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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stanhope–Sunderland_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stanhope–Sunderland_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Stanhope–Sunderland ministry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stanhope–Sunderland_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premiership_(1721–1742)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premiership_(1721–1742)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Premiership (1721–1742)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Premiership_(1721–1742)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Premiership (1721–1742) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Premiership_(1721–1742)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Marriages and issue</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriages_and_issue-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marriages and issue subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catherine_Shorter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catherine_Shorter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Catherine Shorter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catherine_Shorter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maria_Skerritt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maria_Skerritt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Maria Skerritt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maria_Skerritt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Walpole</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="روبرت والبول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت والبول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Uolpol" title="Robert Uolpol – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Robert Uolpol" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="রবার্ট ওয়ালপোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রবার্ট ওয়ালপোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Роберт Уолпал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Уолпал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%8E%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Робэрт Ўолпал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Робэрт Ўолпал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Робърт Уолпоул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Уолпоул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB" title="Ρόμπερτ Γουόλπολ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόμπερτ Γουόλπολ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84" title="رابرت والپول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت والپول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9B%94%ED%8F%B4" title="로버트 월폴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 월폴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AC" title="Ռոբերտ Ուոլփոլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Ուոլփոլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="राबर्ट वाल्पोल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राबर्ट वाल्पोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C" title="רוברט וולפול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט וולפול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Уолпол, Роберт – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Уолпол, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ უოლპოლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ უოლპოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertus_Walpole" title="Robertus Walpole – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robertus Walpole" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Volpols" title="Roberts Volpols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roberts Volpols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="റോബർട്ട് വാൾപോൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോബർട്ട് വാൾപോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="रॉबर्ट वाल्पोल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉबर्ट वाल्पोल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="روبرت والبول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت والبول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ရောဗတ် ဝါလပို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောဗတ် ဝါလပို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="रोबर्ट वाल्पोल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोबर्ट वाल्पोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ロバート・ウォルポール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・ウォルポール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਰੌਬਰਟ ਵਾਲਪੋਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੌਬਰਟ ਵਾਲਪੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84" title="رابرټ والپول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رابرټ والپول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Уолпол, Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уолпол, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Роберт Волпол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роберт Волпол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Роберт Уолпол – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Роберт Уолпол" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5" title="รอเบิร์ต วอลโพล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รอเบิร์ต วอลโพล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Роберт Валпол – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Роберт Валпол" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Роберт Волпол – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Волпол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84" title="رابرٹ والپول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رابرٹ والپول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·沃波尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗伯特·沃波尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Robert Walpole" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%94%E8%8F%AF%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE" title="羅拔華波爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅拔華波爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·沃波尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗伯特·沃波尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1721 to 1742</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Robert Walpole, see <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Robert Walpole (disambiguation)">Robert Walpole (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Walpole" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Walpole_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Walpole (disambiguation)">Walpole (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Earl of Orford</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg/220px-Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg/330px-Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg/440px-Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3022" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_van_Loo" title="Jean-Baptiste van Loo">Jean-Baptiste van Loo</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1740</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Great Britain">Prime Minister of Great Britain</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 April 1721 – 11 February 1742</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">The Earl of Wilmington</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 April 1721 – 11 February 1742</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_of_Sunderland" title="Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland">Charles Spencer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Wilmington</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 October 1715 – 12 April 1717</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_3rd_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle">The Earl of Carlisle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">The Earl Stanhope</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 April 1721 – 12 February 1742</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt_(judge)" title="John Pratt (judge)">Sir John Pratt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Samuel Sandys</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 October 1715 – 15 April 1717</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Onslow,_1st_Baron_Onslow" title="Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow">Sir Richard Onslow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl Stanhope </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Further ministerial offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 June 1720 – 19 April 1721</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton,_7th_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln">The Earl of Lincoln</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_4th_Baron_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 4th Baron Cornwallis">The Lord Cornwallis</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 October 1714 – 17 October 1715</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Grubham_Howe" title="John Grubham Howe">John Grubham Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moore_(British_Army_Paymaster_of_the_Forces_Abroad)" title="Thomas Moore (British Army Paymaster of the Forces Abroad)">Thomas Moore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Lincoln</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Navy" title="Treasurer of the Navy">Treasurer of the Navy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 January 1710 – 2 January 1711</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Littleton,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Littleton, 3rd Baronet">Sir Thomas Littleton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caesar_(Treasurer_of_the_Navy)" title="Charles Caesar (Treasurer of the Navy)">Charles Caesar</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_at_War" title="Secretary at War">Secretary at War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 February 1708 – 8 August 1710</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Henry St John</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Granville,_1st_Baron_Lansdowne" title="George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdowne">George Granville</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 April 1721 – 6 February 1742</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Samuel Sandys</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)">King's Lynn</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1713 – 6 February 1742</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John Turner</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bacon_(died_1786)" title="Edward Bacon (died 1786)">Edward Bacon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 February 1712 – 6 March 1712</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Vacant</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John Turner</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1702 – 17 January 1712</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Sir John Turner</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Vacant</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rising_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Castle Rising (UK Parliament constituency)">Castle Rising</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 1701 – 1702</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole_(colonel)" title="Robert Walpole (colonel)">Robert Walpole</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Walpole_(died_1717)" title="Horatio Walpole (died 1717)">Horatio Walpole</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1676-08-26</span>)</span>26 August 1676<br /><a href="/wiki/Houghton,_Norfolk" title="Houghton, Norfolk">Houghton, Norfolk</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 March 1745<span style="display:none">(1745-03-18)</span> (aged 68)<br />London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_Martin_at_Tours%27_Church,_Houghton" title="St Martin at Tours' Church, Houghton">St Martin at Tours' Church, Houghton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shorter" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Shorter">Catherine Shorter</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="30 July 1700">1700</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="20 August 1737">1737</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Skerret" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Skerret">Maria Skerret</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="March 1738">1738</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="June 1738">1738</span>)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole,_2nd_Earl_of_Orford" title="Robert Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford">Robert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Walpole" title="Edward Walpole">Edward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole_(colonel)" title="Robert Walpole (colonel)">Robert Walpole</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walpole_family" title="Walpole family">Walpole family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Businessman</li><li>politician</li><li>scholar</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Walpole_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Walpole's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Robert_Walpole_Signature.svg/128px-Robert_Walpole_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Robert_Walpole_Signature.svg/192px-Robert_Walpole_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Robert_Walpole_Signature.svg/256px-Robert_Walpole_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford</b> (26 August 1676 – 18 March 1745), known between 1725 and 1742 as <b>Sir Robert Walpole</b>, was a British <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> politician who served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Great Britain">Prime Minister of Great Britain</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1721 to 1742. He also served as <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a>, and is generally regarded as the <i>de facto</i> first prime minister of Great Britain. </p><p>Although the exact dates of Walpole's dominance, dubbed the "Robinocracy",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a matter of scholarly debate, the period 1721–1742 is often used. He dominated the <a href="/wiki/Walpole%E2%80%93Townshend_ministry" title="Walpole–Townshend ministry">Walpole–Townshend ministry</a>, as well as the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Walpole_ministry" title="Walpole ministry">Walpole ministry</a>, and holds the record as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_by_length_of_tenure" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by length of tenure">longest-serving British prime minister</a>. <a href="/wiki/W._A._Speck" title="W. A. Speck">W. A. Speck</a> wrote that Walpole's uninterrupted run of 20 years as prime minister "is rightly regarded as one of the major feats of British political history. Explanations are usually offered in terms of his expert handling of the political system after 1720, [and] his unique blending of the surviving powers of the crown with the increasing influence of the Commons".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole was a Whig from the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">gentry</a> class who was first elected to Parliament in 1701 and held many senior positions. He was a <a href="/wiki/Squire#England" title="Squire">country squire</a> and looked to country gentlemen for his political base. Historian F. O'Gorman says his leadership in Parliament reflected his "reasonable and persuasive oratory, his ability to move both the emotions as well as the minds of men, and, above all, his extraordinary self-confidence".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoppit says Walpole's policies sought moderation, he worked for peace, lower taxes and growing exports, and allowed a little more tolerance for Protestant Dissenters. He mostly avoided controversy and high-intensity disputes as his middle way attracted moderates from both the Whig and Tory camps; his appointment to Chancellor of the Exchequer after the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Bubble</a> stock-market crisis drew attention to perceived protection of political allies by Walpole.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UK-hist-blog-2014-11-20_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK-hist-blog-2014-11-20-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/H._T._Dickinson" title="H. T. Dickinson">H. T. Dickinson</a> sums up his historical role by saying that "Walpole was one of the greatest politicians in British history. He played a significant role in sustaining the Whig party, safeguarding the Hanoverian succession, and defending the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> (1688). He established stable political supremacy for the Whig party and taught succeeding ministers how best to establish an effective working relationship between Crown and Parliament."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars rank him highly among British prime ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walpole was born in <a href="/wiki/Houghton,_Norfolk" title="Houghton, Norfolk">Houghton, Norfolk</a>, in 1676. One of 19 children, he was the third son and fifth child of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole_(1650%E2%80%931700)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Walpole (1650–1700)">Robert Walpole</a>, a member of the local gentry and a Whig politician who represented the borough of <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rising" title="Castle Rising">Castle Rising</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a>. His wife Mary Burwell was the daughter and heiress of Sir Geoffrey Burwell of <a href="/wiki/Rougham,_Suffolk" title="Rougham, Suffolk">Rougham, Suffolk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Walpole,_1st_Baron_Walpole" title="Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole">Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole</a>, was his younger brother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899178–179_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899178–179-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a child, Walpole attended a private school at <a href="/wiki/Great_Massingham" title="Great Massingham">Massingham, Norfolk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899179_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899179-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walpole entered <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> in 1690<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEACADWLPL695R_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEACADWLPL695R-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he was a <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Scholar#King's_Scholars_at_Eton_College" title="King's Scholar">King's Scholar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left Eton on 2 April 1696<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899179_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899179-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and matriculated at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>, on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEACADWLPL695R_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEACADWLPL695R-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 May 1698, he left Cambridge after the death of his only remaining older brother, Edward, so that he could help his father administer the family estate to which he had become the heir. Walpole had planned to become a clergyman but as he was now the eldest surviving son in the family, he abandoned the idea. In November 1700 his father died, and Robert succeeded to inherit the <a href="/wiki/Walpole_family" title="Walpole family">Walpole estate</a>. A paper in his father's handwriting, dated 9 June 1700, shows the family estate in Norfolk and Suffolk to have been nine manors in Norfolk and one in Suffolk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899180_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899180-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_success">Business success</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Business success"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a young man, Walpole had bought <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a>, which monopolised trade with Spain, the Caribbean, and South America. The speculative market for slaves, rum, and mahogany spawned a frenzy that had ramifications throughout Europe when it collapsed. However, Walpole had bought at the bottom and sold at the top, adding greatly to his inherited wealth and allowing him to create <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Hall" title="Houghton Hall">Houghton Hall</a> as seen today.<sup id="cite_ref-Glentzer-2014-06-20_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glentzer-2014-06-20-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_career">Political career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walpole's political career began in January 1701 when he won a seat in the <a href="/wiki/January_1701_English_general_election" title="January 1701 English general election">English general election</a> at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rising_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Castle Rising (UK Parliament constituency)">Castle Rising</a> in Norfolk. He left Castle Rising in 1702 so that he could represent the neighbouring borough of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)">King's Lynn</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pocket_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket borough">pocket borough</a> that would re-elect him for the remainder of his political career. Voters and politicians nicknamed him "Robin".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899180_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899180-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like his father, Robert Walpole was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899180,_181_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899180,_181-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1705, Walpole was appointed by <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> to be a member of the council for her husband, <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark" title="Prince George of Denmark">Prince George of Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Lord High Admiral</a>. After having been singled out in a struggle between the Whigs and the government, Walpole became the intermediary for reconciling the government to the Whig leaders. His abilities were recognised by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Godolphin,_1st_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin">Lord Godolphin</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer" title="Lord High Treasurer">Lord High Treasurer</a> and leader of the Cabinet) and he was subsequently appointed to the position of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_at_War" title="Secretary at War">Secretary at War</a> in 1708; for a short period of time in 1710 he also simultaneously held the post of <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Navy" title="Treasurer of the Navy">Treasurer of the Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899181–182_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899181–182-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his personal clout, however, Walpole could not stop Lord Godolphin and the Whigs from pressing for the prosecution of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sacheverell" title="Henry Sacheverell">Henry Sacheverell</a>, a minister who preached anti-Whig sermons. The trial was extremely unpopular with much of the country, causing the <a href="/wiki/Sacheverell_riots" title="Sacheverell riots">Sacheverell riots</a>, and was followed by the downfall of the <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a> and the Whig Party in the general election of 1710. The new ministry, under the leadership of the Tory <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Mortimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer">Robert Harley</a>, removed Walpole from his office of Secretary at War but he remained Treasurer of the Navy until 2 January 1711. Harley had first attempted to entice him and then threatened him to join the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a>, but Walpole rejected the offers, instead becoming one of the most outspoken members of the Whig Opposition. He effectively defended Lord Godolphin against Tory attacks in parliamentary debate, as well as in the press.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1712, Walpole was accused of <a href="/wiki/Venality" title="Venality">venality</a> and corruption in the matter of two forage contracts for Scotland. Although it was proven that he had retained none of the money, Walpole was pronounced "guilty of a high breach of trust and notorious corruption".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899183_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899183-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was impeached by the House of Commons and found guilty by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>; he was then imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> for six months and expelled from Parliament. While in the Tower he was regarded as a political martyr, and visited by all the Whig leaders. After he was released, Walpole wrote and published anonymous pamphlets attacking the Harley ministry and assisted Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Steele" title="Richard Steele">Richard Steele</a> in crafting political pamphlets. Walpole was re-elected for King's Lynn in 1713.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899183_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899183-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stanhope–Sunderland_ministry"><span id="Stanhope.E2.80.93Sunderland_ministry"></span>Stanhope–Sunderland ministry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stanhope–Sunderland ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Stanhope%E2%80%93Sunderland_ministry" title="First Stanhope–Sunderland ministry">First Stanhope–Sunderland ministry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Stanhope%E2%80%93Sunderland_ministry" title="Second Stanhope–Sunderland ministry">Second Stanhope–Sunderland ministry</a></div> <p>Queen Anne died in 1714. Under the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a>, which excluded Roman Catholics from the line of succession, Anne was succeeded by her <a href="/wiki/Second_cousin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second cousin">second cousin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of Hanover">Elector of Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>. George I distrusted the Tories, who he believed opposed his right to succeed to the Throne. The year of George's accession, 1714, marked the ascendancy of the Whigs who would remain in power for the next fifty years. Robert Walpole became a <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of Great Britain">Privy Councillor</a> and rose to the position of <a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899184_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899184-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a Cabinet nominally led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax</a>, but actually dominated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend</a> (Walpole's brother-in-law), and <a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">James Stanhope (later 1st Earl Stanhope)</a>. Walpole was also appointed chairman of a secret committee formed to investigate the actions of the previous Tory ministry in 1715.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer</a>, was impeached, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a>, suffered from an <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_attainder" title="Bill of attainder">act of attainder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Attainder_of_Viscount_Bolingbroke_Act_1714" class="mw-redirect" title="Attainder of Viscount Bolingbroke Act 1714">Attainder of Viscount Bolingbroke Act 1714</a> (<a href="/wiki/1_Geo._1._St._2" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Geo. 1. St. 2">1 Geo. 1. St. 2</a>. c. 16).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899184_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899184-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Halifax, the titular head of the administration, died in 1715 and by 1716 Walpole was appointed to the posts of <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Commissioner (Lord) of the Treasury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>. He was a member of the <i>Board of General Officers</i> established in 1717 to investigate the abuse of pay. Walpole's fellow members, appointed by the Prince of Wales (later <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a>), included <a href="/wiki/William_Pulteney,_1st_Earl_of_Bath" title="William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath">William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath</a>, Secretary at War; General Lumley; General Erle; and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Philip_Meadowes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Philip Meadowes">Sir Philip Meadowes</a>, Controller of the Army and <a href="/wiki/Knight_Marshal" title="Knight Marshal">Knight Marshal</a> of the King's Palace,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seccombe-DNB00_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seccombe-DNB00-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose daughter, Mary Meadows,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/Maid-of-honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Maid-of-honour">maid-of-honour</a> to Walpole's friend, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Queen Caroline</a>. A keen huntsman, Walpole built for himself Great Lodge (Old Lodge) in <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a>. Philip Medows, the deputy ranger of the park and son of Walpole's political ally, Sir Philip Meadowes, lived at Great Lodge after Walpole had vacated it.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his new political positions, and encouraged by his advisers, Walpole introduced the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_fund" title="Sinking fund">sinking fund</a>, a device to reduce the national debt.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cabinet of which he was a member was often divided over most important issues. Normally, Walpole and Townshend were on one side, with Stanhope and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_of_Sunderland" title="Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland">Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland</a> on the other. Foreign policy was the primary issue of contention; George I was thought to be conducting foreign affairs with the interests of his German territories, rather than those of Great Britain, at heart. The Stanhope–Sunderland faction, however, had the King's support. In 1716 Townshend had been removed from the important post of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Northern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Northern Department">Northern Secretary</a> and put in the lesser office of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899185_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899185-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even this change did not appease Stanhope and Sunderland, who secured the dismissal of Townshend from the Lord-Lieutenancy in April 1717.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899185_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899185-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the next day, Walpole resigned from the Cabinet to join the Opposition "because I could not connive at some things that were carrying on",<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by joining the opposition he did not intend "to make the king uneasy or to embarrass his affairs."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This began the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Split" title="Whig Split">Whig Split</a>, dividing the dominant party for three years. In the new Cabinet, Sunderland and Stanhope (who was created an Earl) were the effective heads.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Walpole reversed his earlier support for the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Robert_Harley,_Earl_of_Oxford" title="Impeachment of Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford">impeachment of Robert Harley</a>, the former first minister, and joined with the Tory opposition in securing an acquittal in July 1717.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after Walpole's resignation, a bitter family quarrel between the King and the Prince of Wales, split the royal family. Walpole and others who opposed the Government often congregated at <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Square#History" title="Leicester Square">Leicester House</a>, the home of the Prince of Wales, to form political plans.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole also became an adviser and close friend of the Prince of Wales's wife, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Caroline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1720 he improved his position by bringing about a reconciliation between the Prince of Wales and the King.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole continued to be an influential figure in the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was especially active in opposing one of the Government's more significant proposals, the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_Bill" title="Peerage Bill">Peerage Bill</a>, which would have limited the power of the monarch to create new <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899186_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899186-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walpole brought about a temporary abandonment of the bill in 1719<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the outright rejection of the bill by the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This defeat led Stanhope and Sunderland to reconcile with their opponents;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walpole returned as Paymaster of the Forces<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Townshend was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a>. By accepting the position of Paymaster, however, Walpole lost the favour of the Prince of Wales (the future King George II), who still harboured disdain for his father's Government.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premiership_(1721–1742)"><span id="Premiership_.281721.E2.80.931742.29"></span>Premiership (1721–1742) <span class="anchor" id="Premiership"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Premiership (1721–1742)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="padding-bottom:1px; padding-top:2px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:0; padding-bottom:1px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Walpole,_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Walpole"><img alt="Robert Walpole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg/220px-Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg/330px-Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg/440px-Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3059" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-top:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b><span style="font-size:120%">Premiership of Robert Walpole</span></b></span><br />3 April 1727 – 11 February 1742</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walpole_ministry" title="Walpole ministry">Walpole ministry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:1px;"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <i>Office established</i></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_the_Earl_of_Wilmington" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiership of the Earl of Wilmington"> Earl of Wilmington</a> →</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <hr class="nomobile" style="background:#eee; height:5px; clear:both; margin:0 0 6px;" /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Soon after Walpole returned to the Cabinet, Britain was swept by a wave of over-enthusiastic speculation which led to the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sea Bubble">South Sea Bubble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government had established a plan whereby the South Sea Company would assume the national debt of Great Britain in exchange for lucrative bonds. It was widely believed that the company would eventually reap an enormous profit through international trade in cloth, agricultural goods, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many in the country, including Walpole himself (who sold at the top of the market and made 1,000 per cent profit), frenziedly invested in the company. By the latter part of 1720, however, the company had begun to collapse as the price of its shares plunged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1721 a committee investigated<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the scandal, finding that there was corruption on the part of many in the Cabinet. Among those implicated were <a href="/wiki/John_Aislabie" title="John Aislabie">John Aislabie</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the Chancellor of the Exchequer), <a href="/wiki/James_Craggs_the_Elder" title="James Craggs the Elder">James Craggs the Elder</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General" title="Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a>), <a href="/wiki/James_Craggs_the_Younger" title="James Craggs the Younger">James Craggs the Younger</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Southern Secretary</a>), and even Lords Stanhope and Sunderland (the heads of the Ministry). Both Craggs the Elder and Craggs the Younger died in disgrace; the remainder were impeached for their corruption. Aislabie was found guilty and imprisoned, but the personal influence of Walpole saved both Stanhope and Sunderland. For his role in preventing these individuals and others from being punished, Walpole gained the nickname of "The Screen",<sup id="cite_ref-Coxe-1789_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coxe-1789-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Screenmaster-General".<sup id="cite_ref-UK-hist-blog-2014-11-20_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK-hist-blog-2014-11-20-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The resignation of Sunderland and the death of Stanhope in 1721 left Walpole as the most important figure in the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-UK-hist-blog-2014-11-20_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK-hist-blog-2014-11-20-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 April 1721 he was appointed First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-UK-hist-blog-2014-11-20_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK-hist-blog-2014-11-20-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walpole's <i>de facto</i> tenure as "prime minister" is often dated to his appointment as First Lord of the Treasury in 1721,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he himself rejected that title (it was originally a term of abuse), stating in 1741: "I unequivocally deny that I am sole and prime minister."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother-in-law Lord Townshend served as Secretary of State<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the Northern Department and controlled the nation's foreign affairs. The two also had to contend with the Secretary of State for the Southern Department, <a href="/wiki/John_Carteret,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville">Lord Carteret</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Townshend and Walpole were thus restored to power and "annihilated the opposing faction".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term">First term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Walpole%E2%80%93Townshend_ministry" title="Walpole–Townshend ministry">Walpole–Townshend ministry</a></div> <p>Under the guidance of Walpole, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> attempted to deal with the financial crisis brought on by the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sea Bubble">South Sea Bubble</a>. The estates of the directors of the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a> were used to relieve the suffering of the victims, and the stock of the company was divided between the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187_35-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis had gravely damaged the credibility of the King and of the Whig Party, but Walpole defended both with skilful oratory in the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole's first year as prime minister was also marked by the discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Atterbury_Plot" title="Atterbury Plot">plot</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Atterbury" title="Francis Atterbury">Francis Atterbury</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rochester" title="Bishop of Rochester">bishop of Rochester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899188_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899188-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exposure of the scheme crushed the hopes of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a> whose previous attempts at rebellion (most notably the risings of 1715 and 1719) had also failed. The Tory Party was equally unfortunate even though Lord Bolingbroke, a Tory leader who fled to France to avoid punishment for his Jacobite sympathies, was permitted to return to Britain in 1723.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_(1697-1764)_-_Speaker_Arthur_Onslow_Calling_upon_Sir_Robert_Walpole_to_Speak_in_the_House_of_Commons_-_1441463_-_National_Trust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/William_Hogarth_%281697-1764%29_-_Speaker_Arthur_Onslow_Calling_upon_Sir_Robert_Walpole_to_Speak_in_the_House_of_Commons_-_1441463_-_National_Trust.jpg/220px-William_Hogarth_%281697-1764%29_-_Speaker_Arthur_Onslow_Calling_upon_Sir_Robert_Walpole_to_Speak_in_the_House_of_Commons_-_1441463_-_National_Trust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/William_Hogarth_%281697-1764%29_-_Speaker_Arthur_Onslow_Calling_upon_Sir_Robert_Walpole_to_Speak_in_the_House_of_Commons_-_1441463_-_National_Trust.jpg/330px-William_Hogarth_%281697-1764%29_-_Speaker_Arthur_Onslow_Calling_upon_Sir_Robert_Walpole_to_Speak_in_the_House_of_Commons_-_1441463_-_National_Trust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/William_Hogarth_%281697-1764%29_-_Speaker_Arthur_Onslow_Calling_upon_Sir_Robert_Walpole_to_Speak_in_the_House_of_Commons_-_1441463_-_National_Trust.jpg/440px-William_Hogarth_%281697-1764%29_-_Speaker_Arthur_Onslow_Calling_upon_Sir_Robert_Walpole_to_Speak_in_the_House_of_Commons_-_1441463_-_National_Trust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Speaker <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Onslow" title="Arthur Onslow">Arthur Onslow</a> calling upon Sir Robert Walpole to Speak in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the remainder of George I's reign, Walpole's ascendancy continued; the political power of the monarch was gradually diminishing and that of his ministers gradually increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_-_History_-_George_I_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_-_History_-_George_I-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1724 the primary political rival of Walpole and Townshend in the Cabinet, Lord Carteret, was dismissed from the post of Southern Secretary and once again appointed to the lesser office of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. In Ireland, Lord Carteret used his power to secretly aid in the controversy over <a href="/wiki/William_Wood_(Mintmaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wood (Mintmaster)">Wood's Halfpence</a> and support <i><a href="/wiki/Drapier%27s_Letters" title="Drapier's Letters">Drapier's Letters</a></i> behind the scenes and cause harm to Walpole's power.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Walpole was able to recover from these events by removing the patent. However, Irish sentiment was situated against the English control.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Townshend, working with the king, helped keep Great Britain at peace, especially by negotiating a treaty with France and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> in 1725. Walpole was not consulted and stated that Townshend was "too precipitate" in his actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899190_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899190-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great Britain, free from Jacobite threats, from war, and from financial crises, grew prosperous, and Robert Walpole acquired the favour of George I.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_-_History_-_George_I_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_-_History_-_George_I-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1725 he persuaded the king to revive the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Knighthood of the Bath</a> and was himself invested with the order,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899190_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899190-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1726 was made a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Knight of the Garter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> earning him the nickname "Sir Bluestring".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899190_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899190-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His eldest son was granted a barony.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term">Second term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Walpole_ministry" title="Walpole ministry">Walpole ministry</a></div> <p>Walpole's position was threatened in 1727 when George I died and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a>. For a few days it seemed that Walpole would be dismissed but, on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Queen Caroline</a>, the King agreed to keep him in office. Although the King disliked Townshend, he retained him as well. Over the next years Walpole continued to share power with Townshend but the two clashed over British foreign affairs, especially over policy regarding <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. Gradually Walpole became the clearly dominant partner in government. His colleague retired on 15 May 1730 and this date is sometimes given as the beginning of Walpole's unofficial tenure as prime minister. Townshend's departure enabled Walpole to conclude the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1731)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1731)">Treaty of Vienna</a>, creating the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Austrian_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Austrian alliance">Anglo-Austrian alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition">Opposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walpole, a polarising figure, had many opponents, the most important of whom were in the <a href="/wiki/Country_Party_(Britain)" title="Country Party (Britain)">Country Party</a>, such as Lord Bolingbroke (who had been his political enemy since the days of Queen Anne)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/William_Pulteney,_1st_Earl_of_Bath" title="William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath">William Pulteney</a> (a capable Whig statesman who felt snubbed when Walpole failed to include him in the Cabinet).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolingbroke and Pulteney ran a periodical called <i>The Craftsman</i> in which they incessantly denounced the Prime Minister's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walpole was also satirised and parodied extensively; he was often compared to the criminal <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wild" title="Jonathan Wild">Jonathan Wild</a> as, for example, <a href="/wiki/John_Gay" title="John Gay">John Gay</a> did in his farcical <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beggar%27s_Opera" title="The Beggar's Opera">Beggar's Opera</a></i>. Walpole's other enemies included <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Henry Fielding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Support">Support</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Walpole,_1st_Earl_of_Orford_with_Henry_Bilson-Legge,_by_Stephen_Slaughter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_with_Henry_Bilson-Legge%2C_by_Stephen_Slaughter.jpg/220px-Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_with_Henry_Bilson-Legge%2C_by_Stephen_Slaughter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_with_Henry_Bilson-Legge%2C_by_Stephen_Slaughter.jpg/330px-Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_with_Henry_Bilson-Legge%2C_by_Stephen_Slaughter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_with_Henry_Bilson-Legge%2C_by_Stephen_Slaughter.jpg/440px-Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_with_Henry_Bilson-Legge%2C_by_Stephen_Slaughter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4480" data-file-height="3310" /></a><figcaption>Walpole with his secretary, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Henry Bilson-Legge</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Slaughter" title="Stephen Slaughter">Stephen Slaughter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Walpole secured the support of the people and of the House of Commons with a policy of avoiding war. He used his influence to prevent George II from entering the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> in 1733, because it was a dispute between the Bourbons and the Habsburgs. He boasted, "There are 50,000 men slain in Europe this year, and not one Englishman."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By avoiding wars, Walpole could lower taxes. He reduced the national debt with a sinking fund, and by negotiating lower interest rates. He reduced the land tax from four shillings in 1721, to 3s in 1728, 2s in 1731 and finally to only 1s in 1732. His long-term goal was to replace the land tax, which was paid by the local gentry, with excise and customs taxes, which were paid by merchants and ultimately by consumers. Walpole joked that the landed gentry resembled hogs, which squealed loudly whenever anyone laid hands on them. By contrast, he said, merchants were like sheep, and yielded their wool without complaint.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The joke backfired in 1733 when he was defeated in a major battle to impose <a href="/wiki/Excise_Bill" title="Excise Bill">excise taxes</a> on wine and tobacco. To reduce the threat of smuggling, the tax was to be collected not at ports but at warehouses. This new proposal, however, was extremely unpopular and aroused the opposition of the nation's merchants. Walpole agreed to withdraw the bill before Parliament voted on it, but he dismissed the politicians who had dared to oppose it in the first place. Thus, Walpole lost a considerable element of his Whig Party to the Opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Langford-1998_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langford-1998-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  28–33">(pp 28–33)</span></sup> </p><p>After the general elections of 1734, Walpole's supporters still formed a majority in the House of Commons although they were less numerous than before. He maintained both his parliamentary supremacy and his popularity in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, his home county. In May 1734, he presented a new silver <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_mace" title="Ceremonial mace">mace</a> "weighing 168 ounces, gilt, and finely exchased, to the city of Norwich – on the cup part of it are Sir Robert's arms, and the arms of the city; it was first carried before Mayor Philip Meadows Esq. on the 29th of May".<sup id="cite_ref-brithist-Norwich-37_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brithist-Norwich-37-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite these great occasions, Walpole's broader popularity had begun to wane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899195–196_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899195–196-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1736 an increase in the tax on gin inspired riots in London. The even more serious <a href="/wiki/Porteous_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Porteous riots">Porteous riots</a> broke out in Edinburgh after the King pardoned a captain of the guard (John Porteous) who had commanded his troops to shoot a group of protesters. Though these events diminished Walpole's popularity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899195–196_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899195–196-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they failed to shake his majority in Parliament. Walpole's domination over the House of Commons was highlighted by the ease with which he secured the rejection of Sir John Barnard's plan to reduce the interest on the national debt. Walpole was also able to persuade Parliament to pass the <a href="/wiki/Licensing_Act_1737" title="Licensing Act 1737">Licensing Act 1737</a> under which London theatres were regulated.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act revealed a disdain for Swift, Pope, Fielding, and other literary figures who had attacked his government in their works.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the "<a href="/wiki/Country_Party_(Britain)" title="Country Party (Britain)">country party</a>" attacked Walpole relentlessly, he subsidised writers and lesser-known journalists such as <a href="/wiki/William_Arnall" title="William Arnall">William Arnall</a> and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hoadly" title="Benjamin Hoadly">Benjamin Hoadly</a> as well as two men he named to the role of <a href="/wiki/Poet_laureate" title="Poet laureate">poet laureate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Eusden" title="Laurence Eusden">Laurence Eusden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colley_Cibber" title="Colley Cibber">Colley Cibber</a>. They defended Walpole from the charge of evil political corruption by arguing that corruption is the universal human condition. Furthermore, they argued, political divisiveness was also universal and inevitable because of selfish passions that were integral to human nature. Arnall argued that government must be strong enough to control conflict, and in that regard, Walpole was quite successful. This style of "court" political rhetoric continued through the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Stature_of_a_Great_Man_or_the_English_Colossus_cph.3b03411.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_Stature_of_a_Great_Man_or_the_English_Colossus_cph.3b03411.jpg/170px-The_Stature_of_a_Great_Man_or_the_English_Colossus_cph.3b03411.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_Stature_of_a_Great_Man_or_the_English_Colossus_cph.3b03411.jpg/255px-The_Stature_of_a_Great_Man_or_the_English_Colossus_cph.3b03411.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_Stature_of_a_Great_Man_or_the_English_Colossus_cph.3b03411.jpg/340px-The_Stature_of_a_Great_Man_or_the_English_Colossus_cph.3b03411.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>1740 political cartoon depicting Walpole as the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes" title="Colossus of Rhodes">Colossus of Rhodes</a>, alluding to his reluctance to engage Spain and France militarily</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Solicitor_Committed,_or_the_Dumb_Screen_(BM_1868,0808.3700).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Solicitor_Committed%2C_or_the_Dumb_Screen_%28BM_1868%2C0808.3700%29.jpg/220px-The_Solicitor_Committed%2C_or_the_Dumb_Screen_%28BM_1868%2C0808.3700%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Solicitor_Committed%2C_or_the_Dumb_Screen_%28BM_1868%2C0808.3700%29.jpg/330px-The_Solicitor_Committed%2C_or_the_Dumb_Screen_%28BM_1868%2C0808.3700%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Solicitor_Committed%2C_or_the_Dumb_Screen_%28BM_1868%2C0808.3700%29.jpg/440px-The_Solicitor_Committed%2C_or_the_Dumb_Screen_%28BM_1868%2C0808.3700%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1053" /></a><figcaption>Satire on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Paxton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Paxton (page does not exist)">Nicholas Paxton</a>, solicitor to the Treasury, and his refusal to answer questions from the Committee of Secrecy enquiring into the conduct of Robert Walpole.</figcaption></figure> <p>The year 1737 saw the death of Walpole's close friend <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Queen Caroline</a>. Though her death did not end his personal influence with George II, who had grown loyal to the Prime Minister during the preceding years, Walpole's domination of government continued to decline. His opponents acquired a vocal leader in the <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> who was estranged from his father, the King. Several young politicians including <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a> formed a faction known as the "<a href="/wiki/Patriot_Whigs" title="Patriot Whigs">Patriot Boys</a>" and joined the Prince of Wales in opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole's failure to maintain a policy of avoiding military conflict eventually led to his fall from power.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Seville_(1729)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Seville (1729)">Treaty of Seville (1729)</a>, Great Britain agreed not to trade with the Spanish colonies in North America. Spain claimed the right to board and search British vessels to ensure compliance with this provision. Disputes, however, broke out over trade with the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Walpole attempted to prevent war but was opposed by the King, the House of Commons, and by a faction in his own Cabinet. In 1739 Walpole abandoned all efforts to stop the conflict and commenced the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (so called because <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkins_(master_mariner)" title="Robert Jenkins (master mariner)">Robert Jenkins</a>, a Welsh mariner, claimed that a Spaniard inspecting his vessel had severed his ear).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Walpole's influence continued to dramatically decline even after the war began. In the <a href="/wiki/1741_British_general_election" title="1741 British general election">1741 general election</a> his supporters secured an increase in votes in constituencies that were decided by mass electorates but failed to win in many <a href="/wiki/Rotten_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotten borough">pocket boroughs</a> (constituencies subject to the informal but strong influence of patrons). In general, the government made gains in England and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> but this was not enough to overturn the reverses of the <a href="/wiki/1734_British_general_election" title="1734 British general election">1734 election</a> and further losses in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> where many constituencies were obedient to the will of the Prince of Wales (who was also <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a>). These constituencies returned members of parliament hostile to the Prime Minister. Similarly, the influence of the <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_2nd_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll">Duke of Argyll</a> secured the election of members opposed to Walpole in some parts of Scotland. Walpole's new majority was difficult to determine because of the uncertain loyalties of many new members, but contemporaries and historians estimated it as low as fourteen to eighteen.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the new Parliament, many Whigs thought the ageing Prime Minister incapable of leading the military campaign. Moreover, his majority was not as strong as it had formerly been, his detractors – such as William Pulteney, earl of Bath, and Lord Perceval – being approximately as numerous as his supporters. Behind these political enemies were opposition Whigs, Tories and Jacobites. Walpole was alleged to have presided over an immense increase in corruption and to have enriched himself enormously whilst in office. Parliamentary committees were formed to investigate these charges.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1742 when the House of Commons was prepared to determine the validity of a by-election in <a href="/wiki/Chippenham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Chippenham (UK Parliament constituency)">Chippenham</a>, Walpole and others agreed to treat the issue as a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a>. As Walpole was defeated on the vote, he agreed to resign from the Government. The news of the naval disaster against Spain in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Battle of Cartagena de Indias</a> also prompted the end of his political career. King George II wept on his resignation and begged to see him frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-Brtna-primes_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brtna-primes-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of his resignation the King agreed to elevate him to the House of Lords as the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orford" title="Earl of Orford">Earl of Orford</a>, Viscount Walpole and <a href="/wiki/Baron_Walpole" title="Baron Walpole">Baron Walpole</a> of Houghton in the County of Norfolk, this occurred on 6 February 1742. Five days later he formally relinquished the seals of office.<sup id="cite_ref-Langford-1998_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langford-1998-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  56">(p <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9-b81opKYREC&pg=PA56">56</a>)</span></sup> </p><p>Although no longer First Lord of the Treasury, Walpole remained politically involved as an advisor. His former colleagues were still pleased to see him, perhaps in part because he retained the king's favour. After his resignation, his main political roles were to support the government by means of advice, to dole out some patronage and to speak on the ministry's behalf in the Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Walpole,_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg/220px-Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg/330px-Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg/440px-Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3059" /></a><figcaption>Robert Walpole by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pond" title="Arthur Pond">Arthur Pond</a>, 1742</figcaption></figure> <p>Lord Orford was succeeded as prime minister by <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Lord Wilmington</a> in an administration whose true head was <a href="/wiki/John_Carteret,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville">Lord Carteret</a>. A committee was created to inquire into Walpole's ministry but no substantial evidence of wrongdoing or corruption was discovered. Though no longer a member of the Cabinet, Orford continued to maintain personal influence with George II and was often dubbed the "Minister behind the Curtain" for this advice and influence. In 1744 he managed to secure the dismissal of Carteret and the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a> whom he regarded as a political protégé. He advised Pelham to make use of his seat in the Commons to serve as a bridge between the King and Parliament, just as Walpole had done.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1975117_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1975117-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Walpole also made two interventions in the Lords. The first was in January 1744 in the debate on Hanoverian troops being kept in British pay. Walpole prevented them from losing the troops. In his second intervention, Walpole, with fear of a Jacobite-inspired invasion in February 1744, made a speech on the situation. Frederick, Prince of Wales, usually hostile to Walpole, warmly received him at his court the next day, most likely because his father's throne, and the future of the whole Hanoverian dynasty, was at risk from the Stuart Pretender.<sup id="cite_ref-npg.org.uk_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npg.org.uk-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with his political interests in his last years, Walpole enjoyed the pleasures of the hunt. Back at his recently rebuilt country seat in Houghton, Norfolk, such pastimes were denied him due to "dismal weather".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also enjoyed the beauties of the countryside. His art collection gave him particular pleasure. He had spent much money in the 1720s and 1730s in building up a collection of Old Masters from all over Europe. Walpole also concerned himself with estate matters.<sup id="cite_ref-npg.org.uk_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npg.org.uk-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His health, never good, deteriorated rapidly toward the end of 1744. Walpole died in London on 18 March 1745 from a bladder stone, aged 68 years, and was buried at the <a href="/wiki/St_Martin_at_Tours%27_Church,_Houghton" title="St Martin at Tours' Church, Houghton">Church of St Martin at Tours</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Hall" title="Houghton Hall">Haughton</a> estate.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His earldom passed to his eldest son Robert who was in turn succeeded by his only son George. Upon the death of the third Earl, the earldom was inherited by the first Earl's younger son <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole,_4th_Earl_of_Orford" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford">Horace Walpole</a>, who is now remembered for his many thousands of insightful letters, published in 48 volumes by <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title died with him in 1797. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walpole%27s_reign2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Walpole%27s_reign2.jpg/220px-Walpole%27s_reign2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Walpole%27s_reign2.jpg/330px-Walpole%27s_reign2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Walpole%27s_reign2.jpg/440px-Walpole%27s_reign2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption><i>Walpole's reign</i>, a contemporary political satire</figcaption></figure> <p>Walpole exercised a tremendous influence on the politics of his day. The Tories became a minor insignificant faction, and the Whigs became a dominant and largely unopposed party. His influence on the development of the uncodified <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">constitution of Great Britain</a> was less momentous, even though he is regarded as Great Britain's first prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Brtna-primes_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brtna-primes-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He relied primarily on the favour of the King, rather than the support of the House of Commons. His power stemmed from his personal influence instead of the influence of his office. Most of his immediate successors were, comparatively speaking, extremely weak. It would take several decades more for the premiership to develop into the most powerful and most important office in the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Walpole's strategy of keeping Great Britain at peace contributed greatly to the country's prosperity. Walpole also managed to secure the position of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanoverian dynasty</a>, and effectively countervailed Jacobitism. The Jacobite threat ended, soon after Walpole's term ended, with the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">rebellion of 1745</a>. Later in the century, the Whig MP <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> "admitted him into the whig pantheon".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burke wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He was an honorable man and a sound Whig. He was not, as the Jacobites and discontented Whigs of his time have represented him, and as ill-informed people still represent him, a prodigal and corrupt minister. They charged him in their libels and seditious conversations as having first reduced corruption to a system. Such was their cant. But he was far from governing by corruption. He governed by party attachments. The charge of systematic corruption is less applicable to him, perhaps, than to any minister who ever served the crown for so great a length of time. He gained over very few from the Opposition. Without being a genius of the first class, he was an intelligent, prudent, and safe minister. He loved peace; and he helped to communicate the same disposition to nations at least as warlike and restless as that in which he had the chief direction of affairs. ... With many virtues, public and private, he had his faults; but his faults were superficial. A careless, coarse, and over familiar style of discourse, without sufficient regard to persons or occasions, and an almost total want of political decorum, were the errours  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] by which he was most hurt in the public opinion: and those through which his enemies obtained the greatest advantage over him. But justice must be done. The prudence, steadiness, and vigilance of that man, joined to the greatest possible lenity in his character and his politics, preserved the crown to this royal family; and with it, their laws and liberties to this country.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_4th_Earl_of_Chesterfield" title="Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield">Lord Chesterfield</a> expressed scepticism as to whether "an impartial Character of Sr Robert Walpole, will or can be transmitted to Posterity, for he governed this Kingdom so long that the various passions of Mankind mingled, and in a manner incorporated themselves, with every thing that was said or writt concerning him. Never was Man more flattered nor more abused, and his long power, was probably the chief cause of both".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin1993114_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin1993114-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chesterfield claimed he was "much acquainted with him both in his publick and his private life": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In private life he was good natured, chearfull, social. Inelegant in his manners, loose in his morals. He had a coarse wit, which he was too free of for a man in his station, as it is always inconsistent with dignity. He was very able as a Minister, but without a certain elevation of mind ... He was both the ablest Parliament man, and the ablest manager of a Parliament, that I believe ever lived ... Money, not prerogative, was the chief engine of his administration, and he employed it with a success that in a manner disgraced humanity ... When he found any body proof, against pecuniary temptations, which alass! was but seldom, he had recourse to still a worse art. For he laughed at and ridiculed all notions of publick virtue, and the love of one's country, calling them the <i>chimerical school boy flights of classical learning</i>; declaring himself at the same time, <i>no Saint, no Spartan, no reformer</i>. He would frequently ask young fellows at their first appearance in the world, while their honest hearts were yet untainted, <i>well are you to be an old Roman? a patriot? you will soon come off of that, and grow wiser</i>. And thus he was more dangerous to the morals, than to the libertys of his country, to which I am persuaded that he meaned no ill in his heart. ... His name will not be recorded in history among the best men, or the best Ministers, but much much less ought it to be ranked among the worst.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin1993114–115_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin1993114–115-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a> represents another part of Walpole's legacy. George II offered this home to Walpole as a personal gift in 1732, but Walpole accepted it only as the official residence of the First Lord of the Treasury, taking up his residence there on 22 September 1735. His immediate successors did not always reside in Number 10 (preferring their larger private residences), but the home has nevertheless become established as the official residence of the prime minister (in his or her capacity as First Lord of the Treasury).<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole has attracted attention from heterodox economists as a pioneer of protectionist policies, in the form of tariffs and subsidies to woollen manufacturers. As a result, the industry became Britain's primary export, enabling the country to import the raw materials and food that fueled the industrial revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole is immortalised in <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="St Stephen's Hall">St Stephen's Hall</a>, where he and other notable Parliamentarians look on at visitors to Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-ssstat_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssstat-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole built <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Hall" title="Houghton Hall">Houghton Hall</a> in Norfolk as his country seat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He also left behind a <a href="/wiki/Walpole_collection" title="Walpole collection">collection of art</a> which he had assembled during his career. His grandson, <a href="/wiki/George_Walpole,_3rd_Earl_of_Orford" title="George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford">the 3rd Earl of Orford</a>, sold many of the works in this collection to the Russian Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II</a> in 1779. This collection – then regarded as one of the finest in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – now lies in the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">State Hermitage Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia. In 2013 the Hermitage loaned the collection to Houghton for display, following the original William Kent hanging plan, which had been recently discovered at Houghton.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nursery rhyme "<a href="/wiki/Cock_Robin" title="Cock Robin">Who Killed Cock Robin</a>?" may allude to the fall of Walpole, who carried the popular nickname "Cock Robin".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Contemporaries satirised the Walpole regime as the "Robinocracy" or as the "Robinarchy".)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various locations are named after Walpole, including Walpole Street in <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>, England;<sup id="cite_ref-historytoday.com_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historytoday.com-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the towns of <a href="/wiki/Walpole,_Massachusetts" title="Walpole, Massachusetts">Walpole, Massachusetts</a> (founded in 1724), and <a href="/wiki/Orford,_New_Hampshire" title="Orford, New Hampshire">Orford, New Hampshire</a> (incorporated in 1761) in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historytoday.com_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historytoday.com-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_issue">Marriages and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Marriages and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catherine_Shorter">Catherine Shorter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Catherine Shorter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShorterArms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ShorterArms.svg/220px-ShorterArms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ShorterArms.svg/330px-ShorterArms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ShorterArms.svg/440px-ShorterArms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Shorter, of Bybrook, Kent: <i>Sable, a lion rampant or ducally crowned argent between three battle axes of the last headed of the second</i><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 July 1700, Walpole married <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Walpole" title="Catherine Walpole">Catherine Shorter</a> (1682–1737),<sup id="cite_ref-Cokayne-Doubleday-deWalden-1945_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cokayne-Doubleday-deWalden-1945-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the eldest daughter<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and co-heiress<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of John Shorter of Bybrook in <a href="/wiki/Ashford,_Kent" title="Ashford, Kent">Ashford, Kent</a> (the son of Sir John Shorter (1625–1688), Lord Mayor of London) by his wife Elizabeth Philipps (born c. 1664), a daughter of Sir Erasmus Philipps, 3rd Baronet.<sup id="cite_ref-Cokayne-Doubleday-deWalden-1945_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cokayne-Doubleday-deWalden-1945-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was described as "a woman of exquisite beauty and accomplished manners".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899180_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899180-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her £20,000 dowry was, according to Walpole's brother <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Walpole,_1st_Baron_Walpole" title="Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole">Horatio Walpole</a>, spent on the wedding, christenings and jewels.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her sister and co-heiress Charlotte Shorter married (as his third wife) <a href="/wiki/Francis_Seymour-Conway,_1st_Baron_Conway" title="Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Baron Conway">Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Baron Conway</a> (1679–1731/2), by whom she was the mother of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Seymour-Conway,_1st_Marquess_of_Hertford" title="Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford">Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford</a> (1718–1794). Sir John Shorter (c. 1625–1688), Lord Mayor of London, married Isabel Birkhead, a sister of Edward Birkhead (d.1662) of Richmond House, Twickenham, Serjeant-at-Arms in the House of Commons in 1648, a Quaker Magistrate and the principal landowner in the parish of Twickenham.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine's youngest son Horace later built Strawberry Hill House on land purchased by him at Twickenham. Catherine Shorter died on 20 August 1737 and was buried at Houghton,<sup id="cite_ref-Cokayne-Doubleday-deWalden-1945_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cokayne-Doubleday-deWalden-1945-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a monument in the south aisle of the King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> erected by her son Horatio, in the form of a life-size white marble statue, a copy by <a href="/wiki/Filippo_della_Valle" title="Filippo della Valle">Filippo della Valle</a> of a Roman statue of <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Pudicitia</a></i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Celimontana" title="Villa Celimontana">Villa Mattei</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the plinth sculpted by <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Rysbrack" title="John Michael Rysbrack">John Michael Rysbrack</a> is the following inscription written by Horace:<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <dl><dd>To the memory of Catherine Lady Walpole, eldest daughter of John Shorter, Esqr. of Bybrook in Kent and first wife of Sir Robert Walpole, afterwards Earl of Orford, Horace her youngest son consecrates this monument. She had beauty and wit without vice or vanity, and cultivated the Arts without affectation. She was devout, tho' without bigotry to any sect, and was without prejudice to any party tho' the wife of a minister, whose power she esteemed but when she could employ it to benefit the miserable or to reward the meritorious. She loved a private life, tho' born to shine in public; and was an ornament to courts, untainted by them. She died 20 August 1737.<br /></dd></dl> <p>By Catherine Shorter he had two daughters and three sons:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole,_2nd_Earl_of_Orford" title="Robert Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford">Robert Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford</a>, eldest son and heir, who in 1724 married <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rolle,_15th_Baroness_Clinton" title="Margaret Rolle, 15th Baroness Clinton">Margaret Rolle</a> (17 January 1709 – 13 January 1781), later <i><a href="/wiki/Suo_jure" title="Suo jure">suo jure</a></i> 15th <a href="/wiki/Baron_Clinton" title="Baron Clinton">Baroness Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had one son<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Walpole,_3rd_Earl_of_Orford" title="George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford">George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford and 16th Baron Clinton</a> (1730–1791), who left no legitimate children and died insane.</li> <li>Katherine Walpole,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who died unmarried and without issue;<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mary Walpole, who on 14 September 1723 married <a href="/wiki/George_Cholmondeley,_3rd_Earl_of_Cholmondeley" title="George Cholmondeley, 3rd Earl of Cholmondeley">George Cholmondeley, 3rd Earl of Cholmondeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had sons and daughters<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Houghton Estate eventually became the inheritance of the Cholmondeley family. She died at <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a> in 1731, and was buried at <a href="/wiki/Malpas,_Cheshire" title="Malpas, Cheshire">Malpas, Cheshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walpole" title="Edward Walpole">Edward Walpole</a>, who died unmarried but had four illegitimate children by his mistress <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Clement" title="Dorothy Clement">Dorothy Clement</a>: <ul><li>Edward, born in 1737, died in 1771 without issue;</li> <li>Laura, the eldest daughter, who married Bishop <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Keppel_(bishop)" title="Frederick Keppel (bishop)">Frederick Keppel</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Maria Walpole</a> (d. 1807) (Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh), the second daughter, who married firstly <a href="/wiki/James_Waldegrave,_2nd_Earl_Waldegrave" title="James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave">James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave</a> and secondly <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a> the brother of King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a>.</li> <li>Charlotte, the youngest daughter, who married <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Tollemache,_5th_Earl_of_Dysart" title="Lionel Tollemache, 5th Earl of Dysart">Lionel Tollemache, 5th Earl of Dysart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford</a> (24 September 1717 – 2 March 1797), of Strawberry Hill House, Twickenham, youngest son, the diarist known to history as "Horace Walpole". He became the 4th and last Earl of Orford on his nephew's death in 1791, and died unmarried and without issue.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maria_Skerritt">Maria Skerritt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Maria Skerritt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarsickArms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HarsickArms.svg/220px-HarsickArms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HarsickArms.svg/330px-HarsickArms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HarsickArms.svg/440px-HarsickArms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Skerritt: <i>Or, a chief indented sable</i><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the death of his first wife Walpole took on a mistress, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Walpole_(Skerritt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Walpole (Skerritt)">Maria Skeritt</a> (d. 1738), a fashionable socialite of wit and beauty, with an independent fortune of £30,000,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the daughter and sole heiress of Thomas Skeritt (d. 1738) (<i>aliter</i> Skerret, Skeritt, etc), a wealthy Irish merchant living in Dover Street, Mayfair, London.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had been living together openly in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond, Surrey">Richmond Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Hall" title="Houghton Hall">Houghton Hall</a> since before 1728,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and married at some time before March 1738. She died on 4 June 1739 following a miscarriage. Walpole considered her "indispensable to his happiness", and her loss plunged him into a "deplorable and comfortless condition", which led to a severe illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205–206_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205–206-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By Maria Skerritt he had one daughter, born before the marriage, but subsequently legitimated:<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Maria Walpole,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who after her legitimation acquired the style of the daughter of an earl, as Lady Maria Walpole.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1746 she married Colonel <a href="/wiki/Charles_Churchill_(of_Chalfont)" title="Charles Churchill (of Chalfont)">Charles Churchill</a> (1720–1812) of Chalfont, an illegitimate son of General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Churchill_(British_Army_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Churchill (British Army general)">Charles Churchill</a>, and became the king's housekeeper at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By Charles Churchill she had daughters including: <ul><li>Sophia Churchill, who married her relative <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Walpole,_2nd_Earl_of_Orford" title="Horatio Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford">Horatio Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford</a> (1752–1822), of the third creation of that earldom, the son of <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Walpole,_1st_Earl_of_Orford" title="Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford">Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Walpole,_1st_Baron_Walpole_of_Wolterton" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole of Wolterton">Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole of Wolterton</a>, 9th brother of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole,_1st_Earl_of_Orford" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford">Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mary Churchill, who on 10 May 1777 became the second wife of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cadogan,_1st_Earl_Cadogan" title="Charles Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan">Charles Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan</a> (1728–1807), and had issue, before being divorced in 1796 by her husband for "criminal conversation" with Rev. Mr. Cooper.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Delamere" title="Baron Delamere">Baron Delamere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Cholmondeley" title="Marquess of Cholmondeley">Marquess of Cholmondeley</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Before the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a>, after which the title was renamed as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> As a young man, Sir Robert bought shares of the South Seas Co., which monopolized trade with Spain, the Caribbean, and South America. The speculative market for slaves, rum, and mahogany spawned a frenzy that had ramifications throughout Europe when it collapsed. "But Walpole bought at the bottom and sold at the top," Tinterow said. That fortune enabled him to build Houghton.<sup id="cite_ref-Glentzer-2014-06-20_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glentzer-2014-06-20-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir Philip Meadows Jnr. (d. 1757) – the son of Sir Philip Meadows Snr. (d. 1718) – was a commissioner of excise from 1698 to 1700, was on 2 July 1700 appointed knight-marshal of the king's household, and formally knighted by William III on 23 Dec. 1700 at Hampton Court. ...<sup id="cite_ref-Seccombe-DNB00_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seccombe-DNB00-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "<i>After all the pains that have been taken to detect the villanys of the directors and their friends, I am afraid they will at last flip thro' their fingers, and that nothing further will be done as to confiscation, hanging, &c. There certainly is a majority in the house of commons, that are willing to do themselves and the kingdom justice; but they act so little in concert together [...] He [ <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brodrick_(1654%E2%80%931730)" title="Thomas Brodrick (1654–1730)">Thomas Brodrick</a> ] is [...] the spring that gives motion to the whole body; and the only man that either can or will set matters in a true light, and expose and baffle the schemes of the</i> skreen<i>, &c. The house were five hours in a committee [...] and were amuse'd and banter'd [...] by questions and amendments propos'd by the skreen, &c. so that they rose at last without coming to any resolution. [...] the kingdom is like to be very happy, when the skreen, and the gentleman [Sunderland] with the bloody nose, act in perfect concert together</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-Coxe-1789_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coxe-1789-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1734, a new silver mace, weighing 168 ounces, gilt and finely exchased, was presented to the city by the right honourable Sir Rob. Walpole; on the cup part of it are Sir Robert's arms, and the arms of the city; it was first carried before the Mayor on 29 May.<sup id="cite_ref-brithist-Norwich-37_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brithist-Norwich-37-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "In five of the niches, on pedestals, are, I. A cart in plaifter bronzed of Catharine Lady Walpole, the model of her statue in Westminster Abbey, executed at Rome by Valory, and taken from the Livia or Pudicitia in the Villa Mattei" (now called Villa Celimontana).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> No issue is given in Burke's <i>Extinct Peerage</i> to this second marriage of Sir Robert Walpole; but in <i>Ancient Peerages</i> is this: <dl><dd>"Sir Robert Walpole married, in 1737, Maria, daughter and sole heir of Thomas Skerret, who died in 1738; he had a daughter from her before marriage, Maria, his Majesty's housekeeper at Windsor, and wife of Charles Churchill. She was legitimated, and given the rank of an Earl's daughter."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806231128/https://www.lexico.com/definition/robinocracy">"Robinocracy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Robinocracy">the original</a> on 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robinocracy&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FRobinocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeck,_W._A.1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._A._Speck" title="W. A. Speck">Speck, W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Listed+Buildings&rft.atitle=Church+of+St.+Martin%2C+Houghton%2C+Norfolk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk%2F101077787-church-of-st-martin-houghton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_W._H.1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Smith, W. H. (1983). "Horace Walpole's Correspondence". <i>The Yale University Library Gazette</i>. 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The Library of Liberal Arts. pp. <span class="nowrap">62–</span>63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Appeal+from+the+New+to+the+Old+Whigs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Liberal+Arts&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin1993114-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin1993114_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranklin1993">Franklin (1993)</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin1993114–115-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin1993114–115_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranklin1993">Franklin (1993)</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang,_Ha-Joon2010" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Ha-Joon (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thingstheydontte00chan_740"><i>23 Things They Don't Tell You about Capitalism</i></a></span>. London, UK: Allen Lane. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thingstheydontte00chan_740/page/n285">70</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=23+Things+They+Don%27t+Tell+You+about+Capitalism&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Chang%2C+Ha-Joon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthingstheydontte00chan_740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssstat-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ssstat_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/architecture/palace-s-interiors/st-stephen-s-hall/">"St. Stephen's Hall"</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=St.+Stephen%27s+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fbuilding%2Fpalace%2Farchitecture%2Fpalace-s-interiors%2Fst-stephen-s-hall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedford,_George1888" class="citation book cs1">Redford, George (1888). "Sale of the Houghton Gallery". <i>Art Sales: A history of sales of pictures and other works of art</i>. London, UK. pp. <span class="nowrap">356–</span>357.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sale+of+the+Houghton+Gallery&rft.btitle=Art+Sales%3A+A+history+of+sales+of+pictures+and+other+works+of+art&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E356-%3C%2Fspan%3E357&rft.date=1888&rft.au=Redford%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/events/houghton-revisited/">"Houghton revisited"</a>. <i>www.christies.com</i>. Special exhibition<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.christies.com&rft.atitle=Houghton+revisited&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Fevents%2Fhoughton-revisited%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpieOpie1997" class="citation book cs1">Opie, Iona Archibald; Opie, Peter (1997). <i>Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860088-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860088-6"><bdi>978-0-19-860088-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Nursery+Rhymes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860088-6&rft.aulast=Opie&rft.aufirst=Iona+Archibald&rft.au=Opie%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramnick1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Kramnick" title="Isaac Kramnick">Kramnick, Isaac</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bolingbrokehisci00kram_0"><i>Bolingbroke and His Circle: The Politics of Nostalgia in the Age of Walpole</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bolingbrokehisci00kram_0/page/20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801480010" title="Special:BookSources/9780801480010"><bdi>9780801480010</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2014</span>. <q>Walpole's system was depicted as a unique form of government, the <i>Robinocracy</i> or Robinarchy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolingbroke+and+His+Circle%3A+The+Politics+of+Nostalgia+in+the+Age+of+Walpole&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780801480010&rft.aulast=Kramnick&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbolingbrokehisci00kram_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historytoday.com-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historytoday.com_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historytoday.com_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/jh-plumb/british-prime-ministers-sir-robert-walpole">"British Prime Ministers: Sir Robert Walpole"</a>. <i>historytoday.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historytoday.com&rft.atitle=British+Prime+Ministers%3A+Sir+Robert+Walpole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fjh-plumb%2Fbritish-prime-ministers-sir-robert-walpole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke, Sir Bernard, The General Armory, London, 1884, p. 924 "Shorter of London, granted 1687"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cokayne-Doubleday-deWalden-1945-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cokayne-Doubleday-deWalden-1945_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cokayne-Doubleday-deWalden-1945_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cokayne-Doubleday-deWalden-1945_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCokayne,_G._E.Doubleday,_H._A.de_Walden,_Howard1945" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Cokayne, G. E.; Doubleday, H. A.; de Walden, Howard, eds. (1945). <i>The Complete Peerage, or a history of the House of Lords and all its members from the earliest times</i>. Vol. 10 (Oakham to Richmond) (2nd ed.). London: The St. Catherine Press. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Peerage%2C+or+a+history+of+the+House+of+Lords+and+all+its+members+from+the+earliest+times&rft.place=London&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+St.+Catherine+Press&rft.date=1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per inscription on her monument in Westminster Abbey</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All her brothers died unmarried, see "Walpole Pedigree, 1776 Strawberry Hill, Twickenham" <a href="/wiki/File:Walpole_Pedigree_1776_Strawberry_Hill,_Twickenham.png" title="File:Walpole Pedigree 1776 Strawberry Hill, Twickenham.png">File:Walpole Pedigree 1776 Strawberry Hill, Twickenham.png</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeadam1899">Leadam (1899</a>, p. 180) cites Horace Walpole's <i>Letters</i>, viii. 423</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.php?aid=93&cid=16&ctid=1">"The Twickenham Museum"</a>. <q>The history centre for Twickenham, Whitton, Teddington and the Hamptons</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Twickenham+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twickenham-museum.org.uk%2Fdetail.php%3Faid%3D93%26cid%3D16%26ctid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205_105-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeadam1899">Leadam (1899)</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole,_Horace1774" class="citation news cs1">Walpole, Horace (1774). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descriptionofvil00walp/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater">"A description of the villa of Horace Walpole, youngest son of Sir Robert Walpole earl of Orford, at Strawberry-hill, near Twickenham"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>. p. 76 – via archive.org. <q>With an inventory of the furniture, pictures, curiosities, &c.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=A+description+of+the+villa+of+Horace+Walpole%2C+youngest+son+of+Sir+Robert+Walpole+earl+of+Orford%2C+at+Strawberry-hill%2C+near+Twickenham&rft.pages=76&rft.date=1774&rft.au=Walpole%2C+Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdescriptionofvil00walp%2Fpage%2F76%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See image www.westminster-abbey.org <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/catherine-lady-walpole">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToynbee1903" class="citation book cs1">Toynbee, Helen ("Mrs. Paget Toynbee") (1903). <i>The Letters of Horace Walpole</i>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofhoracew78walp/page/81">81</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Horace+Walpole&rft.pages=81&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Helen+%28%22Mrs.+Paget+Toynbee%22%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1833" class="citation book cs1">Burke, John (1833). <i>A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire</i>. H. Colburn and R. Bentley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yeo8AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA262">262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+and+Heraldic+Dictionary+of+the+Peerage+and+Baronetage+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=H.+Colburn+and+R.+Bentley&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller1861" class="citation book cs1">Eller, George (1861). <i>Memorials: Archaeological and Ecclesiastical of the West Winch Manors from the Earliest Ages to the Present Period</i>. Thew & Son. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKYLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA100">100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorials%3A+Archaeological+and+Ecclesiastical+of+the+West+Winch+Manors+from+the+Earliest+Ages+to+the+Present+Period&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Thew+%26+Son&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondson1785" class="citation book cs1">Edmondson, Joseph (1785). <i>The Present Peerages: With Plates of Arms, and an Introduction to Heraldry; Together with Several Useful Lists Incident to the Work</i>. J. Dodsley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zzEwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA58">58</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Present+Peerages%3A+With+Plates+of+Arms%2C+and+an+Introduction+to+Heraldry%3B+Together+with+Several+Useful+Lists+Incident+to+the+Work&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=J.+Dodsley&rft.date=1785&rft.aulast=Edmondson&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebrettCollen1840" class="citation book cs1">Debrett, John; Collen, G. W. (1840). <i>Debrett's Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland. revised, corrected and continued by G. W. Collen</i>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debrettspeerage08debrgoog/page/n223">159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debrett%27s+Peerage+of+England%2C+Scotland%2C+and+Ireland.+revised%2C+corrected+and+continued+by+G.+W.+Collen&rft.pages=159&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Debrett&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Collen%2C+G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke, Sir Bernard, The General Armory, London, 1884, p. 931: "Skerett/Skerit of Peter Tavy, near Tavistock and of Buckland Monachorum, Devon".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeadam1899">Leadam (1899</a>, p. 205) cites a letter from Bishop Hare to F. Naylor, 9 March 1738, <i>Hare MSS</i>. p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeadam1899">Leadam (1899</a>, p. 205) cites <i>Gent. Mag.</i> (1734, p. 50); Hervey, <i>Memoirs</i>, i. 115; Pope, <i>Works</i>, iii. 141 note 1; <i>Gent. Mag.</i> (1738, p. 324).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205–206-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeadam1899205–206_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeadam1899">Leadam (1899)</a>, pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrer1908" class="citation book cs1">Farrer, Edmund (1908). <i>Portraits in Suffolk houses (West)</i>. B. Quaritch. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitsinsuffo00farruoft/page/88">88</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+in+Suffolk+houses+%28West%29&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=B.+Quaritch&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Farrer&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2002" class="citation book cs1">Clark, J. C. D. (July 2002). <i>The Memoirs and Speeches of James, 2nd Earl Waldegrave 1742–1763</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8GrL_g9enMC&pg=PA87">87</a>, 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52689-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52689-0"><bdi>978-0-521-52689-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs+and+Speeches+of+James%2C+2nd+Earl+Waldegrave+1742%E2%80%931763&rft.pages=46%2C+87%2C+250&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-07&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52689-0&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=J.+C.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebrett1814" class="citation book cs1">Debrett, John (1814). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TiNRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA327"><i>The Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland: In Two Volumes. England</i></a>. G. Woodfall. p. 327<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peerage+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+%26+Ireland%3A+In+Two+Volumes.+England&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=G.+Woodfall&rft.date=1814&rft.aulast=Debrett&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTiNRAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCokayne,_G._E.Gibbs,_Vicary1912" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Cokayne, G. E.; Gibbs, Vicary, eds. (1912). "Earl Cadogan". <i>The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant</i>. Vol. 2 (Bass to Canning) (2nd ed.). London: The St. Catherine Press. p. 462, note (b).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Earl+Cadogan&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Peerage+of+England%2C+Scotland%2C+Ireland%2C+Great+Britain+and+the+United+Kingdom%2C+extant%2C+extinct+or+dormant&rft.place=London&rft.pages=462%2C+note-%28b%29&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+St.+Catherine+Press&rft.date=1912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADWLPL695R" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=WLPL695R&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Walpole, Robert (WLPL695R)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Walpole%2C+Robert+%28WLPL695R%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DWLPL695R%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAotes2006" class="citation journal cs1">Aotes, Jonathan (April 2006). "Sir Robert Walpole after his fall from power, 1742–1745". <i>History</i>. <b>91</b> (302): <span class="nowrap">218–</span>230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229x.2006.00364.x">10.1111/j.1468-229x.2006.00364.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Sir+Robert+Walpole+after+his+fall+from+power%2C+1742%E2%80%931745&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=302&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229x.2006.00364.x&rft.aulast=Aotes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reed_Browning" title="Reed Browning">Browning, Reed</a> (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dukeofnewcastle0000brow"><i>The Duke of Newcastle</i></a></span>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01746-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01746-5"><bdi>978-0-300-01746-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duke+of+Newcastle&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-300-01746-5&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdukeofnewcastle0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1993" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Colin (1993). <i>Lord Chesterfield. His character and 'characters'<span></span></i>. Aldershot: Scolar Press. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Chesterfield.+His+character+and+%27characters%27&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Scolar+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppit,_Julian2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoppit, Julian (2000). <i>A Land of Liberty? England 1689–1727</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Land+of+Liberty%3F+England+1689%E2%80%931727&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Hoppit%2C+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford1998" class="citation book cs1">Langford, Paul (1998). <i>A Polite and Commercial People: England, 1727–1783</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>58. <q>Robin's Reign <span style="color:gray">[on cover]</span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Polite+and+Commercial+People%3A+England%2C+1727%E2%80%931783&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeadam,_Isaac_Saunders1899" class="citation book cs1">Leadam, Isaac Saunders (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Sir-Robert-Walpole-Short-Biography-ebook/dp/B005HKOH98/"><i>Sir Robert Walpole – a short biography</i></a>. Shamrock Eden – via Amazon.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Robert+Walpole+%E2%80%93+a+short+biography&rft.pub=Shamrock+Eden&rft.date=1899&rft.au=Leadam%2C+Isaac+Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FSir-Robert-Walpole-Short-Biography-ebook%2Fdp%2FB005HKOH98%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeadam1899" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">Leadam, Isaac Saunders (1899), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walpole, Robert (1676-1745)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Walpole,_Robert_(1676-1745)">"Walpole, Robert (1676–1745)" </a></span>, in <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, vol. 59, London: Smith, Elder & Co, pp. <span class="nowrap">178–</span>207</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Walpole%2C+Robert+%281676%E2%80%931745%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Leadam&rft.aufirst=Isaac+Saunders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Gorman,_Frank1997" class="citation book cs1">O'Gorman, Frank (1997). <i>The Long Eighteenth Century: British political and social history 1688–1832</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Eighteenth+Century%3A+British+political+and+social+history+1688%E2%80%931832&rft.date=1997&rft.au=O%27Gorman%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeck,_W._A.1977" class="citation book cs1">Speck, W. 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(1977). <i>Stability and Strife: England 1714–1760</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stability+and+Strife%3A+England+1714%E2%80%931760&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Speck%2C+W.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">Taylor, Stephen (January 2008) [2004], "Walpole, Robert, first earl of Orford (1676–1745)", <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28601">10.1093/ref:odnb/28601</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Walpole%2C+Robert%2C+first+earl+of+Orford+%281676%E2%80%931745%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28601&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandleyRoweMcBryde2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">Handley, Stuart; Rowe, M. J.; McBryde, W. H. (October 2007), "Pulteney, William, earl of Bath (1684–1764)", <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22889">10.1093/ref:odnb/22889</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pulteney%2C+William%2C+earl+of+Bath+%281684%E2%80%931764%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22889&rft.aulast=Handley&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Rowe%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=McBryde%2C+W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Robert_Walpole" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (2001). <i>Walpole in Power</i>. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2523-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2523-5"><bdi>978-0-7509-2523-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walpole+in+Power&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-2523-5&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Blick, Andrew, and George Jones. <i>At Power's Elbow: Aides to the Prime Minister from Robert Walpole to David Cameron</i> (Biteback Publishing, 2013)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtney1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Prideaux_Courtney" title="William Prideaux Courtney">Courtney, William Prideaux</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orford, Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Orford,_Robert_Walpole,_1st_Earl_of">"Orford, Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">254–</span>256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orford%2C+Robert+Walpole%2C+1st+Earl+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=William+Prideaux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dickinson, Harry T. (1972) "Walpole and his critics", <i>History Today</i> (3 June 1972), Vol. 22, Issue 6, pp. 410–419 online.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson1973" class="citation book cs1">Dickinson, Harry T. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walpolewhigsupre0000dick"><i>Walpole and the Whig Supremacy</i></a>. London: English Universities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-11515-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-11515-2"><bdi>978-0-340-11515-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walpole+and+the+Whig+Supremacy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=English+Universities+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-340-11515-2&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Harry+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalpolewhigsupre0000dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2008" class="citation book cs1">Field, Ophelia (2008). <i>The Kit-Cat Club: Friends who imagined a nation</i>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-717892-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-717892-6"><bdi>978-0-00-717892-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kit-Cat+Club%3A+Friends+who+imagined+a+nation&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-00-717892-6&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Ophelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hartop, Christopher (2014), <i>Sir Robert Walpole's Silver</i>, London: Silver Society, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9549144-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9549144-3-1">978-0-9549144-3-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1989" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Brian W. (1989). <i>Sir Robert Walpole: Sole and Prime Minister</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-12738-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-12738-4"><bdi>978-0-241-12738-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Robert+Walpole%3A+Sole+and+Prime+Minister&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-241-12738-4&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Holmes, Geoffrey, and Daniel Szechi. <i>The age of oligarchy: pre-industrial Britain 1722–1783</i> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=SuEJBAAAQBAJ">excerpt</a>; "The Age of Walpole" pp. 3–88</li> <li>Marshall, Dorothy. <i>Eighteenth Century England, 1714–1784</i> (2nd ed. 1974), pp. 101–191, political narrative</li> <li>Murdoch, Tessa (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Noble_Households" title="Noble Households"><i>Noble Households: Eighteenth-Century Inventories of Great English Houses</i></a> (Cambridge, <a href="/wiki/John_Adamson_(publisher)" title="John Adamson (publisher)">John Adamson</a>, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9524322-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9524322-5-8">978-0-9524322-5-8</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/78044620">78044620</a>. For an inventory of Houghton Hall two months after Walpole's death in 1745, see pp. 170–84.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2008" class="citation book cs1">Pearce, Edward (2008). <i>The Great Man: Sir Robert Walpole</i>. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-405-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-405-2"><bdi>978-1-84413-405-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Man%3A+Sir+Robert+Walpole&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84413-405-2&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Plumb" title="John H. Plumb">Plumb, J. H.</a> "Sir Robert Walpole" <i>History Today</i> (Oct 1951) 1#10 pp. 9–16</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumb1956–1960" class="citation book cs1">Plumb, J. H. (1956–1960). <i>Sir Robert Walpole</i>. London: Cresset Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Robert+Walpole&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cresset+Press&rft.date=1956%2F1960&rft.aulast=Plumb&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span>; the standard scholarly biography; vol. 1: <i>Sir Robert Walpole: The Making of a Statesman</i> (1956) to 1722; vol 2: <i>Sir Robert Walpole, The King's Minister</i> (1960) ends in 1734; vol 3 was never finished; 1972 reprint combined vol 1 and vol 2 as <i>Sir Robert Walpole</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0678035504" title="Special:BookSources/0678035504">0678035504</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumb1967" class="citation book cs1">Plumb, J. H. (1967). <i>The Growth of Political Stability in England 1675–1725</i>. London: Macmillan and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Political+Stability+in+England+1675%E2%80%931725&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Plumb&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_A._M._Rodger" title="Nicholas A. M. Rodger">Rodger, N. A. M.</a> (2006). <i>Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102690-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102690-9"><bdi>978-0-14-102690-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Command+of+the+Ocean%3A+A+Naval+History+of+Britain+1649%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-102690-9&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=N.+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Walpole" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Williams, Basil. <i>The Whig Supremacy 1714–1760</i> (1939; 2nd ed. 1962) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whigsupremacy171001761mbp">online edition</a>; pp 180–212; covers his ministry 1721–42</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Williams_(historian)" title="Basil Williams (historian)">Williams, Basil</a>. "The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole" <i>English Historical Review</i> 15#58 (Apr. 1900), pp. 251–276 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/548451">in JSTOR</a> <ul><li>"The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole (Continued)" <i>English Historical Review</i> 15#59 (July 1900), pp. 479–494 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/549078">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>"The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole (Continued)" <i>English Historical Review</i> 59#60 (Oct. 1900), pp. 665–698 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/548535">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>"The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole" <i>English Historical Review</i> 16#61 (Jan. 1901), pp. 67–83 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/549509">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>"The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole (Continued)" <i>English Historical Review</i> 16#62 (Apr. 1901), pp. 308–327 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/548655">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>"The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole (Continued)" <i>English Historical Review</i> 16#53 (July 1901), pp. 439–451 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/549205">in JSTOR</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Coxe, William. <i>Memoirs of the Life and Administration of Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford</i> (3 vol 1800) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28memoirs%20orford%29">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Walpole&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Robert_Walpole" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.blog.gov.uk/2014/11/20/sir-robert-walpole-whig-1721-1742/">Robert Walpole's biography on the UK history of government blog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houghtonhall.com/">Houghton Hall</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cholmondeleycastle.com/">Cholmondeley Castle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp03376">Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a>, London</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardjdavies.info/PMs/walpole.htm">Ancestors of Robert Walpole</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole_(1650%E2%80%931700)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Walpole (1650–1700)">Robert Walpole</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Howard_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Howard (MP) (page does not exist)">Thomas Howard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rising_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Castle Rising (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Castle Rising</a> </b><br />1701–1702 <br />With: <b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Howard_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Howard (MP) (page does not exist)">Thomas Howard</a> 1701<br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil_(1670%E2%80%931716)" title="Robert Cecil (1670–1716)">Robert Cecil</a> 1701<br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jones,_1st_Earl_of_Ranelagh" title="Richard Jones, 1st Earl of Ranelagh">The Earl of Ranelagh</a> 1701–1702<br /><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_2nd_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire">Marquess of Hartington</a> 1702 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Littleton,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Littleton, 3rd Baronet">Sir Thomas Littleton</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Walpole_(died_1717)" title="Horatio Walpole (died 1717)">Horatio Walpole</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Turner_(d._1712)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Turner (d. 1712) (page does not exist)">Sir John Turner</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Turner,_1st_Baronet,_of_Warham" title="Sir Charles Turner, 1st Baronet, of Warham">Sir Charles Turner</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for King's Lynn</a> </b><br />1702–1712 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Turner,_1st_Baronet,_of_Warham" title="Sir Charles Turner, 1st Baronet, of Warham">Sir Charles Turner</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Turner,_1st_Baronet,_of_Warham" title="Sir Charles Turner, 1st Baronet, of Warham">Sir Charles Turner</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_John_Turner,_2nd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir John Turner, 2nd Baronet (page does not exist)">Sir John Turner</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Turner,_1st_Baronet,_of_Warham" title="Sir Charles Turner, 1st Baronet, of Warham">Sir Charles Turner</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_John_Turner,_2nd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir John Turner, 2nd Baronet (page does not exist)">Sir John Turner</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for King's Lynn</a> </b><br />1713–1742 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Turner,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir John Turner, 3rd Baronet">Sir John Turner</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bacon_(died_1786)" title="Edward Bacon (died 1786)">Edward Bacon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Henry St John</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_at_War" title="Secretary at War">Secretary at War</a> </b><br />1708–1710 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Granville,_1st_Baron_Lansdowne" title="George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdowne">George Granville</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Littleton,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Littleton, 3rd Baronet">Sir Thomas Littleton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Navy" title="Treasurer of the Navy">Treasurer of the Navy</a> </b><br />1710–1711 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caesar_(Treasurer_of_the_Navy)" title="Charles Caesar (Treasurer of the Navy)">Charles Caesar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Grobham_Howe_(1657%E2%80%931722)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Grobham Howe (1657–1722)">John Howe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moore_(British_Army_Paymaster_of_the_Forces_Abroad)" title="Thomas Moore (British Army Paymaster of the Forces Abroad)">Thomas Moore</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a> </b><br />1714–1715 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton,_7th_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln">The Earl of Lincoln</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_3rd_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle">The Earl of Carlisle</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a> </b><br />1715–1717 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">The Viscount Stanhope</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Onslow,_1st_Baron_Onslow" title="Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow">Sir Richard Onslow</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> </b><br />1715–1717 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton,_7th_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln">The Earl of Lincoln</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a> </b><br />1720–1721 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_4th_Baron_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 4th Baron Cornwallis">The Lord Cornwallis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>First</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">None recognised before</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Great Britain">Prime Minister of Great Britain</a> </b><br />1721–1742 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">The Earl of Wilmington</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_of_Sunderland" title="Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland">The Earl of Sunderland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a> </b><br />1721–1742 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt_(judge)" title="John Pratt (judge)">Sir John Pratt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> </b><br />1721–1742 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Samuel Sandys</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Unknown</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1721–1742 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peerage of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orford" title="Earl of Orford">Earl of Orford</a> </b><br /><i>2nd creation</i><br />1742–1745 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole,_2nd_Earl_of_Orford" title="Robert Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford">Robert Walpole</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orford" title="Earl of Orford">Viscount Walpole</a> </b><br />1742–1745 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Walpole" title="Baron Walpole">Baron Walpole</a> </b><br /><i>of Houghton</i><br />1742–1745 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walpole (Orford)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Wilmington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">G. Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chatham (Pitt the Elder)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Goderich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli (Beaconsfield)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer387" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" title="Template:Chancellors of the exchequer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" title="Template talk:Chancellors of the exchequer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of the exchequer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer387" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellors of the exchequer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_England" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_of_Fauconberg" title="Eustace of Fauconberg">Eustace of Fauconberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maunsell" title="John Maunsell">Maunsell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralf_de_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralf de Leicester (page does not exist)">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_of_Westminster_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward of Westminster (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">W. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Giffard" title="Godfrey Giffard">G. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_la_Leye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger de la Leye (page does not exist)">de la Leye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Willoughby" title="Philip de Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Benstede" title="John de Benstede">Benstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sandale" title="John Sandale">Sandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hotham_(bishop)" title="John Hotham (bishop)">Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_de_Stanton" title="Hervey de Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Harvington" title="Adam de Harvington">Harvington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wodehouse" title="Robert Wodehouse">Wodehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stratford" title="Robert de Stratford">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ashby_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ashby (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ashton" title="Robert de Ashton">Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Barnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Barnham (page does not exist)">Barnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somer" title="Henry Somer">Somer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Somerset" title="John Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Browne (died 1460)">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thwaites_(civil_servant)" title="Thomas Thwaites (civil servant)">Thwaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fowler_(chancellor)" title="Richard Fowler (chancellor)">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Catesby" title="William Catesby">Catesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lovell" title="Thomas Lovell">Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bourchier,_2nd_Baron_Berners" title="John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners">Berners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(died_1558)" title="John Baker (died 1558)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sackville_(escheator)" title="Richard Sackville (escheator)">Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mildmay" title="Walter Mildmay">Mildmay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_of_Salden" title="John Fortescue of Salden">Fortescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Home,_1st_Earl_of_Dunbar" title="George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar">Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(judge)" title="Julius Caesar (judge)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulke_Greville,_1st_Baron_Brooke" title="Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke">Greville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Weston,_1st_Earl_of_Portland" title="Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Barrett,_1st_Lord_Barrett_of_Newburgh" title="Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cottington,_1st_Baron_Cottington" title="Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington">Cottington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colepeper,_1st_Baron_Colepeper" title="John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper">Colepeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duncombe_(Bury_St_Edmunds_MP)" title="John Duncombe (Bury St Edmunds MP)">Duncombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernle" title="John Ernle">Ernle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Booth,_1st_Earl_of_Warrington" title="Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington">Delamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hampden" title="Richard Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Benson,_1st_Baron_Bingley" title="Robert Benson, 1st Baron Bingley">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wyndham,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet">Wyndham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Onslow,_1st_Baron_Onslow" title="Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow">Onslow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aislabie" title="John Aislabie">Aislabie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt_(judge)" title="John Pratt (judge)">Pratt</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(English_judge)" title="William Lee (English judge)">Lee</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lyttelton,_1st_Baron_Lyttelton" title="George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield">Mansfield</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dashwood,_11th_Baron_le_Despencer" title="Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer">Dashwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dowdeswell_(politician,_born_1721)" title="William Dowdeswell (politician, born 1721)">Dowdeswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Baron_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough">Ellenborough</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Petty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Abbott,_1st_Baron_Tenterden" title="Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden">Tenterden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Denman,_1st_Baron_Denman" title="Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman">Denman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_1st_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon">Spring Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baring,_1st_Baron_Northbrook" title="Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Heathcoat-Amory,_1st_Viscount_Amory" title="Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory">Heathcoat-Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lamont" title="Norman Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng" title="Kwasi Kwarteng">Kwarteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Reeves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italic:</i> Interim chancellor of the exchequer, as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template:Leaders of the House of Commons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template talk:Leaders of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leaders of the House of Commons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1757_caretaker_ministry" title="1757 caretaker ministry">Vacant (caretaker ministry)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks-Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bowden,_Baron_Aylestone" title="Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wakeham" title="John Wakeham">Wakeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree" title="Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Taylor,_Baroness_Taylor_of_Bolton" title="Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Hain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hoon" title="Geoff Hoon">Hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Cookham" title="George Young, Baron Young of Cookham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">Lidington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Spencer_(British_politician)" title="Mark Spencer (British politician)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Sir_Robert_Walpole_(1730–1742)526" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Walpole_ministry" title="Template:Walpole ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Walpole_ministry" title="Template talk:Walpole ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Walpole_ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Walpole ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Sir_Robert_Walpole_(1730–1742)526" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir Robert Walpole</a> (1730–1742)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Southern Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">The Duke of Newcastle</a> (1730–1742)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/100px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/150px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/200px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Northern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Northern Department">Northern Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_of_Harrington" title="William Stanhope, 1st Earl of Harrington">The Lord Harrington</a> (1730–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_King,_1st_Baron_King" title="Peter King, 1st Baron King">The Lord King</a> (1730–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbot,_1st_Baron_Talbot" title="Charles Talbot, 1st Baron Talbot">The Lord Talbot</a> (1733–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Yorke,_1st_Earl_of_Hardwicke" title="Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke">The Lord Hardwicke</a> (1737–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trevor,_1st_Baron_Trevor" title="Thomas Trevor, 1st Baron Trevor">The Lord Trevor</a> (1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">The Earl of Wilmington</a> (1730–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">The Earl of Wilmington</a> (1730–1731)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_3rd_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a> (1731–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lowther,_3rd_Viscount_Lonsdale" title="Henry Lowther, 3rd Viscount Lonsdale">The Viscount Lonsdale</a> (1733–1735)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Godolphin,_2nd_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin">The Earl of Godolphin</a> (1735–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hervey,_2nd_Baron_Hervey" title="John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey">The Lord Hervey of Ickworth</a> (1740–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lords_Commissioners_of_the_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Byng,_1st_Viscount_Torrington" title="George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington">The Viscount Torrington</a> (1730–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wager" title="Charles Wager">Sir Charles Wager</a> (1733–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_2nd_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll">The Duke of Argyll</a> (1730–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_2nd_Duke_of_Montagu" title="John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu">The Duke of Montagu</a> (1740–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a> (1730–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Steward" title="Lord Steward">Lord Steward</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_4th_Earl_of_Chesterfield" title="Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield">The Earl of Chesterfield</a> (1730–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_3rd_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a> (1733–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Sackville,_1st_Duke_of_Dorset" title="Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset">The Duke of Dorset</a> (1737–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_FitzRoy,_2nd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton">The Duke of Grafton</a> (1730–1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Sir_Robert_Walpole_and_The_Viscount_Townshend_(1721–1730)675" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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(1721–1730)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir Robert Walpole</a> (1721–1730)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/100px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/150px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg/200px-Retuched_Painting_of_Robert_Walpole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller,_Bt_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Charles_Townshend%2C_2nd_Viscount_Townshend_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg/100px-Charles_Townshend%2C_2nd_Viscount_Townshend_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Charles_Townshend%2C_2nd_Viscount_Townshend_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg/150px-Charles_Townshend%2C_2nd_Viscount_Townshend_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Charles_Townshend%2C_2nd_Viscount_Townshend_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg/200px-Charles_Townshend%2C_2nd_Viscount_Townshend_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Northern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Northern Department">Northern Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">The Viscount Townshend</a> (1721–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Southern Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Carteret,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville">The Earl Granville</a> (1721–1724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">The Duke of Newcastle</a> (1724–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parker,_1st_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="Thomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield">The Earl of Macclesfield</a> (1721–1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_King,_1st_Baron_King" title="Peter King, 1st Baron King">The Lord King</a> (1725–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_1st_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull" title="Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull">The Duke of Kingston</a> (1721–1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trevor,_1st_Baron_Trevor" title="Thomas Trevor, 1st Baron Trevor">The Lord Trevor</a> (1726–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">The Viscount Townshend</a> (1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">The Lord Carleton</a> (1721–1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_2nd_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a> (1725–1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trevor,_1st_Baron_Trevor" title="Thomas Trevor, 1st Baron Trevor">The Lord Trevor</a> (1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lords_Commissioners_of_the_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Berkeley,_3rd_Earl_of_Berkeley" title="James Berkeley, 3rd Earl of Berkeley">The Earl of Berkeley</a> (1721–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Byng,_1st_Viscount_Torrington" title="George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington">The Viscount Torrington</a> (1727–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">The Duke of Marlborough</a> (1721–1722)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cadogan,_1st_Earl_Cadogan" title="William Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan">The Earl Cadogan</a> (1722–1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_2nd_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll">The Duke of Argyll</a> (1725–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_4th_Baron_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 4th Baron Cornwallis">The Lord Cornwallis</a> (1721–1722)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">The Earl of Wilmington</a> (1722–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Steward" title="Lord Steward">Lord Steward</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_2nd_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll">The Duke of Argyll</a> (1721–1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Sackville,_1st_Duke_of_Dorset" title="Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset">The Duke of Dorset</a> (1725–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">The Duke of Newcastle</a> (1721–1724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_FitzRoy,_2nd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton">The Duke of Grafton</a> (1724–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Horse" title="Master of the Horse">Master of the Horse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lumley,_2nd_Earl_of_Scarbrough" title="Richard Lumley, 2nd Earl of Scarbrough">The Earl of Scarbrough</a> (1727–1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England256" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Template:Premier Grand Lodge of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Template talk:Premier Grand Lodge of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Premier Grand Lodge of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England256" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Premier Grand Lodge of England">Premier Grand Lodge of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Active 1717–1813, united with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Grand_Lodge_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Grand Lodge of England">Ancient Grand Lodge of England</a> (1751–1813) to create the <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a> (1813–present)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Freemasonry)" title="Grand Master (Freemasonry)">Grand<br />Masters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Sayer" title="Anthony Sayer">Anthony Sayer</a> (1717–1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Payne_(Freemason)" title="George Payne (Freemason)">George Payne</a> (1718–1719)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguliers</a> (1719–1720)</li> <li>George Payne (1720–1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_2nd_Duke_of_Montagu" title="John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu">Duke of Montagu</a> (1721–1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Wharton,_1st_Duke_of_Wharton" title="Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton">Duke of Wharton</a> (1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott,_2nd_Duke_of_Buccleuch" title="Francis Scott, 2nd Duke of Buccleuch">Earl of Dalkeith</a> (1723–1724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_2nd_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond">Duke of Richmond</a> (1724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_7th_Earl_of_Abercorn" title="James Hamilton, 7th Earl of Abercorn">Lord Paisley</a> (1724–1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien,_4th_Earl_of_Inchiquin" title="William O'Brien, 4th Earl of Inchiquin">Earl of Inchiquin</a> (1726–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hare,_3rd_Baron_Coleraine" title="Henry Hare, 3rd Baron Coleraine">Baron Colerane</a> (1727–1728)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_King,_4th_Baron_Kingston" title="James King, 4th Baron Kingston">Baron Kingston</a> (1728–1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_8th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 8th Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a> (1730–1731)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester_(fifth_creation)" title="Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (fifth creation)">Baron Lovell</a> (1731–1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Browne,_6th_Viscount_Montagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Browne, 6th Viscount Montagu">Viscount Montagu</a> (1732–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lyon,_7th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="James Lyon, 7th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne</a> (1733–1734)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay,_20th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="John Lindsay, 20th Earl of Crawford">Earl of Crawford</a> (1734–1735)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thynne,_2nd_Viscount_Weymouth" title="Thomas Thynne, 2nd Viscount Weymouth">Lord Weymouth</a> (1735–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_4th_Earl_of_Loudoun" title="John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun">Earl of Loudoun</a> (1736–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bligh,_2nd_Earl_of_Darnley" title="Edward Bligh, 2nd Earl of Darnley">Earl of Darnley</a> (1737–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brydges,_2nd_Duke_of_Chandos" title="Henry Brydges, 2nd Duke of Chandos">Marquis of Carnarvon</a> (1738–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Raymond,_2nd_Baron_Raymond" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Raymond, 2nd Baron Raymond">Baron Raymond</a> (1739–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keith,_3rd_Earl_of_Kintore" class="mw-redirect" title="John Keith, 3rd Earl of Kintore">Earl of Kintore</a> (1740–1741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_14th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton">Earl of Morton</a> (1741–1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward,_1st_Viscount_Dudley_and_Ward" title="John Ward, 1st Viscount Dudley and Ward">Baron Ward</a> (1742–1744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cranstoun,_6th_Lord_Cranstoun" class="mw-redirect" title="James Cranstoun, 6th Lord Cranstoun">Lord Cranstoun</a> (1744–1747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byron,_5th_Baron_Byron" title="William Byron, 5th Baron Byron">Baron Byron</a> (1747–1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Proby,_1st_Baron_Carysfort" title="John Proby, 1st Baron Carysfort">Baron Carysfort</a> (1752–1753)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brydges,_3rd_Duke_of_Chandos" title="James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos">Marquis of Carnarvon</a> (1754–1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholto_Douglas,_15th_Earl_of_Morton" title="Sholto Douglas, 15th Earl of Morton">Lord Aberdour</a> (1757–1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Shirley,_5th_Earl_Ferrers" title="Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers">Earl Ferrers</a> (1762–1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadwallader_Blayney,_9th_Baron_Blayney" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadwallader Blayney, 9th Baron Blayney">Baron Blayney</a> (1764–1767)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_5th_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort">Duke of Beaufort</a> (1767–1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Petre,_9th_Baron_Petre" title="Robert Petre, 9th Baron Petre">Baron Petre</a> (1772–1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu,_4th_Duke_of_Manchester" title="George Montagu, 4th Duke of Manchester">Duke of Manchester</a> (1777–1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Duke of Cumberland</a> (1782–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George, Prince of Wales</a> (1792–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a> (1813)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry" title="History of Freemasonry">History of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antient_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Antient Grand Lodge of England">Antient Grand Lodge of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Anderson_(Freemason)" title="James Anderson (Freemason)">James Anderson's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry#Anderson's_''Constitutions''" title="History of Freemasonry">The Constitutions of the Free-Masons</a></i> (1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Tavern" title="Freemasons' Tavern">Freemasons' Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Society_of_Apothecaries" title="Worshipful Society of Apothecaries">Worshipful Society of Apothecaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spalding_Gentlemen%27s_Society" title="Spalding Gentlemen's Society">Spalding Gentlemen's Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era#English_Enlightenment" title="Georgian era">English Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walpole ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kit-Cat_Club" title="Kit-Cat Club">Kit-Cat Club</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gormogons" title="Gormogons">Gormogons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellfire_Club" title="Hellfire Club">Hellfire Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundling_Hospital" title="Foundling Hospital">Foundling Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_Societies_Act_1799" title="Unlawful Societies Act 1799">Unlawful Societies Act 1799</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Anderson_(Freemason)" title="James Anderson (Freemason)">James Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Byrom" title="John Byrom">John Byrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(mathematician)" title="William Jones (mathematician)">William Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_4th_Earl_of_Chesterfield" title="Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield">Earl of Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Delafaye" title="Charles Delafaye">Charles Delafaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carpenter,_2nd_Baron_Carpenter" title="George Carpenter, 2nd Baron Carpenter">Baron Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Billers" title="William Billers">William Billers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Prendergast,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Prendergast, 2nd Baronet">Sir Thomas Prendergast, 2nd Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Taylor" title="Brook Taylor">Brook Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Folkes" title="Martin Folkes">Martin Folkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Arbuthnot" title="John Arbuthnot">John Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cox_(brewer)" title="Charles Cox (brewer)">Charles Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Earl_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis">Earl Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cantillon" title="Richard Cantillon">Richard Cantillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Machin" title="John Machin">John Machin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rutty" title="William Rutty">William Rutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Vernon_(politician,_born_1646)" title="James Vernon (politician, born 1646)">James Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Senex" title="John Senex">John Senex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thornhill" title="James Thornhill">James Thornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Parker,_2nd_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield">Earl of Macclesfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Browne_(chemist)" title="John Browne (chemist)">John Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jurin" title="James Jurin">James Jurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(physician)" title="James Douglas (physician)">James Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stuart_(scientist)" title="Alexander Stuart (scientist)">Alexander Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Ephraim Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Manningham" title="Richard Manningham">Richard Manningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Nicholls" title="Frank Nicholls">Frank Nicholls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rawlinson" title="Richard Rawlinson">Richard Rawlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stanhope_(1673%E2%80%931760)" title="Charles Stanhope (1673–1760)">Charles Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_James_Cavendish_(MP_for_Derby)" title="Lord James Cavendish (MP for Derby)">Lord James Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hope,_2nd_Earl_of_Hopetoun" title="John Hope, 2nd Earl of Hopetoun">Earl of Hopetoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Richardson_(antiquary)" title="William Richardson (antiquary)">William Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Becket" title="William Becket">William Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anstis" title="John Anstis">John Anstis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Bertie,_2nd_Duke_of_Ancaster_and_Kesteven" title="Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven">Duke of Ancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hayes_(mathematician)" title="Charles Hayes (mathematician)">Charles Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Prideaux_(artist)" title="Edmund Prideaux (artist)">Edmund Prideaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shelvocke" title="George Shelvocke">George Shelvocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woodward_(naturalist)" title="John Woodward (naturalist)">John Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward_(academic)" title="John Ward (academic)">John Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Grano" title="John Baptist Grano">John Baptist Grano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_King,_2nd_Baron_King" title="John King, 2nd Baron King">Baron King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Christoph_Le_Blon" title="Jacob Christoph Le Blon">Jacques Leblon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Oughton" title="Adolphus Oughton">Adolphus Oughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Rich,_4th_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet">Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple,_1st_Viscount_Cobham" title="Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham">Viscount Cobham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Columbine" title="Francis Columbine">Francis Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Warburton" title="Hugh Warburton">Hugh Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_9th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_3rd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 3rd Viscount Townshend">Viscount Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bladen" title="Martin Bladen">Martin Bladen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Waldegrave,_1st_Earl_Waldegrave" title="James Waldegrave, 1st Earl Waldegrave">Earl Waldegrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_2nd_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull" title="Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull">Duke of Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington" title="Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington">Earl of Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Capell,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex" title="William Capell, 3rd Earl of Essex">Earl of Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Douglas,_3rd_Duke_of_Queensberry" title="Charles Douglas, 3rd Duke of Queensberry">Duke of Queensberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Scott,_1st_Earl_of_Deloraine" title="Henry Scott, 1st Earl of Deloraine">Earl of Deloraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colyear,_2nd_Earl_of_Portmore" title="Charles Colyear, 2nd Earl of Portmore">Earl of Portmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_3rd_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_5th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore">Baron Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Murray,_2nd_Duke_of_Atholl" title="James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl">Duke of Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kerr,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="William Kerr, 3rd Marquess of Lothian">Marquess of Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lindsay,_4th_Earl_of_Balcarres" title="Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Balcarres">Earl of Balcarres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Finch,_8th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea">Earl of Winchilsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Acheson,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Arthur Acheson, 5th Baronet">Sir Arthur Acheson, 5th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_Robert_Lawley,_4th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir Robert Lawley, 4th Baronet (page does not exist)">Sir Robert Lawley, 4th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Brodie_(1697%E2%80%931754)" title="Alexander Brodie (1697–1754)">Alexander Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Labelye" title="Charles Labelye">Charles Labelye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Calverley-Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Calverley-Blackett">Walter Calverley-Blackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wright_(astronomer)" title="Thomas Wright (astronomer)">Thomas Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hervey,_2nd_Baron_Hervey" title="John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey">Baron Hervey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dunckerley" title="Thomas Dunckerley">Thomas Dunckerley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Freemason)" title="William Preston (Freemason)">William Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">Marquess of Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Smythe" title="James Moore Smythe">James Moore Smythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle-Walsingham" title="Robert Boyle-Walsingham">Robert Boyle-Walsingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_de_Cornwall" title="Sir Robert de Cornwall">Sir Robert de Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batty_Langley" title="Batty Langley">Batty Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Thomas Arne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Zoffany" title="Johan Zoffany">Johan Zoffany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coustos" title="John Coustos">John Coustos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_da_Costa" title="Hipólito da Costa">Hipólito da Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_L%C3%B6w_Schomberg" title="Meyer Löw Schomberg">Meyer Löw Schomberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salvador" title="Joseph Salvador">Joseph Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampson_Eardley,_1st_Baron_Eardley" title="Sampson Eardley, 1st Baron Eardley">Sampson Eardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendez" title="Moses Mendez">Moses Mendez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Solomon" title="Meyer Solomon">Meyer Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Moses Montefiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prime_ministers15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prime ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104190#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3045" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104190#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3045" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104190#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12006582f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001280017">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Walpole, Robert <1676-1745>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV508560">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35816200">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20020211001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/233096">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08714430?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500250653">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/344624">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1100482">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11880605X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11880605X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028178688">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gb298p">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-srz4n","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.151","walltime":"3.952","ppvisitednodes":{"value":54349,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":664871,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":199763,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":478574,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3593.180 1 -total"," 33.91% 1218.362 3 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 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