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class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-原始日耳曼語的演化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原始日耳曼語的演化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>原始日耳曼語的演化</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-原始日耳曼語的演化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关原始日耳曼語的演化子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-原始日耳曼語的演化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-考古學的貢獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#考古學的貢獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>考古學的貢獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-考古學的貢獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言學的定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言學的定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>語言學的定義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言學的定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他印歐語的借詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他印歐語的借詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>其他印歐語的借詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他印歐語的借詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非印歐語元素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非印歐語元素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>非印歐語元素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非印歐語元素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音韻學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音韻學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>音韻學</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-音韻學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关音韻學子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-音韻學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-子音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#子音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>子音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-子音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-子音叢集" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#子音叢集"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>子音叢集</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-子音叢集-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-格林定律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#格林定律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>格林定律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-格林定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-維爾納定律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#維爾納定律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>維爾納定律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-維爾納定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同位異音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同位異音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>同位異音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同位異音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-母音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#母音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>母音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-母音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形態學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形態學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>形態學</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-形態學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关形態學子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-形態學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-屈折系統的簡化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#屈折系統的簡化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>屈折系統的簡化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-屈折系統的簡化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形態上特徵的總括" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形態上特徵的總括"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>形態上特徵的總括</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形態上特徵的總括-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-名詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>名詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形容詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形容詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>形容詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形容詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-限定詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#限定詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>限定詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-限定詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-動詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>動詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-動詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-代詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#代詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>代詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-代詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>注釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">原始日耳曼語</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。47种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanische_Ursprache" title="Germanische Ursprache – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Germanische Ursprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الجرمانية البدائية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الجرمانية البدائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_protoxerm%C3%A1nicu" title="Idioma protoxermánicu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma protoxermánicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-German_dili" title="Proto-German dili – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proto-German dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Прагерманская мова – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прагерманская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Протогермански език – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протогермански език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentgermaneg" title="Kentgermaneg – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kentgermaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogerm%C3%A0nic" title="Protogermànic – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protogermànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragerm%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Pragermánština – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pragermánština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgermansk" title="Urgermansk – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Urgermansk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgermanische_Sprache" title="Urgermanische Sprache – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urgermanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Proto-Germanic language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C4%9Dermana_lingvo" title="Praĝermana lingvo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Praĝermana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_protogerm%C3%A1nico" title="Idioma protogermánico – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma protogermánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaani_algkeel" title="Germaani algkeel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Germaani algkeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitzingermaniko" title="Aitzingermaniko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aitzingermaniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان نیاژرمنی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان نیاژرمنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaaninen_kantakieli" title="Germaaninen kantakieli – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Germaaninen kantakieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-germanique" title="Proto-germanique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proto-germanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germaansk" title="Proto-Germaansk – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Proto-Germaansk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_protoxerm%C3%A1nica" title="Lingua protoxermánica – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua protoxermánica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – 哥特语" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Proto-Jermanik" title="Bahasa Proto-Jermanik – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Proto-Jermanik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumgermanska" title="Frumgermanska – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumgermanska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_proto-germanica" title="Lingua proto-germanica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua proto-germanica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E7%A5%96%E8%AA%9E" title="ゲルマン祖語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルマン祖語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%A1%B0%EC%96%B4" title="게르만조어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게르만조어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Protogermanica" title="Lingua Protogermanica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Protogermanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogermanica" title="Protogermanica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Protogermanica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanich" title="Proto-Germanich – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Proto-Germanich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%C5%B3_prokalb%C4%97" title="Germanų prokalbė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Germanų prokalbė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oergermaans" title="Oergermaans – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oergermaans" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oergermaans" title="Oergermaans – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oergermaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgermansk" title="Urgermansk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Urgermansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgermansk" title="Urgermansk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urgermansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_pragerma%C5%84ski" title="Język pragermański – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język pragermański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_protogerm%C3%A2nica" title="Língua protogermânica – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua protogermânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_protogermanic%C4%83" title="Limba protogermanică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba protogermanică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Прагерманский язык – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прагерманский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragerman%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Pragermanščina – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pragermanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_proto-gjermanike" title="Gjuha proto-gjermanike – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha proto-gjermanike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgermanska" title="Urgermanska – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urgermanska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto_Cermen_dili" title="Proto Cermen dili – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Proto Cermen dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Прагерманська мова – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прагерманська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AE_v%C3%AE_t%C3%AExhon" title="Vî vî tîxhon – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vî vî tîxhon" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oergermaons" title="Oergermaons – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Oergermaons" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="原始日耳曼語言 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原始日耳曼語言" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q669623#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" lang="zh-Hans-CN" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&id=80712569&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%25A7%258B%25E6%2597%25A5%25E8%2580%25B3%25E6%259B%25BC%25E8%25AA%259E"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258E%259F%25E5%25A7%258B%25E6%2597%25A5%25E8%2580%25B3%25E6%259B%25BC%25E8%25AA%259E"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Proto-Germanic_language" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q669623" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;">原始日爾曼語</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><b>区域</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90" title="北歐">北歐</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BB%85%E4%BA%A1" title="語言滅亡">語言滅亡</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">在公元<a href="/wiki/4%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="4世紀">4世紀</a>時發展成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="原始諾爾斯語">原始諾爾斯語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="哥德語">哥德語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="古法兰克语">古法蘭克語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%A0%BC%E6%B2%83%E5%86%85%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="因格沃内语">北海日耳曼語</a>等語言</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐語系">印歐語系</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼語族">日耳曼語族</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><b>原始日爾曼語</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%81%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="盧恩字母">古盧恩文</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gem" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gem">gem</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">–</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordic_Bronze_Age.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nordic_Bronze_Age.png/245px-Nordic_Bronze_Age.png" decoding="async" width="245" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nordic_Bronze_Age.png/368px-Nordic_Bronze_Age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nordic_Bronze_Age.png/490px-Nordic_Bronze_Age.png 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北欧青銅器文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nordic Bronze Age"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北欧青銅器文化（页面不存在）">北欧青銅器文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" class="extiw" title="en:Nordic Bronze Age"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nordic Bronze Age</span></a></span>）</span></span>在大約西元前1200年左右時的分佈</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pre-roman_iron_age_(map).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG/245px-Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="245" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG/368px-Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG/490px-Pre-roman_iron_age_%28map%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>在西元前五百年到西元前五十年左右，被認為和原始日耳曼語使用者有關的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前羅馬鐵器文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pre-Roman Iron Age"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E9%90%B5%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前羅馬鐵器文化（页面不存在）">前羅馬鐵器文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="extiw" title="en:Pre-Roman Iron Age"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pre-Roman Iron Age</span></a></span>）</span></span>分佈區，在斯堪地納維亞以南，以洋紅色標明的部份為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞斯多夫文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jastorf culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞斯多夫文化（页面不存在）">亞斯多夫文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastorf_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Jastorf culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jastorf culture</span></a></span>）</span></span>分佈區</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_tribes_(750BC-1AD).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/245px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png" decoding="async" width="245" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/368px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/490px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>日耳曼部落於西元前750年左右至西元元年左右的擴張<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f00; color:black;"> </span>  到西元前750年以前的殖民地</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f84; color:black;"> </span>  到西元前500年為止所拓展的殖民地</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0; color:black;"> </span>  到西元前250左右為止的所拓展的殖民地</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0f0; color:black;"> </span>  到西元元年為止所拓展的殖民地</div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>原始日耳曼語</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Proto-Germanic</span>），也称<b>共同日耳曼語</b>（<span lang="en">Common Germanic</span>），是猜想中存在的一個所有<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼語族">日耳曼語族</a>語言的共同祖先。 </p><p>原始日耳曼语最终在公元前5世纪至公元5世纪期间从前日耳曼语（英語：<span lang="en">Pre-Germanic</span>）发展为日耳曼语的三个分支：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="西日耳曼语支">西日耳曼语支</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="东日耳曼语支">东日耳曼语支</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="北日耳曼语支">北日耳曼语支</a>，但它们在相当长的时间内保持着联系，特别是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="北海日耳曼语">北海日耳曼语</a>（包括英语），起源于西日耳曼语方言，并与北日耳曼语保持着持续的联系。 </p><p>原始日耳曼语的一个显着特征是完成了<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="格林定律">格林定律</a>所描述的过程，即在其作为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="原始印欧语">原始印欧语</a>方言的地位和逐渐分化为一种独立语言之间发生的一系列声音变化。公元四世纪，随着<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%81%E5%BE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="民族大迁徙">民族大迁徙</a>的开始，原始日耳曼语时期结束了。 </p><p>原始日耳曼语言并没有被任何连贯的现存文本直接证明；但采用比较法对其进行了重构。然而，在早期的符文铭文（特别是公元2世纪的维莫斯铭文和公元前2世纪的内高头盔铭文）和罗马帝国中，有（晚期）原始日耳曼语零碎的直接证明。各个单词的纪元转录（特别是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E8%A5%BF%E4%BD%97" title="塔西佗">塔西佗</a>的 <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%BF%97" title="日耳曼尼亚志">日耳曼尼亚志</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="原始日耳曼語的演化"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E5.A7.8B.E6.97.A5.E8.80.B3.E6.9B.BC.E8.AA.9E.E7.9A.84.E6.BC.94.E5.8C.96"></span>原始日耳曼語的演化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：原始日耳曼語的演化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>原始日耳曼語的演化始於這種原始語言因為地域的分隔而使各地的發音開始分歧。由於各地的語音習慣有所不同，使聲音慢慢地產生轉變。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="考古學的貢獻"><span id=".E8.80.83.E5.8F.A4.E5.AD.B8.E7.9A.84.E8.B2.A2.E7.8D.BB"></span>考古學的貢獻</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：考古學的貢獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>基于学术界对日耳曼语起源的一种主流观点，大约在4500年前起，亦就是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北欧青铜时代（页面不存在）">北欧青铜时代</a>之前，印欧语言的使用者们从<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼人</a>的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E4%B9%A1_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="原乡 (语言学)">理论发源地</a>”（德语：Urheimat）的中央地区，到达了位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a>南部和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="日德兰半岛">日德兰半岛</a>（丹麦及德国北部，当时的居民称作朱特人）的广阔平原地带。这里是唯一的一块没有发现前日耳曼语地名的土地<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在这些移民未迁入之前此地已然有人居住，而地名的匮乏或是不完整性势必意味着原始印欧人曾经的长期、古老而又频繁的迁入，以至于既有名称的反复更替。如果说从考古学的角度来看待共同语是一种简单直接的手段(而不是直截了当地假设),那么印欧语言的使用者的身份就应该确认为是跨度更为广泛的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B3%E7%BA%B9%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="绳纹器文化">绳纹器文化时期</a>（又名条纹陶器文化时期）或<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E6%96%A7%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="戰斧文化">战斧文化时期</a>，可能还涉及之前一直发展至西欧<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="新石器时代">新石器时代</a>晚期的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%8F%E6%96%97%E9%A2%88%E9%99%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漏斗颈陶文化（页面不存在）">漏斗颈陶文化时期</a>的缔造者<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>随后原始日耳曼语从在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E4%B9%A1_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="原乡 (语言学)">原乡地区</a>使用的印欧语中分离出来，考古学的成功发现有力地证明了在公元前750年左右，该语言真正分化成为独立的日耳曼支系之前，原始日耳曼语的使用者居住在南斯堪的纳维亚和西至荷兰海岸、东至威斯杜拉河的广大地区<sup id="cite_ref-EB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語言學的定義"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E5.AD.B8.E7.9A.84.E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>語言學的定義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：語言學的定義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>原始日耳曼语在定义上被认为是构成自公元后500年所有已确证日耳曼语之祖先的语言基石。贯穿使用于北欧青铜时代（约公元前2500年——公元前500年）的晚期原始印欧语方言，被提出并认定为“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前原始日耳曼语（页面不存在）">前原始日耳曼语</a>”或更为通俗地称作“前日耳曼语”，尽管该语言除去日耳曼语外亦没能够确证出其他的衍生语言<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。至公元前250年止，原始日耳曼语已分化成五个较大的日耳曼语语支，其中东面一支，西面和北面各两支<sup id="cite_ref-EB_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼諸語言">日耳曼诸语言</a></div> <p>根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">历史语言学</a>的理论，原始日耳曼语被看作<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%91%E7%8A%B6%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="树状模型（页面不存在）">树状模型</a>的一个交叉节点，也就是说，如果一个语言的所有衍生语言能够被类比为生物学中的系谱世系，那么原始日耳曼语就可以作为交叉点或者是结节出现在系谱图中，从它可以衍生出所有的后代，而原始日耳曼语本身又可以作为一个支系的末端由另外一个结节——原始印欧语衍生出来<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。关于“结节”问题的其中之一就是它将意味着不自觉地强制定义一些固定语言的存在，而事实上“原始日耳曼语”在如此久远的时间序列中必然发生着持续的音变，任何一种法则或是分组只有在这些变化完成之后才会生效<sup id="cite_ref-GSC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>美国历史语言学家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BC%97%E5%88%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威弗列德·莱曼（页面不存在）">威弗列德·莱曼</a>（Winfred P. Lehmann）认为<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97" title="雅各布·格林">雅各布·格林</a>（Jacob Grimm）提出的主要针对辅音的“第一日耳曼语音音变”<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（又名<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="格林定律">格林定律</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="維爾納定律">维尔纳定律</a>）和曾经数十年认定前原始日耳曼语衍生出原始日耳曼语的理论，以及他的“上限理论”是对口语或重音在音节上的一种强制限定。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而主流学者的观点则认为原始日耳曼语经历了一个由可变音位口语组成的，如同根据单词的音节长度，由一系列规则决定重音位置一样的“高低音调的改变”。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>重音的固定直接引发了非重读音节的音变。引用莱曼的观点，“较低限”即为非重读音节中最终的-a或者-e的发音所能降到的程度。例如，原始日耳曼语中的woyd-á。另一位学者安东森在上限理论方面的观点与莱曼相一致，<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但随后不久他在古卢恩文字中发现了没有发生音位下降的证据：ékwakraz ... wraita, "I wakraz ... wrote (this)".他说：“我们必须得为原始日耳曼语找到一个新的‘较低限’”<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>安东森个人的构想是将原始日耳曼语划分为早期和晚期两个部分，早期部分包括重音的固定和“自发元音音变”，而关于晚期的定义他列出了十条复杂的规则来同时描述元音与辅音的变化<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他印歐語的借詞"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E5.8D.B0.E6.AD.90.E8.AA.9E.E7.9A.84.E5.80.9F.E8.A9.9E"></span>其他印歐語的借詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：其他印歐語的借詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>我們可以從原始日耳曼語中來自其他印歐語的借詞，再與日耳曼語的語音轉變時間作比較，從而推斷出這些詞語被借入的時間。不過，由於事件的發生時間沒有一個準確的紀錄，這些推斷的準確性仍然會被質疑。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="非印歐語元素"><span id=".E9.9D.9E.E5.8D.B0.E6.AD.90.E8.AA.9E.E5.85.83.E7.B4.A0"></span>非印歐語元素</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：非印歐語元素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_substrate_hypothesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis（页面不存在）">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音韻學"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E9.9F.BB.E5.AD.B8"></span>音韻學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：音韻學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="子音"><span id=".E5.AD.90.E9.9F.B3"></span>子音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：子音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>原始日耳曼語的子音藉由作用在原始印歐語子音上的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="格林定律">格林定律</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="維爾納定律">維爾納定律</a>而產生。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="子音叢集"><span id=".E5.AD.90.E9.9F.B3.E5.8F.A2.E9.9B.86"></span>子音叢集</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：子音叢集"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>下表<sup id="cite_ref-EB_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>顯示出了重建後的原始日耳曼語的子音，斜線的部份被省去，以清楚表示發音的符號，在同一個格子當中，中間有「或」字樣的兩個發音，表示它們是同位異音，而其間的關係，則在下方進行解釋。<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>原始日耳曼語子音 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="子音">子音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%86%A0%E9%9F%B3" title="舌冠音">舌冠音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟顎音">軟顎音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟顎音">唇軟顎音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>清<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <td align="center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">pp</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tt</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">k</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">kk</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">kʷ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>清<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </th> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">f</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ff</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">θ</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">θθ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">x</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">h</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">xʷ</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">hʷ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>濁塞音或擦音<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </th> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ƀ, b</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">bb</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">đ, d</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">dd</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ǥ, g</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">gg</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ǥʷ</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">gʷ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> </th> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">m</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">mm</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">nn</span> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%9D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="噝音">噝音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">z, s</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ss</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> </th> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">w</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ww</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">r, l</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">rr, ll</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">j</span> <small>或</small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jj</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="格林定律"><span id=".E6.A0.BC.E6.9E.97.E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8B"></span>格林定律</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：格林定律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="格林定律">格林定律</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="格林定律">格林定律</a>是一套用來解釋原始日耳曼語從原來的原始印歐語經過一連串的發音轉變至原始日耳曼語的機制。它的內容大致可以用以下的表格詳列（各音素前後的"/"號被省略）。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><b>清音變為擦音</b> </th> <th><b>濁音變為清音</b> </th> <th><b>送氣音變為不送氣音</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>唇音</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">f</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">b</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">bʰ</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">b</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>齒音</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">θ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">d</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">dʰ</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">d</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>軟顎音</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">k</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">x</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɡ</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">k</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɡʰ</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɡ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>唇顎音</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">kʷ</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">xʷ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɡʷ</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">kʷ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɡʷʰ</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɡʷ</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">w</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɡ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>在擦音或其他塞音的後方，<i>p</i>、<i>t</i>和<i>k</i>通常不發生改變，像例如拉丁語（有著遺傳自原印歐語的t）的stella（意即「星星」）和octo（意即「八」）與中古荷蘭語的ster和acht等（有著未發生推移的t）的對照即一例<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這個因此遺傳下來的t，後來和從有聲子音轉變而來的t相混合，也就是說多數的/t/的發音，有可能是來自因為上述例外而留下來的/t/，或者來自經由子音推移而來的/t/。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="維爾納定律"><span id=".E7.B6.AD.E7.88.BE.E7.B4.8D.E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8B"></span>維爾納定律</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：維爾納定律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="維爾納定律">維爾納定律</a></div> <p>維爾納定律致力於對格林定律而言的一類例外：濁擦音有時出現在格林定律預期清擦音的地方；例如，PIE *<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">bhrátēr</span> > Pgmc *<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">brōþēr</span> "brother"而PIE *<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">mātér</span> > Pgmc *<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">mōðēr</span> "mother"。這個定律聲稱清擦音：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s/, /f/, /θ/, /x/</span>在前導著非重音音節的時候是濁音，但是這個<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="重音">重音</a>系統是在前原始日耳曼語中的PIE音高重音系統。維爾納定律因此最終服從格林定律并先於原始日耳曼語的音強重音。某些<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s/</span>依據維爾納定律濁化而產生了新音位<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/z/</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-EB_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="同位異音"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E4.BD.8D.E7.95.B0.E9.9F.B3"></span>同位異音</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：同位異音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有時語音轉移產生了依賴最初語境的對輔音的不同發音（同位異音）。關於最初的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/k/</span>或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/kʷ/</span> Trask聲稱：“結果的*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/x/</span>或*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/xʷ/</span>在詞首位置上被減弱為<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/h/</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/hʷ/</span>。”<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在音位表中的雙寫字母表示已經在某些條件下被加長或延長的輔音，在某些後代語言中出現為雙寫<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%8D" title="字位">字位</a>。這個現象因此叫做<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="長輔音">長輔音</a>。Kraehenmann聲稱：<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “因此，原始日耳曼語已經有了長輔音...但是只在詞中位置對比於短輔音。此外，它們不頻繁出現并且只出現在元音間且幾乎專門在短元音之後。” </p><p>林格（Ringe）認為，/b/、/d/、/g/和/gʷ/這幾個音「在某些狀況下是塞音，在其他狀況下則是擦音，但這些同位異音的細節尚不是非常地清楚。」<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>這些擦音與維爾納定律所定義之擦音相混合。在開始時它們是否全是塞音、或全是擦音、或塞音擦音兼有等這點依舊不明朗。以下是一些已知的規則： </p> <ul><li>塞音出現在相同發音部位的鼻音的後方；像例如[d]的發音就出現在n的後方。</li> <li>這些音在雙子音的狀況下發音為[b]、[d]和[g]。</li> <li>字首的/b/和/d/可能已分別是，或已分別變成[b]和[d]了。</li> <li>在l或z的後方，/d/的發音為[d]。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="母音"><span id=".E6.AF.8D.E9.9F.B3"></span>母音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：母音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>原始日耳曼語母音</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="前元音">前</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="央元音">央</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="後元音">後</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉元音">閉</a> </th> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i(:)</span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">u(:)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中元音">中</a> </th> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">e(:)</span> <small>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">e:</span> = <span class="Unicode">ē<sup>2</sup></span>)</small> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">o:</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次開元音">次開</a> </th> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æ:</span> <small>(<span class="Unicode">ǣ</span> = <span class="Unicode">ē<sup>1</sup>)</span></small> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開元音">開</a> </th> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">a</span> </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>原始日耳曼語有四個短母音（<span class="Unicode">i,u, e, a</span>），和四到五個長母音(<span class="Unicode">ī, ū, ē, ō</span>和可能的<span class="Unicode">ǣ</span>）。這些發音實際的發音部位和音高是未知的。</li></ul> <ul><li>原始印歐語的<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>a</i></span>與<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>o</i></span>在原始日耳曼語當中合併為<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>a</i></span>，原始印歐語的<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>ā</i></span>和<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>ō</i></span>在原始日耳曼語當中合併為<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>ō</i></span>（相似但方向正好相反的融合亦發生在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="斯拉夫語族">斯拉夫語族</a>當中，其中<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>ā</i></span>, <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>ō</i></span> > <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>ā</i></span>）。在母音融合時，在這兩個母音的發音分別變成<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɑ]</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɔ:]</span>前，它們的音值可能是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɒ]</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɒ:]</span>。</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="Unicode"><i>ǣ</i></span>和<span class="Unicode"><i>ē</i></span>被分別記作<i><span class="Unicode">ē<sup>1</sup></span></i>與<i><span class="Unicode">ē<sup>2</sup></span></i>；但目前還不確定<i><span class="Unicode">ē<sup>2</sup></span></i>是否為音素之一，這個音只出在少數幾個詞當中；這是通過比較法假定的，因為雖所有可證明反映了原印歐語<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>ē</i></span>(PGmc. <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>ē¹</i></span>)的實例，在哥德語中都反映為<span class="Unicode"><i>ē</i></span>，而在其他日耳曼語中則反映為<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>ā</i></span>。所有的日耳曼語言，在某些字詞中都反映出<span class="Unicode"><i>ē</i></span>的音(比如哥德語/古英語/古諾爾斯語<span class="Unicode"><i>hēr</i></span> (意即「這裡」) < PGmc. <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>hē²r</i></span>)。</li></ul> <p>Krahe把<i><span class="Unicode">ē²</span></i>（第二<span class="Unicode">ē</span>）當作是同一於<span class="Unicode"><i>ī</i></span>。它可能延續原印歐語的<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>ei</i></span>或<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>ēi</i></span>，并可能已經處在原始日耳曼語時期的從雙元音到長單元音的轉變過程中。哥德語沒有正字法，因此可能在<span class="Unicode"><i>ē¹</i></span>和<span class="Unicode"><i>ē²</i></span>之間可能沒有語音區分。兩個原始日耳曼語<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[eː]</span>類的音位的存在由兩個<span class="Unicode"><i>e</i></span>類的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elder Futhark（页面不存在）">Elder Futhark</a>盧恩字母<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehwaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ehwaz（页面不存在）">Ehwaz</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eihwaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eihwaz（页面不存在）">Eihwaz</a>的存在所支持。 </p> <ul><li>隨著時間的過去，非重音的母音開始出現弱化的現象，開始於原始日耳曼語時期的末尾，并持續進入到各種方言的歷史中。這在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="原始諾爾斯語">原始諾爾斯語</a>中反映為極小程度的弱化，而在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="哥德語">哥德語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="古高地德語">古高地德語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古英語">古英語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">現代德語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="現代英語">現代英語</a>中有著穩固的、更大程度的弱化。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="形態學"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E6.85.8B.E5.AD.B8"></span>形態學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：形態學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>藉由歷史語言學的方法，可以了解許多關於原始日耳曼語的內容，但應當要知道的是，以下的內容基本上為假定，同時原日耳曼語的重構有著多種版本存在。所有重建的形式皆以（*）標明。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="屈折系統的簡化"><span id=".E5.B1.88.E6.8A.98.E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1.E7.9A.84.E7.B0.A1.E5.8C.96"></span>屈折系統的簡化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：屈折系統的簡化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>許多人宣稱比起希臘語、拉丁語或梵語，日耳曼語言的形態變化是高度簡化的。雖然在某些方面這是對的，但比起較早期的祖先語言，這種現象更有可能是因為日耳曼語言被證實的存在時期較晚而產生的。事實上日耳曼語言的屈折系統是否完全地簡化這點也是具爭議性的。一些比日耳曼語族還要早的印歐語，像<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%A2%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="赫梯語">赫梯语</a>（Hittite language），也被證實有著簡化後的變格系統。可以說兩者均已棄用了複雜的變格系統，或者說二者雖然變化過程類似，但並不存在任何的因果關係。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="形態上特徵的總括"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E6.85.8B.E4.B8.8A.E7.89.B9.E5.BE.B5.E7.9A.84.E7.B8.BD.E6.8B.AC"></span>形態上特徵的總括</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：形態上特徵的總括"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>名詞和形容詞至少有六個格變化，它們分別是主格、屬格、與格、賓格、工具格和呼格。較早期存在的方位格和離格形式的剩餘亦可稀疏地見於少數代名詞與副詞的形式。工具格和呼格僅在單數中出現；同時工具格僅存於西日耳曼語支當中，而呼格僅存於哥德語當中。 </p><p>動詞和代名詞有三個數：單數、雙數和眾數。雖然在所有最早期的語言當中，代名詞的雙數皆存留了下來，但動詞形式的雙數只存留於哥德語當中。（被假設存在的）名詞和形容詞的雙數形在最早的文獻紀錄出來前就已經消失了。就如同義大利語族的情況一般，這些雙數可能在原始日耳曼語分化成不同的語言之前就已經消失了。 </p><p>原始日耳曼語有六個<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格</a>（主格、屬格、與格、賓格、工具格和呼格）、三個<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">數</a>（單數、雙數、眾數）、三個性（陰性、陽性和中性）、三個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="語氣">語氣</a>（直陳式、來自原印歐語<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E9%A1%98%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈願語氣">祈願語氣</a>的虛擬式、以及命令式）、兩個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="語態">語態</a>等。這和拉丁語、希臘語以及存在西元200年左右的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AA%9E" title="中古印度-雅利安語">中古印度-雅利安語</a>的狀況相似。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="名詞"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E8.A9.9E"></span>名詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：名詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>名詞變化系統有很大一部份是傳承自原印歐語的。以/a/、/ō/、/n/、/i/和/u/等「詞幹音」對不同的性數格等所做的變化為主要的名詞變化。最前面的三種「詞幹」形式特別地重要，並同時被用做形容詞變化的基礎。最前面的兩類「詞幹音」變化（/a/類和/ō/類）分別有/ja/和/wa/，以及/jō/和/wō/的變體形式。本來這些變體就和它們所相對應的母音詞幹形式進行相同的變化，但之後的發音變化卻傾向於將它們變為該兩種母音變化類（/a/類和/ō/類）的子類。/n/類的名詞有著許多的子類，包括/ōn/（陽性與陰性名詞）類、/an/（中性名詞）類和/īn/（陰性名詞，多半用於抽象類名詞）類等。「根」名詞（以許多不同的子音結尾）、親屬關係名詞（以/er/結尾）以及以以/z/結尾的中性名詞（這一個類在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a>當中，很大幅度地擴張）等所構成的一些較小的子類亦存在著。動詞的現在分詞形，以及少部份的名詞，則以/nd/結尾。在所有的類別當中，中性名詞的主格與賓格結尾，不同於陽性名詞和陰性名詞的，其中陰性和陽性名詞的主格與賓格結尾相似。 </p><p>以下以*wulfaz（意即「狼」）和*gastiz（意即「客人」）這兩個字做為不同詞幹音名詞變化的範例： </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><b>以<i>-a-</i>做為詞幹音的名詞</b> </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><b>以<i>-i-</i>做為詞幹音的名詞</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th width="80px"><b>單數</b> </th> <th width="80px"><b>眾數</b> </th> <th width="80px"><b>單數</b> </th> <th width="80px"><b>眾數</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>主格</b></td> <td>*wulfaz</td> <td>*wulfōs, -ōz</td> <td>*gastiz</td> <td>*gastijiz </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>賓格</b></td> <td>*wulfan</td> <td>*wulfanz</td> <td>*gastin</td> <td>*gastinz </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>屬格</b></td> <td>*wulfisa, -asa</td> <td>*wulfōn</td> <td>*gastisa</td> <td>*gastijōn </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>與格</b></td> <td>*wulfai, -ē</td> <td>*wulfamiz</td> <td>*gastai</td> <td>*gastī </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>呼格</b></td> <td>*wulfa</td> <td>—</td> <td>*gasti</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>工具格</b></td> <td>*wulfō</td> <td>—</td> <td>*gastī</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="形容詞"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E5.AE.B9.E8.A9.9E"></span>形容詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：形容詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>形容詞與名詞的性、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">數</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格</a>等相呼應。形容詞的變化分為強變化和弱變化兩類，而它們本分別帶有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%8C%87%E6%80%A7" title="定指性">非限定和限定</a>的意義。弱變化因為其限定意義，因而在其後裔語言當中，變成是和指示代詞與定冠詞的出現相聯繫的一種變化。「強變化」和「弱變化」的稱呼，是基於這些變化在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古英語">古英語</a>等語言當中後來發展出來的狀況而命名的，在這些語言當中，強變化結尾有著較弱變化多的「變化形式」。在像<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="哥德語">哥德語</a>等較古早的語言當中，這個稱呼和「變化形式」的多寡是沒有什麼區別的。 </p><p>強變化源於名詞的/a/類和/ō/類詞幹音的變化模式和原印歐語的代詞變化結尾的相混；而弱變化則是以名詞的/n/類詞幹音變化為基礎的。 </p><p>以下以*blindaz（意即「瞎的」）的強弱變化形式進行說明： </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"><b>強變化</b> </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>弱變化</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><b>陽性</b> </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><b>陰性</b> </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><b>中性</b> </th> <th style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"><b>單數</b> </th> <th style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"><b>眾數</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th width="80px"><b>單數</b> </th> <th width="80px"><b>眾數</b> </th> <th width="80px"><b>單數</b> </th> <th width="80px"><b>眾數</b> </th> <th width="80px"><b>單數</b> </th> <th width="80px"><b>眾數</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>主格</b> </td> <td>*blindaz </td> <td>*blindai </td> <td>*blindō </td> <td>*blindōz </td> <td rowspan="2">*blinda, -atō </td> <td rowspan="2">*blindō </td> <td>*blindanō </td> <td>*blindaniz </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>賓格</b> </td> <td>*blindanō </td> <td>*blindanz </td> <td>*blindō </td> <td>*blindōz </td> <td>*blindana </td> <td>*blindaniz, -anuniz </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>屬格</b> </td> <td>*blindez（a） </td> <td>*blindaizō </td> <td>*blindezōz </td> <td>*blindaizō </td> <td>*blindez（a） </td> <td>*blindaizō </td> <td>*blindeniz </td> <td>*blindanō </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>與格</b> </td> <td>*blind<sup>e</sup>/<sub>a</sub>sm<sup>ē</sup>/<sub>ā</sub> </td> <td>*blindaimiz </td> <td>*blindai </td> <td>*blindaimiz </td> <td>*blind<sup>e</sup>/<sub>a</sub>sm<sup>ē</sup>/<sub>ā</sub> </td> <td>*blindaimiz </td> <td>*blindeni </td> <td>*blindanmiz </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>工具格</b> </td> <td>*blindō </td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="限定詞"><span id=".E9.99.90.E5.AE.9A.E8.A9.9E"></span>限定詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：限定詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>原始日耳曼語有著一個同時用作指示形容詞與指示代詞的「指示詞」。在一些後裔語言當中，它發展成所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E5%86%A0%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="定冠詞">定冠詞</a>以及許多其他的指示詞。 </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><b>陽性</b> </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><b>陰性</b> </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><b>中性</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>單數</b></td> <td><b>眾數</b></td> <td><b>單數</b></td> <td><b>眾數</b></td> <td><b>單數</b></td> <td><b>眾數</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>主格</b> </td> <td>*sa </td> <td>*þai </td> <td>*sō </td> <td rowspan="2">*þōz </td> <td rowspan="2">*þat </td> <td rowspan="2">*þō, *þiō </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>賓格</b></td> <td>*þen(ō), *þan(ō)</td> <td>*þans</td> <td>*þō </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>屬格</b></td> <td>*þes(a)</td> <td>*þezō</td> <td>*þezōz</td> <td>*þaizō</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>與格</b></td> <td>*þesmō, *þasmō</td> <td>*þemiz, *þaimiz</td> <td>*þezai</td> <td>*þaimiz</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>工具格</b></td> <td>*þiō</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>方位格</b></td> <td>*þī</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="動詞"><span id=".E5.8B.95.E8.A9.9E"></span>動詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：動詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對比於古希臘語、拉丁語和梵語等具有六到七個時態的語言，原始日耳曼語只有兩個時態。這有一部份是因為原始日耳曼語發生了一種丟失原始印歐語完成時等時態的「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%BB%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="去屈折化（页面不存在）">去屈折化</a>」（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Deflexion" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Deflexion (linguistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deflexion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deflexion（页面不存在）">Deflexion</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflexion_(linguistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Deflexion (linguistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Deflexion (linguistics)</span></a></span>）</span></span>）的過程所造成的。然而許多其他語言「多餘的」時態（未來時、未來完成時，可能再加上過去完成時以及未完成時等）看起來像是它們新創的，而這些「多餘的」時態亦未出現在原始印歐語當中。 </p><p>動詞的時態系統是日耳曼語言屈折系統當中，明顯簡化的部份，它只剩下現代時和過去時兩個時態，然而： </p> <ul><li>之後發展出來的日耳曼語言（尤其是現代英語）有著透過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%82%E8%A8%80%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迂言法（页面不存在）">迂言法</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Periphrasis" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Periphrasis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periphrasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periphrasis（页面不存在）">Periphrasis</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periphrasis" class="extiw" title="en:Periphrasis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Periphrasis</span></a></span>）</span></span>）所建構出來的一個更為複雜的時態系統。</li> <li>原印歐語可能只有三個「時態」（現代時、未完成過去時和完成時），而這些時態可能首先有著一個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="体 (语法)">體性</a>的位置和之後的一個時態性的位置存在。未來時可能是藉由使用虛擬式或<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="願望式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Desiderative mood"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%98%E6%9C%9B%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="願望式（页面不存在）">願望式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderative_mood" class="extiw" title="en:Desiderative mood"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Desiderative mood</span></a></span>）</span></span>來表達。在其他語言各自的歷史上，它們其他的時態往往是由不同意思的東西所派生出來的（這些時態可能是藉由迂言結構(像希臘語和梵語的/e-/結構，以及拉丁語的來自原印歐語動詞<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/bʱuː/</span>(意即「是」）的/-b-/結構等皆為其例)或將虛擬式和祈願式重新闡明為未來時等類推出來的)。</li> <li>日耳曼語言的過去時包括了來自原印歐語「不定過去時」和「完成時」的形式；這點和拉丁語完成時的狀況相似。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="代詞"><span id=".E4.BB.A3.E8.A9.9E"></span>代詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：代詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:800px;"> <caption>原始日耳曼語代詞<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"></th> <th colspan="3">第一人稱</th> <th colspan="3">第二人稱</th> <th colspan="6">第三人稱 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">單數</th> <th rowspan="2">雙數</th> <th rowspan="2">眾數</th> <th rowspan="2">單數</th> <th rowspan="2">雙數</th> <th rowspan="2">眾數</th> <th colspan="3">單數</th> <th colspan="3">眾數 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1">陽性</th> <th colspan="1">陰性</th> <th colspan="1">中性</th> <th colspan="1">陽性</th> <th colspan="1">陰性</th> <th colspan="1">中性 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td>*ek<br />*ik<sup>1</sup></td> <td>*wet<br />*wit<sup>1</sup></td> <td>*wīz<br />*wiz<sup>1</sup></td> <td>*þū</td> <td>*jut</td> <td>*jūz</td> <td>*iz</td> <td>*sī</td> <td rowspan="2">*it</td> <td>*īz</td> <td rowspan="2">*ijōz</td> <td rowspan="2">*ijō </td></tr> <tr> <th>賓格 </th> <td>*mek<br />*mik<sup>1</sup></td> <td>*unk</td> <td>*uns</td> <td>*þek<br />*þik<sup>1</sup></td> <td>*inkw</td> <td>*izwiz</td> <td>*inǭ</td> <td>*ijǭ</td> <td>*inz </td></tr> <tr> <th>屬格 </th> <td>*mīnaz</td> <td>*unkeraz</td> <td>*unseraz</td> <td>*þīnaz</td> <td>*inkweraz</td> <td>*izweraz</td> <td>*es</td> <td>*ezōz</td> <td>*es</td> <td colspan="3">*ezǫ̂ </td></tr> <tr> <th>與格 </th> <td rowspan="2">*miz</td> <td rowspan="2">*unkiz</td> <td rowspan="2">*unsiz</td> <td rowspan="2">*þiz</td> <td rowspan="2">*inkwiz</td> <td rowspan="2">*izwiz</td> <td>*immai</td> <td>*ezōi</td> <td>*immai</td> <td colspan="3">*imaz </td></tr> <tr> <th>工具格 </th> <td>*inō</td> <td>*ezō</td> <td>*inō</td> <td colspan="3">*imiz </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small><sup>1</sup> – 輕讀變體</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="霍尔兹曼法律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Holtzmann's Law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B9%E6%9B%BC%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍尔兹曼法律（页面不存在）">霍尔兹曼法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_Law" class="extiw" title="en:Holtzmann's Law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Holtzmann's Law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E6%B1%87%E4%BA%BA" title="苏维汇人">苏维汇人</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注釋"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8B"></span>注釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：注釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">輔音的分類可能有所不同，例如：有時舌冠音（coronals）會被分成正齒音和齒齦音，而軟顎音和唇軟顎音會被歸入舌面音。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorn (letter)（页面不存在）">þ</a>這個符號經常被用來代替IPA的符號<span class="Unicode">θ</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">/b/、/d/和/g/這三個音素可以是塞音[b]、[d]和[g]，也可以是擦音[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">β</span>]、[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ð</span>]和[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɣ</span>]這裡所示的符號皆為<a href="/wiki/IPA" class="mw-disambig" title="IPA">IPA</a>相對應的符號。有些人可能會使用<a href="/wiki/%C9%83" title="Ƀ"><span class="Unicode">ƀ</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90" title="Đ"><span class="Unicode">đ</span></a>和<a href="/wiki/%C7%A4" title="Ǥ"><span class="Unicode">ǥ</span></a>等加橫線的符號來表示擦音。在此處及其他相似的表格通常都不會完全使用相同的表示系統。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">此處所示之圖，是根據1988年版的《企鵝出版社的世界歷史地圖》（Penguin Atlas of World History）所製作的</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bell-Fialkoll (Editor), Andrew. The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization v. "Barbarian" and Nomad. Palgrave Macmillan. 2000: page 117. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0312212070" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-312-21207-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Bell-Fialkoll+%28Editor%29&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Migration+in+the+History+of+the+Eurasian+Steppe%3A+Sedentary+Civilization+v.+%22Barbarian%22+and+Nomad&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=page+117&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span> Note that the term "pre-Germanic" is equivocal, meaning, as here, either prior to the Indo-European ancestors or Indo-European but prior to Proto-Germanic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kinder, Hermann; Werner Hilgemann; Ernest A. Menze (Translator); Harald and Ruth Bukor (Maps). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguinatlasofwo00kind">The Penguin atlas of world history</a>. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 1988: Volume 1 page 109. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0140510540" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-14-051054-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.aulast=Kinder&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+atlas+of+world+history&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=Volume+1+page+109&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpenguinatlasofwo00kind&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_4-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_4-3"><sup><b>4.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Languages of the World: Germanic languages. The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago, IL, United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0852295715" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-85229-571-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Languages+of+the+World%3A+Germanic+languages&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> This long-standing, well-known article on the languages can be found in almost any edition of <i>Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pre-Proto-Germanic is relatively recent, but it still does not solve the problem of distinguishing pre-PIE from PIE but pre-Germanic populations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The links in this sentence suffice to explain the basic concept but more information can be found in numerous books including <cite class="citation book">Lass, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicallingui0000lass">Historical Linguistics and Language Change</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1997: Chapter 3.6 "Sound Laws". <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521459249" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-45924-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Lass&rft.btitle=Historical+Linguistics+and+Language+Change&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=Chapter+3.6+%22Sound+Laws%22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricallingui0000lass&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GSC_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This article covers some of the major changes but for more of a presentation see <cite class="citation web">Kleinman, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csun.edu/~sk36711/WWW2/engl400/gmcsoundchanges.pdf">Germanic Sound Changes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pdf)</span>. English 400: History of the English Language: Grammar Tutorial and Resources. California State University, Northridge. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-11-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114233632/http://www.csun.edu/~sk36711/WWW2/engl400/gmcsoundchanges.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-01-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Germanic+Sound+Changes&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.aulast=Kleinman&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+400%3A+History+of+the+English+Language%3A+Grammar+Tutorial+and+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csun.edu%2F~sk36711%2FWWW2%2Fengl400%2Fgmcsoundchanges.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Described in this and the linked articles but see Kleinman.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lehmann, W. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/411250">A Definition of Proto-Germanic: A Study in the Chronological Delimitation of Languages</a>. Language. 1961, <b>37</b> (1) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-10-13</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8507"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0097-8507</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/411250"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 411250</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411250"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/411250</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013073803/https://www.jstor.org/stable/411250">存档</a>于2022-10-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=A+Definition+of+Proto-Germanic%3A+A+Study+in+the+Chronological+Delimitation+of+Languages&rft.aufirst=W.+P.&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.date=1961&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0097-8507&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.volume=37&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411250&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F411250&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bennett, William H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0030812900080986/type/journal_article">The Stress Patterns of Gothic</a>. PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. 1970-05, <b>85</b> (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8129"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0030-8129</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1261448"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1261448</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=The+Stress+Patterns+of+Gothic&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.date=1970-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0030-8129&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=PMLA%2FPublications+of+the+Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.volume=85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0030812900080986%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1261448&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Antonsen, Elmer H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/411849?origin=crossref">On Defining Stages in Prehistoric Germanic</a>. Language. 1965-01, <b>41</b> (1) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-10-13</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/411849"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 411849</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411849"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/411849</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210173424/https://www.jstor.org/stable/411849?origin=crossref">存档</a>于2023-02-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=On+Defining+Stages+in+Prehistoric+Germanic&rft.aufirst=Elmer+H.&rft.aulast=Antonsen&rft.date=1965-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.volume=41&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411849%3Forigin%3Dcrossref&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F411849&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Antonsen, Elmer H. Runes and Germanic Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. 2002: pages26–30. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3110174626" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-11-017462-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Elmer+H.&rft.aulast=Antonsen&rft.btitle=Runes+and+Germanic+Linguistics&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=pages26-30&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span> This presentation also summarizes Lehmann's view.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonsen (2000) page 28 table 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Van Kerckvoorde, Colette M. 中古荷蘭語介紹(An Introduction to Middle Dutch). Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1993: page 123. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3110135353" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-11-013535-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Colette+M.&rft.aulast=Van+Kerckvoorde&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%B9%28An+Introduction+to+Middle+Dutch%29&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=page+123&rft.place=Berlin+and+New+York&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Trask, Robert Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhist0000tras">The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics</a>. Chicago, London: Fitzroy Dearborn. 2000: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhist0000tras/page/122">122</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1579582184" title="Special:网络书源/1579582184"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1579582184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Robert+Lawrence&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Historical+and+Comparative+Linguistics&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1579582184&rft.pages=122&rft.place=Chicago%2C+London&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofhist0000tras&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kraehenmann, Astrid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quantityprosodic00krae">Quantity and Prosodic Asymmetries is Alemannic: Synchronic and Diachronic</a>. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 2003: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quantityprosodic00krae/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3110176807" title="Special:网络书源/3110176807"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3110176807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Astrid&rft.aulast=Kraehenmann&rft.btitle=Quantity+and+Prosodic+Asymmetries+is+Alemannic%3A+Synchronic+and+Diachronic&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3110176807&rft.pages=58&rft.place=Berlin+and+New+York&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquantityprosodic00krae&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ringe, page 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ringe, Donald. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford University Press. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-928413-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-928413-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-19-928413-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.aulast=Ringe&rft.btitle=From+Proto-Indo-European+to+Proto-Germanic&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-928413-X&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bennett, William H. (1980). "An Introduction to the Gothic Language". New York: Modern Language Association of America.</li> <li>Campbell, A. (1959). "Old English Grammar". London: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Krahe, Hans and Meid, Wolfgang. <i>Germanische Sprachwissenschaft</i>, 2 vols., de Gruyter, Berlin (1969).</li> <li>Ramat, Anna Giacalone and Paolo Ramat (Eds.) (1998). <i>The Indo-European Languages</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/041506449X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-06449-X</a>.</li> <li>Joseph B. Voyles, <i>Early Germanic Grammar</i> (Academic Press, 1992) <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/012728270X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-12-728270-X</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071108232818/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/books/pgmc00.html">W.P. Lehmann與J. 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href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">历史语言学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="北日耳曼语支">北</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="东日耳曼语支">东</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支">西</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="易北河日耳曼语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Elbe Germanic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%93%E5%8C%97%E6%B2%B3%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="易北河日耳曼语（页面不存在）">易北河</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" class="extiw" title="en:Elbe Germanic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Elbe Germanic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威悉-莱茵日耳曼语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Weser-Rhine Germanic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%82%89-%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威悉-莱茵日耳曼语（页面不存在）">威悉-莱茵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="extiw" title="en:Weser-Rhine Germanic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Weser-Rhine Germanic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="英维奥尼克语">北海</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西北日耳曼语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Northwest Germanic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西北日耳曼语（页面不存在）">西北</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" class="extiw" title="en:Northwest Germanic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Northwest Germanic</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E#哥德語和古諾斯語" title="哥德語">哥特-诺斯</a></i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南日耳曼语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="South Germanic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南日耳曼语（页面不存在）">南</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Germanic" class="extiw" title="en:South Germanic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">South Germanic</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">重构语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">原始日耳曼语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始日耳曼语语法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proto-Germanic grammar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始日耳曼语语法（页面不存在）">原始日耳曼语语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" class="extiw" title="en:Proto-Germanic grammar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proto-Germanic grammar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语之前的语言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic parent language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语之前的语言（页面不存在）">日耳曼语之前的语言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic parent language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic parent language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="北日耳曼语支">北</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="原始諾斯語">原始诺斯语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古諾斯語">古诺斯语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古瑞典语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Swedish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古瑞典语（页面不存在）">古瑞典语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swedish" class="extiw" title="en:Old Swedish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Swedish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%97%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古哥得兰语">古哥得兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%81%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="諾恩語">诺恩语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E8%98%AD%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="格陵蘭諾爾斯語">格陵蘭諾爾斯語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古挪威语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Norwegian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古挪威語">古挪威语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norwegian" class="extiw" title="en:Old Norwegian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Norwegian</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中古挪威语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle Norwegian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中古挪威语（页面不存在）">中古挪威语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Norwegian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle Norwegian</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="东日耳曼语支">东</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="哥德語">哥德語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="克里米亚哥特语">克里米亚哥特语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="汪达尔语">汪达尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD_(%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD)" title="勃艮第语 (日耳曼语)">勃艮第语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支">西</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E8%AA%9E" title="古撒克遜語">古撒克遜語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="中世纪低地德语">中古低地德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="古高地德語">古高地德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="中古高地德語">中古高地德語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="古法兰克语">古法兰克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古荷兰语">古荷兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="中古荷兰语">中古荷兰语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古弗里西语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Frisian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古弗里西语（页面不存在）">古弗里西语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frisian" class="extiw" title="en:Old Frisian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Frisian</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中古弗里西语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle Frisian language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中古弗里西语（页面不存在）">中古弗里西语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Frisian_language" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Frisian language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle Frisian language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="古英语">古英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="中古英语">中古英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="约拉语">约拉语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="早期苏格兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Early Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期苏格兰语（页面不存在）">早期苏格兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Early Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Early Scots</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中古苏格兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中古苏格兰语（页面不存在）">中古苏格兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle Scots</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伦巴第语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lombardic language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="倫巴第語">伦巴第语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardic_language" class="extiw" title="en:Lombardic language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lombardic language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现代语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="南非语">南非语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="阿勒曼尼语">阿勒曼尼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="辛布里語">辛布里语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="法罗语">法罗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="冰岛语">冰岛语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="林堡语">林堡语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="低地德语">低地德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E8%AB%BE%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="門諾低地德語">门诺低地德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="卢森堡语">卢森堡语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="北弗里斯兰语">北弗里斯兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="挪威语">挪威语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="萨特弗里斯兰语">萨特弗里斯兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="低地苏格兰语">低地苏格兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="瑞典语">瑞典语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="西弗里斯兰语">西弗里斯兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E7%AC%AC%E7%BB%AA%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="意第绪语">意第绪语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E6%97%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="历时">历时</a>性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="格林定律">格林定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="維爾納定律">维尔纳定律</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Holtzmann定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Holtzmann's law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holtzmann%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holtzmann定律（页面不存在）">Holtzmann定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" class="extiw" title="en:Holtzmann's law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Holtzmann's law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Sievers定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sievers's law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievers%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sievers定律（页面不存在）">Sievers定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" class="extiw" title="en:Sievers's law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sievers's law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Kluge定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kluge's law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kluge%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kluge定律（页面不存在）">Kluge定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" class="extiw" title="en:Kluge's law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kluge's law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语基底假说" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic substrate hypothesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语基底假说（页面不存在）">日耳曼语基底假说</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic substrate hypothesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic substrate hypothesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西日耳曼语辅音延长" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="West Germanic gemination"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西日耳曼语辅音延长（页面不存在）">西日耳曼语辅音延长</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" class="extiw" title="en:West Germanic gemination"><span lang="en" dir="auto">West Germanic gemination</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB" title="高地德語子音推移">高地德语子音推移</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语a-异变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic a-mutation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%ADa-%E5%BC%82%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语a-异变（页面不存在）">日耳曼语a-异变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic a-mutation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic a-mutation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%98%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼语元音变音">日耳曼语元音变音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="日耳曼擦音定律">日耳曼擦音定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="北海日耳曼語鼻音消失法則">北海日耳曼语鼻音消失法则</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="元音大推移">元音大推移</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%97%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="共时">共时</a>性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语动词" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic verb"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语动词（页面不存在）">日耳曼语动词</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic verb"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic verb</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E5%BC%B7%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="日耳曼語強變化動詞">日耳曼语强变化动词</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语弱变化动词" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic weak verb"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%BC%B1%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语弱变化动词（页面不存在）">日耳曼语弱变化动词</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic weak verb"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic weak verb</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Grammatischer Wechsel" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Grammatischer Wechsel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatischer_Wechsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatischer Wechsel（页面不存在）">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" class="extiw" title="en:Grammatischer Wechsel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Grammatischer Wechsel</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="印歐語元音變換">印欧语元音变换</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">语言历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="英语史">英语</a> (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Phonological history of English" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phonological history of English"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonological_history_of_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phonological history of English（页面不存在）">Phonology</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" class="extiw" title="en:Phonological history of English"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phonological history of English</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏格兰语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Scots language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏格兰语史（页面不存在）">苏格兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Scots_language" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Scots language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Scots language</span></a></span>）</span></span> (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Phonological history of Scots" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phonological history of Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonological_history_of_Scots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phonological history of Scots（页面不存在）">Phonology</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Phonological history of Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phonological history of Scots</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="德语史">德语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="荷兰语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Dutch language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷兰语史（页面不存在）">荷兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Dutch_language" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Dutch language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Dutch language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麦语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Danish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦语史（页面不存在）">丹麦语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Danish" class="extiw" title="en:History of Danish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Danish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冰岛语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Icelandic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰岛语史（页面不存在）">冰岛语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Icelandic" class="extiw" title="en:History of Icelandic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Icelandic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瑞典语史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Swedish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑞典语史（页面不存在）">瑞典语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Swedish" class="extiw" title="en:History of Swedish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Swedish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669623#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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