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Peter Agre - Wikipedia
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id="toc-Malaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Malaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Science diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science_diplomacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science diplomacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_People's_Republic_of_Korea_(North_Korea)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_People's_Republic_of_Korea_(North_Korea)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_People's_Republic_of_Korea_(North_Korea)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar_(Burma)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar_(Burma)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Myanmar (Burma)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar_(Burma)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran_(Islamic_Republic_of_Iran)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran_(Islamic_Republic_of_Iran)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran_(Islamic_Republic_of_Iran)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political activism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political activism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thomas_Butler_Case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Butler_Case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Thomas Butler Case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Butler_Case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_Minnesota_U.S._Senate_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_Minnesota_U.S._Senate_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>2008 Minnesota U.S. Senate race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_Minnesota_U.S._Senate_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Agre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="بيتر أغري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتر أغري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piter_Aqre" title="Piter Aqre – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Piter Aqre" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87" title="پیتر آقره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیتر آقره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="পিটার আগ্রি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিটার আগ্রি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%AD%D0%B3%D1%80" title="Пітэр Эгр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пітэр Эгр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Питър Агре – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Питър Агре" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87" title="پیتر آگره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیتر آگره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%84%B0_%EC%95%84%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC" title="피터 아그리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피터 아그리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A5" title="Պիտեր Ագրե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիտեր Ագրե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87" title="पीटर एग्रे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीटर एग्रे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Courtland_Agre" title="Peter Courtland Agre – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peter Courtland Agre" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%94" title="פיטר אגרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיטר אגרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Agre" title="Petrus Agre – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Agre" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86" title="പീറ്റർ അഗ്രെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പീറ്റർ അഗ്രെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%89" title="بيتر اجرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيتر اجرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87" title="پیتر آگره – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پیتر آگره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC" title="ピーター・アグレ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピーター・アグレ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="پیٹر ایجر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیٹر ایجر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Courtland_Agre" title="Peter Courtland Agre – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Peter Courtland Agre" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5,_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Агре, Питер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Агре, Питер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Питер Агри – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Питер Агри" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80" title="பீட்டர் ஆக்ரீ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீட்டர் ஆக்ரீ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Питер Агре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Питер Агре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%80" title="Пітер Егр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пітер Егр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پیٹر اگری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیٹر اگری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Peter Agre" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Peter Agre</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Agre_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Peter_Agre_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Peter_Agre_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Peter_Agre_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Peter_Agre_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Peter_Agre_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Peter_Agre_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="2381" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Agre in 2003</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1949-01-30</span>) </span>January 30, 1949<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 76)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Minnesota" title="Northfield, Minnesota">Northfield, Minnesota</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Augsburg College">Augsburg College</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins University</a> (<a href="/wiki/M._D." class="mw-redirect" title="M. D.">MD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aquaporins" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporins">Aquaporins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (2003) <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Distinguished_Professorships" title="Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships">Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships</a> (2014)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data">Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute <br /> <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> <br /> Case Western Reserve</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Peter Agre</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; born January 30, 1949) is an American physician, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureate">Nobel Laureate</a>, and molecular biologist, <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Distinguished_Professorships" title="Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships">Bloomberg Distinguished Professor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Bloomberg_School_of_Public_Health" title="Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health">Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins School of Medicine</a>, and director of the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute. In 2003, Agre and <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a> shared the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> for "discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agre was recognized for his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Aquaporin" title="Aquaporin">aquaporin</a> water channels.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquaporins are water-channel proteins that move <a href="/wiki/Water_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Water molecule">water molecules</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>. In 2009, Agre was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> (AAAS) and became active in <a href="/wiki/Science_diplomacy" title="Science diplomacy">science diplomacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agre is the second of six children born in <a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Minnesota" title="Northfield, Minnesota">Northfield, Minnesota</a>, to parents of <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian people">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedish</a> descent. Agre is a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fascinated by international travel after a high school camping trip through the Soviet Union, Agre was an inconsistent student until he developed an interest in science from his father who was a college chemistry professor.<sup id="cite_ref-May2lecture_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May2lecture-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agre graduated from <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_High_School_(Minnesota)" title="Roosevelt High School (Minnesota)">Roosevelt High School (Minnesota)</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before he received his B.A. in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> from <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_University" title="Augsburg University">Augsburg University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">M.D.</a> in 1974 from the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins School of Medicine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. From 1975 to 1978 he completed his clinical training in Internal Medicine at <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine">Case Western Reserve University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/University_Hospitals_Cleveland_Medical_Center" title="University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center">Case Medical Center</a> under Charles C.J. Carpenter. He subsequently did a Hematology-Oncology fellowship at North Carolina Memorial Hospital of <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">UNC Chapel Hill</a>. In 1981, Agre returned to the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins School of Medicine</a> to join the lab of Vann Bennett in the Department of Cell Biology.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize2003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, Agre was recruited onto the faculty of the Department of Medicine led by <a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a>. He subsequently joined the Department of Biological Chemistry led by Dan Lane. Agre rose to full professor in 1992 and remained at Johns Hopkins until 2005. Agre then served as the Vice Chancellor for Science and Technology at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke University Medical Center">Duke University Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a>, where he guided the development of Duke's biomedical research. In 2008, he returned to Johns Hopkins, where he directs the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI) in the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Bloomberg_School_of_Public_Health" title="Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health">Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</a> and holds a joint appointment in the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine" title="Johns Hopkins School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins School of Medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JHBSPS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHBSPS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_awards">Professional awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Professional awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Agre was elected to membership in the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 2000, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 2003, the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a> in 2005, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Microbiology" title="American Society for Microbiology">American Society for Microbiology</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agre has received 19 honorary doctorates from universities around the world, including Japan, Norway, Greece, Mexico, Hungary, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, Agre received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2014, he was named a <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Distinguished_Professorships" title="Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships">Bloomberg Distinguished Professor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> for his accomplishments as an interdisciplinary researcher and excellence in teaching the next generation of scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships were established in 2013 by a gift from <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agre and his wife Mary have been married since 1975, and have three daughters, one son, and two young granddaughters.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize2003_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agre is an <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)">Eagle Scout</a> and recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Eagle_Scout_Award" title="Distinguished Eagle Scout Award">Distinguished Eagle Scout Award</a> (DESA).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of his brothers, also physicians, and his son Clarke, a public defender, are also Eagle Scouts.<sup id="cite_ref-eagletter_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eagletter-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agre enjoys wilderness canoeing in the arctic and <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a>, having completed the 60 mile <a href="/wiki/Vasaloppet" title="Vasaloppet">Vasaloppet</a> ski race in Sweden five times.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> in 2012, Agre has had to reduce his activities. </p><p>"I identify more with Huckleberry Finn than with Albert Einstein," he told Scouting magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agre is known among science students for his humanity and humility.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appeared on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a></i>, discussing his role as a founding member of Scientists and Engineers for America (SEA), sound science in politics, and the decline of <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> knowledge of science, among other topics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biomedical_research">Biomedical research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biomedical research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a Johns Hopkins medical student in the early 1970s, Agre worked in the labs of Brad Sack and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cuatrecasas" title="Pedro Cuatrecasas">Pedro Cuatrecasas</a> where he investigated the <a href="/wiki/Enterotoxin" title="Enterotoxin">enterotoxin</a>-induced <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> that caused <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> and death of small children in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After clinical training, Agre joined Vann Bennett's lab in the Cell Biology Department at Johns Hopkins where he studied red cell <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">membranes</a> and identified <a href="/wiki/Spectrin" title="Spectrin">spectrin</a> deficiency as a common cause of <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spherocytosis" title="Hereditary spherocytosis">hereditary spherocytosis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_anemia" title="Hemolytic anemia">hemolytic anemia</a> with fragile, spherically shaped red cells.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, Agre joined the Department of Medicine where he built his own research program and first isolated the 32 kilodalton core subunit of the Rhesus <a href="/wiki/Blood_group_antigen" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood group antigen">blood group antigen</a>, <a href="/wiki/RHD_(gene)" title="RHD (gene)">RhD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaporins">Aquaporins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aquaporins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While studying <a href="/wiki/RHD_(gene)" title="RHD (gene)">RhD</a>, Agre's team serendipitously discovered a 28 kilodalton red cell membrane protein. Also abundant in <a href="/wiki/Kidney_tubules" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney tubules">kidney tubules</a>, the 28 kDa protein was related to proteins from diverse origins including fruit fly brain, <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_eye" title="Mammalian eye">mammalian lens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, and plants.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the function was unknown, Agre consulted John C. Parker, his former hematology professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a>, who suggested that the protein may be the long-sought water channel responsible for rapid movements of water across the membranes of red cells and certain other cell types. </p><p>Teaming up with William Guggino at the Department of Physiology at Johns Hopkins, Agre's postdoctoral fellow Gregory Preston confirmed water channel function by expressing the cRNA in <a href="/wiki/African_clawed_frog" title="African clawed frog"><i>Xenopus laevis</i></a> oocytes (frog eggs) that then became osmotically active and exploded in fresh water. The 28 kDa protein is now known as <a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 1">aquaporin-1</a> (abbreviated AQP1), the archetypal member of a large family of water channel proteins. Aquaporins are "the plumbing system for cells," said Agre. Every cell is primarily water. "But the water doesn't just sit in the cell, it moves through it in a very organized way. The process occurs rapidly in tissues that have these aquaporins or water channels." For 100 years, scientists assumed that water leaked through the cell membrane, and some water does. "But the very rapid movement of water through some cells was not explained by this theory," said Agre.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agre's team and others identified paralogs in different tissues, and twelve <a href="/wiki/Aquaporins" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporins">aquaporins</a> exist in humans. Permeated by water, aquaporins are required for generation of <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_humour" title="Aqueous humour">aqueous humour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tears" title="Tears">tears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat">sweat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>, humidification of airways, and renal concentration. Defects include <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">cerebral edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry eye">dry eye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhydrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhydrosis">anhydrosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_retention_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water retention (medicine)">water retention</a>. Permeated by water plus <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>, aquaglyceroporins confer glycerol uptake to the basal level of skin, glycerol release from fat during fasting, and glycerol uptake by liver where it is converted to glucose. Aquaporins and aquaglyceroporins exist in all life forms including <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbes">microbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Plasmodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmodia">plasmodia</a> that cause <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AgreLindau.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/AgreLindau.png/220px-AgreLindau.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/AgreLindau.png/330px-AgreLindau.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/AgreLindau.png/440px-AgreLindau.png 2x" data-file-width="4180" data-file-height="3069" /></a><figcaption>Peter Agre lecturing on malaria at the 61st Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in Lindau, Germany</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry">2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2003, it was announced that the Nobel Prize in Chemistry would go to two medical doctors, Peter Agre and <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a>, "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes." Credited for discovery of the aquaporin water channels, Agre was in bed at 5:30 am when the call came from Stockholm. Upon learning the news later, his mother responded, "That's very nice but don't let it go to his head."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacKinnon, credited with solving the structure and selectivity of potassium channels, was traveling back from a weekend fishing trip and only learned the news from colleagues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaria">Malaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Malaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long interested in diseases of the developing world,<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agre and his team investigated aquaporins in <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> parasites, malaria <a href="/wiki/Mosquitoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquitoes">mosquitoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_malaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral malaria">cerebral malaria</a>. In 2008, Agre became Director of the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI) at the <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_School_of_Public_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg School of Public Health">Bloomberg School of Public Health</a>. Launched in 2001 by a gift from <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> and the Bloomberg Philanthropies,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JHMRI includes 20 faculty members<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose lab efforts include development of mosquitoes resistant to malaria transmission, design of novel malaria vaccines, biological studies of potential malaria drug targets and search for novel anti-malarial medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JHMRIZambia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/JHMRIZambia.jpg/220px-JHMRIZambia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/JHMRIZambia.jpg/330px-JHMRIZambia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/JHMRIZambia.jpg/440px-JHMRIZambia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A Zambian villager holding his grandson whose life was saved by Dr. Philip Thuma. Afflicted with cerebral malaria, the child was near death but was left with permanent blindness.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fieldwork in rural Africa is central to the JHMRI mission. A long-term partnership was initiated in 2003 with Macha Research Trust, a faith-based research program led by Dr. Philip Thuma that is affiliated with a former mission hospital in rural southern Zambia. With resources from JHMRI, a small modern research campus was constructed where African scientists and visiting scientists from Johns Hopkins are studying malaria drug resistance, mosquito insecticide resistance, and rates of malaria transmission. Since introduction of artemisinin combination therapy in 2003 and distribution of insecticide treated bed nets in 2007, the burden of malaria in small children has declined in Macha by 96%.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Receipt of an International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research Award (ICEMR) from the US <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> in 2010 allowed expansion of the JHMRI program in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New field sites were organized in partnership with African agencies in northern <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, where malaria control has failed, and in eastern <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> at the border of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, where malaria has become resurgent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_diplomacy">Science diplomacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Science diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While serving from 2009 to 2011 as president and chair of the board of advisors of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, Agre became very active in the AAAS Center for Science Diplomacy. Working with AAAS Chief International Officer, Vaughan Turekian, and former Scientific Advisor to the U.S. Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Norman_P._Neureiter" title="Norman P. Neureiter">Norman P. Neureiter</a>, Agre led a series of science diplomacy visits to countries with adversarial relationships to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objective of each trip was to foster exchanges and collaborations on peaceful scientific projects and thereby reduce tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The governments of Cuba and the US have maintained a hostile relationship made worse by the embargo that prevented the import of essential goods, equipment and even medicines. The inauguration of Barack Obama in 2009 led to a liberalized interpretation of restrictions by the U.S. government allowing scientific and cultural exchanges between the two countries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JesseLazearPlaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/JesseLazearPlaque.jpg/220px-JesseLazearPlaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/JesseLazearPlaque.jpg/330px-JesseLazearPlaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/JesseLazearPlaque.jpg/440px-JesseLazearPlaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating the collaboration of Cuban scientist Carlos Finlay and Johns Hopkins scientist Jesse Lazear in the Cuban Academy of Sciences by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Advisory Board visit to Havana in February 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 2009, Agre made the first of six trips to Cuba when he led a group of scientists from AAAS to Havana. Two years later, Agre led an extensive series of visits to the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Cuban Academy of Sciences">Cuban Academy of Sciences</a> and leading Cuban scientific institutions including the institutes for <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, pharmaceutical and vaccine development, a teaching hospital and <a href="/wiki/ELAM_(Latin_American_School_of_Medicine)_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="ELAM (Latin American School of Medicine) Cuba">ELAM (Latin American School of Medicine) Cuba</a>. Invited to lecture at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Havana" title="University of Havana">University of Havana</a>, Agre also met with Fidel Castro who discussed numerous topics including the need for universal health care as one cause for the Cuban Revolution. Agre subsequently led another AAAS visit and served as Honorary President of Biotecnologia Habana 2012 and Plenary Lecturer at Quimcuba 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite animosities, Cuba and the U.S. have had a long tradition of scientific interactions that dated from 1900. The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Fever">Yellow Fever</a> at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> resulted in the Yellow Fever Commission led by US Army Major <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a>. Working together, Cuban medical scientist, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Finlay" title="Carlos Finlay">Carlos Finlay</a>, and a young Johns Hopkins faculty member, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_William_Lazear" title="Jesse William Lazear">Jesse William Lazear</a>, proved for the first time that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes. In a fateful experiment, Lazear allowed himself to be bitten by mosquitoes that had fed upon yellow fever patients, and he died of the disease. This discovery led to conquest of Yellow Fever. Cuba always felt that Finlay and Lazear never received proper credit, an issue partially ameliorated by the 2015 visit by the Johns Hopkins Health Advisory Board and plaque unveiling.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_People's_Republic_of_Korea_(North_Korea)"><span id="Democratic_People.27s_Republic_of_Korea_.28North_Korea.29"></span>Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AgreDPRK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/AgreDPRK.jpg/220px-AgreDPRK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/AgreDPRK.jpg/330px-AgreDPRK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/AgreDPRK.jpg/440px-AgreDPRK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="2197" /></a><figcaption>Peter Agre in 2009 presenting his Johns Hopkins necktie to the Vice President of the DPRK State Academy of Science. The tie worn by Agre during his 2003 Nobel lecture in Stockholm is to be presented to the first DPRK scientist who wins a Nobel Prize.</figcaption></figure><p>Referred to as the "Hermit Kingdom," the <a href="/wiki/DPRK" class="mw-redirect" title="DPRK">DPRK</a> has been nearly totally isolated from the world since the negotiated ceasefire in 1953. Requests for entry by US organizations were rebuffed. Working through the DPRK Ambassador to the UN, an invitation was issued to the Nobel Laureate-led AAAS team in partnership with <a href="/wiki/CRDF_Global" title="CRDF Global">CRDF Global</a> for a visit hosted by the DPRK State Academy of Sciences in December 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avoiding issues related to weapons development, requests to visit 15 research institutes, universities, the Grand People's Study House, and a hospital were all granted. In most cases, the leadership of these institutions had never seen or met an American previously.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potential future scientific collaboration in the life sciences such as medicine development and agricultural research received extensive and enthusiastic discussion. A follow-up visits by DPRK scientific leadership to the AAAS – CRDF team occurred 15 months later at the Carter Center in Atlanta. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AgrePUST.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AgrePUST.jpg/220px-AgrePUST.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AgrePUST.jpg/330px-AgrePUST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AgrePUST.jpg/440px-AgrePUST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Peter Agre visiting the Pyongyang University of Science and Technology in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>A meeting occurred with the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Pyongyang University of Science and Technology">Pyongyang University of Science and Technology</a> (PUST), a private university founded by a Korean-born American businessman. The only English language university in DPRK, PUST draws outstanding undergraduate and graduate students from DPRK and volunteer faculty from abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opening in 2010, PUST is the only campus where westerners can mingle with students in DPRK. Agre provided keynote plenary lectures to the first International Science Symposium at PUST in 2011 and the third symposium in 2015. Invited to participate in a tour of multiple DPRK universities by four Nobel Laureates in 2016, Agre was unable to attend due to a hospitalization. It would have been his fourth trip to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar_(Burma)"><span id="Myanmar_.28Burma.29"></span>Myanmar (Burma)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Myanmar (Burma)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A visit by Agre and the AAAS Science Diplomacy team to <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> occurred in April 2010. Travel was made to the new capital, <a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a>, for formal meetings with the Ministry of Forestry and Ministry of Health to discuss malaria. A meeting with faculty of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Yangon" title="University of Yangon">University of Yangon</a> was also held. Despite continued existence of the junta, an impending transition was evident, as meetings with the opposition were arranged in Yangon.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> was unavailable as she was still under house arrest, her release occurred six months later, and Myanmar has made solid progress towards liberal democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran_(Islamic_Republic_of_Iran)"><span id="Iran_.28Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.29"></span>Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meetings with Iranian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Salehi" title="Ali Akbar Salehi">Ali Akbar Salehi</a> at the New York residence of the Iranian Ambassador to the UN resulted in a June 2012 visit to Tehran by Agre and <a href="/wiki/Norman_P._Neureiter" title="Norman P. Neureiter">Norman P. Neureiter</a>. Salehi, a PhD graduate of MIT and former head of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Organization_of_Iran" title="Atomic Energy Organization of Iran">Atomic Energy Organization of Iran</a>, arranged for lectures in multiple universities in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> where Agre was appointed visiting professor at the <a href="/wiki/Sharif_University_of_Technology" title="Sharif University of Technology">Sharif University of Technology</a> and a private meeting was held with President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activism">Political activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas_Butler_Case">Thomas Butler Case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thomas Butler Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Chairman of the Committee on Human Rights of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agre led a group of prominent scientists that defended <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Butler" title="Thomas C. Butler">Thomas C. Butler</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a> researcher from <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech University</a> who in January 2003 voluntarily reported to the university safety office that 30 vials of plague bacteria were missing and had probably been <a href="/wiki/Autoclave" title="Autoclave">autoclaved</a> or incinerated. Although Butler cooperated with FBI agents, he was accused of lying and was arrested. When he refused to plead guilty, federal prosecutors charged Butler with many confusing charges concerning grant accounting and sample shipping. Despite support from Agre and other scientists, Butler was convicted in a jury trial, lost his medical license, and served 2 years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occurring at a time of large national fear following the 9/11 attacks, the incident has been seen by some as an overreaction by the FBI due to public fear of bioterrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_Minnesota_U.S._Senate_race">2008 Minnesota U.S. Senate race</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2008 Minnesota U.S. Senate race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the spring of 2007, Agre announced that he would explore the US Senate race in his home state of Minnesota being contested by two residents originally from New York – incumbent Sen. <a href="/wiki/Norm_Coleman" title="Norm Coleman">Norm Coleman</a> and challenger comedian <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a>. Agre emphasized health care and environmental issues rather than the Iraq war. He said, "The issues that were important to us at the millennium are still important today." He also felt that the <a href="/wiki/US_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate">US Senate</a> would benefit from the perspective of a medical scientist.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite polls indicating that he could win, Agre announced in August 2007 that he would not enter the race for the Minnesota Senate seat, calculating the huge personal cost and the termination of his federally funded scientific research program and humanitarian service.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An advocate for increased representation of science in government, he would not rule out the possibility of seeking public office in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Barack Obama carried Minnesota by a landslide, the senate election was a statistical tie resulting in a recount and six months of legal fights before the Minnesota Supreme Court awarded <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a> the victory by only 312 votes out of 2.9 million ballots cast. The outcome was important as Franken was sworn in as Senator in July 2009 and provided the 60th vote necessary to end debate on the Affordable Care Act. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_activism">Other activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to being a founding member of <a href="/wiki/Scientists_and_Engineers_for_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists and Engineers for Change">Scientists and Engineers for Change</a>, Agre was one of 48 Nobel laureates who signed a letter endorsing Massachusetts Sen. John Kerry for president. </p><p>Agre criticized many policies of the Bush administration. "The Bush administration has been a disaster for the environment. They're playing Russian roulette by not signing the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto Accord">Kyoto Accord</a>. If we wait until there's unequivocal proof that this is the cause of global climate change, it will be too late," he said.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has said that he admired <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>, another Nobel laureate and peace activist.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agre served on the transition team for Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign, helping forge science policy and answers to scientific policy questions posed by <a href="/wiki/Science_Debate_2008" title="Science Debate 2008">Science Debate 2008</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Agre signed the <i><a href="/wiki/Mainau_Declaration" title="Mainau Declaration">Mainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change</a></i> on the final day of the 65th <a href="/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" title="Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings">Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting</a>. The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then-President of the French Republic, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>, as part of the successful <a href="/wiki/Paris_Climate_Change_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Climate Change Conference">COP21 climate summit</a> in Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Benga" title="Gheorghe Benga">Gheorghe Benga</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2003/">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003"</a>. <i>www.nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F2003%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Agre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/769">Peter Agre</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102250#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture <i>Aquaporin Water Channels</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarl_Lane2010" class="citation web cs1">Earl Lane (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaas.org/news/agre-pickering-science-diplomacy-%E2%80%9Ccritical-tool%E2%80%9D-us-foreign-policy">"Agre, Pickering: Science Diplomacy a "Critical Tool" in U.S. Foreign Policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agre%2C+Pickering%3A+Science+Diplomacy+a+%22Critical+Tool%22+in+U.S.+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Earl+Lane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaas.org%2Fnews%2Fagre-pickering-science-diplomacy-%25E2%2580%259Ccritical-tool%25E2%2580%259D-us-foreign-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Agre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/868/000100568/">"Peter Agre"</a>. <i>www.nndb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Nobel+Laureate+Peter+Agre%3A+From+Aquaporins+to+Lutefisk&rft.aulast=Mirsky&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Fpodcast%2Fepisode.cfm%3Fid%3Dnobel-laureate-peter-agre-from-aqua-11-07-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Agre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-May2lecture-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-May2lecture_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+winner+says+Bush+is+politicizing+science&rft.pub=Minnesota+Public+Radio&rft.date=2004-10-04&rft.aulast=Scheck&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.minnesota.publicradio.org%2Ffeatures%2F2004%2F10%2F01_scheckt_science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Agre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgre2013" class="citation journal cs1">Agre, Peter (December 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencediplomacy.org/sites/default/files/fifty_years_ago-linus_pauling_and_the_belated_nobel_prize_science__diplomacy.pdf">"Fifty Years Ago: Linus Pauling and the Belated Nobel Peace Prize"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_%26_Diplomacy" title="Science & Diplomacy">Science & Diplomacy</a></i>. <b>2</b> (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140213004929/https://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2013/fifty-years-ago-linus-pauling-and-belated-nobel-peace-prize">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Diplomacy&rft.atitle=Fifty+Years+Ago%3A+Linus+Pauling+and+the+Belated+Nobel+Peace+Prize&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2013-12-10&rft.aulast=Agre&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencediplomacy.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffifty_years_ago-linus_pauling_and_the_belated_nobel_prize_science__diplomacy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Agre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeim2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Keim, Brandon (September 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2008/09/obama-campaign-8/">"Obama Campaign Reveals Science Advisors"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Obama+Campaign+Reveals+Science+Advisors&rft.date=2008-09-17&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Keim&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2008%2F09%2Fobama-campaign-8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+Agre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Agre&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031112059/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/press/2003/October/031008A.htm">Johns Hopkins Media Story on his Nobel prize</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2003/agre-lecture.html">Agre Nobel Prize lecture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182118/http://www.dailycardinal.com/article/736983">Nobel laureate: Gov't, science research clash post September 11</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Cardinal" title="The Daily Cardinal">The Daily Cardinal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicle.duke.edu/vnews/display.v/ART/2005/10/24/435cc4b1b5d60">Coverage of October 21, 2005 speech by <i>The Chronicle</i>, Duke's student newspaper</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/76990/october-19-2006/peter-agre">Video interview with Stephen Colbert</a> October 19, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asia.it/adon.pl?act=doc&doc=938">Video intervista a Peter Agre</a> su Asia.it <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1919</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis Aston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Fritz Pregl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Richard Zsigmondy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Wieland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Windaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Arthur Harden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1933</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Virtanen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">John Northrop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">William Giauque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Otto Diels</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Kurt Alder</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_Martin" title="Archer Martin">Archer Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Richard Synge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander Todd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald Norrish</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Odd Hassel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Luis Federico Leloir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Stanford Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">William Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Vladimir Prelog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William Lipscomb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Robert Merrifield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Jerome Karle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Sidney Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias Corey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George Olah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Mario Molina</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold Kroto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens Christian Skou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Knowles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryoji Noyori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">John B. Fenn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Agre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Aaron Ciechanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Irwin Rose</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Grubbs" title="Robert H. Grubbs">Robert H. Grubbs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Yves Chauvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Roger D. Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada E. Yonath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Akira Suzuki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Brian Kobilka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Martin Karplus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Arieh Warshel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_E._Moerner" title="William E. Moerner">William E. Moerner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich" title="Paul L. Modrich">Paul L. Modrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Aziz Sancar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Jean-Pierre Sauvage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Jacques Dubochet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Joachim Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">M. Stanley Whittingham</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">David MacMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Morten P. Meldal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi G. Bawendi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexei I. Ekimov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John M. Jumper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2003_Nobel_Prize_laureates753" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2003_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2003 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2003_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2003 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2003_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2003 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2003_Nobel_Prize_laureates753" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2003 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter Agre</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2003 Nobel Prize in Literature">2003</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a> (South Africa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov</a> (Soviet Union/Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a> (Soviet Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony James Leggett</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Engle" title="Robert F. Engle">Robert F. Engle</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Clive Granger</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1998_Nobel_Prizes" title="1998 Nobel Prizes">1998</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prizes" title="1999 Nobel Prizes">1999</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prizes" title="2000 Nobel Prizes">2000</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prizes" title="2001 Nobel Prizes">2001</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prizes" title="2002 Nobel Prizes">2002</a></dd> <dd><b>2003 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prizes" title="2004 Nobel Prizes">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prizes" title="2005 Nobel Prizes">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prizes" title="2006 Nobel Prizes">2006</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prizes" title="2007 Nobel Prizes">2007</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prizes" title="2008 Nobel Prizes">2008</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102250#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1418" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102250#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1418" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102250#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/137081901">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88067360">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2014805105&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007442415105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14642373">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=VGjeKSMAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/137081901">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/082969434">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐d9b8679f5‐nsm4q Cached time: 20250211201408 Cache expiry: 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