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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First concerts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_concerts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August_1968_proms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_1968_proms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>August 1968 proms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_1968_proms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Stature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards and recognition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awards and recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_Federation_and_USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Federation_and_USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Russian Federation and USSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Federation_and_USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_governmental_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_governmental_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Other governmental awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_governmental_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_citizenships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_citizenships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Honorary citizenships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_citizenships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Honorary degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitive_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitive_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Competitive awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competitive_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Other awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mstislav Rostropovich</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovich" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="مستيسلاف روستروبوفيتش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستيسلاف روستروبوفيتش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovich" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovi%C3%A7" title="Mstislav Rostropoviç – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mstislav Rostropoviç" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87" title="Мсціслаў Леапольдавіч Растраповіч – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мсціслаў Леапольдавіч Растраповіч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87" title="Мсьціслаў Растраповіч – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мсьціслаў Растраповіч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Мстислав Ростропович – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мстислав Ростропович" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostrop%C3%B3vitx" title="Mstislav Rostropóvitx – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mstislav Rostropóvitx" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovi%C4%8D" title="Mstislav Rostropovič – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovič" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovich" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovitj" title="Mstislav Rostropovitj – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovitj" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislaw_Leopoldowitsch_Rostropowitsch" title="Mstislaw Leopoldowitsch Rostropowitsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mstislaw Leopoldowitsch Rostropowitsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovit%C5%A1" title="Mstislav Rostropovitš – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovitš" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B2_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82" title="Μστισλάβ Ροστροπόβιτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μστισλάβ Ροστροπόβιτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostrop%C3%B3vich" title="Mstislav Rostropóvich – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mstislav Rostropóvich" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovi%C4%89" title="Mstislav Rostropoviĉ – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mstislav Rostropoviĉ" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovitx" title="Mstislav Rostropovitx – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovitx" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86" title="مستیسلاف روستروپوویچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مستیسلاف روستروپوویچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovitch" title="Mstislav Rostropovitch – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovitch" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovich" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%80%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%ED%94%84_%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%8F%AC%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98" title="므스티슬라프 로스트로포비치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="므스티슬라프 로스트로포비치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Մստիսլավ Ռոստրոպովիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մստիսլավ Ռոստրոպովիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovi%C4%8D" title="Mstislav Rostropovič – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovič" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Leopol%27dovi%C4%8D_Rostropovi%C4%8D" title="Mstislav Leopol'dovič Rostropovič – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mstislav Leopol'dovič Rostropovič" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5%27" title="מסטיסלב רוסטרופוביץ' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסטיסלב רוסטרופוביץ'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="მსტისლავ როსტროპოვიჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მსტისლავ როსტროპოვიჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Мстислав Ростропович – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мстислав Ростропович" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislaus_Rostropowicz" title="Mstislaus Rostropowicz – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mstislaus Rostropowicz" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislavs_Rostropovi%C4%8Ds" title="Mstislavs Rostropovičs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mstislavs Rostropovičs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislaw_Leopoldowitsch_Rostropowitsch" title="Mstislaw Leopoldowitsch Rostropowitsch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mstislaw Leopoldowitsch Rostropowitsch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislavas_Rostropovi%C4%8Dius" title="Mstislavas Rostropovičius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mstislavas Rostropovičius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msztyiszlav_Leopoldovics_Rosztropovics" title="Msztyiszlav Leopoldovics Rosztropovics – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Msztyiszlav Leopoldovics Rosztropovics" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="مستيسلاف روستروبوفيتش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مستيسلاف روستروبوفيتش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovitsj" title="Mstislav Rostropovitsj – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovitsj" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%81" title="ムスティスラフ・ロストロポーヴィチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムスティスラフ・ロストロポーヴィチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovitsj" title="Mstislav Rostropovitsj – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovitsj" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovitsj" title="Mstislav Rostropovitsj – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovitsj" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovich" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovich" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstis%C5%82aw_Rostropowicz" title="Mstisław Rostropowicz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mstisław Rostropowicz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovitch" title="Mstislav Rostropovitch – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovitch" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%9C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ростропович, Мстислав Леопольдович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ростропович, Мстислав Леопольдович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovich" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovich" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovich" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Leopo%C4%BEdovi%C4%8D_Rostropovi%C4%8D" title="Mstislav Leopoľdovič Rostropovič – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mstislav Leopoľdovič Rostropovič" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovi%C4%8D" title="Mstislav Rostropovič – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovič" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Мстислав Ростропович – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мстислав Ростропович" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovi%C4%8D" title="Mstislav Rostropovič – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovič" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovit%C5%A1" title="Mstislav Rostropovitš – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovitš" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovitj" title="Mstislav Rostropovitj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mstislav Rostropovitj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovi%C3%A7" title="Mstislav Rostropoviç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mstislav Rostropoviç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ростропович Мстислав Леопольдович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ростропович Мстислав Леопольдович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Leopoldovich_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9" title="מסטיסלאוו ראסטראפאוויטש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מסטיסלאוו ראסטראפאוויטש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%B3%A2%E5%9F%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="莫·利·羅斯托波域治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="莫·利·羅斯托波域治" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%A3%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E6%B3%A2%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="姆斯季斯拉夫·罗斯特罗波维奇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="姆斯季斯拉夫·罗斯特罗波维奇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q152043#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Leopoldovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Rostropovich</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mstislav Rostropovich</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru">Мстислав Ростропович</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_438589_Mstislav_Rostropovich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RIAN_archive_438589_Mstislav_Rostropovich.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_438589_Mstislav_Rostropovich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RIAN_archive_438589_Mstislav_Rostropovich.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_438589_Mstislav_Rostropovich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RIAN_archive_438589_Mstislav_Rostropovich.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_438589_Mstislav_Rostropovich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Rostropovich in 1991</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1927-03-27</span>)</span>27 March 1927<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani SSR">Azerbaijani SSR</a>, Soviet Union</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 2007<span style="display:none">(2007-04-27)</span> (aged 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Moscow, Russia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Soviet, American, Russian, Swiss</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Cellist</li> <li>conductor</li> <li>teacher</li> <li>political activist</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Galina_Vishnevskaya" title="Galina Vishnevskaya">Galina Vishnevskaya</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1955)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3; including <a href="/wiki/Elena_Rostropovich" title="Elena Rostropovich">Elena Rostropovich</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (27 March 1927 – 27 April 2007) was a Russian <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a>. In addition to his interpretations and technique, he was well known for both inspiring and commissioning new works, which enlarged the cello repertoire more than any cellist before or since. He <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_dedicated_to_Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="List of compositions dedicated to Mstislav Rostropovich">inspired and premiered</a> over 100 pieces,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> forming long-standing friendships and artistic partnerships with composers including <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Henri Dutilleux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Moret" title="Norbert Moret">Norbert Moret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Makris" title="Andreas Makris">Andreas Makris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian" title="Aram Khachaturian">Aram Khachaturian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>. </p><p>Rostropovich was internationally recognized as a staunch advocate of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, and was awarded the 1974 Award of the <a href="/wiki/International_League_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="International League of Human Rights">International League of Human Rights</a>. He was married to the soprano <a href="/wiki/Galina_Vishnevskaya" title="Galina Vishnevskaya">Galina Vishnevskaya</a> and had two daughters, Olga and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Rostropovich" title="Elena Rostropovich">Elena Rostropovich</a>. He received numerous accolades, including a <a href="/wiki/Polar_Music_Prize" title="Polar Music Prize">Polar Music Prize</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_on_Rostropovichs_Street_19_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Building_on_Rostropovichs_Street_19_%282%29.jpg/220px-Building_on_Rostropovichs_Street_19_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Building_on_Rostropovichs_Street_19_%282%29.jpg/330px-Building_on_Rostropovichs_Street_19_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Building_on_Rostropovichs_Street_19_%282%29.jpg/440px-Building_on_Rostropovichs_Street_19_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>House in Baku, where Rostropovich was born</figcaption></figure> <p>Mstislav Rostropovich was born in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan SSR">Azerbaijan SSR</a>, to parents who had moved from <a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a> in Russia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Vitoldovich_Rostropovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopold Vitoldovich Rostropovich (page does not exist)">Leopold Vitoldovich Rostropovich</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Ростропович, Леопольд Витольдович">ru</a>]</span>, a renowned cellist and former student of <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sony_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sony-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sofiya Nikolaevna Fedotova-Rostropovich, a talented pianist. Leopold (1892–1942) was born in <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Witold_Rostropowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Witold Rostropowicz (page does not exist)">Witold Rostropowicz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Ростропович, Витольд Ганнибалович">ru</a>]</span>, a composer of <a href="/wiki/Polish_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish nobility">Polish noble</a> descent with distant <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarusian</a> roots, and Matilda Rostropovich (née Pule) of German and Huguenot descent. The Polish part of his family bore the <a href="/wiki/Bogoria_coat_of_arms" title="Bogoria coat of arms">Bogoria coat of arms</a>, which was located at the family palace in <a href="/wiki/Skotniki,_Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Skotniki, Masovian Voivodeship">Skotniki</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mstislav's mother Sofiya Fedotova, of Russian descent,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> was the daughter of musicians and herself a conservatory-trained pianist.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her elder sister, Nadezhda, married cellist Semyon Kozolupov, who was thus Rostropovich's uncle by marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-eliz_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eliz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rostropovich grew up in Baku and spent his youth there. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> his family moved back to Orenburg and then in 1943 to Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At age four, Rostropovich began studying piano with his mother. He began learning the cello at age eight from his father. In 1943, at age 16, he entered the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory" title="Moscow Conservatory">Moscow Conservatory</a>, where he studied cello with his uncle Semyon Kozolupov, piano with Nikolai Kuvshinnikov, and composition with <a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Shebalin" title="Vissarion Shebalin">Vissarion Shebalin</a>. His teachers also included <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>. In 1945, he came to prominence as a cellist when he won the gold medal in the Soviet Union's first ever competition for young musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Sony_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sony-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from the Conservatory in 1948 and became professor of cello there in 1956. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_concerts">First concerts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First concerts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_6848_Mstislav_Rostropovich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RIAN_archive_6848_Mstislav_Rostropovich.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_6848_Mstislav_Rostropovich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RIAN_archive_6848_Mstislav_Rostropovich.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_6848_Mstislav_Rostropovich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RIAN_archive_6848_Mstislav_Rostropovich.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_6848_Mstislav_Rostropovich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Mstislav Rostropovich, 18 September 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>Rostropovich gave his first cello concert in 1942. He won first prize at the international Music Awards of <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring_International_Music_Competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Spring International Music Competition">Prague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> in 1947, 1949 and 1950. In 1950, at age 23, he was awarded what was then considered the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, the <a href="/wiki/State_Stalin_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="State Stalin Prize">Stalin Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lrytas_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lrytas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, Rostropovich was already well known in his country and, while actively pursuing his solo career, taught at the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad Conservatory">Leningrad Conservatory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory" title="Moscow Conservatory">Moscow Conservatory</a>. In 1955, he married <a href="/wiki/Galina_Vishnevskaya" title="Galina Vishnevskaya">Galina Vishnevskaya</a>, a leading <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rostropovich had working relationships with Soviet composers of the era. In 1949 <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a> wrote his <a href="/wiki/Cello_Sonata_(Prokofiev)" title="Cello Sonata (Prokofiev)">Cello Sonata</a>, Op. 119, for the 22-year-old Rostropovich, who gave the first performance in 1950, with <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter" title="Sviatoslav Richter">Sviatoslav Richter</a>. Prokofiev also dedicated his <a href="/wiki/Symphony-Concerto_(Prokofiev)" title="Symphony-Concerto (Prokofiev)">Symphony-Concerto</a> to him; this was premiered in 1952. Rostropovich and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Kabalevsky" title="Dmitry Kabalevsky">Dmitry Kabalevsky</a> completed Prokofiev's <a href="/wiki/Cello_Concertino_(Prokofiev)" title="Cello Concertino (Prokofiev)">Cello Concertino</a> after the composer's death. Shostakovich wrote both his <a href="/wiki/Cello_Concerto_No._1_(Shostakovich)" title="Cello Concerto No. 1 (Shostakovich)">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cello_Concerto_No._2_(Shostakovich)" title="Cello Concerto No. 2 (Shostakovich)">second</a> <a href="/wiki/Cello_concerto" title="Cello concerto">cello concertos</a> for Rostropovich, who also gave their first performances.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_2021_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd_2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rostropovich went on several tours in Western Europe and met several composers, including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, who dedicated his Cello Sonata, three Solo Suites, and his <a href="/wiki/Cello_Symphony_(Britten)" title="Cello Symphony (Britten)">Cello Symphony</a> to Rostropovich. Rostropovich gave their first performances, and the two had a special affinity; Rostropovich's family described him as "always smiling" when discussing "Ben", and on his deathbed he was said to have expressed no fear as he and Britten would, he believed, be reunited in Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britten was also renowned as a pianist and together they recorded, among other works, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arpeggione_Sonata" title="Arpeggione Sonata">Sonata for Arpeggione and Piano in A minor</a>. His daughter claimed that this recording moved her father to tears of joy even on his deathbed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rostropovich also had artistic partnerships with <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Henri Dutilleux</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tout_un_monde_lointain..." title="Tout un monde lointain...">Tout un monde lointain...</a></i> for cello and orchestra, <i>Trois strophes sur le nom de Sacher</i> for solo cello),<sup id="cite_ref-DUTILLEUX_Trois_Strophes_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DUTILLEUX_Trois_Strophes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cello_Concerto_(Lutos%C5%82awski)" title="Cello Concerto (Lutosławski)">Cello Concerto</a>, <i>Sacher-Variation</i> for solo cello),<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_Woods_Slava_and_Sacher_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_Woods_Slava_and_Sacher-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a> (cello concerto n°2, <i>Largo</i> for cello and orchestra, <i>Per Slava</i> for solo cello, sextet for piano, clarinet, horn, violin, viola and cello),<sup id="cite_ref-HarrisonParrott_Penderecki_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarrisonParrott_Penderecki-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> (<i>Ritorno degli snovidenia</i> for cello and thirty instruments, <i>Les mots sont allés...</i> for solo cello),<sup id="cite_ref-Luciano_Berio_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luciano_Berio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Concert_%C3%A0_quatre" title="Concert à quatre">Concert à quatre</a></i> for piano, cello, oboe, flute and orchestra).<sup id="cite_ref-Wikipedia_Concert_à_quatre_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia_Concert_à_quatre-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (June 2023)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rostropovich took private lessons in conducting with <a href="/wiki/Leo_Ginzburg" title="Leo Ginzburg">Leo Ginzburg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first conducted in public in Gorky in November 1962, performing the four entractes from <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_of_the_Mtsensk_District_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (opera)">Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District</a></i> and Shostakovich's orchestration of Mussorgsky's <i>Songs and Dances of Death</i> with Vishnevskaya singing.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, at the invitation of the Bolshoi Theatre's director <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chulaki" title="Mikhail Chulaki">Mikhail Chulaki</a>, he conducted <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin_(opera)" title="Eugene Onegin (opera)">Eugene Onegin</a></i> at the Bolshoi.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="August_1968_proms">August 1968 proms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: August 1968 proms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rostropovich played at <a href="/wiki/The_Proms" class="mw-redirect" title="The Proms">The Proms</a> on the night of 21 August 1968. He played with the <a href="/wiki/USSR_State_Symphony_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR State Symphony Orchestra">USSR State Symphony Orchestra</a>; it was the orchestra's debut performance at the Proms. The programme featured Czech composer <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cello_Concerto_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)" title="Cello Concerto (Dvořák)">Cello Concerto in B minor</a> and took place on the same day that the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">invaded Czechoslovakia</a> to end <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC,_1_September_2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC,_1_September_2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the performance, which had been preceded by heckling and demonstrations, the orchestra and soloist were cheered by the Proms audience.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rostropovich stood and held aloft the conductor's score of the Dvořák as a gesture of solidarity for the composer's homeland and the city of Prague.<sup id="cite_ref-Proms_August_1968_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proms_August_1968-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile">Exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mstislav_Rostropovich_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mstislav_Rostropovich_1978.jpg/210px-Mstislav_Rostropovich_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mstislav_Rostropovich_1978.jpg/315px-Mstislav_Rostropovich_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mstislav_Rostropovich_1978.jpg/420px-Mstislav_Rostropovich_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="2945" /></a><figcaption>Rostropovich playing the <i><a href="/wiki/Duport_Stradivarius" title="Duport Stradivarius">Duport Stradivarius</a></i> at the White House in 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>Rostropovich fought for art without borders, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, and democratic values, resulting in harassment from the Soviet regime. An early example was in 1948, when he was a student at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory" title="Moscow Conservatory">Moscow Conservatory</a>. In response to the 10 February 1948 decree on "formalist" composers, his teacher <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> was dismissed from his professorships in Leningrad and Moscow; the 21-year-old Rostropovich quit the conservatory in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rostropovich also smuggled to the West the manuscript of Shostakovich's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._13_(Shostakovich)" title="Symphony No. 13 (Shostakovich)">Symphony No. 13</a>, which set verses by <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Yevtushenko" title="Yevgeny Yevtushenko">Yevgeny Yevtushenko</a>; the subject of its first movement was the <a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Babi Yar massacre">Babi Yar massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970, Rostropovich sheltered <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a>, who otherwise would have had nowhere to go, in his own home. His friendship with Solzhenitsyn and support for dissidents led to official disgrace in the early 1970s. As a result, Rostropovich was restricted from foreign touring,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was his wife, Galina Vishnevskaya, and his appearances performing in Moscow were curtailed, as increasingly were his appearances in such major cities as Leningrad and Kiev.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rostropovich left the Soviet Union in 1974 with his wife and children and settled in the United States. He was banned from touring his homeland with foreign orchestras and, in 1977, the Soviet leadership instructed musicians from the Soviet bloc not to take part in an international competition he had organised.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, Rostropovich was deprived of his Soviet citizenship because of his public opposition to the Soviet Union's restriction of cultural freedom. He did not return to the Soviet Union until 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Lrytas_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lrytas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_career">Further career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_474794_Mstislav_Rostropovich,_chief_conductor_and_art_director_of_U.S._National_Symphony_Orchestra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/RIAN_archive_474794_Mstislav_Rostropovich%2C_chief_conductor_and_art_director_of_U.S._National_Symphony_Orchestra.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_474794_Mstislav_Rostropovich%2C_chief_conductor_and_art_director_of_U.S._National_Symphony_Orchestra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/RIAN_archive_474794_Mstislav_Rostropovich%2C_chief_conductor_and_art_director_of_U.S._National_Symphony_Orchestra.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_474794_Mstislav_Rostropovich%2C_chief_conductor_and_art_director_of_U.S._National_Symphony_Orchestra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/RIAN_archive_474794_Mstislav_Rostropovich%2C_chief_conductor_and_art_director_of_U.S._National_Symphony_Orchestra.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_474794_Mstislav_Rostropovich%2C_chief_conductor_and_art_director_of_U.S._National_Symphony_Orchestra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Mstislav Rostropovich, chief conductor of U.S. National Symphony Orchestra, greets the audience in Bolshoi Hall of the Tchaikovsky Conservatory in Moscow, 13 February 1990</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 17, 1988, Rostropovich gave a special concert at <a href="/wiki/Barbican_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbican Hall">Barbican Hall</a> in London, after postponing a trip to India for the <a href="/wiki/1988_Armenian_earthquake" title="1988 Armenian earthquake">1988 Armenian earthquake</a> relief program. The event was part of an effort called <i>Musicians for Armenia,</i> which was expected to raise more than $450,000 from donations worldwide, including gifts from musicians, concert proceeds and film and recording rights. Prince Charles and the Princess of Wales attended the concert in the sold-out 2,026-seat hall.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 7, 1989, a cello concert was organized by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Relief_Society" title="Armenian Relief Society">Armenian Relief Society</a> and the Volunteers Technical Assistance (VTA) for the victims of the earthquake. At the concert, Rostropovich played his favorite cello repertoire, including Dvořák's Cello Concerto in B minor; Haydn's cello concerti in C and D; Prokofiev's Symphony-Concerto; and Shostakovich's two cello concerti. The evening raised awareness and helped hundreds of earthquake victims put food on their tables. The concert was held at the Kennedy Center and over 2,300 were in attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1977 to 1994, Rostropovich was music director and conductor of the <a href="/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra" title="National Symphony Orchestra">National Symphony Orchestra</a> in Washington, D.C., while still performing with famous musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Martha_Argerich" title="Martha Argerich">Martha Argerich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter" title="Sviatoslav Richter">Sviatoslav Richter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the director and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich_Baku_International_Festival" title="Mstislav Rostropovich Baku International Festival">Mstislav Rostropovich Baku International Festival</a> and a regular performer at the <a href="/wiki/Aldeburgh_Festival" title="Aldeburgh Festival">Aldeburgh Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His impromptu performance during the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> as events unfolded was reported throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Soviet citizenship was restored in 1990. When, in August 1991, news footage was broadcast of <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">tanks in the streets of Moscow</a>, Rostropovich responded with a characteristically brave, impetuous and patriotic gesture: he bought a plane ticket to Japan on a flight that stopped at Moscow, talked his way out of the airport and went to join <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> in the hope that his fame might make some difference to the chance of tanks moving in.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rostropovich supported Yeltsin during the <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 constitutional crisis</a> and conducted the <a href="/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Symphony Orchestra (United States)">National Symphony Orchestra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> at the height of the crackdown.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, he was instrumental in the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Kronberg_Academy" title="Kronberg Academy">Kronberg Academy</a> and was a patron until his death. He commissioned <a href="/wiki/Rodion_Shchedrin" title="Rodion Shchedrin">Rodion Shchedrin</a> to compose the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Lolita_(opera)" title="Lolita (opera)">Lolita</a></i> and conducted its premiere in 1994 at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera" title="Royal Swedish Opera">Royal Swedish Opera</a>. Rostropovich received many international awards, including the <a href="/wiki/French_Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="French Legion of Honor">French Legion of Honor</a> and honorary doctorates from many universities. He was an activist, fighting for freedom of expression in art and politics. An <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Goodwill_Ambassador" title="UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador">ambassador for the UNESCO</a>, he supported many educational and cultural projects.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rostropovich performed several times in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain" title="Queen Sofía of Spain">Queen Sofía of Spain</a>. </p><p>With his wife, Galina Vishnevskaya, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya_Foundation" title="Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya Foundation">Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya Foundation</a>, a publicly supported nonprofit <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization" title="501(c)(3) organization">501(c)(3) organization</a> based in Washington, D.C., in 1991 to improve the health and future of children in the former Soviet Union. The <i>Rostropovich Home Museum</i> opened on 4 March 2002, in Baku.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple visited Azerbaijan occasionally. Rostropovich also presented cello master classes at the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan State Conservatory">Azerbaijan State Conservatory</a>. Together they formed a valuable art collection. In September 2007, when it was slated to be sold at auction by <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> in London and dispersed, Russian billionaire <a href="/wiki/Alisher_Usmanov" title="Alisher Usmanov">Alisher Usmanov</a> stepped forward and negotiated the purchase of all 450 lots to keep the collection intact and bring it to Russia as a memorial to Rostropovich. Christie's reported that the buyer paid a "substantially higher" sum than the £20 million pre-sale estimate<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, he was featured in <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sokurov" title="Alexander Sokurov">Alexander Sokurov</a>'s documentary <i>Elegy of a life: Rostropovich, Vishnevskaya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Special:EditPage/Mstislav Rostropovich">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mstislav+Rostropovich%22">"Mstislav Rostropovich"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mstislav+Rostropovich%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mstislav+Rostropovich%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mstislav+Rostropovich%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mstislav+Rostropovich%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mstislav+Rostropovich%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rostropovich_with_BACHBow_1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Rostropovich_with_BACHBow_1999.jpg/220px-Rostropovich_with_BACHBow_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Rostropovich_with_BACHBow_1999.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>Rostropovich with <a href="/wiki/Curved_bow" title="Curved bow">BACH.Bow</a> in 1999</figcaption></figure> <p>Rostropovich's health declined in 2006, with the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> reporting rumours of unspecified surgery in Geneva and later treatment for an aggravated ulcer. Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Rostropovich to discuss details of a celebration the Kremlin was planning for 27 March 2007, Rostropovich's 80th birthday. Rostropovich attended the celebration but was reportedly in frail health. </p><p>Though Rostropovich's last home was in Paris, he maintained residences in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, <a href="/wiki/Maida_Vale#Notable_people" title="Maida Vale">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordanville,_New_York" title="Jordanville, New York">Jordanville, New York</a>. He was admitted to a Paris hospital at the end of January 2007, but then decided to fly to Moscow, where he had been receiving care.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 February 2007 Rostropovich was admitted to a hospital in Moscow. "He is just feeling unwell", Natalya Dolezhale, Rostropovich's secretary in Moscow, said.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (April 2019)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> Asked if there was serious cause for concern about his health, she said: "No, right now there is no cause whatsoever." She refused to specify the nature of his illness. The Kremlin said that Putin had visited him in the hospital, which prompted speculation that he was in serious condition. Dolezhale said the visit was to discuss arrangements for marking Rostropovich's 80th birthday. On 27 March 2007, Putin issued a statement praising Rostropovich.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Putin_and_Rostropovich_(2007-03-27).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Putin_and_Rostropovich_%282007-03-27%29.jpg/220px-Putin_and_Rostropovich_%282007-03-27%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Putin_and_Rostropovich_%282007-03-27%29.jpg/330px-Putin_and_Rostropovich_%282007-03-27%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Putin_and_Rostropovich_%282007-03-27%29.jpg/440px-Putin_and_Rostropovich_%282007-03-27%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2351" /></a><figcaption>With <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> on 27 March 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 April 2007, Rostropovich reentered the Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Centre, where he was treated for <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal cancer">intestinal cancer</a>. He died on 27 April, aged 80.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 April, Rostropovich's body lay in an open casket at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory" title="Moscow Conservatory">Moscow Conservatory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was then moved to the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour_(Moscow)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)">Church of Christ the Saviour</a>. Thousands of mourners, including Putin, bade farewell. Spain's <a href="/wiki/Queen_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Sofia">Queen Sofia</a>, French first lady <a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Chirac" title="Bernadette Chirac">Bernadette Chirac</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a> of Azerbaijan, where Rostropovich was born, as well as <a href="/wiki/Naina_Yeltsina" title="Naina Yeltsina">Naina Yeltsina</a>, Yeltsin's widow, were among those who attended the funeral on 29 April. Rostropovich was buried in <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC,_29_April_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC,_29_April-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stature">Stature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rostropowitsch-denkmal-kronberg003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rostropowitsch-denkmal-kronberg003.jpg/220px-Rostropowitsch-denkmal-kronberg003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rostropowitsch-denkmal-kronberg003.jpg/330px-Rostropowitsch-denkmal-kronberg003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rostropowitsch-denkmal-kronberg003.jpg/440px-Rostropowitsch-denkmal-kronberg003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2682" data-file-height="2018" /></a><figcaption>Memorial at <a href="/wiki/Kronberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kronberg">Kronberg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rostropovich was a huge influence on the younger generation of cellists. Many have openly acknowledged their debt to his example. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Julian_Lloyd_Webber" title="Julian Lloyd Webber">Julian Lloyd Webber</a> called him "probably the greatest cellist of all time".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rostropovich either commissioned or was the recipient of compositions by many composers including <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Miaskovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Miaskovsky">Nikolai Miaskovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Henri Dutilleux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet" title="André Jolivet">André Jolivet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian" title="Aram Khachaturian">Aram Khachaturian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astor_Piazzolla" title="Astor Piazzolla">Astor Piazzolla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Makris" title="Andreas Makris">Andreas Makris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bliss" title="Arthur Bliss">Arthur Bliss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthews" title="Colin Matthews">Colin Matthews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lopes_Gra%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopes Graça">Lopes Graça</a>. His commissions of new works enlarged the cello repertoire more than any previous cellist: he gave the premiere of 117 compositions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rostropovich is also well known for his interpretations of standard repertoire works, including Dvořák's Cello Concerto in B minor. </p><p>Between 1997 and 2001 he was intimately involved in the development and testing of the <i>BACH.Bow</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Curved_bow" title="Curved bow">curved bow</a> designed by the cellist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bach_(cellist,_composer,_visual_artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Bach (cellist, composer, visual artist)">Michael Bach</a>. In 2001 he invited Bach to present his <i>BACH.Bow</i> to Paris (7th <a href="/wiki/Concours_de_violoncelle_Rostropovitch" title="Concours de violoncelle Rostropovitch">Concours de violoncelle Rostropovitch</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the city of Moscow announced plans to erect a statue of Rostropovich in a central square;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the statue was unveiled in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was also a notably generous spirit. <a href="/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa" title="Seiji Ozawa">Seiji Ozawa</a> relates an anecdote: on hearing of the death of the baby daughter of his friend the sumo wrestler <a href="/wiki/Chiyonofuji_Mitsugu" title="Chiyonofuji Mitsugu">Chiyonofuji</a>, Rostropovich flew unannounced to Tokyo, took a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-hour cab ride to Chiyonofuji's house and played his Bach sarabande outside, as his gesture of sympathy—then got back in the taxi and returned to the airport to fly back to Europe. </p><p>Rostropovich is included in the Russian-American Chamber of Fame of <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Russian_Americans" title="Congress of Russian Americans">Congress of Russian Americans</a>, which is dedicated to Russian immigrants who made outstanding contributions to American science or culture.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rostropovich received about 50 awards during his life, including: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Federation_and_USSR">Russian Federation and USSR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russian Federation and USSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_for_the_Fatherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Merit for the Fatherland">Order of Merit for the Fatherland</a>; <ul><li>1st class (24 February 2007) – for outstanding contribution to world music and many years of creative activity</li> <li>2nd class (25 March 1997) – for services to the state and the great personal contribution to the world of music</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_Defender_of_a_Free_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medal Defender of a Free Russia">Medal Defender of a Free Russia</a> (2 February 1993) – for courage and dedication shown during the defence of democracy and constitutional order of 19–21 August 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%2260_Years_of_Victory_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941-1945%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee Medal "60 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"">Jubilee Medal "60 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_100th_Anniversary_since_the_Birth_of_Vladimir_Il%27ich_Lenin%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"">Medal "For Valiant Labor. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Victory_over_Germany_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22" title="Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"">Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_Valiant_Labour_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941-1945%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"">Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Development_of_Virgin_Lands%22" title="Medal "For the Development of Virgin Lands"">Medal "For the Development of Virgin Lands"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_800th_Anniversary_of_Moscow%22" title="Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"">Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_the_USSR" title="People's Artist of the USSR">People's Artist of the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_the_RSFSR" title="People's Artist of the RSFSR">People's Artist of the RSFSR</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honoured_Artist_of_the_RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoured Artist of the RSFSR">Honoured Artist of the RSFSR</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Prize_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="State Prize of the Russian Federation">State Prize of the Russian Federation</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_Prize" title="Lenin Prize">Lenin Prize</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Stalin_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="State Stalin Prize">Stalin Prize</a> (1951)</li> <li>Commemorative Medal for the 850th anniversary of Moscow</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_governmental_awards">Other governmental awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other governmental awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praemium_Imperiale" title="Praemium Imperiale">Praemium Imperiale</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Cross_of_Honour_for_Science_and_Art,_1st_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class">Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class</a> (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev_Order" title="Heydar Aliyev Order">Heydar Aliyev Order</a> (Azerbaijan, 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istiglal_Order" title="Istiglal Order">Order "Independence"</a> (Azerbaijan, 3 March 2002)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Order of "Glory" (Azerbaijan, 1998)</li> <li>Order de Mayo (Argentina, 1991)</li> <li>Order of Freedom (Argentina, 1994)</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Liberator_General_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Order of the Liberator General San Martín">Order of the Liberator General San Martín</a> (Argentina, 1994)</li> <li>Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a> (Belgium, 1989)</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary">Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Francisco_de_Miranda" title="Order of Francisco de Miranda">Order of Francisco de Miranda</a> (Venezuela, 1979)</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a> (2001)</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Phoenix_(Greece)" title="Order of the Phoenix (Greece)">Order of the Phoenix</a> (Greece)</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog" title="Order of the Dannebrog">Order of the Dannebrog</a> (Denmark, 1983)</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a> (Spain, 1985)</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a> (Spain, 2004)</li> <li>Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a> (31 August 1984)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Cedar" title="National Order of the Cedar">National Order of the Cedar</a> (Lebanon, 1997)</li> <li>Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas" title="Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas">Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas</a> (Lithuania, 24 November 1995)</li> <li>January 13 Commemorative Medal (Lithuania, 10 June 1992)</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> (1999; previously Knight, 1982)</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Adolphe_of_Nassau" title="Order of Adolphe of Nassau">Order of Adolphe of Nassau</a> (Luxembourg, 1991)</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint-Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint-Charles">Order of Saint-Charles</a> (Monaco, 1989)</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Cultural_Merit_(Monaco)" title="Order of Cultural Merit (Monaco)">Order of Cultural Merit</a> (Monaco, November 1999)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dutch_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Dutch Lion">Order of the Dutch Lion</a> (Netherlands, 1989)</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland">Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland</a> (1997)</li> <li>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_James_of_the_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint James of the Sword">Order of Saint James of the Sword</a> (Portugal)</li> <li>Order "For merits in the sphere of culture" (Romania, 2004)</li> <li>Queen <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Beatrix of the Netherlands</a> awarded him the rare Medal for Art and Science (Dutch: "Eremedaille voor Kunst en Wetenschap") of the House-Order of Orange.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (USA, 1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honoree</a> (USA, 1992)</li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Brilliant_Star" title="Order of Brilliant Star">Order of Brilliant Star</a> (Taiwan, 1977)</li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Lion_of_Finland" title="Order of the Lion of Finland">Order of the Lion of Finland</a></li> <li>Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (France, 1998; previously Commander, 1987, and Officer, 1981)</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Order of Arts and Letters</a> (France, 1975)</li> <li>Order of Arts and Letters (Sweden) (1984)</li> <li>National Order "For Merit" (Ecuador, 1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a>, Gold and Silver Star (2nd class) (Japan, 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_Order" title="Sharaf Order">Sharaf Order</a> (<i>Order of Honor</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li>Honorary <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (1987)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_citizenships">Honorary citizenships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Honorary citizenships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Citizen of honor of <a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (1993)</li> <li>Citizen of honor of <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (2000)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Honorary Doctorate, <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> (1984)</li> <li>Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niu.edu">Northern Illinois University</a> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laurea_ad_honorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurea ad honorem">Laurea ad honorem</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a> in Political Science (2006)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competitive_awards">Competitive awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Competitive awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Chamber_Music_Performance" title="Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance">Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Awards of 1984">1984</a>): Mstislav Rostropovich & <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin" title="Rudolf Serkin">Rudolf Serkin</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>: Sonata for Cello and Piano in E Minor, Op. 38 and Sonata in F, Op. 99</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_awards">Other awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Music_Prize" title="Polar Music Prize">Polar Music Prize</a> (1995)</li> <li>Gold Medal of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Society" title="Royal Philharmonic Society">Royal Philharmonic Society</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Siemens_Music_Prize" title="Ernst von Siemens Music Prize">Ernst von Siemens Music Prize</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonning_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonning Award">Sonning Award</a> (1981; <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Award">Prince of Asturias Award</a> (in the concord category), 1997 (jointly with <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konex_Award" title="Konex Award">Konex Decoration</a> granted by the <a href="/wiki/Konex_Foundation" title="Konex Foundation">Konex Foundation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> in 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Wolf Prize in Arts">Wolf Prize in Arts</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanford Medal">Sanford Medal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Membership of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Academy of Music">Royal Academy of Music</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-Rostropovich:_The_Honors_&_Awards_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rostropovich:_The_Honors_&_Awards-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gold <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Mozart_Medal" title="UNESCO Mozart Medal">UNESCO Mozart Medal</a> (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-UN_News_Centre:_Death_of_master_Russian_cellist_and_UNESCO_Goodwill_Ambassador_mourned_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_News_Centre:_Death_of_master_Russian_cellist_and_UNESCO_Goodwill_Ambassador_mourned-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a>'s Four Freedoms Award for the Freedom of Speech (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Slava!_A_Political_Overture" title="Slava! A Political Overture">Slava! A Political Overture</a></i>, a 1977 composition by Leonard Bernstein</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian: <span lang="ru" style="font-style: normal;">Мстислав Леопольдович Ростропович</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[rəstrɐˈpovʲɪtɕ]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sony-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sony_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sony_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206193643/http://www.sonyclassical.com/artists/rostropovich/bio.html">"Mstislav Rostropovich biography"</a>. Sony Classical. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonyclassical.com/artists/rostropovich/bio.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mstislav+Rostropovich+biography&rft.pub=Sony+Classical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonyclassical.com%2Fartists%2Frostropovich%2Fbio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kultura.orb.ru/record/view?id=147">"Софья Николаевна Федотова-Ростропович"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%8C%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkultura.orb.ru%2Frecord%2Fview%3Fid%3D147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eliz-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eliz_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Wilson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QhuIHg3mkGQC&q=kozolupov&pg=PT31">Mstislav Rostropovich: Cellist, Teacher, Legend</a>. Retrieved 2 June 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013084244/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article1717247.ece">"Mstislav Rostropovich: Obituary"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. 28 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article1717247.ece">the original</a> on 13 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Mstislav+Rostropovich%3A+Obituary&rft.date=2007-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Fobituaries%2Farticle1717247.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lrytas-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lrytas_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lrytas_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrytas.lt/?id=11776666481176558153&view=4">"Mirė maestro M.Rostropovičius"</a> (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos rytas. 28 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mir%C4%97+maestro+M.Rostropovi%C4%8Dius&rft.date=2007-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrytas.lt%2F%3Fid%3D11776666481176558153%26view%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=9925&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">"Biography of Mstislav Rostropovitch"</a>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Mstislav+Rostropovitch&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D9925%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judd_2021-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Judd_2021_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd2021" class="citation web cs1">Judd, Timothy (18 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelistenersclub.com/2021/01/18/shostakovichs-second-cello-concerto-written-for-mstislav-rostropovich/">"Shostakovich's Second Cello Concerto: Written for Mstislav Rostropovich"</a>. <i>The Listeners' Club</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Listeners%27+Club&rft.atitle=Shostakovich%27s+Second+Cello+Concerto%3A+Written+for+Mstislav+Rostropovich&rft.date=2021-01-18&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthelistenersclub.com%2F2021%2F01%2F18%2Fshostakovichs-second-cello-concerto-written-for-mstislav-rostropovich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC4_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bridcut" title="John Bridcut">John Bridcut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galina_Vishnevskaya" title="Galina Vishnevskaya">Galina Vishnevskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Rostropovich" title="Elena Rostropovich">Elena and Olga Rostropovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa" title="Seiji Ozawa">Seiji Ozawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Rozhdestvensky" title="Gennady Rozhdestvensky">Gennady Rozhdestvensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Gutman" title="Natalia Gutman">Natalia Gutman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mischa_Maisky" title="Mischa Maisky">Mischa Maisky</a> (13 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b015j8g5"><i>Rostropovich: The Genius of the Cello</i></a> (Television). <a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rostropovich%3A+The+Genius+of+the+Cello&rft.pub=BBC+Four&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb015j8g5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DUTILLEUX_Trois_Strophes-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DUTILLEUX_Trois_Strophes_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational2022" class="citation web cs1">International, MusicWeb (5 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2016/Apr/Dutilleux_lontain_HMC902209.htm">"DUTILLEUX - Trois Strophes sur le nom de Sacher, Tout un monde lointain; DEBUSSY - Sonata for cello and piano Harmonia Mundi HMC902209 [BBu] Classical Music Reviews: April 2016"</a>. <i>MusicWeb-International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MusicWeb-International&rft.atitle=DUTILLEUX+-+Trois+Strophes+sur+le+nom+de+Sacher%2C+Tout+un+monde+lointain%3B+DEBUSSY+-+Sonata+for+cello+and+piano+Harmonia+Mundi+HMC902209+%5BBBu%5D+Classical+Music+Reviews%3A+April+2016&rft.date=2022-05-05&rft.aulast=International&rft.aufirst=MusicWeb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicweb-international.com%2Fclassrev%2F2016%2FApr%2FDutilleux_lontain_HMC902209.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenneth_Woods_Slava_and_Sacher-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_Woods_Slava_and_Sacher_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kennethwoods.net/blog1/2007/04/30/slava-and-sacher/">"Slava and Sacher - conductor"</a>. <i>Kenneth Woods</i>. 30 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kenneth+Woods&rft.atitle=Slava+and+Sacher+-+conductor&rft.date=2007-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkennethwoods.net%2Fblog1%2F2007%2F04%2F30%2Fslava-and-sacher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarrisonParrott_Penderecki-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarrisonParrott_Penderecki_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harrisonparrott.com/artists/krzysztof-penderecki-1933-2020">"Krzysztof Penderecki (1933 - 2020)"</a>. <i>HarrisonParrott</i>. 27 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HarrisonParrott&rft.atitle=Krzysztof+Penderecki+%281933+-+2020%29&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harrisonparrott.com%2Fartists%2Fkrzysztof-penderecki-1933-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luciano_Berio-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luciano_Berio_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universaledition.com/les-mots-sont-alles...-for-cello-berio-luciano-ue18399">"Universal Edition"</a>. <i>Universal Edition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universal+Edition&rft.atitle=Universal+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universaledition.com%2Fles-mots-sont-alles...-for-cello-berio-luciano-ue18399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wikipedia_Concert_à_quatre-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wikipedia_Concert_à_quatre_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_%C3%A0_quatre">"Concert à quatre"</a>. <i>Wikipedia</i>. 8 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=Concert+%C3%A0+quatre&rft.date=2009-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConcert_%25C3%25A0_quatre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson: p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson: p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson: pp. 287–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC,_1_September_2007-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC,_1_September_2007_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/foronenightonly/pip/jqmqo/">"For One Night Only – The Prom of Peace"</a>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1549864/The-greatest-cellist-of-all-time.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+greatest+cellist+of+all+time&rft.date=2007-04-28&rft.au=Julian+Lloyd+Webber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1549864%2FThe-greatest-cellist-of-all-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-bogen.de/mstislav-rostropovich/">"Mstislav Rostropovich – Atelier BACH.Bogen"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mstislav+Rostropovich+%E2%80%93+Atelier+BACH.Bogen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bach-bogen.de%2Fmstislav-rostropovich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cello.org/Newsletter/Articles/bachbogen/bachbogen.htm">"Presentation of the BACH.Bogen®"</a>. Cello.org. 6 October 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presentation+of+the+BACH.Bogen%C2%AE&rft.pub=Cello.org&rft.date=2001-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cello.org%2FNewsletter%2FArticles%2Fbachbogen%2Fbachbogen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705190702/http://www.thestrad.com/cpt-latests/rostropovich-statue-set-to-be-unveiled-in-moscow-for-cellists-85th-anniversary/">"Rostropovich statue set to be unveiled in Moscow for cellist's 85th anniversary"</a>. <i>The Strad</i>. 15 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestrad.com/cpt-latests/rostropovich-statue-set-to-be-unveiled-in-moscow-for-cellists-85th-anniversary/">the original</a> on 5 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Strad&rft.atitle=Rostropovich+statue+set+to+be+unveiled+in+Moscow+for+cellist%27s+85th+anniversary&rft.date=2011-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestrad.com%2Fcpt-latests%2Frostropovich-statue-set-to-be-unveiled-in-moscow-for-cellists-85th-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/putin-praises-cellist-rostropovich-at-monument-opening/455736.html">"Putin Praises Cellist Rostropovich at Monument Opening"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. 30 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Putin+Praises+Cellist+Rostropovich+at+Monument+Opening&rft.date=2012-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fputin-praises-cellist-rostropovich-at-monument-opening%2F455736.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russian-americans.org/hall-of-fame/">"Hall of Fame"</a>. <i>russian-americans.org</i>. 20 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=russian-americans.org&rft.atitle=Hall+of+Fame&rft.date=2015-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russian-americans.org%2Fhall-of-fame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf">"Reply to a parliamentary question"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). p. 1447<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reply+to+a+parliamentary+question&rft.pages=1447&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlament.gv.at%2FPAKT%2FVHG%2FXXIV%2FAB%2FAB_10542%2Fimfname_251156.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120035856/http://e-qanun.az/print.php?internal=view&target=1&docid=1412&doctype=0">"M. L. Rostropoviçin "İstiqlal"ordeni ilə təltif edilməsi haqqında AZƏRBAYCAN RESPUBLİKASI PREZİDENTİNİN FƏRMANI"</a> [Order of the President of Azerbaijan Republic on awarding M. L. Rostropovich with Istiglal Order of Azerbaijan Republic]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-qanun.az/print.php?internal=view&target=1&docid=1412&doctype=0">the original</a> on 20 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M.+L.+Rostropovi%C3%A7in+%22%C4%B0stiqlal%22ordeni+il%C9%99+t%C9%99ltif+edilm%C9%99si+haqq%C4%B1nda+AZ%C6%8FRBAYCAN+RESPUBL%C4%B0KASI+PREZ%C4%B0DENT%C4%B0N%C4%B0N+F%C6%8FRMANI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-qanun.az%2Fprint.php%3Finternal%3Dview%26target%3D1%26docid%3D1412%26doctype%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144245/http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/Onorificenze.aspx?pag=0&qIdOnorificenza=&cognome=rostropovich&nome=&daAnno=1950&aAnno=2012&luogoNascita=&testo=&ordinamento=OCO_ANNO_DECRETO%20DESC%2COCO_MESE_DECRETO%20DESC%2COCO_GIORNO_DECRETO%20DESC">"Onorificenze: parametri di ricerca"</a> (in Italian). Italian Presidency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/Onorificenze.aspx?pag=0&qIdOnorificenza=&cognome=rostropovich&nome=&daAnno=1950&aAnno=2012&luogoNascita=&testo=&ordinamento=OCO_ANNO_DECRETO%20DESC,OCO_MESE_DECRETO%20DESC,OCO_GIORNO_DECRETO%20DESC">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Onorificenze%3A+parametri+di+ricerca&rft.pub=Italian+Presidency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quirinale.it%2Felementi%2FOnorificenze.aspx%3Fpag%3D0%26qIdOnorificenza%3D%26cognome%3Drostropovich%26nome%3D%26daAnno%3D1950%26aAnno%3D2012%26luogoNascita%3D%26testo%3D%26ordinamento%3DOCO_ANNO_DECRETO%2520DESC%2COCO_MESE_DECRETO%2520DESC%2COCO_GIORNO_DECRETO%2520DESC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legimonaco.mc/Dataweb/jourmon.nsf/966e69337756d51ac12568c40037f872/bc72c48b62b4b92fc125683900365472!OpenDocument">Sovereign Ordonnance n° 14.274 of 18 Nov. 1999</a> : promotions or nominations</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourdates.co.uk/news/6384-Leading-clarinetist-to-receive-Sanford-Medal">Leading clarinetist to receive Sanford Medal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729125854/http://www.tourdates.co.uk/news/6384-leading-clarinetist-to-receive-sanford-medal">Archived</a> 2012-07-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rostropovich:_The_Honors_&_Awards-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rostropovich:_The_Honors_&_Awards_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fanfaire.com/rost/rosthon.html">"Rostropovich:The Honors & Awards"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rostropovich%3AThe+Honors+%26+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fanfaire.com%2Frost%2Frosthon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_News_Centre:_Death_of_master_Russian_cellist_and_UNESCO_Goodwill_Ambassador_mourned-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_News_Centre:_Death_of_master_Russian_cellist_and_UNESCO_Goodwill_Ambassador_mourned_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=22374&Cr=UNESCO&Cr1=">"Death of master Russian cellist and UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador mourned"</a>. 27 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+of+master+Russian+cellist+and+UNESCO+Goodwill+Ambassador+mourned&rft.date=2007-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D22374%26Cr%3DUNESCO%26Cr1%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rooseveltinstitute.org/fdr-four-freedoms-awards-1/">"Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Awards – Roosevelt Institute"</a>. <i>rooseveltinstitute.org</i>. 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rooseveltinstitute.org&rft.atitle=Franklin+D.+Roosevelt+Four+Freedoms+Awards+%E2%80%93+Roosevelt+Institute&rft.date=2015-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frooseveltinstitute.org%2Ffdr-four-freedoms-awards-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMstislav+Rostropovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wilson, Elizabeth, <i>Mstislav Rostropovich: Cellist, Teacher, Legend</i>. London: Faber & Faber, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22051-9">978-0-571-22051-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Mstislav Rostropovich and Galina Vishnevskaya. Russia, Music, and Liberty. Conversations with <a href="/wiki/Claude_Samuel" title="Claude Samuel">Claude Samuel</a></i>, Amadeus Press, Portland (1995), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931340-76-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-931340-76-4">0-931340-76-4</a></li> <li><i>Rostrospektive. Zum Leben und Werk von Mstislaw Rostropowitsch. On the Life and Achievement of Mstislav Rostropovich</i>, Alexander Ivashkin and Josef Oehrlein, Internationale Kammermusik-Akademie Kronberg, Schweinfurt: Maier (1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-926300-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-926300-30-2">3-926300-30-2</a></li> <li><i>Inside the Recording Studio. Working with Callas, Rostropovich, Domingo, and the Classical Elite</i>, Peter Andry, with Robin Stringer and Tony Locantro, The Scarecrow Press, Lanham MD (2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6026-1">978-0-8108-6026-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mstislav_Rostropovich&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mstislav_Rostropovich" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rostropovich.org/">Rostropovich Vishnevskaya Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rostropovich.aznet.org/eng/">Home-museum of Leopold and Mstislav Rostropovich</a> dead link</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai112_folder/112_articles/112_rostropovich.html">Rostropovich: The Home Museum (Baku, Azerbaijan)</a> by Gulnar Aydamirova. AZER.com, <i>Azerbaijan International</i>, Vol. 11:2 (Summer 2003), pp. 40-42.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028105246/http://www.bsmny.org/features/slava/index.php">Mstislav Rostropovich: Cellist, Conductor, Humanitarian</a> Cellist Arash Amini shares his personal experiences with Slava, a feature from the <a href="/wiki/Bloomingdale_School_of_Music" title="Bloomingdale School of Music">Bloomingdale School of Music</a> (October 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070325092459/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2004/10/28/bmrost28.xml">"Why the cello is a hero"</a>, interview with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cello.org/Newsletter/Articles/rostropovich/rostropovich.htm">Interview</a> by Tim Janof</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/74_folder/74.articles/74_rostropovich.html">Famous People: Then and Now: Mstislav Rostropovich: Cellist and Conductor (1927-2007)</a>. AZER.com, <i>Azerbaijan International</i>, Vol. 7:4 (Winter 1999), pp. 24-25.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai132_folder/132_articles/132_rostropovich_artists.html">Intellectual Responsibility. When Silence Is Not Golden: Conversations with Mstislav Rostropovich and Galina Vishnevskaya</a> by Claude Samuel. AZER.com <i>Azerbaijan International</i>, Vol. 13:2 (Summer 2005), 28-29.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weta.org/fm/blog/?p=116">Hearing Mstislav Rostropovich</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021551/http://weta.org/fm/blog/?p=116">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> survey of Rostropovich recordings, by Jens F. Laurson (WETA, May 4, 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milnet.com/wh/MOF/1987Recipients.htm">1987 Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016211754/http://www.milnet.com/wh/MOF/1987Recipients.htm">Archived</a> 2015-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frantisekslama.com/karel-pravoslav-sadlo">The first Prague Spring International Cello Competition in 1950 in photographs, documents and reminiscences</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819090143/http://www.frantisekslama.com/karel-pravoslav-sadlo">Archived</a> 2011-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wqxr.org/#!/programs/live-broadcasts/2013/may/11/">National Symphony Orchestra Pays Homage to Rostropovich</a>, WQXR Live Broadcast, Spring for Music Festival, Carnegie Hall, New York (May 11, 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruceduffie.com/rostropovich.html">Interview with Mstislav Rostropovich</a> by Bruce Duffie, April 30, 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9WKpSDBvn9w">Playing Brahms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35585756/Music_politics_and_history._Slava_tells_his_story">Conference in Brescia, june 4, 2003</a> ed. by Carlo Bianchi</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Goode" title="Richard Goode">Richard Goode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stoltzman" title="Richard Stoltzman">Richard Stoltzman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Chamber_Music_Performance" title="Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance">Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Awards of 1984">1984</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_String_Quartet" title="Juilliard String Quartet">Juilliard String Quartet</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin" title="Rudolf Serkin">Rudolf Serkin</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schreier" title="Peter Schreier">Peter Schreier</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._Robbins_Landon" title="H. C. Robbins Landon">H. C. Robbins Landon</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Lachenmann" title="Helmut Lachenmann">Helmut Lachenmann</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arditti_Quartet" title="Arditti Quartet">Arditti Quartet</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel" title="Mauricio Kagel">Mauricio Kagel</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Brinkmann" title="Reinhold Brinkmann">Reinhold Brinkmann</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm" title="Wolfgang Rihm">Wolfgang Rihm</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Henri Dutilleux</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Ferneyhough" title="Brian Ferneyhough">Brian Ferneyhough</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Huber" title="Klaus Huber">Klaus Huber</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gielen" title="Michael Gielen">Michael Gielen</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribert_Reimann" title="Aribert Reimann">Aribert Reimann</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha" title="Friedrich Cerha">Friedrich Cerha</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G%C3%BClke" title="Peter Gülke">Peter Gülke</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Eschenbach" title="Christoph Eschenbach">Christoph Eschenbach</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_N%C3%B8rg%C3%A5rd" title="Per Nørgård">Per Nørgård</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Laurent_Aimard" title="Pierre-Laurent Aimard">Pierre-Laurent Aimard</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Furrer" title="Beat Furrer">Beat Furrer</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Saunders" title="Rebecca Saunders">Rebecca Saunders</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabea_Zimmermann" title="Tabea Zimmermann">Tabea Zimmermann</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Aperghis" title="Georges Aperghis">Georges Aperghis</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth" title="Olga Neuwirth">Olga Neuwirth</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Benjamin_(composer)" title="George Benjamin (composer)">George Benjamin</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuk_Chin" title="Unsuk Chin">Unsuk Chin</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Léonie_Sonning_Music_Prize_Laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:L%C3%A9onie_Sonning_Music_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Léonie Sonning Music Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:L%C3%A9onie_Sonning_Music_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Léonie Sonning Music Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:L%C3%A9onie_Sonning_Music_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Léonie Sonning Music Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Léonie_Sonning_Music_Prize_Laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_Sonning_Music_Prize" title="Léonie Sonning Music Prize">Léonie Sonning Music Prize Laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Christoff" title="Boris Christoff">Boris Christoff</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache" title="Sergiu Celibidache">Sergiu Celibidache</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogens_W%C3%B6ldike" title="Mogens Wöldike">Mogens Wöldike</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rampal" title="Jean-Pierre Rampal">Jean-Pierre Rampal</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Baker" title="Janet Baker">Janet Baker</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Claire_Alain" title="Marie-Claire Alain">Marie-Claire Alain</a> (1980)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Rafael Kubelík">Rafael Kubelík</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter" title="Sviatoslav Richter">Sviatoslav Richter</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schreier" title="Peter Schreier">Peter Schreier</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Ericson" title="Eric Ericson">Eric Ericson</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krystian_Zimerman" title="Krystian Zimerman">Krystian Zimerman</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bashmet" title="Yuri Bashmet">Yuri Bashmet</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_N%C3%B8rg%C3%A5rd" title="Per Nørgård">Per Nørgård</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff" title="András Schiff">András Schiff</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Behrens" title="Hildegard Behrens">Hildegard Behrens</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michala_Petri" title="Michala Petri">Michala Petri</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jarrett" title="Keith Jarrett">Keith Jarrett</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">John Eliot Gardiner</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Ulrik_Mortensen" title="Lars Ulrik Mortensen">Lars Ulrik Mortensen</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Savall" title="Jordi Savall">Jordi Savall</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Fr%C3%B6st" title="Martin Fröst">Martin Fröst</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ad%C3%A8s" title="Thomas Adès">Thomas Adès</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Blomstedt" title="Herbert Blomstedt">Herbert Blomstedt</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Kavakos" title="Leonidas Kavakos">Leonidas Kavakos</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Abrahamsen" title="Hans Abrahamsen">Hans Abrahamsen</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hannigan" title="Barbara Hannigan">Barbara Hannigan</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuk_Chin" title="Unsuk Chin">Unsuk Chin</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Laurent_Aimard" title="Pierre-Laurent Aimard">Pierre-Laurent Aimard</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Glennie" title="Evelyn Glennie">Evelyn Glennie</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Pahud" title="Emmanuel Pahud">Emmanuel Pahud</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Template:Wolf Prize in Arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Template talk:Wolf Prize in Arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf Prize in Arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Wolf Prize in Arts">Wolf Prize in Arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Erskine_(architect)" title="Ralph Erskine (architect)">Ralph Erskine</a> (1983/4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumihiko_Maki" title="Fumihiko Maki">Fumihiko Maki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_De_Carlo" title="Giancarlo De Carlo">Giancarlo De Carlo</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a> / <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzon" title="Jørn Utzon">Jørn Utzon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Denys_Lasdun" title="Denys Lasdun">Denys Lasdun</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto">Frei Otto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aldo_van_Eyck" title="Aldo van Eyck">Aldo van Eyck</a> (1996/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Siza_Vieira" title="Álvaro Siza Vieira">Álvaro Siza Vieira</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Nouvel" title="Jean Nouvel">Jean Nouvel</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chipperfield" title="David Chipperfield">David Chipperfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Eisenman" title="Peter Eisenman">Peter Eisenman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Souto_de_Moura" title="Eduardo Souto de Moura">Eduardo Souto de Moura</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Lambert" title="Phyllis Lambert">Phyllis Lambert</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Safdie" title="Moshe Safdie">Moshe Safdie</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Diller" title="Elizabeth Diller">Elizabeth Diller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atelier_Bow-Wow" title="Atelier Bow-Wow">Momoyo Kaijima</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atelier_Bow-Wow" title="Atelier Bow-Wow">Yoshiharu Tsukamoto</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Josef_Tal" title="Josef Tal">Josef Tal</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (1995/6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a> (2000)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giya_Kancheli" title="Giya Kancheli">Giya Kancheli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Murray_Perahia" title="Murray Perahia">Murray Perahia</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> / <a href="/wiki/%C3%81d%C3%A1m_Fischer" title="Ádám Fischer">Ádám Fischer</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> / <a href="/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth" title="Olga Neuwirth">Olga Neuwirth</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Painting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies" title="Antoni Tàpies">Antoni Tàpies</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer">Anselm Kiefer</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a> (1994/5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a> (2002/3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Pistoletto" title="Michelangelo Pistoletto">Michelangelo Pistoletto</a> (2006/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemarie_Trockel" title="Rosemarie Trockel">Rosemarie Trockel</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sherman" title="Cindy Sherman">Cindy Sherman</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey">Sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Chillida" title="Eduardo Chillida">Eduardo Chillida</a> (1984/5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Claes Oldenburg</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nauman" title="Bruce Nauman">Bruce Nauman</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Turrell" title="James Turrell">James Turrell</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a> (2002/3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Pistoletto" title="Michelangelo Pistoletto">Michelangelo Pistoletto</a> (2006/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olafur_Eliasson" title="Olafur Eliasson">Olafur Eliasson</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Weiner" title="Lawrence Weiner">Lawrence Weiner</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiko_Nakaya" title="Fujiko Nakaya">Fujiko Nakaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Long_(artist)" title="Richard Long (artist)">Richard Long</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Polar_Music_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_Music_Prize" title="Template:Polar Music Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_Music_Prize" title="Template talk:Polar Music Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_Music_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar Music Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Polar_Music_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_Music_Prize" title="Polar Music Prize">Polar Music Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> / the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Ericson" title="Eric Ericson">Eric Ericson</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> / <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Bacharach" title="Burt Bacharach">Burt Bacharach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Makeba" title="Miriam Makeba">Miriam Makeba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jarrett" title="Keith Jarrett">Keith Jarrett</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Gil" title="Gilberto Gil">Gilberto Gil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valery_Gergiev" title="Valery Gergiev">Valery Gergiev</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Abreu" title="José Antonio Abreu">José Antonio Abreu</a> / <a href="/wiki/El_Sistema" title="El Sistema">El Sistema</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronos_Quartet" title="Kronos Quartet">Kronos Quartet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour" title="Youssou N'Dour">Youssou N'Dour</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellars" title="Peter Sellars">Peter Sellars</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmylou_Harris" title="Emmylou Harris">Emmylou Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Glennie" title="Evelyn Glennie">Evelyn Glennie</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Martin" title="Max Martin">Max Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Shorter" title="Wayne Shorter">Wayne Shorter</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_National_Institute_of_Music" title="Afghanistan National Institute of Music">Afghanistan National Institute of Music</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_Flash" title="Grandmaster Flash">Grandmaster Flash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Playing_for_Change" title="Playing for Change">Playing for Change</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Netrebko" title="Anna Netrebko">Anna Netrebko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diane_Warren" title="Diane Warren">Diane Warren</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_intercontemporain" title="Ensemble intercontemporain">Ensemble intercontemporain</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Blackwell" title="Chris Blackwell">Chris Blackwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_Kidjo" title="Angélique Kidjo">Angélique Kidjo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esa-Pekka_Salonen" title="Esa-Pekka Salonen">Esa-Pekka Salonen</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Symphony_Orchestra_Music_Directors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NSO_music_directors" title="Template:NSO music directors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NSO_music_directors" title="Template talk:NSO music directors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NSO_music_directors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NSO music directors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Symphony_Orchestra_Music_Directors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Symphony Orchestra (United States)">National Symphony Orchestra Music Directors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kindler" title="Hans Kindler">Hans Kindler</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Mitchell" title="Howard Mitchell">Howard Mitchell</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antal_Dor%C3%A1ti" title="Antal Doráti">Antal Doráti</a> (1970)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Slatkin" title="Leonard Slatkin">Leonard Slatkin</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Eschenbach" title="Christoph Eschenbach">Christoph Eschenbach</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianandrea_Noseda" title="Gianandrea Noseda">Gianandrea Noseda</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kennedy_Center_Honorees_(1990s)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1990s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1990s" title="Template talk:Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1990s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kennedy_Center_Honorees_(1990s)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honorees</a> (1990s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ris%C3%AB_Stevens" title="Risë Stevens">Risë Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jule_Styne" title="Jule Styne">Jule Styne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Comden" title="Betty Comden">Betty Comden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Green" title="Adolph Green">Adolph Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayard_Nicholas" title="Fayard Nicholas">Fayard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicholas" title="Harold Nicholas">Harold Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shaw_(conductor)" title="Robert Shaw (conductor)">Robert Shaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Woodward" title="Joanne Woodward">Joanne Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Rogers" title="Ginger Rogers">Ginger Rogers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mstislav Rostropovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Taylor_(choreographer)" title="Paul Taylor (choreographer)">Paul Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Carson" title="Johnny Carson">Johnny Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mitchell_(dancer)" title="Arthur Mitchell (dancer)">Arthur Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Sir Georg Solti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Williams" title="Marion Williams">Marion Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Gould" title="Morton Gould">Morton Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_d%27Amboise_(dancer)" title="Jacques d'Amboise (dancer)">Jacques d'Amboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Simon" title="Neil Simon">Neil Simon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Carter" title="Benny Carter">Benny Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Villella" title="Edward Villella">Edward Villella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><s><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Ebb" title="Fred Ebb">Fred Ebb</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Kander" title="John Kander">John Kander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn" title="André Previn">André Previn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Borge" title="Victor Borge">Victor Borge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Jamison" title="Judith Jamison">Judith Jamison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Robards" title="Jason Robards">Jason Robards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1970s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1980s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1990s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2000s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2010s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2020s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Gramophone Hall of Fame">Gramophone Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conductors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Barbirolli" title="John Barbirolli">John Barbirolli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Thomas Beecham</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham_selected_discography" title="Thomas Beecham selected discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Adrian Boult</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult_discography" title="Adrian Boult discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache" title="Sergiu Celibidache">Sergiu Celibidache</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Chailly" title="Riccardo Chailly">Riccardo Chailly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Davis" title="Colin Davis">Colin Davis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel" title="Gustavo Dudamel">Gustavo Dudamel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">John Eliot Gardiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Giulini" title="Carlo Maria Giulini">Carlo Maria Giulini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink" title="Bernard Haitink">Bernard Haitink</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink_discography" title="Bernard Haitink discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hogwood" title="Christopher Hogwood">Christopher Hogwood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber" title="Carlos Kleiber">Carlos Kleiber</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber_discography" title="Carlos Kleiber discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Rafael Kubelík">Rafael Kubelík</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mackerras" title="Charles Mackerras">Charles Mackerras</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Marriner" title="Neville Marriner">Neville Marriner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Mravinsky" title="Yevgeny Mravinsky">Yevgeny Mravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pappano" title="Antonio Pappano">Antonio Pappano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Pinnock" title="Trevor Pinnock">Trevor Pinnock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle_discography" title="Simon Rattle discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reiner" title="Fritz Reiner">Fritz Reiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti_discography" title="Georg Solti discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas" title="Michael Tilson Thomas">Michael Tilson Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini_discography" title="Arturo Toscanini discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allen_(baritone)" title="Thomas Allen (baritone)">Thomas Allen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Victoria de los Ángeles">Victoria de los Ángeles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Baker" title="Janet Baker">Janet Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Bj%C3%B6rling" title="Jussi Björling">Jussi Björling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9" title="Montserrat Caballé">Montserrat Caballé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras" title="José Carreras">José Carreras</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_DiDonato" title="Joyce DiDonato">Joyce DiDonato</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ferrier" title="Kathleen Ferrier">Kathleen Ferrier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad" title="Kirsten Flagstad">Kirsten Flagstad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Gheorghiu" title="Angela Gheorghiu">Angela Gheorghiu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Ghiaurov" title="Nicolai Ghiaurov">Nicolai Ghiaurov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi">Tito Gobbi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hampson" title="Thomas Hampson">Thomas Hampson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hotter" title="Hans Hotter">Hans Hotter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Hvorostovsky" title="Dmitri Hvorostovsky">Dmitri Hvorostovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gundula_Janowitz" title="Gundula Janowitz">Gundula Janowitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kaufmann" title="Jonas Kaufmann">Jonas Kaufmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keenlyside" title="Simon Keenlyside">Simon Keenlyside</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Kirkby" title="Emma Kirkby">Emma Kirkby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Netrebko" title="Anna Netrebko">Anna Netrebko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sofie_von_Otter" title="Anne Sofie von Otter">Anne Sofie von Otter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzkopf" title="Elisabeth Schwarzkopf">Elisabeth Schwarzkopf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Renata_Tebaldi" title="Renata Tebaldi">Renata Tebaldi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiri_Te_Kanawa" title="Kiri Te Kanawa">Kiri Te Kanawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Terfel" title="Bryn Terfel">Bryn Terfel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wunderlich" title="Fritz Wunderlich">Fritz Wunderlich</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboardists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leif_Ove_Andsnes" title="Leif Ove Andsnes">Leif Ove Andsnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Argerich" title="Martha Argerich">Martha Argerich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Arrau" title="Claudio Arrau">Claudio Arrau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy" title="Vladimir Ashkenazy">Vladimir Ashkenazy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Gilels" title="Emil Gilels">Emil Gilels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gulda" title="Friedrich Gulda">Friedrich Gulda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin" title="Marc-André Hamelin">Marc-André Hamelin</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin_discography" title="Marc-André Hamelin discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Hewitt" title="Angela Hewitt">Angela Hewitt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hough" title="Stephen Hough">Stephen Hough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kempff" title="Wilhelm Kempff">Wilhelm Kempff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Kissin" title="Evgeny Kissin">Evgeny Kissin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Leonhardt" title="Gustav Leonhardt">Gustav Leonhardt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lang_Lang" title="Lang Lang">Lang Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dinu_Lipatti" title="Dinu Lipatti">Dinu Lipatti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Lupu" title="Radu Lupu">Radu Lupu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Benedetti_Michelangeli" title="Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli">Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Perahia" title="Murray Perahia">Murray Perahia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter" title="Sviatoslav Richter">Sviatoslav Richter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff" title="András Schiff">András Schiff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Artur_Schnabel" title="Artur Schnabel">Artur Schnabel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Sokolov" title="Grigory Sokolov">Grigory Sokolov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mitsuko_Uchida" title="Mitsuko Uchida">Mitsuko Uchida</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String/brass/<br />woodwind players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9" title="Maurice André">Maurice André</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Brain" title="Dennis Brain">Dennis Brain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bream" title="Julian Bream">Julian Bream</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyung_Wha_Chung" title="Kyung Wha Chung">Kyung Wha Chung</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_du_Pr%C3%A9" title="Jacqueline du Pré">Jacqueline du Pré</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Galway" title="James Galway">James Galway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux" title="Arthur Grumiaux">Arthur Grumiaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Isserlis" title="Steven Isserlis">Steven Isserlis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Fritz Kreisler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis" title="Wynton Marsalis">Wynton Marsalis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Mayer" title="Albrecht Mayer">Albrecht Mayer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Milstein" title="Nathan Milstein">Nathan Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Oistrakh" title="David Oistrakh">David Oistrakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Pahud" title="Emmanuel Pahud">Emmanuel Pahud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rampal" title="Jean-Pierre Rampal">Jean-Pierre Rampal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mstislav Rostropovich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Savall" title="Jordi Savall">Jordi Savall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(guitarist)" title="John Williams (guitarist)">John Williams</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg_Quartett" title="Alban Berg Quartett">Alban Berg Quartett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Quartet" title="Amadeus Quartet">Amadeus Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_Trio" title="Beaux Arts Trio">Beaux Arts Trio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Singers" title="The King's Singers">The King's Singers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tak%C3%A1cs_Quartet" title="Takács Quartet">Takács Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Tallis_Scholars" title="The Tallis Scholars">The Tallis Scholars</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Producers/engineers/<br />record label executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Coutaz" title="Bernard Coutaz">Bernard Coutaz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Culshaw" title="John Culshaw">John Culshaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C._Robert_Fine" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Robert Fine">C. Robert Fine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gaisberg" title="Fred Gaisberg">Fred Gaisberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Heymann" title="Klaus Heymann">Klaus Heymann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Alain Lanceron</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Legge" title="Walter Legge">Walter Legge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lewis_(Decca)" title="Edward Lewis (Decca)">Edward Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mohr" title="Richard Mohr">Richard Mohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ted Perry</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilkinson" title="Kenneth Wilkinson">Kenneth Wilkinson</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Vicariate_of_Solidarity" title="Vicariate of Solidarity">Vicariate of Solidarity</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Villa_El_Salvador" title="Villa El Salvador">Villa El Salvador</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> Communities</li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicus_Mundi_International" title="Medicus Mundi International">Medicus Mundi</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/AmfAR" title="AmfAR">American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR)</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Gesto_por_la_Paz" title="Gesto por la Paz">Association for Peace in the Basque Country</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Movement_of_Street_Children&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Movement of Street Children (page does not exist)">National Movement of Street Children</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messengers_of_Peace_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messengers of Peace (Spain) (page does not exist)">Messengers of Peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a></li> <li>1995: H.M. <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">Hussein I</a>, king of Jordan</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a></li> <li>1997: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></li> <li>1998: Nicolás Castellanos, <a href="/wiki/Vicen%C3%A7_Ferrer_Moncho" title="Vicenç Ferrer Moncho">Vicente Ferrer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sanz_Gadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquín Sanz Gadea (page does not exist)">Joaquín Sanz Gadea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Caritas_Spain" title="Caritas Spain">Caritas Spain</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Academies_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Association of Academies of the Spanish Language">Association of Academies of the Spanish Language</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a></li> <li>2004: The <a href="/wiki/Camino_de_Santiago" title="Camino de Santiago">Way of St. James</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul">Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dngrid_Betancourt" title="Íngrid Betancourt">Íngrid Betancourt</a></li> <li>2009: The City of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manos_Unidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manos Unidas (page does not exist)">Manos Unidas</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_50" title="Fukushima 50">Fukushima 50</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Federation_of_Food_Banks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish Federation of Food Banks (page does not exist)">Spanish Federation of Food Banks</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/ONCE" title="ONCE">Spanish Organization for the Blind (ONCE)</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Caddy_Adzuba" title="Caddy Adzuba">Caddy Adzuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hospitallers_of_Saint_John_of_God" title="Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God">Hospitaller Order of St John of God</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Villages" title="SOS Children's Villages">SOS Children's Villages</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li>2019: The City of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></li> <li>2020: Spanish health workers on the front line against <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Andr%C3%A9s" title="José Andrés">José Andrés</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Central_Kitchen" title="World Central Kitchen">World Central Kitchen</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ban" title="Shigeru Ban">Shigeru Ban</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Mary%27s_Meals" title="Mary's Meals">Mary's Meals</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Magnum_Photos" title="Magnum Photos">Magnum Photos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152043#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152043#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120231138">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29719172">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1450374/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtcDbTdcGv4c7JC3YBQMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11879129X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81125407">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138992147">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138992147">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00454760">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rostropovič, Mstislav Leopoldovič"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V147137">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35721054">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000720255&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX854741">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070758735">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1011001">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000081819&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000048868&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199623559">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqm3nv2d4brtw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810597919205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267389705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000194111">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058612495306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14044150">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01586048?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e2b294b7-f705-4317-a96b-fd94da3719e5">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/mstislav-rostropovich/9896">Grammy Awards</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1057703">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11879129X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11879129X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027109917">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569625">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69s1pvd">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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