginia Park, Edmonton">Virginia Park</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Central_Core_South18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Core South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverdale,_Edmonton" title="Cloverdale, Edmonton">Cloverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garneau,_Edmonton" title="Garneau, Edmonton">Garneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathcona,_Edmonton" title="Strathcona, Edmonton">Strathcona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allendale,_Edmonton" title="Allendale, Edmonton">Allendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll,_Edmonton" title="Argyll, Edmonton">Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen_Gardens,_Edmonton" title="Aspen Gardens, Edmonton">Aspen Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgravia,_Edmonton" title="Belgravia, Edmonton">Belgravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duggan,_Edmonton" title="Duggan, Edmonton">Duggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Park,_Edmonton" title="Empire Park, Edmonton">Empire Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandview_Heights,_Edmonton" title="Grandview Heights, Edmonton">Grandview Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Edmonton" title="Greenfield, Edmonton">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazeldean,_Edmonton" title="Hazeldean, Edmonton">Hazeldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne,_Edmonton" title="Lansdowne, Edmonton">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendrum_Place,_Edmonton" title="Lendrum Place, Edmonton">Lendrum Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malmo_Plains,_Edmonton" title="Malmo Plains, Edmonton">Malmo Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKernan,_Edmonton" title="McKernan, Edmonton">McKernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkallen,_Edmonton" title="Parkallen, Edmonton">Parkallen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasantview,_Edmonton" title="Pleasantview, Edmonton">Pleasantview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra,_Edmonton" title="Queen Alexandra, Edmonton">Queen Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Park,_Edmonton" title="Rideau Park, Edmonton">Rideau Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritchie,_Edmonton" title="Ritchie, Edmonton">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gardens,_Edmonton" title="Royal Gardens, Edmonton">Royal Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westbrook_Estates,_Edmonton" title="Westbrook Estates, Edmonton">Westbrook Estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Park,_Edmonton" title="Windsor Park, Edmonton">Windsor Park</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grange,_Edmonton" title="The Grange, Edmonton">The Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Farms,_Edmonton" title="Lewis Farms, Edmonton">Lewis Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverview,_Edmonton" title="Riverview, Edmonton">Riverview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jasper_Place,_Edmonton_(area)" title="West Jasper Place, Edmonton (area)">West Jasper Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Heights,_Edmonton" title="Cameron Heights, Edmonton">Cameron Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgemont,_Edmonton" title="Edgemont, Edmonton">Edgemont</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Lake,_Edmonton" title="Big Lake, Edmonton">Big Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westview_Village,_Edmonton" title="Westview Village, Edmonton">Westview Village</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Downs,_Edmonton" title="Castle Downs, Edmonton">Castle Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_District,_Edmonton" title="Lake District, Edmonton">Lake District</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/The_Palisades,_Edmonton" title="The Palisades, Edmonton">The Palisades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodridge_Corners,_Edmonton" title="Goodridge Corners, Edmonton">Goodridge Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griesbach,_Edmonton" title="Griesbach, Edmonton">Griesbach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casselman-Steele_Heights,_Edmonton" title="Casselman-Steele Heights, Edmonton">Casselman-Steele Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clareview,_Edmonton" title="Clareview, Edmonton">Clareview</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Hermitage,_Edmonton" title="Hermitage, Edmonton">Hermitage</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Horse_Hill,_Edmonton" title="Horse Hill, Edmonton">Horse Hill</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Pilot_Sound,_Edmonton" title="Pilot Sound, Edmonton">Pilot Sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Valley,_Edmonton" title="Heritage Valley, Edmonton">Heritage Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskitayo,_Edmonton" title="Kaskitayo, Edmonton">Kaskitayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverbend,_Edmonton" title="Riverbend, Edmonton">Riverbend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terwillegar_Heights,_Edmonton" title="Terwillegar Heights, Edmonton">Terwillegar Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windermere,_Edmonton_(area)" title="Windermere, Edmonton (area)">Windermere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburne,_Edmonton" title="Blackburne, Edmonton">Blackburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Decoteau,_Edmonton" title="Decoteau, Edmonton">Decoteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellerslie,_Edmonton_(area)" title="Ellerslie, Edmonton (area)">Ellerslie</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/The_Meadows,_Edmonton" title="The Meadows, Edmonton">The Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Woods" title="Mill Woods">Mill Woods</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Edmonton" title="Southeast Edmonton">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Ridge,_Edmonton" title="Maple Ridge, Edmonton">Maple Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Edmonton#Business_revitalization_zones" title="List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton">Business revitalization zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Edmonton#Industrial_districts" title="List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton">Industrial districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edmonton_annexations_by_year92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edmonton_annexations" title="Template:Edmonton annexations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edmonton_annexations" title="Template talk:Edmonton annexations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edmonton_annexations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edmonton annexations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edmonton_annexations_by_year92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_annexations" title="Edmonton annexations">Edmonton annexations</a> by year</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Edmonton,_Alberta" title="North Edmonton, Alberta">North Edmonton</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathcona,_Alberta" title="Strathcona, Alberta">Strathcona</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calder,_Edmonton#Village_of_West_Edmonton_(Calder)" title="Calder, Edmonton">West Edmonton</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Alberta" title="Beverly, Alberta">Beverly</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Place" title="Jasper Place">Jasper Place</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaschase" title="Papaschase">Papaschase Cree Indian Reserve</a> (1959-1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Edmonton" title="History of Edmonton">History of Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Edmonton_history" title="Timeline of Edmonton history">Timeline of Edmonton history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Attractions_and_landmarks_in_Edmonton257" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edmonton_landmarks" title="Template:Edmonton landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edmonton_landmarks" title="Template talk:Edmonton landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edmonton_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edmonton landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Attractions_and_landmarks_in_Edmonton257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_attractions_and_landmarks_in_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="List of attractions and landmarks in Edmonton">Attractions and landmarks</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmonton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmark" title="Landmark">Landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Square_(Edmonton)" title="Churchill Square (Edmonton)">Churchill Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Hall" title="Edmonton City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_Tower_(Edmonton)" title="CN Tower (Edmonton)">CN Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Place_(Edmonton)" title="Commerce Place (Edmonton)">Commerce Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garneau_Theatre" title="Garneau Theatre">Garneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Alberta)" title="Government House (Alberta)">Government House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Macdonald" title="Hotel Macdonald">Hotel Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Legislature_Building" title="Alberta Legislature Building">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manulife_Place" title="Manulife Place">Manulife Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_Building" title="McLeod Building">McLeod Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Planetarium" title="Queen Elizabeth Planetarium">Queen Elizabeth Planetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Mill" title="Ritchie Mill">Ritchie Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_House" title="Rutherford House">Rutherford House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stantec_Tower" title="Stantec Tower">Stantec Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathcona_Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Station" title="Strathcona Canadian Pacific Railway Station">Strathcona Canadian Pacific Railway Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talus_Dome" title="Talus Dome">Talus Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_buildings_in_Edmonton" title="Heritage buildings in Edmonton">heritage buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Edmonton" title="List of tallest buildings in Edmonton">tallest buildings</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edmonton City Hall with the CN Tower in the background"><img alt="Edmonton City Hall with the CN Tower in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Edmonton_City_Hall.jpg/100px-Edmonton_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Edmonton_City_Hall.jpg/150px-Edmonton_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Edmonton_City_Hall.jpg/200px-Edmonton_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Edmonton City Hall with the CN Tower in the background</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">Attractions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Aviation_Museum" title="Alberta Aviation Museum">Alberta Aviation Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Railway_Museum" title="Alberta Railway Museum">Alberta Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Alberta" title="Art Gallery of Alberta">Art Gallery of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Riverboat" title="Edmonton Riverboat">Edmonton Riverboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Edmonton_Park" title="Fort Edmonton Park">Fort Edmonton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxyland" title="Galaxyland">Galaxyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-Days" title="K-Days">K-Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttart_Conservatory" title="Muttart Conservatory">Muttart Conservatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Alberta_Museum" title="Royal Alberta Museum">Royal Alberta Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telus_World_of_Science_(Edmonton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telus World of Science (Edmonton)">Telus World of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_Archives_%26_Museum_Of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Canadian Archives & Museum Of Alberta">Ukrainian Canadian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Valley_Zoo" title="Edmonton Valley Zoo">Valley Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Waterpark" title="World Waterpark">World Waterpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Edmonton" title="List of festivals in Edmonton">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attractions_and_landmarks_in_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="List of attractions and landmarks in Edmonton">more attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_Velodrome" title="Argyll Velodrome">Argyll Velodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiade_Pavilion" title="Universiade Pavilion">Butterdome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_Theatre" title="Citadel Theatre">Citadel Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Drake_Arena" title="Clare Drake Arena">Clare Drake Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_Stadium" title="Clarke Stadium">Clarke Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Stadium_(Edmonton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Stadium (Edmonton)">Commonwealth Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Convention_Centre" title="Edmonton Convention Centre">Edmonton Convention Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Ski_Club" title="Edmonton Ski Club">Edmonton Ski Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Soccer_Dome" title="Edmonton Soccer Dome">Edmonton Soccer Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Expo_Centre" title="Edmonton Expo Centre">Expo Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foote_Field" title="Foote Field">Foote Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsmen_Sports_Centre" title="Kinsmen Sports Centre">Kinsmen Sports Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alberta_Jubilee_Auditorium" title="Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium">Jubilee Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacEwan_Sport_and_Wellness" class="mw-redirect" title="MacEwan Sport and Wellness">MacEwan Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Citadel_(Edmonton)" title="Old Citadel (Edmonton)">Old Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAD_Torque_Raceway" title="RAD Torque Raceway">RAD Torque Raceway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RE/MAX_Field" title="RE/MAX Field">RE/MAX Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Place" title="Rogers Place">Rogers Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Valley_Ski_Club" title="Snow Valley Ski Club">Snow Valley Ski Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Winspear_Centre_for_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Winspear Centre for Music">Winspear Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_venues_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Music venues in Edmonton">more music venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_venues_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Sports venues in Edmonton">more sports venues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Lake_(Alberta)" title="Big Lake (Alberta)">Big Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hawrelak_Park" title="William Hawrelak Park">Hawrelak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Woods_Park" title="Mill Woods Park">Mill Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundle_Park_(Edmonton)" title="Rundle Park (Edmonton)">Rundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathcona_Science_Provincial_Park" title="Strathcona Science Provincial Park">Strathcona Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River_valley_parks_system" title="North Saskatchewan River valley parks system">River valley parks system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Parks in Edmonton">more parks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">Shopping centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_City_Centre" title="Edmonton City Centre">City Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsway_Mall" title="Kingsway Mall">Kingsway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londonderry_Mall" title="Londonderry Mall">Londonderry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_Outlet_Collection_EIA" title="Premium Outlet Collection EIA">Premium Outlet Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southgate_Centre" title="Southgate Centre">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Edmonton_Mall" title="West Edmonton Mall">West Edmonton Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shopping_malls_in_Edmonton" title="Category:Shopping malls in Edmonton">more malls and shopping centres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shopping_street" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopping street">Shopping/ entertainment districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown_and_Little_Italy,_Edmonton" title="Chinatown and Little Italy, Edmonton">Chinatown and Little Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_District" title="Ice District">Ice District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Avenue" title="Jasper Avenue">Jasper Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Edmonton_Common" title="South Edmonton Common">South Edmonton Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Strathcona" title="Old Strathcona">Old Strathcona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Whyte_(82)_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Whyte (82) Avenue">Whyte Avenue</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Edmonton#Warehouse_District_and_104_Street" title="Downtown Edmonton">104 Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/124_Street,_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="124 Street, Edmonton">124 Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edmonton-based_businesses29" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edmonton_Businesses" title="Template:Edmonton Businesses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edmonton_Businesses" title="Template talk:Edmonton Businesses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edmonton_Businesses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edmonton Businesses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edmonton-based_businesses29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmonton</a>-based businesses</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Investment_Management_Corporation" title="Alberta Investment Management Corporation">AIMCo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATB_Financial" title="ATB Financial">ATB Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATCO" title="ATCO">ATCO Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Cannabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora Cannabis">Aurora Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoCanada" title="AutoCanada">AutoCanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beamdog" title="Beamdog">Beamdog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioWare" title="BioWare">BioWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_Juice" title="Booster Juice">Booster Juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brick" title="The Brick">The Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Western_Bank" title="Canadian Western Bank">Canadian Western Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Power" title="Capital Power">Capital Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company%27s_Coming" title="Company's Coming">Company's Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPCOR_Utilities" title="EPCOR Utilities">EPCOR Utilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finning" title="Finning">Finning Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flair_Airlines" title="Flair Airlines">Flair Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Tire" title="Fountain Tire">Fountain Tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuit#Canada" title="Intuit">Intuit Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Katz Group">Katz Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Pine_Publishing" title="Lone Pine Publishing">Lone Pine Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexopia" title="Nexopia">Nexopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCL_Construction" title="PCL Construction">PCL Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_73" title="Pizza 73">Pizza 73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servus_Credit_Union" title="Servus Credit Union">Servus Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stantec" title="Stantec">Stantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TappCar" title="TappCar">TappCar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Five_Group" title="Triple Five Group">Triple Five Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edmonton_Oilers2674" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFFFFF; border-top: 5px solid #00205B;border-bottom: 5px solid #D14520;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edmonton_Oilers" title="Template:Edmonton Oilers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edmonton_Oilers" title="Template talk:Edmonton Oilers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edmonton_Oilers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edmonton Oilers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edmonton_Oilers2674" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers" title="Edmonton Oilers">Edmonton Oilers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #D14520, inset -2px -2px 0 #D14520;"><div> <ul><li>Formerly the Alberta Oilers</li> <li>Founded in <a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_WHA_season" title="1972–73 WHA season">1972</a></li> <li>Based in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #D14520, inset -2px -2px 0 #D14520;">Franchise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers" title="Edmonton Oilers">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edmonton_Oilers_general_managers" title="List of Edmonton Oilers general managers">General managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edmonton_Oilers_head_coaches" title="List of Edmonton Oilers head coaches">Coaches</a></li> <li>Players <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edmonton_Oilers_players" title="List of Edmonton Oilers players">NHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edmonton_Oilers_(WHA)_players" title="List of Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players">WHA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers#Team_captains" title="Edmonton Oilers">Captains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edmonton_Oilers_draft_picks" title="List of Edmonton Oilers draft picks">Draft picks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_NHL_expansion" title="1979 NHL expansion">1979 expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_NHL_expansion_draft" title="1979 NHL expansion draft">expansion draft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edmonton_Oilers_seasons" title="List of Edmonton Oilers seasons">Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_Edmonton_Oilers_season" title="2024–25 Edmonton Oilers season">Current season</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #D14520, inset -2px -2px 0 #D14520;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Edmonton_Oilers" title="History of the Edmonton Oilers">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NHL%E2%80%93WHA_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="NHL–WHA merger">NHL–WHA merger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edmonton_Oilers_records" title="List of Edmonton Oilers records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edmonton_Oilers_award_winners" title="List of Edmonton Oilers award winners">Award winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers#Retired_numbers" title="Edmonton Oilers">Retired numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edmonton_Oilers_broadcasters" title="List of Edmonton Oilers broadcasters">Broadcasters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #D14520, inset -2px -2px 0 #D14520;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Owner(s)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/OEG_Inc." title="OEG Inc.">OEG Inc.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daryl_Katz" title="Daryl Katz">Daryl Katz</a>, chairman)</dd> <dt>General manager</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stan_Bowman" title="Stan Bowman">Stan Bowman</a></dd> <dt>Head coach</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kris_Knoblauch" title="Kris Knoblauch">Kris Knoblauch</a></dd> <dt>Team captain</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Connor_McDavid" title="Connor McDavid">Connor McDavid</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Template:Edmonton_Oilers_roster" title="Template:Edmonton Oilers roster">Current roster</a></dt></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #D14520, inset -2px -2px 0 #D14520;">Arenas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Gardens" title="Edmonton Gardens">Edmonton Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northlands_Coliseum" title="Northlands Coliseum">Northlands Coliseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Place" title="Rogers Place">Rogers Place</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #D14520, inset -2px -2px 0 #D14520;">Rivalries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alberta_(NHL)" title="Battle of Alberta (NHL)">Calgary Flames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings%E2%80%93Oilers_rivalry" title="Kings–Oilers rivalry">Los Angeles Kings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #D14520, inset -2px -2px 0 #D14520;">Affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">AHL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield_Condors" title="Bakersfield Condors">Bakersfield Condors</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/ECHL" title="ECHL">ECHL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Komets" title="Fort Wayne Komets">Fort Wayne Komets</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #D14520, inset -2px -2px 0 #D14520;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>TV</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/CKEM-DT" title="CKEM-DT">City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sportsnet_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportsnet West">Sportsnet West</a></dd> <dt>Radio</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/CHED_(AM)" title="CHED (AM)">630 CHED</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #D14520, inset -2px -2px 0 #D14520;">Culture and lore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_Manchester" title="Miracle on Manchester">Miracle on Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1988 Stanley Cup Finals">The night the lights went out in Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Edmonton_Oilers_season" title="2005–06 Edmonton Oilers season">Blue Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Investors_Group" title="Edmonton Investors Group">Edmonton Investors Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Lewis_(announcer)" title="Mark Lewis (announcer)">Mark Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lorieau" title="Paul Lorieau">Paul Lorieau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Moss" title="Joey Moss">Joey Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Phillips_(broadcaster)" title="Rod Phillips (broadcaster)">Rod Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilogosphere" title="Oilogosphere">Oilogosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Change_(TV_series)" title="Oil Change (TV series)">Oil Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Heritage_Classic" title="2003 Heritage Classic">2003 Heritage Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Heritage_Classic" title="2016 Heritage Classic">2016 Heritage Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Heritage_Classic" title="2023 Heritage Classic">2023 Heritage Classic</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/La_Bamba_(song)" title="La Bamba (song)">La Bamba</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #00205B, inset -2px -2px 0 #00205B;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Edmonton_Oilers" title="Category:Edmonton Oilers">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edmonton_Oilers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edmonton Oilers">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edmonton_Elks322" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFB819 !important; color: #000000 !important; ;;background-color: #2B5134 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFB819, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFB819;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edmonton_Elks" title="Template:Edmonton Elks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #FFFFFF !important">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edmonton_Elks" title="Template talk:Edmonton Elks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #FFFFFF !important">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edmonton_Elks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edmonton Elks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #FFFFFF !important">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edmonton_Elks322" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Elks" title="Edmonton Elks">Edmonton Elks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFB819 !important; color: #000000 !important; ;"><div> <ul><li>Founded in 1949</li> <li>Based in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmonton, Alberta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFB819 !important; color: #000000 !important; ;;width:1%">Franchise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Elks" title="Edmonton Elks">Franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Elks_all-time_records_and_statistics" title="Edmonton Elks all-time records and statistics">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Elks#Current_roster" title="Edmonton Elks">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edmonton_Elks_seasons" title="List of Edmonton Elks seasons">Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edmonton_Elks_head_coaches" title="List of Edmonton Elks head coaches">Head coaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Edmonton_Elks_starting_quarterbacks" title="List of Edmonton Elks starting quarterbacks">Starting quarterbacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFB819 !important; color: #000000 !important; ;;width:1%">Stadiums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_Stadium" title="Clarke Stadium">Clarke Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Stadium" title="Commonwealth Stadium">Commonwealth Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFB819 !important; color: #000000 !important; ;;width:1%">Lore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day_Classic" title="Labour Day Classic">Labour Day Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alberta" title="Battle of Alberta">Battle of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70th_Grey_Cup" title="70th Grey Cup">70th Grey Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFB819 !important; color: #000000 !important; ;;width:1%">Important figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Bass" title="Danny Bass">Danny Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Blugh" title="Leroy Blugh">Leroy Blugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Bright" title="Johnny Bright">Johnny Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Campbell" title="Hugh Campbell">Hugh Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Joe_Coffey" title="Tommy Joe Coffey">Tommy Joe Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Connop" title="Rod Connop">Rod Connop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Cutler_(Canadian_football)" title="Dave Cutler (Canadian football)">Dave Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_Hall_of_Fame#D" title="Canadian Football Hall of Fame">Eric Duggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Estay" title="Ron Estay">Ron "Swampdog" Estay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Fennell" title="Dave Fennell">Dave "Doctor Death" Fennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Fryer" title="Brian Fryer">Brian Fryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Highbaugh" title="Larry Highbaugh">Larry Highbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Ilesic" title="Hank Ilesic">Hank Ilesic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Kelly_(Canadian_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Kelly (Canadian football)">Brian Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Kepley" title="Danny Kepley">Danny Kepley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Kimball" title="Norm Kimball">Norm Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kwong" title="Norman Kwong">Normie "The China Clipper" Kwong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_Hall_of_Fame#L" title="Canadian Football Hall of Fame">Moe Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Lumsden" title="Neil Lumsden">Neil Lumsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGowan" title="George McGowan">George McGowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollie_Miles" title="Rollie Miles">Rollie Miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_Hall_of_Fame#M" title="Canadian Football Hall of Fame">Ken Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Moon" title="Warren Moon">Warren Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Morris_(Canadian_football)" title="Frank Morris (Canadian football)">Frank Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nelson_(Canadian_football)" title="Roger Nelson (Canadian football)">Roger Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Parker" title="Jackie Parker">Jackie "Ole Spaghetti Legs" Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Pless" title="Willie Pless">Willie "The Terminator" Pless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Scott_(Canadian_football)" title="Tom Scott (Canadian football)">Tom Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Vaughn" title="Terry Vaughn">Terry Vaughn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wilkinson_(Canadian_football)" title="Tom Wilkinson (Canadian football)">Tom Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gizmo_Williams" title="Gizmo Williams">Henry "Gizmo" Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFB819 !important; color: #000000 !important; ;;width:1%">Key personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Owners: Larry Thompson</li> <li>President: <a href="/wiki/Chris_Morris_(Canadian_football)" title="Chris Morris (Canadian football)">Chris Morris</a></li> <li>General Manager: <a href="/wiki/Ed_Hervey" title="Ed Hervey">Ed Hervey</a></li> <li>Head Coach: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kilam" title="Mark Kilam">Mark Kilam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFB819 !important; color: #000000 !important; ;;width:1%">Grey Cup championships (14)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Grey_Cup" title="42nd Grey Cup">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_Grey_Cup" title="43rd Grey Cup">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Grey_Cup" title="44th Grey Cup">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/63rd_Grey_Cup" title="63rd Grey Cup">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/66th_Grey_Cup" title="66th Grey Cup">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/67th_Grey_Cup" title="67th Grey Cup">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/68th_Grey_Cup" title="68th Grey Cup">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/69th_Grey_Cup" title="69th Grey Cup">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70th_Grey_Cup" title="70th Grey Cup">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/75th_Grey_Cup" title="75th Grey Cup">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/81st_Grey_Cup" title="81st Grey Cup">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/91st_Grey_Cup" title="91st Grey Cup">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/93rd_Grey_Cup" title="93rd Grey Cup">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/103rd_Grey_Cup" title="103rd Grey Cup">2015</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFB819 !important; color: #000000 !important; ;;width:1%">West Division championships (23)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/40th_Grey_Cup" title="40th Grey Cup">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Grey_Cup" title="42nd Grey Cup">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_Grey_Cup" title="43rd Grey Cup">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Grey_Cup" title="44th Grey Cup">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48th_Grey_Cup" title="48th Grey Cup">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61st_Grey_Cup" title="61st Grey Cup">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62nd_Grey_Cup" title="62nd Grey Cup">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/63rd_Grey_Cup" title="63rd Grey Cup">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Grey_Cup" title="65th Grey Cup">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/66th_Grey_Cup" title="66th Grey Cup">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/67th_Grey_Cup" title="67th Grey Cup">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/68th_Grey_Cup" title="68th Grey Cup">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/69th_Grey_Cup" title="69th Grey Cup">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70th_Grey_Cup" title="70th Grey Cup">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/74th_Grey_Cup" title="74th Grey Cup">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/75th_Grey_Cup" title="75th Grey Cup">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/78th_Grey_Cup" title="78th Grey Cup">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/81st_Grey_Cup" title="81st Grey Cup">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/84th_Grey_Cup" title="84th Grey Cup">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/90th_Grey_Cup" title="90th Grey Cup">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/91st_Grey_Cup" title="91st Grey Cup">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/93rd_Grey_Cup" title="93rd Grey Cup">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/103rd_Grey_Cup" title="103rd Grey Cup">2015</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFB819 !important; color: #000000 !important; ;;width:1%">Current league affiliations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>League: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a></li> <li>Division: <a href="/wiki/West_Division_(CFL)" title="West Division (CFL)">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_Games_host_cities34" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_Games_host_cities34" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> host cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1930_British_Empire_Games" title="1930 British Empire Games">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_British_Empire_Games" title="1934 British Empire Games">1934</a>: <a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_British_Empire_Games" title="1938 British Empire Games">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_British_Empire_Games" title="1950 British Empire Games">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="496" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1970 British Commonwealth Games">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1974 British Commonwealth Games">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Commonwealth_Games" title="1978 Commonwealth Games">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Commonwealth_Games" title="1982 Commonwealth Games">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Commonwealth_Games" title="1986 Commonwealth Games">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Commonwealth_Games" title="1990 Commonwealth Games">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Commonwealth_Games" title="1994 Commonwealth Games">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Commonwealth_Games" title="1998 Commonwealth Games">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games" title="2010 Commonwealth Games">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Commonwealth_Games" title="2014 Commonwealth Games">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Commonwealth_Games" title="2018 Commonwealth Games">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games" title="2022 Commonwealth Games">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_Commonwealth_Games" title="2026 Commonwealth Games">2026</a>: <a href="/wiki/TBA" class="mw-redirect" title="TBA">TBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2030_Commonwealth_Games" title="2030 Commonwealth Games">2030</a>: <a href="/wiki/TBA" class="mw-redirect" title="TBA">TBA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Host_cities_of_the_World_Athletics_Championships52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Athletics_Championships_host_cities" title="Template:World Athletics Championships host cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Athletics_Championships_host_cities" title="Template talk:World Athletics Championships host cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Athletics_Championships_host_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Athletics Championships host cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Host_cities_of_the_World_Athletics_Championships52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Host cities of the <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics_Championships" title="World Athletics Championships">World Athletics Championships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1983_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1983 World Championships in Athletics">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1987 World Championships in Athletics">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1991 World Championships in Athletics">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1993 World Championships in Athletics">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1995 World Championships in Athletics">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1997 World Championships in Athletics">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1999 World Championships in Athletics">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2001 World Championships in Athletics">2001</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2003 World Championships in Athletics">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2005 World Championships in Athletics">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2007 World Championships in Athletics">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2009 World Championships in Athletics">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2011 World Championships in Athletics">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2013 World Championships in Athletics">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2015 World Championships in Athletics">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2017 World Championships in Athletics">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2019 World Athletics Championships">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2022 World Athletics Championships">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2023 World Athletics Championships">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2025 World Athletics Championships">2025</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2027_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2027 World Athletics Championships">2027</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2096#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2096#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2096#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107440074">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150041089">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB4c7Hj3cbvykJbBmmGHC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085533-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79007225">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Edmonton</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-66d47bf9fb-mvw5f","wgBackendResponseTime":465,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.326","walltime":"4.896","ppvisitednodes":{"value":38420,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1349491,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":155981,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":52,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1539476,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4066.334 1 -total"," 47.85% 1945.559 2 Template:Reflist"," 33.80% 1374.480 307 Template:Cite_web"," 11.47% 466.336 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 10.01% 407.187 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.20% 251.957 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.60% 187.097 16 Template:Navbox"," 4.51% 183.491 4 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[\"CITEREFCanadian_Unitarian_Council\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanadian_Western_Bank_Group\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCapital_Health\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardinal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCashman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentury_Park_Club_and_Residences\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCitadel_Theatre\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCity_of_Edmonton\"] = 8,\n [\"CITEREFCity_of_Edmonton,_Planning\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCity_of_Edmonton_Transportation2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClassen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollier_International\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDulmage\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEPCOR\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEastern_Connecticut_State_University2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton\u0026#039;s_Light_Rail_Transit_From_Concept_to_Operations1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton\u0026#039;s_Official_Tourism_Website\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton2020\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton2021\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton_Airports\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton_Airports2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton_Catholic_Schools\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton_Golf\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton_Historical_Board,_Heritage_Sites_Committee2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton_Public_Library\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton_Shopping_Malls\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton_Society_for_Christian_Education\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton_Super_Summer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton_Symphony_Orchestra\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton_Transit_System\u0026#039;s_LRT_History\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton_Transit_System_Advisory_Board\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonton_Waste_Management_Centre_of_Excellence\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_Withey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmporis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnvironment_Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilice2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinancial_Services,_Edmonton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkel1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis_Winspear_Centre\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrantz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFromhold2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Alberta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGoyetteRoemmich2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraney2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriwkowsky2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaleSpierNygaard_King\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidenreich2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeritage_Community_Foundation\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerzog,_Lawrence\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHicks,_Graham\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilash2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHome_Schooling_in_Edmonton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_G.1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanet_Vlieg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewish_Federation_of_Edmonton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJim_Willet\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnan,_Manisha2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevesque2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLiz_Osborn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacGregor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacGregor1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaha_Ganapathy_Temple_(Hindu_Temple)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMale2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMany_Guns2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaratta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarketwire2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntoshBerg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMertz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMertz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetro_Cinema\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillwoods_Christian_School\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMining_Exploration_News\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonto2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeil2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorthern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOMAC\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPCL\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParrish2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatil2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlunkettLightbody1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProvince_of_Alberta1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProvince_of_Alberta1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProvince_of_Alberta2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReal_Estate_Weekly\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed_Timmer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReith2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRooke2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavoie2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithSholdice2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouth_Edmonton_Common\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSperounes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistics_Canada2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStolte,_Elise2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwitzer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzeto2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTelephone_Historical_Centre\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Canadian_Encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Canadian_Heritage_Rivers_System\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_City_of_Edmonton\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Diavik_Diamond_Mine\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrans_Canada_Yellowhead_Highway_Association\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUkrainian_Dnipro_Ensemble_of_Edmonton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Alberta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Alberta_Faculty_of_Engineering\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValley_Zoo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVia_Rail_Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalls2007\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWallsMahaffy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest_Edmonton_Mall\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFoldstrathcona.ca\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 14,\n [\":Demographics of Edmonton\"] = 1,\n [\"ASIN\"] = 6,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Canada NTS Map Sheet\"] = 4,\n [\"Canada capitals\"] = 1,\n [\"Canadian party colour\"] = 15,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite cgndb\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite map\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 298,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Commonwealth Games Host Cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 39,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Edmonton\"] = 2,\n [\"Edmonton Businesses\"] = 1,\n [\"Edmonton City Centre weatherbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Edmonton City Council\"] = 1,\n [\"Edmonton Eskimos\"] = 1,\n [\"Edmonton International weatherbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Edmonton Oilers\"] = 1,\n [\"Edmonton annexations\"] = 1,\n [\"Edmonton landmarks\"] = 1,\n [\"Edmonton neighbourhoods\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"HMCS\"] = 1,\n [\"IAAF World Championships in Athletics Host cities\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Percentage\"] = 31,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Pop density\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 5,\n [\"Subdivisions of Alberta\"] = 1,\n [\"Table alignment\"] = 2,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Canadian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 4,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","440","15.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","14.9"],["dataWrapper 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