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id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Western Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Eastern Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Civil administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Assassination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_descriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_descriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Contemporary descriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_descriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Praecepta_Militaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praecepta_Militaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Praecepta Militaria</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Praecepta_Militaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Modern honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nikephoros II Phokas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nikephoros II Phokas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_II." title="Nikephoros II. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nikephoros II." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="نقفور الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقفور الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niceforo_II" title="Niceforo II – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Niceforo II" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Nikofor_Foka" title="II Nikofor Foka – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Nikofor Foka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ایکینجی نیکه‌فوروس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی نیکه‌فوروس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80_II_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нікіфар II Фока – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікіфар II Фока" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_II_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Никифор II Фока – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Никифор II Фока" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%C3%A8for_II_Focas" title="Nicèfor II Focas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicèfor II Focas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikeforos_II." title="Nikeforos II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nikeforos II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_II." title="Nikephoros II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nikephoros II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nikephoros II Phokas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%C2%B4_%CE%A6%CF%89%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Νικηφόρος Β´ Φωκάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικηφόρος Β´ Φωκάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%C3%A9foro_II" title="Nicéforo II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicéforo II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizeforo_II.a_Fokas" title="Nizeforo II.a Fokas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nizeforo II.a Fokas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="نیکه‌فوروس دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکه‌فوروس دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_II_Phocas" title="Nicéphore II Phocas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicéphore II Phocas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephorus_II_Phokas" title="Nikephorus II Phokas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nikephorus II Phokas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%C3%A9foro_II" title="Nicéforo II – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nicéforo II" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%ED%82%A4%ED%8F%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4_2%EC%84%B8_%ED%8F%AC%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="니키포로스 2세 포카스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니키포로스 2세 포카스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Նիկեփորոս Փոկաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկեփորոս Փոկաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikefor_II._Foka" title="Nikefor II. Foka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nikefor II. Foka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikeforos_II_Fokas" title="Nikeforos II Fokas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nikeforos II Fokas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niceforo_II_Foca" title="Niceforo II Foca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Niceforo II Foca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ניקפורוס השני, קיסר האימפריה הביזנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקפורוס השני, קיסר האימפריה הביזנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_II_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ნიკიფორე II ფოკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკიფორე II ფოკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicephorus_II_Phocas" title="Nicephorus II Phocas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicephorus II Phocas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Nik%C3%A9phorosz_biz%C3%A1nci_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="II. Niképhorosz bizánci császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Niképhorosz bizánci császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_II_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Никифор II Фока – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Никифор II Фока" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="نقفور التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نقفور التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicephorus_Phocas" title="Nicephorus Phocas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nicephorus Phocas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nikephoros II Phokas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B1%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B92%E4%B8%96%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ニケフォロス2世フォカス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニケフォロス2世フォカス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikeforos_II" title="Nikeforos II – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nikeforos II" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicefor_II_Fokas" title="Nicefor II Fokas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nicefor II Fokas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%C3%A9foro_II_Focas" title="Nicéforo II Focas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicéforo II Focas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicefor_al_II-lea_Focas" title="Nicefor al II-lea Focas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nicefor al II-lea Focas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_II_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Никифор II Фока – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Никифор II Фока" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicefuru_II" title="Nicefuru II – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nicefuru II" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikefor_II._(Byzantsk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a)" title="Nikefor II. (Byzantská ríša) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nikefor II. (Byzantská ríša)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikefor_II._Fokas" title="Nikefor II. Fokas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nikefor II. Fokas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_II_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нићифор II Фока – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нићифор II Фока" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikifor_II_Foka" title="Nikifor II Foka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nikifor II Foka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikeforos_II_Fokas" title="Nikeforos II Fokas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nikeforos II Fokas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikeforos_II_Fokas" title="Nikeforos II Fokas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nikeforos II Fokas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Nikiforos" title="II. Nikiforos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Nikiforos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_II_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Никифор II Фока – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Никифор II Фока" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نیکیفوروس دوم فوکاس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیکیفوروس دوم فوکاس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nikephoros II Phokas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikeforos_II" title="Nikeforos II – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nikeforos II" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%BC%97%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="尼基弗鲁斯二世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼基弗鲁斯二世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikephoros II">Nikephoros II</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine emperor from 963 to 969</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Nikephoros II Phokas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikephoros_Phokas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nikephoros_Phokas.jpg/210px-Nikephoros_Phokas.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nikephoros_Phokas.jpg/315px-Nikephoros_Phokas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nikephoros_Phokas.jpg/420px-Nikephoros_Phokas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Nikephoros II Phokas on a 15th-century manuscript, <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Marciana" title="Biblioteca Marciana">Biblioteca Marciana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">16 August 963 –<br />11 December 969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 912</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 969 (aged 57)<br /><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Theophano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phokas_(Byzantine_family)" title="Phokas (Byzantine family)">Phokas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Bardas Phokas the Elder">Bardas Phokas</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nikephoros II Phokas</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς</span>, <i>Nikēphóros Phōkãs</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 912</span> – 11 December 969), <a href="/wiki/Latinization_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization (literature)">Latinized</a> <b>Nicephorus II Phocas</b>, was <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> from 963 to 969. His career, not uniformly successful in matters of statecraft or of war, nonetheless greatly contributed to the resurgence of the Byzantine Empire during the 10th century. In the east, Nikephoros completed the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> and retook the islands of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, opening the path for subsequent Byzantine incursions reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>; these campaigns earned him the <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a> "pale death of the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nikephoros Phokas was born around 912. From his paternal side, he belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Phokas_(Byzantine_family)" title="Phokas (Byzantine family)">Phokas family</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittow19969_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittow19969-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had produced several distinguished generals, including Nikephoros' father <a href="/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Bardas Phokas the Elder">Bardas Phokas</a>, brother <a href="/wiki/Leo_Phokas_the_Younger" title="Leo Phokas the Younger">Leo Phokas</a>, and grandfather <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Nikephoros Phokas the Elder">Nikephoros Phokas the Elder</a>, who had all served as commanders of the field army (<i><a href="/wiki/Domestikos_ton_scholon" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestikos ton scholon">domestikos tōn scholōn</a></i>). From his maternal side he belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Maleinos" title="Maleinos">Maleinoi</a>, a powerful Anatolian Greek family which had settled in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in his life Nikephoros had married Stephano. She had died before he rose to fame, and after her death he took an oath of chastity. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Nikephoros II Phokas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_of_St._Nikephoros_II_Phokas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Icon_of_St._Nikephoros_II_Phokas.jpg/128px-Icon_of_St._Nikephoros_II_Phokas.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Icon_of_St._Nikephoros_II_Phokas.jpg/192px-Icon_of_St._Nikephoros_II_Phokas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Icon_of_St._Nikephoros_II_Phokas.jpg/256px-Icon_of_St._Nikephoros_II_Phokas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="1027" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a> of St. Nikephoros by <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Cretan" title="Theophanes the Cretan">Theophanes the Cretan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Emperor of the Romans, Kallinikos</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">December 11</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Imperial attire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lavra" title="Great Lavra">Great Lavra of Mount Athos</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Eastern_campaigns">Early Eastern campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Eastern campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nikephoros joined the army at an early age. He was appointed the military governor of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolic_Theme" title="Anatolic Theme">Anatolic Theme</a> in 945 under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a>. In 954 or 955 Nikephoros was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a>, replacing his father, <a href="/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Bardas Phokas the Elder">Bardas Phokas</a>, who had suffered a series of defeats by the <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdanid Dynasty">Hamdanids</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a>. The new position essentially placed Nikephoros in charge of the eastern Byzantine army. From 955, the Hamdanids in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> entered a period of unbroken decline until their destruction in 1002. In June 957 Nikephoros managed to capture and destroy <a href="/wiki/Hadath" title="Hadath">Adata.</a> The Byzantines continued to push their advantage against the Arabs until the collapse of the Hamdanids, except for the period from 960 to 961, when the army turned its focus to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">reconquest of Crete</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Crete">Conquest of Crete</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conquest of Crete"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">Siege of Chandax</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantines_under_Nikephoros_Phokas_besiege_Chandax.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Byzantines_under_Nikephoros_Phokas_besiege_Chandax.png/300px-Byzantines_under_Nikephoros_Phokas_besiege_Chandax.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Byzantines_under_Nikephoros_Phokas_besiege_Chandax.png/450px-Byzantines_under_Nikephoros_Phokas_besiege_Chandax.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Byzantines_under_Nikephoros_Phokas_besiege_Chandax.png/600px-Byzantines_under_Nikephoros_Phokas_besiege_Chandax.png 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">Siege of Chandax</a> by Phokas, winter 960–61</figcaption></figure> <p>From the ascension of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a> in 959, Nikephoros and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Leo_Phokas_the_Younger" title="Leo Phokas the Younger">Leo Phokas</a> were placed in charge of the eastern and western field armies respectively. In 960, 27,000 <a href="/wiki/Watercraft_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercraft rowing">oarsmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (military)">marines</a> were assembled to man a fleet of 308 ships carrying 50,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997495_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997495-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991175–178_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991175–178-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the recommendation of the influential minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bringas" title="Joseph Bringas">Joseph Bringas</a>, Nikephoros was entrusted to lead this expedition against the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a>, and he led his fleet to the island and defeated a minor Arab force upon disembarking near Almyros. He soon began a nine-month siege of the fortress town of <a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Chandax</a>, where his forces suffered through the winter due to supply issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahon202165_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahon202165-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a failed assault and many raids into the countryside, Nikephoros entered Chandax on 6 March 961 and soon wrested control of the entire island from the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997493–495_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997493–495-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon returning to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, he was denied the usual honor of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a>, but was permitted an <a href="/wiki/Ovation" title="Ovation">ovation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991961_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991961-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Eastern_campaigns">Later Eastern campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later Eastern campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the conquest of Crete, Nikephoros returned to the east and marched a large and well-equipped army into <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>. In February 962 he captured <a href="/wiki/Anazarbos" class="mw-redirect" title="Anazarbos">Anazarbos</a>, while the major city of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a> ceased to recognize the Hamdanid Emir of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla" title="Sayf al-Dawla">Sayf al-Dawla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201739_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201739-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nikephoros continued to ravage the Cilician countryside, defeating the governor of Tarsus, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_az-Zayyat_(governor_of_Tarsus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn az-Zayyat (governor of Tarsus)">ibn al-Zayyat</a>, in open battle; al-Zayyat later committed suicide on account of the loss. Thereafter, Nikephoros returned to the regional capital of <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Caesarea</a>. Upon the beginning of the new campaigning season al-Dawla entered the Byzantine Empire to conduct raids, a strategy which left Aleppo dangerously undefended. Nikephoros soon took <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Syrian Hierapolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201749_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201749-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December, an army split between Nikephoros and <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a> <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Aleppo_(962)" title="Sack of Aleppo (962)">marched towards Aleppo</a>, quickly routing an opposing force led by <a href="/wiki/Naja_al-Kasaki" title="Naja al-Kasaki">Naja al-Kasaki</a>. Al-Dawla's force caught up with the Byzantines, but he too was routed, and Nikephoros and Tzimiskes entered Aleppo on 24 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201739_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201739-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of the city would prove to be both a strategic and moral disaster for the Hamdanids. It was probably on these campaigns that Nikephoros earned the sobriquet "The Pale Death of the Saracens".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ascension_to_the_throne">Ascension to the throne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ascension to the throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 March 963, Emperor Romanos II died unexpectedly at the age of twenty-six of uncertain cause. Both contemporary sources and later historians seem to either believe that the young Emperor had exhausted his health with the excesses of his sexual life and his heavy drinking, or suspect that the Empress <a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Theophano</a> (c. 941–after 976), his wife, poisoned him. Theophano had already gained a reputation as an intelligent and ambitious woman. Unfavorable accounts of her by later historians would characterize her as a woman known for ruthlessness in achieving her goals. Romanos had already <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">crowned as co-emperors</a> his two sons <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a>. At the time that Romanos died, however, Basil was five years old and Constantine only three years old, so Theophano was named <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_of_the_emperor_Nikephoros_Phocas_(963-969)_into_Constantinople_in_963_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Entrance_of_the_emperor_Nikephoros_Phocas_%28963-969%29_into_Constantinople_in_963_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg/300px-Entrance_of_the_emperor_Nikephoros_Phocas_%28963-969%29_into_Constantinople_in_963_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Entrance_of_the_emperor_Nikephoros_Phocas_%28963-969%29_into_Constantinople_in_963_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg/450px-Entrance_of_the_emperor_Nikephoros_Phocas_%28963-969%29_into_Constantinople_in_963_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Entrance_of_the_emperor_Nikephoros_Phocas_%28963-969%29_into_Constantinople_in_963_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg/600px-Entrance_of_the_emperor_Nikephoros_Phocas_%28963-969%29_into_Constantinople_in_963_from_the_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>Nikephoros' entry into Constantinople as Emperor through the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Constantinople)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Gate (Constantinople)">Golden Gate</a> in summer 963</figcaption></figure> <p>Theophano, however, was not allowed to rule alone. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bringas" title="Joseph Bringas">Joseph Bringas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> palace official who had become Romanos' chief councilor, maintained his position. According to contemporary sources he intended to keep authority in his own hands. He also tried to reduce the power of Nikephoros Phokas. The victorious general had been accepted as the actual commander of the army and maintained a strong connection to the aristocracy. Bringas was afraid that Nikephoros would attempt to claim the throne with the support of both the army and the aristocracy. This is exactly what he did. On July 2 in Caesarea, his armies, along with his highest-ranking officers, proclaimed Nikephoros emperor. From his position in Caesarea, and in advance of the news of his proclamation as emperor, Nikephoros sent a fleet to secure the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus Strait">Bosphorus Strait</a> against his enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201741_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201741-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, he appointed Tzimiskes as Domestic of the East, now taking on the formal roles of emperor. He then sent a letter to Constantinople requesting to be accepted as co-emperor. In response, Bringas locked down the city, forcing Nikephoros' father <a href="/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Bardas Phokas the Elder">Bardas Phokas</a> to seek sanctuary in the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, while his brother <a href="/wiki/Leo_Phokas_the_Younger" title="Leo Phokas the Younger">Leo Phokas</a> escaped the city in disguise. Bringas was able to garner some support within the city from a few high-ranking officers, namely <a href="/wiki/Marianos_Argyros" title="Marianos Argyros">Marianos Argyros</a>, but he himself was not a skilled orator and was unable to obtain the support of other popular officials such as the Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Polyeuctus" title="Polyeuctus">Polyeuctus</a> and the general <a href="/wiki/Basil_Lekapenos" title="Basil Lekapenos">Basil Lekapenos</a>. The people of Constantinople soon turned against his cause, killing Argyros in a riot and soon forcing Bringas to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997498–499_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997498–499-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittow1996348–349_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittow1996348–349-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 16, Nikephoros was proclaimed emperor and married the empress Theophano.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Wars">Western Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Western Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Histamenon_of_Nikephoros_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Histamenon_of_Nikephoros_II.png/220px-Histamenon_of_Nikephoros_II.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Histamenon_of_Nikephoros_II.png/330px-Histamenon_of_Nikephoros_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Histamenon_of_Nikephoros_II.png/440px-Histamenon_of_Nikephoros_II.png 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Histamenon" title="Histamenon">Histamenon</a> of Nikephoros II (right) alongside Mother Mary</figcaption></figure> <p>Nikephoros II was not very successful in his western wars. Under his reign, relations with the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarians</a> worsened. It is likely that he bribed the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> to raid the Bulgarians in retaliation for them not blocking <a href="/wiki/Magyar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyar people">Magyar</a> raids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201756_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201756-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This breach in relations triggered a decades-long decline in Byzantine-Bulgarian diplomacy and was a prelude to the wars fought between the Bulgarians and later Byzantine emperors, particularly <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a>. </p><p>Nikephoros' first military failures came in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. In 962 the son of the governor of <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Dynasty">Fatimid Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_al-Hasan_al-Kalbi" title="Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi">Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi</a>, captured and reduced the Byzantine city of <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a>. The last major Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, <a href="/wiki/Rometta" title="Rometta">Rometta</a>, appealed to the newly crowned emperor Nikephoros for aid against the approaching Muslim armies. Nikephoros renounced his payments of tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliphs</a>, and sent a huge fleet, purportedly boasting a crew of around 40,000 men, under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrikios_Niketas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrikios Niketas (page does not exist)">Patrikios Niketas</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Phokas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Phokas (page does not exist)">Manuel Phokas</a>, to the island. The Byzantine forces, however, were swiftly routed in Rometta and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Straits" title="Battle of the Straits">Battle of the Straits</a>, and Rometta soon fell to the Muslims, completing the Islamic conquest of Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZal-Ḥasan_b._‘Ammār_al-Kalbī_(#22562)_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZal-Ḥasan_b._‘Ammār_al-Kalbī_(#22562)-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2001242_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2001242-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 967, the Byzantines and the Fatimids hastily concluded a peace treaty to cease hostilities in Sicily. Both empires had grander issues to attend to: the Fatimids were preparing to invade <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and tensions were flaring up on mainland Italy between the Byzantines and the German emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a>. The constant tension between the Germans and the Byzantines was largely due to mutual cultural biases, but also to the fact that both empires claimed to be the successors of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellerAlthoff2008221–224_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerAlthoff2008221–224-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conflicts in southern Italy were preceded by religious contests between the two empires and by the malicious writings of <a href="/wiki/Liutprand_of_Cremona" title="Liutprand of Cremona">Liutprand of Cremona</a>. Otto first invaded Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> in 968 and failed to take <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>. Early the next year, he once again moved against Byzantine Apulia and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, but, unable to capture <a href="/wiki/Cassano_delle_Murge" title="Cassano delle Murge">Cassano</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bovino" title="Bovino">Bovino</a>, failed to make any progress. In May he returned north, leaving <a href="/wiki/Pandulf_Ironhead" title="Pandulf Ironhead">Pandulf Ironhead</a> to take charge of the siege. Pandulf was defeated and taken prisoner by the Byzantine general Eugenios, who went on to besiege <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a> and enter <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>. The two empires would continue to skirmish with each other until after the reign of Nikephoros, but neither side was able to make permanent or significant gains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Wars">Eastern Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eastern Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Cilicia" title="Byzantine conquest of Cilicia">Byzantine conquest of Cilicia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla#Wars_with_the_Byzantines" title="Sayf al-Dawla">Sayf al-Dawla § Wars with the Byzantines</a></div> <p>From 964 to 965, Nikephoros led an army of 40,000 men which conquered Cilicia and conducted raids in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, while the patrician <a href="/wiki/Niketas_Chalkoutzes" title="Niketas Chalkoutzes">Niketas Chalkoutzes</a> recovered <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997948_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997948-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 964, Nikephorus headed east. During the summer he captured <a href="/wiki/Anazarbos" class="mw-redirect" title="Anazarbos">Anazarbos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> before withdrawing. Later that year, Nikephoros attempted to quickly take <a href="/wiki/Mopsuestia" title="Mopsuestia">Mopsuestia</a>, but failed, returning to Caesarea. It was around this time that <a href="/wiki/Niketas_Chalkoutzes" title="Niketas Chalkoutzes">Niketas Chalkoutzes</a> instigated a coup in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, which at the time was a shared condominium between the Byzantines and the Arabs. In the summer of 965, the conquest of Cilicia began in earnest. Nikephorus and Tzimiskes seized Mopsuestia July 13, while <a href="/wiki/Leo_Phokas_the_Younger" title="Leo Phokas the Younger">Leo Phokas</a> invested <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(West_Syrian_Diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (West Syrian Diocese)">Tarsus</a> and Nikephoros and Tzimiskes arrived soon after. Nikephoros won a pitched battle against the Tarsiots, routing their forces with his "ironclad horsemen", referencing the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">cataphracts</a>. Within a fortnight, on August 16, Tarsus surrendered. Nikephoros allowed the inhabitants to depart unharmed before the city was plundered by his army. With the fall of these two strongholds, Cilicia was in the hands of the Byzantines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004278–279_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004278–279-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997500–501_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997500–501-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MadridSkylitzesEnvoysOfTarsosFol151v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/MadridSkylitzesEnvoysOfTarsosFol151v.jpg/220px-MadridSkylitzesEnvoysOfTarsosFol151v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/MadridSkylitzesEnvoysOfTarsosFol151v.jpg/330px-MadridSkylitzesEnvoysOfTarsosFol151v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/MadridSkylitzesEnvoysOfTarsosFol151v.jpg/440px-MadridSkylitzesEnvoysOfTarsosFol151v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Tarsus surrenders to Nikephoros Phokas (seated).</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 966, there was an exchange of prisoners between Sayf al-Dawla and the Byzantines, held at <a href="/wiki/Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Samosata">Samosata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattori2013117_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattori2013117-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 966, Nikephoros led an expedition to raid <a href="/wiki/Amida_(Mesopotamia)" title="Amida (Mesopotamia)">Amida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dara_(Mesopotamia)" title="Dara (Mesopotamia)">Dara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nisibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisibin">Nisibis</a>, then he marched towards <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Hierapolis</a>, where he took a relic with the image of Jesus to be later placed in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Virgin_of_the_Pharos" title="Church of the Virgin of the Pharos">Church of the Virgin of the Pharos</a> in Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattori2013117_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattori2013117-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later sent a detachment to <a href="/wiki/Barbalissos" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbalissos">Barbalissos</a> which returned with 300 prisoners, then he went to raid <a href="/wiki/Dhahab_River" title="Dhahab River">Wadi Butnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinnasrin" title="Qinnasrin">Chalcis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=O%C4%9Fulp%C4%B1nar,_Reyhanl%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oğulpınar, Reyhanlı (page does not exist)">Tizin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artah" title="Artah">Artah</a>, before laying siege to Antioch, but it was abandoned after eight days due to the lack of supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattori2013117–118_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattori2013117–118-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Trebuchet_Skylintzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Byzantine_Trebuchet_Skylintzes.jpg/220px-Byzantine_Trebuchet_Skylintzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Byzantine_Trebuchet_Skylintzes.jpg/330px-Byzantine_Trebuchet_Skylintzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Byzantine_Trebuchet_Skylintzes.jpg/440px-Byzantine_Trebuchet_Skylintzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>The army of Nikephoros employing a <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchet</a> to besiege a <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid</a> fortress.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 967 or 968, Nikephoros annexed the Armenian state of <a href="/wiki/Taron_(historic_Armenia)" title="Taron (historic Armenia)">Taron</a> by diplomacy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201750_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201750-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to <a href="/wiki/Arzen" title="Arzen">Arzen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayyafariqin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayyafariqin">Martyropolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattori2013119_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattori2013119-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 968, Nikephoros conducted another expedition which started by besieging Antioch for thirteen days,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattori2013119_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattori2013119-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then he went south raiding and sacking most of the fortresses and cities along his path including <a href="/wiki/Maarrat_Misrin" title="Maarrat Misrin">Maarrat Misrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat al-Nu'man">Arra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafartab" title="Kafartab">Capharda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaizar" title="Shaizar">Larissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Epiphania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Emesa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a> valley until he reached the city of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>, then he went to take <a href="/wiki/Tell_Arqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Arqa">Arca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Antarados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maraclea" title="Maraclea">Maraclea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Gabala</a> and received the submission of <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Laodicea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattori2013120–121_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattori2013120–121-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His aim was to cut off <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> from its allies: the city was unsuccessfully blockaded two times in 966 and 968, and so the emperor decided to take it by hunger (so as not to damage to city) and left a detachment (a taxiarchy) of 1500 men in the fort of <a href="/wiki/Baghras" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghras">Pagrae</a>, which lies on the road from Antioch to <a href="/wiki/Alexandretta" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a>. The commander of the fort, the patrikios <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bourtzes" title="Michael Bourtzes">Michael Bourtzes</a>, disobeyed the emperor's orders and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(968%E2%80%93969)" title="Siege of Antioch (968–969)">took Antioch</a> with a surprise attack, supported by the troops of the stratopedarch Petros, eunuch of the Phokas family. Bourtzes was disgraced for his insubordination, and later joined the plot that killed Phokas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_of_Antioch_in_969.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fall_of_Antioch_in_969.png/220px-Fall_of_Antioch_in_969.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fall_of_Antioch_in_969.png/330px-Fall_of_Antioch_in_969.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fall_of_Antioch_in_969.png/440px-Fall_of_Antioch_in_969.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>The army under <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bourtzes" title="Michael Bourtzes">Michael Bourtzes</a> laying siege to <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_administration">Civil administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Civil administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-3041-r_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_II_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_II,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_VIII._%D0%9E%D0%BA._963%E2%80%94969_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/INC-3041-r_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_II_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_VIII._%D0%9E%D0%BA._963%E2%80%94969_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-3041-r_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_II_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_VIII._%D0%9E%D0%BA._963%E2%80%94969_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/INC-3041-r_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_II_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_VIII._%D0%9E%D0%BA._963%E2%80%94969_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-3041-r_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_II_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_VIII._%D0%9E%D0%BA._963%E2%80%94969_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/INC-3041-r_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_II_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_VIII._%D0%9E%D0%BA._963%E2%80%94969_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/440px-INC-3041-r_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_II_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_II%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_VIII._%D0%9E%D0%BA._963%E2%80%94969_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Histamenon of Nikephoros II (left) and his stepson <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nikephoros' popularity was largely based on his conquests. Due to the resources he allocated to his army, Nikephoros was compelled to exercise a rigid economic policy in other departments. He retrenched court largess and curtailed the immunities of the clergy, and while he had an <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> disposition, he forbade the foundation of new <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>. By his heavy imposts and the debasement of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine currency">Byzantine currency</a>, along with the enforcement and implementation of taxes across the centralized regions of the empire, he forfeited his popularity with the people and gave rise to riots. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erhebung_gegen_Kaiser_Nikephoros_Phokas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Erhebung_gegen_Kaiser_Nikephoros_Phokas.jpg/220px-Erhebung_gegen_Kaiser_Nikephoros_Phokas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Erhebung_gegen_Kaiser_Nikephoros_Phokas.jpg/330px-Erhebung_gegen_Kaiser_Nikephoros_Phokas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Erhebung_gegen_Kaiser_Nikephoros_Phokas.jpg/440px-Erhebung_gegen_Kaiser_Nikephoros_Phokas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Byzantine army</a> mutinies against Nikephoros.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nikephoros also disagreed with the church on theological grounds. He wished the church to elevate those soldiers who died in battle against the Saracens to the positions of martyrs in the church – similar to the status of "<a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a>" which the Emperor's Muslim foes bestowed on their own fallen soldiers. In the Christian context, this was a highly controversial and unpopular demand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201752_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201752-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 967, he sparked a controversy in the capital by making a display of his military maneuvers in the Hippodrome similar in style to those displayed by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a> centuries earlier preceding the <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">Nika riots</a> and its violent suppression within the stadium itself. The crowd within the Hippodrome panicked and began a stampede to retreat from the stadium, resulting in numerous deaths.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nikephoros was the author of extant treatises on military tactics, most famously the <i><a href="/wiki/Praecepta_Militaria" title="Praecepta Militaria">Praecepta Militaria</a></i>, which contains valuable information on the art of war in his time, and the less-known <i>On Skirmishing</i> (<a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Greek language">Medieval Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Περὶ Παραδρομῆς Πολέμου</span>), which concerned guerrilla-like tactics for defense against a superior enemy invasion force along the eastern frontier; though it purports that the tactics were no longer needed since the danger of the Muslim states to the east had subsided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahon201622–33_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahon201622–33-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that this latter work, at least, was not composed by the Emperor but rather for him; translator and editor George T. Dennis suggests that it was perhaps written by his brother Leo Phokas, then Domestic of the West.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nikephoros was a very devout man, and he helped his friend, the <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_the_Athonite" title="Athanasius the Athonite">monk Athanasios</a>, found the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Great_Lavra_(Athos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lavra (Athos)">Great Lavra</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination">Assassination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plot to assassinate Nikephoros began when he dismissed <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bourtzes" title="Michael Bourtzes">Michael Bourtzes</a> from his position following his disobedience in the siege of Antioch. Bourtzes was disgraced, and he would soon find an ally with whom to plot against Nikephoros. Towards the end of 965, Nikephoros had John Tzimiskes exiled to eastern Asia Minor for suspected disloyalty, but was recalled on the pleading of Nikephoros' wife, Theophano. According to <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Joannes Zonaras</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Skylitzes" title="John Skylitzes">John Skylitzes</a>, Nikephoros had a loveless relationship with Theophano. He was leading an ascetic life, whereas she was secretly having an affair with Tzimiskes. Theophano and Tzimiskes plotted to overthrow the emperor. On the night of the deed, she left Nikephoros' bedchamber door unlocked, and he was assassinated in his apartment by Tzimiskes and his entourage on 11 December 969.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died praying to the mother of God. Following his death, the Phokas family broke into insurrection under Nikephoros' nephew <a href="/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Younger" title="Bardas Phokas the Younger">Bardas Phokas</a>, but their revolt was promptly subdued as Tzimiskes ascended the throne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikephoros_Phokas_stamp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nikephoros_Phokas_stamp.png/160px-Nikephoros_Phokas_stamp.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nikephoros_Phokas_stamp.png/240px-Nikephoros_Phokas_stamp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nikephoros_Phokas_stamp.png/320px-Nikephoros_Phokas_stamp.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>Nikephoros II on a modern stamp celebrating the 1000th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">reconquest of Crete</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_descriptions">Contemporary descriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contemporary descriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tension between East and West resulting from the policies pursued by Nikephoros may be glimpsed in the unflattering description of him and his court by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Liutprand_of_Cremona" title="Liutprand of Cremona">Liutprand of Cremona</a> in his <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relatio_de_legatione_Constantinopolitana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana (page does not exist)">Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His description of Nikephoros was clouded by the ill-treatment he received while on a diplomatic mission to Constantinople. Nikephoros, a man of war, was not apt at diplomacy. To add insult to injury, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">Pope John XIII</a> sent a letter to Nikephoros while Liutprand was in Constantinople calling <a href="/wiki/Otto_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I">Otto I</a> Emperor of Rome and even more insultingly referring to Nikephoros merely as Emperor of the Greeks. Liutprand failed in his goal of procuring an Imperial princess as a wife for Otto's young son, the future emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto II">Otto II</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Liutprand_of_Cremona" title="Liutprand of Cremona">Bishop Liutprand</a> described Nikephoros as: </p> <dl><dd>...a monstrosity of a man, a pygmy, fat-headed and like a mole as to the smallness of his eyes; disgusting with his short, broad, thick, and half hoary beard; disgraced by a neck an inch long; very bristly through the length and thickness of his hair; in color an Ethiopian; one whom it would not be pleasant to meet in the middle of the night; with extensive belly, lean of loin, very long of hip considering his short stature, small of shank, proportionate as to his heels and feet; clad in a garment costly but too old, and foul-smelling and faded through age; shod with Sicyonian shoes; bold of tongue, a fox by nature, in perjury, and lying a Ulysses.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Whereas Bishop Liutprand describes the emperor's hair as being bristly, <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Deacon" title="Leo the Deacon">Leo the Deacon</a> says it was black with "tight curls" and "unusually long". </p><p>John Julius Norwich says, about his murder and burial, "It was a honourable place; but Nikephoros Phocas, the White Death of the Saracens, hero of Syria and Crete, saintly and hideous, magnificent and insufferable, had deserved a better end".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991210_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991210-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants">Descendants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the last decades of the tenth century, the Phokades repeatedly tried to get their hands again on the throne, and almost succeeded when Nikephoros' nephew, <a href="/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Younger" title="Bardas Phokas the Younger">Bardas Phokas the Younger</a>, rebelled against the rule of Basil II. His death, possibly by cardiac arrest, put an end to the rebellion, and ultimately to the political prominence of the Phokades, although Bardas the Younger's own son, <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Phokas_Barytrachelos" title="Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos">Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos</a>, launched another abortive revolt in 1022 along with <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Xiphias" title="Nikephoros Xiphias">Nikephoros Xiphias</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Praecepta_Militaria"><i>Praecepta Militaria</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Praecepta Militaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phokas was the author of a military manual, the <i><a href="/wiki/Praecepta_Militaria" title="Praecepta Militaria">Praecepta Militaria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_honours">Modern honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 19 November 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Hellenic Navy</a> named its tenth <a href="/wiki/Kortenaer-class_frigate" title="Kortenaer-class frigate"><i>Kortenaer</i>-class frigate</a> in his honour as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_frigate_Nikiforos_Fokas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek frigate Nikiforos Fokas (page does not exist)"><i>Nikiforos Fokas</i> F-466</a> (formerly HNLMS <i>Bloys Van Treslong</i> F-824). Also, in the <a href="/wiki/Rethymno_(regional_unit)" title="Rethymno (regional unit)">Rethymno regional unit</a> in Crete, a municipality (<a href="/wiki/Nikiforos_Fokas" title="Nikiforos Fokas">Nikiforos Fokas</a>) is named after him, as are many streets throughout Greece. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nikephoros II appears as a character in: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Harrison" title="Frederic Harrison">Frederic Harrison</a>, <i>Theophano: The crusade of the tenth century</i> (1904). 978-1017148909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Harrison" title="Frederic Harrison">Frederic Harrison</a>, <i>Nicephorus: A tragedy of New Rome</i> (1906). 978-1290581578</li> <li>Anastasia Revi, <i>Byzantium 00AD</i> (Stage play 2000).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harris_(historian)" title="Jonathan Harris (historian)">Jonathan Harris</a>, <i>Theosis</i> (2023). 979-8668071487</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phokas_(Byzantine_family)" title="Phokas (Byzantine family)">Phokas (Byzantine family)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_century_in_Lebanon#Revolt_of_Tripoli" title="10th century in Lebanon">10th century in Lebanon § Revolt of Tripoli</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBurke2014" class="citation journal cs1">Burke, John (2014). I. Nilsson; P. Stephenson (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8343815">"Inventing and re-inventing Byzantium: Nikephoros Phokas, Byzantine Studies in Greece, and 'New Rome'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Wanted: Byzantium. The Desire for a Lost Emperor</i>: 5–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wanted%3A+Byzantium.+The+Desire+for+a+Lost+Emperor&rft.atitle=Inventing+and+re-inventing+Byzantium%3A+Nikephoros+Phokas%2C+Byzantine+Studies+in+Greece%2C+and+%27New+Rome%27&rft.pages=5-10&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8343815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittow19969-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittow19969_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhittow1996">Whittow 1996</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrsmanović2003">Krsmanović 2003</a>, <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7766&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_1">Chapter 2</a></span>: "The Maleinos lineage was among the members of the old byzantine aristocracy, emerging during the 9th century. It was a family of greek origin with close bonds to the region of Asia Minor. It has been presumed that the surname Maleinos is related to the name place Malagina of Bithynia, a location in the theme of Boukellarion during the 9th century. If one accepts that presumption, one should look for the old estates of the family in the fertile valley of the Sangarios river. It is safe, however, to consider the region of Charsianon as the homeland of the family, according to evidence dating back to the end of the 9th century, or the whole of Cappadocia in a wider sense. It is known that the members of the wealthy Maleinos family had estates in the area of jurisdiction of the theme of Charsianon, the wider region of Caesarea of Cappadocia and Ankyra of Galatia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODB_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, p. 1276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997495-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997495_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991175–178-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991175–178_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1991">Norwich 1991</a>, pp. 175–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahon202165-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahon202165_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMahon2021">McMahon 2021</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997493–495-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997493–495_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 493–495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991961-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991961_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1991">Norwich 1991</a>, p. 961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201739-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201739_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201739_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2017">Kaldellis 2017</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201749-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201749_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2017">Kaldellis 2017</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2010" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KIFJiOCSYc8C&pg=PA263"><i>A History of Byzantium</i></a>. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5997-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5997-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-5997-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Malden&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5997-8&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKIFJiOCSYc8C%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201741-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201741_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2017">Kaldellis 2017</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997498–499-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997498–499_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 498–499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittow1996348–349-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittow1996348–349_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhittow1996">Whittow 1996</a>, pp. 348–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_the_Deaconc._1000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Deacon" title="Leo the Deacon">Leo the Deacon</a> (c. 1000). <i>History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCDsV41k8A0C&pg=PA98">98</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCDsV41k8A0C&pg=PA143">143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-324-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-324-1"><bdi>978-0-88402-324-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History&rft.pages=98-143&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-324-1&rft.au=Leo+the+Deacon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201756-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201756_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2017">Kaldellis 2017</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZal-Ḥasan_b._‘Ammār_al-Kalbī_(#22562)-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZal-Ḥasan_b._‘Ammār_al-Kalbī_(#22562)_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, al-Ḥasan b. ‘Ammār al-Kalbī (#22562).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2001242-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2001242_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2001">Brett 2001</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerAlthoff2008221–224-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellerAlthoff2008221–224_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKellerAlthoff2008">Keller & Althoff 2008</a>, pp. 221–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997948-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997948_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004278–279-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004278–279_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 278–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997500–501-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997500–501_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, pp. 500–501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattori2013117-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattori2013117_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattori2013117_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFattori2013">Fattori 2013</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattori2013117–118-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattori2013117–118_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFattori2013">Fattori 2013</a>, pp. 117–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201750-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201750_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2017">Kaldellis 2017</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattori2013119-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattori2013119_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattori2013119_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFattori2013">Fattori 2013</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFattori2013120–121-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFattori2013120–121_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFattori2013">Fattori 2013</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201752-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis201752_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2017">Kaldellis 2017</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahon201622–33-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahon201622–33_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMahon2016">McMahon 2016</a>, pp. 22–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George T. Dennis, <i>Three Byzantine Military Treatises</i>, (Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2008), p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeake2018" class="citation book cs1">Speake, Graham (2018). <i>A history of the Athonite Commonwealth: the spiritual and cultural diaspora of Mount Athos</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-34922-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-34922-2"><bdi>978-1-108-34922-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041501028">1041501028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Athonite+Commonwealth%3A+the+spiritual+and+cultural+diaspora+of+Mount+Athos&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041501028&rft.isbn=978-1-108-34922-2&rft.aulast=Speake&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Mayr-Harting, <i>Liudprand of Cremona’s Account of his Legation to Constantinople (968) and Ottonian Imperial Strategy</i>, <i>English Historical Review</i> (2001), pp. 539–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiutprand_of_Cremona968" class="citation cs2">Liutprand of Cremona (968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medieval.ucdavis.edu/20A/Luitprand.html"><i>Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana ad Nicephorum Phocam</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relatio+de+legatione+Constantinopolitana+ad+Nicephorum+Phocam&rft.date=968&rft.au=Liutprand+of+Cremona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedieval.ucdavis.edu%2F20A%2FLuitprand.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991210-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991210_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1991">Norwich 1991</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Sowing the dragon's teeth : Byzantine warfare in the tenth century</i>. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 1995. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-224-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-224-4"><bdi>978-0-88402-224-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sowing+the+dragon%27s+teeth+%3A+Byzantine+warfare+in+the+tenth+century&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Research+Library+and+Collection&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-224-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuttwak2009" class="citation book cs1">Luttwak, Edward (2009). <i>The grand strategy of the Byzantine Empire</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03519-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03519-5"><bdi>978-0-674-03519-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+grand+strategy+of+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03519-5&rft.aulast=Luttwak&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2001" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqCdfhW3nVwC"><i>The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE</i></a>. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004117415" title="Special:BookSources/9004117415"><bdi>9004117415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Fatimids%3A+The+World+of+the+Mediterranean+and+the+Middle+East+in+the+Fourth+Century+of+the+Hijra%2C+Tenth+Century+CE&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=The+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004117415&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqCdfhW3nVwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nicephorus" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nicephorus">Nicephorus</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–648.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicephorus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=647-648&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2008" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, George T. (2008). <i>Three Byzantine Military Treatises</i>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-339-5"><bdi>978-0-88402-339-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Byzantine+Military+Treatises&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-339-5&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=George+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFattori2013" class="citation web cs1">Fattori, Niccolò (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615976/index.pdf">"The Policies of Nikephoros II Phokas in the context of the Byzantine economic recovery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Middle East Technical University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Policies+of+Nikephoros+II+Phokas+in+the+context+of+the+Byzantine+economic+recovery&rft.pub=Middle+East+Technical+University&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Fattori&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.lib.metu.edu.tr%2Fupload%2F12615976%2Findex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrood2008" class="citation journal cs1">Garrood, William (2008). "The Byzantine Conquest of Cilicia and the Hamdanids of Aleppo, 959–965". <i>Anatolian Studies</i>. <b>58</b>. British Institute at Ankara: 127–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs006615460000870x">10.1017/s006615460000870x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-1546">0066-1546</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20455416">20455416</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162596738">162596738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Byzantine+Conquest+of+Cilicia+and+the+Hamdanids+of+Aleppo%2C+959%E2%80%93965&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=127-140&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0066-1546&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162596738%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20455416%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs006615460000870x&rft.aulast=Garrood&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harris_(historian)" title="Jonathan Harris (historian)">Harris, Jonathan</a> (2020). <i>Introduction to Byzantium, 602–1453</i>. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138556430" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138556430"><bdi>978-1138556430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Byzantium%2C+602%E2%80%931453&rft.place=Abingdon+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1138556430&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaldellis2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kaldellis" title="Anthony Kaldellis">Kaldellis, Anthony</a> (2017). <i>Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-025322-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-025322-6"><bdi>978-0-19-025322-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Streams+of+Gold%2C+Rivers+of+Blood%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Byzantium%2C+955+A.D.+to+the+First+Crusade&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-025322-6&rft.aulast=Kaldellis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521/page/1478/mode/1up">"Nikephoros II Phocas"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. 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Gebhardt Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte Band 3 (in German). Klett-Cotta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-608-60003-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-608-60003-2"><bdi>978-3-608-60003-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Zeit+der+sp%C3%A4ten+Karolinger+und+der+Ottonen%3A+888%E2%80%931024&rft.series=Gebhardt+Handbuch+der+deutschen+Geschichte+Band+3&rft.pub=Klett-Cotta&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-608-60003-2&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Hagen&rft.au=Althoff%2C+Gerd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. 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Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%A6%CF%89%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Hellenic+World%2C+Asia+Minor&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Foundation+of+the+Hellenic+World&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Krsmanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Bojana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehw.gr%2Fl.aspx%3Fid%3D6634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2016" class="citation journal cs1">McMahon, Lucas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ams.ceu.edu/2016.htm">"De Velitatione Bellica and Byzantine Guerrilla Warfare"</a>. <i>Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU</i>. <b>22</b>: 22–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+of+Medieval+Studies+at+CEU&rft.atitle=De+Velitatione+Bellica+and+Byzantine+Guerrilla+Warfare&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=22-33&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fams.ceu.edu%2F2016.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2021" class="citation journal cs1">McMahon, Lucas (2021). "Logistical modelling of a sea-borne expedition in the Mediterranean: the case of the Byzantine invasion of Crete in AD 960". <i>Mediterranean Historical Review</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09518967.2021.1900171">10.1080/09518967.2021.1900171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235676141">235676141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Logistical+modelling+of+a+sea-borne+expedition+in+the+Mediterranean%3A+the+case+of+the+Byzantine+invasion+of+Crete+in+AD+960&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09518967.2021.1900171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235676141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ioannes A. Melisseides & Poulcheria Zavolea Melisseidou, "Nikefhoros Phokas (El) Nikfur", ek ton Leontos tou Diakonou, Kedrenou, Aboul Mahasen, Zonara, Ibn El Athir, Glyka, Aboulfeda k.a. Historike Melete, Vol. 1–2, Vergina, Athens 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-7171-88-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-7171-88-7">978-960-7171-88-7</a> (Vol. 1) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-7171-89-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-7171-89-4">978-960-7171-89-4</a> (Vol. 2), (Worldcat, Greek National Bibliography 2001/2007/2009, Biblionet).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (1991). <i>Byzantium: The Apogee</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-53779-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-53779-5"><bdi>978-0-394-53779-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Apogee&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-394-53779-5&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomane2015" class="citation book cs1">Romane, Julian (2015). <i>Byzantium Triumphant</i>. Pen and Sword Books. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-4570-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-4570-1"><bdi>978-1-4738-4570-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+Triumphant&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-4570-1&rft.aulast=Romane&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPmbZ" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie" title="Ralph-Johannes Lilie">Lilie, Ralph-Johannes</a>; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/db/pmbz"><i>Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt</i></a> (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosopographie+der+mittelbyzantinischen+Zeit+Online.+Berlin-Brandenburgische+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften.+Nach+Vorarbeiten+F.+Winkelmanns+erstellt&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lilie&rft.aufirst=Ralph-Johannes&rft.au=Ludwig%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Pratsch%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Zielke%2C+Beate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fdb%2Fpmbz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2"><bdi>0-8047-2630-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8047-2630-2&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYbnr5XVbzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittow1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Whittow" title="Mark Whittow">Whittow, Mark</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofbyzantiu0000whit"><i>Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025</i></a></span>. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-49600-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-49600-8"><bdi>978-0-333-49600-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1050969602">1050969602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+of+Orthodox+Byzantium%2C+600%E2%80%931025&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+Limited&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1050969602&rft.isbn=978-0-333-49600-8&rft.aulast=Whittow&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofbyzantiu0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikephoros+II+Phokas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II_Phokas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nikephoros_II_Phokas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/byz/nicephorus_II/t.html">Coinage of Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0963-0969-_Nicephorus_Phokas.html">Written works by Nikephoros II Phokas; Greek Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Nikephoros II Phokas </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> c. 912</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 11 December 969</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperor</a> </b><br />963–969 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Bardas Phokas the Elder">Bardas Phokas the Elder</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a> of the East </b><br />954– 963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41625#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41625#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41625#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012117231X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/33094">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/159897/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkTcmQjyg3MgJTgHdW7HC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118587595">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85041172">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12065486j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12065486j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nicephorus II <imperatore d'Oriente>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV112988">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1544835">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073129585">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/11067097">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000074502&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=45774">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810642563105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/32481">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266079105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21181647">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15211699?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118587595.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118587595">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034091092">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ht6m65">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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