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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="dark urban route"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4833</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: dark urban route</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4833</span> Dark Tourism and Local Development. Creating a Dark Urban Route</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christos%20N.%20Tsironis">Christos N. Tsironis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Loanna%20Mitaftsi"> Loanna Mitaftsi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently, the various forms of tours and touristic visits to destinations associated with the “dark” facets of the past constitute one of the most dynamic fields of touristic initiatives and economic development. This analysis focuses on the potential development of urban dark routes. It aims a) to shed light to touristic, social, and ethical considerations and to describe some of the trends and links combining heritage and dark tourism in post-pandemic societies and b) to explore the possibilities of developing a new and polymorphic form of dark tourism in Thessaloniki, Greece, a distinctive heritage destination. The analysis concludes with a detailed dark route designed to serve a new, polymorphic and sustainable touristic product that describes a dark past with places, sights, and monuments and narrates stories and events stigmatized by death, disaster, and violence throughout the city’s history. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20tourism" title="dark tourism">dark tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20urban%20route" title=" dark urban route"> dark urban route</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20development" title=" local development"> local development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymorphic%20tourism" title=" polymorphic tourism"> polymorphic tourism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139755/dark-tourism-and-local-development-creating-a-dark-urban-route" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139755.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4832</span> Using Machine Learning Techniques to Extract Useful Information from Dark Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigar%20Hussain">Nigar Hussain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is a subset of big data. Dark data means those data in which we fail to use for future decisions. There are many issues in existing work, but some need powerful tools for utilizing dark data. It needs sufficient techniques to deal with dark data. That enables users to exploit their excellence, adaptability, speed, less time utilization, execution, and accessibility. Another issue is the way to utilize dark data to extract helpful information to settle on better choices. In this paper, we proposed upgrade strategies to remove the dark side from dark data. Using a supervised model and machine learning techniques, we utilized dark data and achieved an F1 score of 89.48%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=big%20data" title="big data">big data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20data" title=" dark data"> dark data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heatmap" title=" heatmap"> heatmap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20forest" title=" random forest"> random forest</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191942/using-machine-learning-techniques-to-extract-useful-information-from-dark-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191942.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">28</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4831</span> Exploratory Data Analysis of Passenger Movement on Delhi Urban Bus Route</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sourabh%20Jain">Sourabh Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sukhvir%20Singh%20Jain"> Sukhvir Singh Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gaurav%20V.%20Jain"> Gaurav V. Jain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Intelligent Transportation System is an integrated application of communication, control and monitoring and display process technologies for developing a user–friendly transportation system for urban areas in developing countries. In fact, the development of a country and the progress of its transportation system are complementary to each other. Urban traffic has been growing vigorously due to population growth as well as escalation of vehicle ownership causing congestion, delays, pollution, accidents, high-energy consumption and low productivity of resources. The development and management of urban transport in developing countries like India however, is at tryout stage with very few accumulations. Under the umbrella of ITS, urban corridor management strategy have proven to be one of the most successful system in accomplishing these objectives. The present study interprets and figures out the performance of the 27.4 km long Urban Bus route having six intersections, five flyovers and 29 bus stops that covers significant area of the city by causality analysis. Performance interpretations incorporate Passenger Boarding and Alighting, Dwell time, Distance between Bus Stops and Total trip time taken by bus on selected urban route. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=congestion" title="congestion">congestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dwell%20time" title=" dwell time"> dwell time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=passengers%20boarding%20alighting" title=" passengers boarding alighting"> passengers boarding alighting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=travel%20time" title=" travel time"> travel time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64875/exploratory-data-analysis-of-passenger-movement-on-delhi-urban-bus-route" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64875.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4830</span> Calculating All Dark Energy and Dark Matter Effects Through Dynamic Gravity Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sean%20Kinney">Sean Kinney</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In 1666, Newton created the Law of Universal Gravitation. And in 1915, Einstein improved it to incorporate factors such as time dilation and gravitational lensing. But currently, there is a problem with this “universal” law. The math doesn’t work outside the confines of our solar system. And something is missing; any evidence of what gravity actually is and how it manifest. This paper explores the notion that gravity must obey the law of conservation of energy as all other forces in this universe have been shown to do. Explaining exactly what gravity is and how it manifests itself. And looking at many different implications that would be created are explained. And finally, using the math of Dynamic Gravity to calculate Dark Energy and Dark Matter effects to explain all observations without the need of exotic measures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gravity" title="gravity">gravity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20gravity" title=" dynamic gravity"> dynamic gravity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20matter" title=" dark matter"> dark matter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20energy" title=" dark energy"> dark energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162095/calculating-all-dark-energy-and-dark-matter-effects-through-dynamic-gravity-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162095.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4829</span> Calculating All Dark Energy and Dark Matter Effects through Dynamic Gravity Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sean%20Michael%20Kinney">Sean Michael Kinney</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In 1666, Newton created the Law of Universal Gravitation. And in 1915, Einstein improved it to incorporate factors such as time dilation and gravitational lensing. But currently, there is a problem with this “universal” law. The math doesn’t work outside the confines of our solar system. And something is missing; any evidence of what gravity actually is and how it manifests. This paper explores the notion that gravity must obey the law of conservation of energy as all other forces in this universe have been shown to do. Explaining exactly what gravity is and how it manifests itself. And looking at many different implications that would be created are explained. And finally, use the math of Dynamic gravity to calculate Dark Energy and Dark Matter effects to explain all observations without the need for exotic measures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20gravity" title="dynamic gravity">dynamic gravity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gravity" title=" gravity"> gravity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20matter" title=" dark matter"> dark matter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20energy" title=" dark energy"> dark energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162838/calculating-all-dark-energy-and-dark-matter-effects-through-dynamic-gravity-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162838.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4828</span> Numerical Study of Blackness Factor Effect on Dark Solitons</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khelil%20Khadidja">Khelil Khadidja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, blackness of dark solitons is considered. The exact combination between nonlinearity and dispersion is responsible of solitons stability. Dark solitons get born when dispersion is abnormal and balanced by nonlinearity, at the opposite of brillant solitons which is born by normal dispersion and nonlinearity together. Thanks to their stability, dark solitons are suitable for transmission by optical fibers. Dark solitons which are a solution of Nonlinear Schrodinger equation are simulated with Matlab to discuss the influence of coefficient of blackness. Results show that there is a direct proportion between the coefficient of blackness and the intensity of dark soliton. Those gray solitons are stable and convenient for transmission. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abnormal%20dispersion" title="abnormal dispersion">abnormal dispersion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinearity" title=" nonlinearity"> nonlinearity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20fiber" title=" optical fiber"> optical fiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soliton" title=" soliton"> soliton</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80445/numerical-study-of-blackness-factor-effect-on-dark-solitons" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80445.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4827</span> Bright–Dark Pulses in Nonlinear Polarisation Rotation Based Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Z.%20R.%20R.%20Rosdin">R. Z. R. R. Rosdin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20M.%20Ali"> N. M. Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20W.%20Harun"> S. W. Harun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Arof"> H. Arof</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We have experimentally demonstrated bright-dark pulses in a nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) based mode-locked Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) with a long cavity configuration. Bright–dark pulses could be achieved when the laser works in the passively mode-locking regime and the net group velocity dispersion is quite anomalous. The EDFL starts to generate a bright pulse train with degenerated dark pulse at the mode-locking threshold pump power of 35.09 mW by manipulating the polarization states of the laser oscillation modes using a polarization controller (PC). A split bright–dark pulse is generated when further increasing the pump power up to 37.95 mW. Stable bright pulses with no obvious evidence of a dark pulse can also be generated when further adjusting PC and increasing the pump power up to 52.19 mW. At higher pump power of 54.96 mW, a new form of bright-dark pulse emission was successfully identified with the repetition rate of 29 kHz. The bright and dark pulses have a duration of 795.5 ns and 640 ns, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erbium-doped%20fiber%20laser" title="Erbium-doped fiber laser">Erbium-doped fiber laser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20polarization%20rotation" title=" nonlinear polarization rotation"> nonlinear polarization rotation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bright-dark%20pulse" title=" bright-dark pulse"> bright-dark pulse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photonic" title=" photonic"> photonic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19127/bright-dark-pulses-in-nonlinear-polarisation-rotation-based-erbium-doped-fiber-laser" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19127.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">524</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4826</span> Benefit Of Waste Collection Route Optimisation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bojana%20Tot">Bojana Tot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Goran%20Bo%C5%A1Kovi%C4%87"> Goran BošKović</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Goran%20%20Vuji%C4%87"> Goran Vujić</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Route optimisation is a process of planning one or multiple routes, with the purpose of minimizing overall costs, while achieving the highest possible performance under a set of given constraints. It combines routing or route planning, which is the process of creating the most cost-effective route by minimizing the distance or travelled time necessary to reach a set of planned stops, and route scheduling, which is the process of assigning an arrival and service time for each stop, with drivers being given shifts that adhere to their working hours. The objective of this paper is to provide benefits on the implementation of waste collection route optimisation and thus achieve economic efficiency for public utility companies, better service for citizens and positive environment and health. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20management" title="waste management">waste management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collection%20route%20optimisation" title=" collection route optimisation"> collection route optimisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title=" GIS"> GIS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125329/benefit-of-waste-collection-route-optimisation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125329.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4825</span> Between Dark and Light: The Construction and the Exclusion of Memory of Prison Heritage in Post-Soviet Period</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guo%20Cyuan%20Deng">Guo Cyuan Deng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study represents how the Soviet-occupied dark memory in Baltic countries were interpreted and represented by examining the way of management of prison heritage. Based on the formulation of a dark-tourism spectrum which Philip Stone proposed, the Patarei prison in Estonia and the Karosta prison in Latvia are compared, and it is thought that both prisons, which had experienced similar colonial history, face different tourism operation in the present. The former is being run by NGO and remain the situation of “empty" by art intervening. However, the Estonia government attempt to get the operation of museum and transform it to anti-Soviet museum in order show national identity. By contrast, the latter is being managed by private company, whom transformed the prison to "dark fun factories" by entertainment activities in order to private capital accumulation. Moreover, it is not only indicated that both prisons exclude the minority's memory, but also the flaws of dark-tourism spectrum which divide the dark and light are discussed. Finally, given the nature and function of dark heritage, the concept "le métro" is used to supplement Stone's spectrum. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20tourism" title="dark tourism">dark tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prison%20heritage" title=" prison heritage"> prison heritage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Post-Soviet" title=" Post-Soviet"> Post-Soviet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baltic%20countries" title=" Baltic countries"> Baltic countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20identities" title=" national identities"> national identities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59381/between-dark-and-light-the-construction-and-the-exclusion-of-memory-of-prison-heritage-in-post-soviet-period" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59381.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4824</span> Dark Gravity Confronted with Supernovae, Baryonic Oscillations and Cosmic Microwave Background Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frederic%20Henry-Couannier">Frederic Henry-Couannier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dark Gravity is a natural extension of general relativity in presence of a flat non dynamical background. Matter and radiation fields from its dark sector, as soon as their gravity dominates over our side fields gravity, produce a constant acceleration law of the scale factor. After a brief reminder of the Dark Gravity theory foundations, the confrontation with the main cosmological probes is carried out. We show that, amazingly, the sudden transition between the usual matter dominated decelerated expansion law a(t) ∝ t²/³ and this accelerated expansion law a(t) ∝ t² predicted by the theory should be able to fit the main cosmological probes (SN, BAO, CMB and age of the oldest stars data) but also direct H₀ measurements with two free parameters only: H₀ and the transition redshift. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-gravity" title="anti-gravity">anti-gravity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negative%20energies" title=" negative energies"> negative energies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20reversal" title=" time reversal"> time reversal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field%20discontinuities" title=" field discontinuities"> field discontinuities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20energy%20theory" title=" dark energy theory"> dark energy theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185998/dark-gravity-confronted-with-supernovae-baryonic-oscillations-and-cosmic-microwave-background-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185998.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">56</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4823</span> CERD: Cost Effective Route Discovery in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anuradha%20Banerjee">Anuradha Banerjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A mobile ad hoc network is an infrastructure less network, where nodes are free to move independently in any direction. The nodes have limited battery power; hence, we require energy efficient route discovery technique to enhance their lifetime and network performance. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient route discovery technique CERD that greatly reduces the number of route requests flooded into the network and also gives priority to the route request packets sent from the routers that has communicated with the destination very recently, in single or multi-hop paths. This does not only enhance the lifetime of nodes but also decreases the delay in tracking the destination. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ad%20hoc%20network" title="ad hoc network">ad hoc network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title=" energy efficiency"> energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flooding" title=" flooding"> flooding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=node%20lifetime" title=" node lifetime"> node lifetime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=route%20discovery" title=" route discovery"> route discovery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20336/cerd-cost-effective-route-discovery-in-mobile-ad-hoc-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20336.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">347</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4822</span> The Effect of Dark energy on Amplitude of Gravitational Waves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jafar%20Khodagholizadeh">Jafar Khodagholizadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this talk, we study the tensor mode equation of perturbation in the presence of nonzero $-\Lambda$ as dark energy, whose dynamic nature depends on the Hubble parameter $ H$ and/or its time derivative. Dark energy, according to the total vacuum contribution, has little effect during the radiation-dominated era, but it reduces the squared amplitude of gravitational waves (GWs) up to $60\%$ for the wavelengths that enter the horizon during the matter-dominated era. Moreover, the observations bound on dark energy models, such as running vacuum model (RVM), generalized running vacuum model (GRVM), and generalized running vacuum subcase (GRVS), are effective in reducing the GWs’ amplitude. Although this effect is less for the wavelengths that enter the horizon at later times, this reduction is stable and permanent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gravitational%20waves" title="gravitational waves">gravitational waves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20energy" title=" dark energy"> dark energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GW%27s%20amplitude" title=" GW's amplitude"> GW's amplitude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=all%20stage%20universe" title=" all stage universe"> all stage universe</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144763/the-effect-of-dark-energy-on-amplitude-of-gravitational-waves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144763.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4821</span> Signal Strength Based Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chothmal">Chothmal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we present a route discovery process which uses the signal strength on a link as a parameter of its inclusion in the route discovery method. The proposed signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) based multipath reactive routing protocol is named as SINR-MP protocol. The proposed SINR-MP routing protocols has two following two features: a) SINR-MP protocol selects routes based on the SINR of the links during the route discovery process therefore it select the routes which has long lifetime and low frame error rate for data transmission, and b) SINR-MP protocols route discovery process is multipath which discovers more than one SINR based route between a given source destination pair. The multiple routes selected by our SINR-MP protocol are node-disjoint in nature which increases their robustness against link failures, as failure of one route will not affect the other route. The secondary route is very useful in situations where the primary route is broken because we can now use the secondary route without causing a new route discovery process. Due to this, the network overhead caused by a route discovery process is avoided. This increases the network performance greatly. The proposed SINR-MP routing protocol is implemented in the trail version of network simulator called Qualnet. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ad%20hoc%20networks" title="ad hoc networks">ad hoc networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20of%20service" title=" quality of service"> quality of service</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video%20streaming" title=" video streaming"> video streaming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.264%2FSVC" title=" H.264/SVC"> H.264/SVC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20routes" title=" multiple routes"> multiple routes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video%20traces" title=" video traces"> video traces</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46573/signal-strength-based-multipath-routing-for-mobile-ad-hoc-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">249</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4820</span> Finding Viable Pollution Routes in an Urban Network under a Predefined Cost</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitra%20Alexiou">Dimitra Alexiou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stefanos%20Katsavounis"> Stefanos Katsavounis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ria%20Kalfakakou"> Ria Kalfakakou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In an urban area the determination of transportation routes should be planned so as to minimize the provoked pollution taking into account the cost of such routes. In the sequel these routes are cited as pollution routes. The transportation network is expressed by a weighted graph G= (V, E, D, P) where every vertex represents a location to be served and E contains unordered pairs (edges) of elements in V that indicate a simple road. The distances/cost and a weight that depict the provoked air pollution by a vehicle transition at every road are assigned to each road as well. These are the items of set D and P respectively. Furthermore the investigated pollution routes must not exceed predefined corresponding values concerning the route cost and the route pollution level during the vehicle transition. In this paper we present an algorithm that generates such routes in order that the decision maker selects the most appropriate one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bi-criteria" title="bi-criteria">bi-criteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollution" title=" pollution"> pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shortest%20paths" title=" shortest paths"> shortest paths</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computation" title=" computation"> computation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7484/finding-viable-pollution-routes-in-an-urban-network-under-a-predefined-cost" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7484.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4819</span> Dark Heritage Tourism and Visitor Behaviour: The Case of Elmina Castle, Ghana </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girish%20Prayag">Girish Prayag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wantanee%20Suntikul"> Wantanee Suntikul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elizabeth%20Agyeiwaah"> Elizabeth Agyeiwaah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Current research on dark tourism largely follows residents’ perspectives with limited evaluations of tourists’ experiences. Unravelling the case of a dark heritage site in Elmina, Ghana, this paper develops a theoretical model to understand the relationships among four constructs namely, motivation, tourism impacts, place attachment, and satisfaction. Based on a sample of 414 domestic tourists, PLS-SEM confirmed several relationships and inter-relationships among the four constructs. For example, motivation had a positive relationship with perceptions of positive and negative tourism impacts suggesting that the more tourists were motivated to visit the site for cultural/learning experiences, the more positive and negative tourism impacts they perceived. Implications for dark tourism and heritage site management are offered. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20tourism" title="dark tourism">dark tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation" title=" motivation"> motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=place%20attachment" title=" place attachment"> place attachment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tourism%20impacts" title=" tourism impacts"> tourism impacts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84879/dark-heritage-tourism-and-visitor-behaviour-the-case-of-elmina-castle-ghana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84879.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">432</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4818</span> Deficits in Belongingness and Elevated Perceptions of Burdensomeness: How Dark Traits Drive Problematic Drinking</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taylin%20L.%20Peoples">Taylin L. Peoples</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lauren%20Lewis"> Lauren Lewis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sebastian%20G.%20Risco"> Sebastian G. Risco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devin%20Mills"> Devin Mills</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The impact of problematic drinking (PD) on the health of U.S. adults continues to be a concerning issue. Additionally, the U.S. Surgeon General recently highlighted the isolation epidemic, bringing attention to the significant and detrimental impact of loneliness. Research has found PD to be associated with deficits in feeling connection towards others. This suggests that one consequence of the isolation epidemic is the greater severity of PD. Further, PD has long been associated with three dark personality traits (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy), which may be explained by interpersonal factors but has yet to be examined. Therefore, the present study assessed the extent to which thwarted belongingness (TB) and perceived burdensomeness (PB) explain the relationship between dark personality traits and PD. Data was collected from 606 US adults reporting alcohol consumption. The participants completed the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire, the Short Dark Triad scale, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Results from a path analysis supported the hypothesis that dark traits are associated with more severe PD through both PB and TB. The present results underscore the role of connection to others, as defined by TB and PB, in facilitating the relationship between dark personality traits and PD. Future research is needed in this area to develop preventative strategies and policies as well as clinical interventions. In sum, the findings offer a novel perspective on the intersection of personality traits, PB and TB, and PD. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=problem%20drinking" title="problem drinking">problem drinking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personality" title=" personality"> personality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20traits" title=" dark traits"> dark traits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20traid" title=" dark traid"> dark traid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thwarted%20belonginess" title=" thwarted belonginess"> thwarted belonginess</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perceived%20burdensomeness" title=" perceived burdensomeness"> perceived burdensomeness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188575/deficits-in-belongingness-and-elevated-perceptions-of-burdensomeness-how-dark-traits-drive-problematic-drinking" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188575.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">36</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4817</span> Statistical Analysis to Select Evacuation Route</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaky%20Musyarof">Zaky Musyarof</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dwi%20Yono%20Sutarto"> Dwi Yono Sutarto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dwima%20Rindy%20Atika"> Dwima Rindy Atika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20B.%20Fajriya%20Hakim"> R. B. Fajriya Hakim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Each country should be responsible for the safety of people, especially responsible for the safety of people living in disaster-prone areas. One of those services is provides evacuation route for them. But all this time, the selection of evacuation route is seem doesn’t well organized, it could be seen that when a disaster happen, there will be many accumulation of people on the steps of evacuation route. That condition is dangerous to people because hampers evacuation process. By some methods in Statistical analysis, author tries to give a suggestion how to prepare evacuation route which is organized and based on people habit. Those methods are association rules, sequential pattern mining, hierarchical cluster analysis and fuzzy logic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=association%20rules" title="association rules">association rules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequential%20pattern%20mining" title=" sequential pattern mining"> sequential pattern mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cluster%20analysis" title=" cluster analysis"> cluster analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic" title=" fuzzy logic"> fuzzy logic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20route" title=" evacuation route"> evacuation route</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21873/statistical-analysis-to-select-evacuation-route" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21873.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">504</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4816</span> Dynamic Reroute Modeling for Emergency Evacuation: Case Study of Brunswick City, Germany </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun-Pang%20Fl%C3%B6tter%C3%B6d">Yun-Pang Flötteröd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jakob%20Erdmann"> Jakob Erdmann</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The human behaviors during evacuations are quite complex. One of the critical behaviors which affect the efficiency of evacuation is route choice. Therefore, the respective simulation modeling work needs to function properly. In this paper, Simulation of Urban Mobility’s (SUMO) current dynamic route modeling during evacuation, i.e. the rerouting functions, is examined with a real case study. The result consistency of the simulation and the reality is checked as well. Four influence factors (1) time to get information, (2) probability to cancel a trip, (3) probability to use navigation equipment, and (4) rerouting and information updating period are considered to analyze possible traffic impacts during the evacuation and to examine the rerouting functions in SUMO. Furthermore, some behavioral characters of the case study are analyzed with use of the corresponding detector data and applied in the simulation. The experiment results show that the dynamic route modeling in SUMO can deal with the proposed scenarios properly. Some issues and function needs related to route choice are discussed and further improvements are suggested. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation" title="evacuation">evacuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microscopic%20traffic%20simulation" title=" microscopic traffic simulation"> microscopic traffic simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rerouting" title=" rerouting"> rerouting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SUMO" title=" SUMO"> SUMO</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85228/dynamic-reroute-modeling-for-emergency-evacuation-case-study-of-brunswick-city-germany" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85228.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4815</span> Cyber Aggression, Cyber Bullying and the Dark Triad: Effect on Workplace Behavior and Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anishya%20Obhrai%20Madan">Anishya Obhrai Madan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In an increasingly connected world, where speed of communication attempts to match the speed of thought and thus intentions; conflict gets actioned faster using media like the internet and telecommunication technology. This has led to a new form of aggression: “cyber bullying”. The present paper attempts to integrate existing theory on bullying, and the dark triad personality traits in a work environment and extrapolate it to the cyber context. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflict%20at%20work" title="conflict at work">conflict at work</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyber%20bullying" title=" cyber bullying"> cyber bullying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20triad%20of%20personality" title=" dark triad of personality"> dark triad of personality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxic%20employee" title=" toxic employee"> toxic employee</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11191/cyber-aggression-cyber-bullying-and-the-dark-triad-effect-on-workplace-behavior-and-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11191.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">230</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4814</span> Optimization of Feeder Bus Routes at Urban Rail Transit Stations Based on Link Growth Probability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Song">Yu Song</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuefei%20Jin"> Yuefei Jin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Urban public transportation can be integrated when there is an efficient connection between urban rail lines, however, there are currently no effective or quick solutions being investigated for this connection. This paper analyzes the space-time distribution and travel demand of passenger connection travel based on taxi track data and data from the road network, excavates potential bus connection stations based on potential connection demand data, and introduces the link growth probability model in the complex network to solve the basic connection bus lines in order to ascertain the direction of the bus lines that are the most connected given the demand characteristics. Then, a tree view exhaustive approach based on constraints is suggested based on graph theory, which can hasten the convergence of findings while doing chain calculations. This study uses WEI QU NAN Station, the Xi'an Metro Line 2 terminal station in Shaanxi Province, as an illustration, to evaluate the model's and the solution method's efficacy. According to the findings, 153 prospective stations have been dug up in total, the feeder bus network for the entire line has been laid out, and the best route adjustment strategy has been found. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feeder%20bus" title="feeder bus">feeder bus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=route%20optimization" title=" route optimization"> route optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=link%20growth%20probability" title=" link growth probability"> link growth probability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20graph%20theory" title=" the graph theory"> the graph theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163356/optimization-of-feeder-bus-routes-at-urban-rail-transit-stations-based-on-link-growth-probability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163356.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4813</span> The Dark Side of Tourism's Implications: A Structural Equation Modeling Study of the 2016 Earthquake in Central Italy </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Kulaga">B. Kulaga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Cinti"> A. Cinti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20J.%20Mazzocchini"> F. J. Mazzocchini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite the fact that growing academic attention on dark tourism is a fairly recent phenomenon, among the various reasons for travelling death-related ones, are very ancient. Furthermore, the darker side of human nature has always been fascinated and curious regarding death, or at least, man has always tried to learn lessons from death. This study proposes to describe the phenomenon of dark tourism related to the 2016 earthquake in Central Italy, deadly for 302 people and highly destructive for the rural areas of Lazio, Marche, and Umbria Regions. The primary objective is to examine the motivation-experience relationship in a dark tourism site, using the structural equation model, applied for the first time to a dark tourism research in 2016, in a study conducted after the Beichuan earthquake. The findings of the current study are derived from the calculations conducted on primary data compiled from 350 tourists in the areas mostly affected by the 2016 earthquake, including the town of Amatrice, near the epicenter, Castelluccio, Norcia, Ussita and Visso, through conducting a Likert scale survey. Furthermore, we use the structural equation model to examine the motivation behind dark travel and how this experience can influence the motivation and emotional reaction of tourists. Expected findings are in line with the previous study mentioned above, indicating that: not all tourists visit the thanatourism sites for dark tourism purpose, tourists’ emotional reactions influence more heavily the emotional tourist experience than cognitive experiences do, and curious visitors are likely to engage cognitively by learning about the incident or related issues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20tourism" title="dark tourism">dark tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emotional%20reaction" title=" emotional reaction"> emotional reaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experience" title=" experience"> experience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation" title=" motivation"> motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20equation%20model" title=" structural equation model"> structural equation model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110726/the-dark-side-of-tourisms-implications-a-structural-equation-modeling-study-of-the-2016-earthquake-in-central-italy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110726.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4812</span> Prediction of the Dark Matter Distribution and Fraction in Individual Galaxies Based Solely on Their Rotation Curves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramzi%20Suleiman">Ramzi Suleiman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, the author proposed an observationally-based relativity theory termed information relativity theory (IRT). The theory is simple and is based only on basic principles, with no prior axioms and no free parameters. For the case of a body of mass in uniform rectilinear motion relative to an observer, the theory transformations uncovered a matter-dark matter duality, which prescribes that the sum of the densities of the body's baryonic matter and dark matter, as measured by the observer, is equal to the body's matter density at rest. It was shown that the theory transformations were successful in predicting several important phenomena in small particle physics, quantum physics, and cosmology. This paper extends the theory transformations to the cases of rotating disks and spheres. The resulting transformations for a rotating disk are utilized to derive predictions of the radial distributions of matter and dark matter densities in rotationally supported galaxies based solely on their observed rotation curves. It is also shown that for galaxies with flattening curves, good approximations of the radial distributions of matter and dark matter and of the dark matter fraction could be obtained from one measurable scale radius. Test of the model on five galaxies, chosen randomly from the SPARC database, yielded impressive predictions. The rotation curves of all the investigated galaxies emerged as accurate traces of the predicted radial density distributions of their dark matter. This striking result raises an intriguing physical explanation of gravity in galaxies, according to which it is the proximal drag of the stars and gas in the galaxy by its rotating dark matter web. We conclude by alluding briefly to the application of the proposed model to stellar systems and black holes. This study also hints at the potential of the discovered matter-dark matter duality in fixing the standard model of elementary particles in a natural manner without the need for hypothesizing about supersymmetric particles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20matter" title="dark matter">dark matter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=galaxies%20rotation%20curves" title=" galaxies rotation curves"> galaxies rotation curves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SPARC" title=" SPARC"> SPARC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rotating%20disk" title=" rotating disk"> rotating disk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171407/prediction-of-the-dark-matter-distribution-and-fraction-in-individual-galaxies-based-solely-on-their-rotation-curves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171407.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4811</span> Internet of Things: Route Search Optimization Applying Ant Colony Algorithm and Theory of Computer Science</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tushar%20Bhardwaj">Tushar Bhardwaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Internet of Things (IoT) possesses a dynamic network where the network nodes (mobile devices) are added and removed constantly and randomly, hence the traffic distribution in the network is quite variable and irregular. The basic but very important part in any network is route searching. We have many conventional route searching algorithms like link-state, and distance vector algorithms but they are restricted to the static point to point network topology. In this paper we propose a model that uses the Ant Colony Algorithm for route searching. It is dynamic in nature and has positive feedback mechanism that conforms to the route searching. We have also embedded the concept of Non-Deterministic Finite Automata [NDFA] minimization to reduce the network to increase the performance. Results show that Ant Colony Algorithm gives the shortest path from the source to destination node and NDFA minimization reduces the broadcasting storm effectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=routing" title="routing">routing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ant%20colony%20algorithm" title=" ant colony algorithm"> ant colony algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NDFA" title=" NDFA"> NDFA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IoT" title=" IoT"> IoT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1965/internet-of-things-route-search-optimization-applying-ant-colony-algorithm-and-theory-of-computer-science" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1965.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">444</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4810</span> The Dark Triad’s Moral Labyrinth: Differentiating Cognitive Processes Involved in Machiavellianism and Psychopathy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Megan%20E.%20Davies">Megan E. Davies</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the intention of identifying cognitive processes uniquely involved in the dark triad personality traits of psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism, this study aimed to determine further potential differences and parameters of individual traits by explaining a statistically significant amount of variance between the constructs of manipulativeness, impulsiveness, grit, and need for cognition within the dark triad. Applying a cross-sectional design, N = 96 participants self-reported using the MACH-IV, SRP-III, NFC-S, and Grit Scale for Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that only manipulativeness predicted Machiavellianism, whereas manipulativeness and impulsiveness were found to have predictive qualities for psychopathy. Overall, these results found areas of discrepancy and overlap between manipulation and impulsivity regarding psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Additionally, this study serves to preliminarily eliminate the Need for Cognition and grit as predictive variables for Machiavellianism and psychopathy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Machiavellianism" title="Machiavellianism">Machiavellianism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychopathy" title=" psychopathy"> psychopathy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manipulation" title=" manipulation"> manipulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impulsiveness" title=" impulsiveness"> impulsiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=need%20for%20cognition" title=" need for cognition"> need for cognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grit" title=" grit"> grit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20triad" title=" dark triad"> dark triad</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158474/the-dark-triads-moral-labyrinth-differentiating-cognitive-processes-involved-in-machiavellianism-and-psychopathy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158474.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4809</span> Agegraphic Dark Energy with GUP</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20R.%20Fazlollahi">H. R. Fazlollahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dark Energy origin is unknown and so describing this mysterious component in large scale structure needs to manipulate our theories in general relativity. Although in most models, dark energy arises from extra terms through modifying Einstein-Hilbert action, maybe its origin traces back to fundamental aspects of ground energy of space-time given in quantum mechanics. Hence, diluting space-time in general relativity with quantum mechanics properties leads to the Karolyhazy relation corresponding energy density of quantum fluctuations of space-time. Through generalized uncertainty principle and an eye to Karolyhazy approach in this study we extend energy density of quantum fluctuations of space-time. Also, the application of this idea is considered in late time evolution and we have shown how extra term in generalized uncertainty principle plays as a plausible interaction term role in suggested model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generalized%20uncertainty%20principle" title="generalized uncertainty principle">generalized uncertainty principle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=karolyhazy%20approach" title=" karolyhazy approach"> karolyhazy approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agegraphic%20dark%20energy" title=" agegraphic dark energy"> agegraphic dark energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cosmology" title=" cosmology"> cosmology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165000/agegraphic-dark-energy-with-gup" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165000.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4808</span> Asymmetrically Contacted Tellurium Short-Wave Infrared Photodetector with Low Dark Current and High Sensitivity at Room Temperature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huang%20Haoxin">Huang Haoxin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Large dark current at room temperature has long been the major bottleneck that impedes the development of high-performance infrared photodetectors towards miniaturization and integration. Although infrared photodetectors based on layered 2D narrow bandgap semiconductors have shown admirable advantages compared with those based on conventional compounds, which typically suffer from expensive cryogenic operations, it is still urgent to develop a simple but effective strategy to further reduce the dark current. Herein, a tellurium (Te) based infrared photodetector is reported with a specifically designed asymmetric electrical contact area. The deliberately introduced asymmetric electrical contact raises the electric field intensity difference in the Te channel near the drain and the source electrodes, resulting in spontaneous asymmetric carrier diffusion under global infrared light illumination under zero bias. Specifically, the Te-based photodetector presents promising detector performance at room temperature, including a low dark current of≈1 nA, an ultrahigh photocurrent/dark current ratio of 1.57×10⁴, a high specific detectivity (D*) of 3.24×10⁹ Jones, and relatively fast response speed of ≈720 μs at zero bias. The results prove that the simple design of asymmetric electrical contact areas can provide a promising solution to high-performance 2D semiconductor-based infrared photodetectors working at room temperature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asymmetrical%20contact" title="asymmetrical contact">asymmetrical contact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tellurium" title=" tellurium"> tellurium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20current" title=" dark current"> dark current</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrared%20photodetector" title=" infrared photodetector"> infrared photodetector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity" title=" sensitivity"> sensitivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185792/asymmetrically-contacted-tellurium-short-wave-infrared-photodetector-with-low-dark-current-and-high-sensitivity-at-room-temperature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185792.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">51</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4807</span> Social Affiliation Effects of Technology in 2022</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johanna%20Goe%C3%9F">Johanna Goeß</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this field study, it is hypothesised that affiliation motivation is relevant to dark terminal technology readiness. The theoretical basis for this work was the TAM 2, focusing on the social process variables and the short-scale technology readiness. Two hypotheses to be tested are the focus of consideration:  H1: The TAM constructs are independently positively related to dark device use. H2: Sense of social belonging is positively related to dark device use.  In this quantitative study, 30 male subjects participated with their dark devices. Using a post-basket exercise, affiliation is manipulated by content items on the website to investigate whether affiliation between computers and people and smartphones and people leads to similar effects as an affiliation between people. The entire scientific study, including the questionnaire, took about 30 minutes. This study contributes to the current literature and draws attention to the fact that male users' terminal devices have an influence in the form of affiliation effects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human-computer-interaction" title="human-computer-interaction">human-computer-interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computers" title=" computers"> computers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smartphones" title=" smartphones"> smartphones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=addiction" title=" addiction"> addiction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20affiliation%20effects" title=" social affiliation effects"> social affiliation effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TAM%202" title=" TAM 2"> TAM 2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyramid%20of%20needs" title=" pyramid of needs"> pyramid of needs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20actors" title=" social actors"> social actors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152110/social-affiliation-effects-of-technology-in-2022" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152110.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">117</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4806</span> Natural Disaster Tourism as a Type of Dark Tourism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dorota%20Ruci%C5%84ska">Dorota Rucińska</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This theoretical paper combines the academic discourse regarding a specific part of dark tourism. Based on the literature analysis, distinction of natural disasters in thanatourism was investigated, which is connected with dynamic geographical conditions. Natural disasters used to play an important role in social life by their appearance in myths and religions. Nowadays, tourists pursuing natural hazards can be divided into three groups: Those interested in natural hazards themselves; those interested in landscape deformation and experiencing emotions shortly after extreme events - natural disasters - occur; and finally those interested in historic places log after an extreme event takes place. An important element of the natural disaster tourism is quick access to information on the location of a disaster and the destination of a potential excursion. Natural disaster tourism suits alternative tourism, yet it is opposed culture tourism, and sustainable tourism. The paper compares types and groups of tourists. It also considers the contradictions that describe dualism, which exists in dark tourism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20tourism" title="dark tourism">dark tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dualism" title=" dualism"> dualism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20disasters" title=" natural disasters"> natural disasters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20hazards" title=" natural hazards"> natural hazards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thanatoursim" title=" thanatoursim"> thanatoursim</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41651/natural-disaster-tourism-as-a-type-of-dark-tourism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41651.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">384</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4805</span> A Correlational Study: Dark Triad and Self-Restraint among Criminology Students</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mary%20Heather%20Lee%20T.%20Walker">Mary Heather Lee T. Walker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Audilon%20Benjamin%20Madamba"> Audilon Benjamin Madamba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mizheal%20Vstrechnny%20Vidal"> Mizheal Vstrechnny Vidal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rogelio%20Angeles"> Rogelio Angeles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Rhey%20Banag"> John Rhey Banag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lorraine%20Martin"> Lorraine Martin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Criminology students are the future police officers of the country that plays a major role in protecting the citizens. Their behavior must be thoroughly assessed before given a badge of responsibility. Therefore, it is important to highlight their Dark Triad that is composed of Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy which are considered to be controversial variables in the present while self-restraint is considered to be their way of controlling themselves especially in their line of work. The researchers used convenience and random sampling and found the respondents from a private school. Thus, the study’s aim is to determine whether there is a relationship among these variables. Machiavellianism and Psychopathy is linked to Self-Restraint except Narcissism. There are lots of factors that resulted into this. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminology" title="criminology">criminology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20triad" title=" dark triad"> dark triad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-restraint" title=" self-restraint"> self-restraint</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=students" title=" students"> students</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104229/a-correlational-study-dark-triad-and-self-restraint-among-criminology-students" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104229.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">293</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4804</span> Renewed Urban Waterfront: Spatial Conditions of a Contemporary Urban Space Typology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beate%20Niemann">Beate Niemann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabian%20Pramel"> Fabian Pramel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The formerly industrially or militarily used Urban Waterfront is a potential area for urban development. Extensive interventions in the urban space come along with the development of these previously inaccessible areas in the city. The development of the Urban Waterfront in the European City is not subject to any recognizable urban paradigm. In this study, the development of the Urban Waterfront as a new urban space typology is analyzed by case studies of Urban Waterfront developments in European Cities. For humans, perceptible spatial conditions are categorized and it is identified whether the themed Urban Waterfront Developments are congruent or incongruent urban design interventions and which deviations the Urban Waterfront itself induce. As congruent urban design, a design is understood, which fits in the urban fabric regarding its similar spatial conditions to the surrounding. Incongruent urban design, however, shows significantly different conditions in its shape. Finally, the spatial relationship of the themed Urban Waterfront developments and their associated environment are compared in order to identify contrasts between new and old urban space. In this way, conclusions about urban design paradigms of the new urban space typology are tried to be drawn. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composition" title="composition">composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=congruence" title=" congruence"> congruence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identity" title=" identity"> identity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paradigm" title=" paradigm"> paradigm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20condition" title=" spatial condition"> spatial condition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20design" title=" urban design"> urban design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20development" title=" urban development"> urban development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20waterfront" title=" urban waterfront"> urban waterfront</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58261/renewed-urban-waterfront-spatial-conditions-of-a-contemporary-urban-space-typology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58261.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">443</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20urban%20route&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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