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href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rhythm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Musical structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1930s_and_1940s:_Origins_in_Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s_and_1940s:_Origins_in_Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1930s and 1940s: Origins in Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s_and_1940s:_Origins_in_Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s-1960s:_Cuban_music_in_New_York_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s-1960s:_Cuban_music_in_New_York_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>1950s-1960s: Cuban music in New York City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-1960s:_Cuban_music_in_New_York_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s:_Songo_in_Cuba,_salsa_in_NYC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s:_Songo_in_Cuba,_salsa_in_NYC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>1970s: Songo in Cuba, salsa in NYC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s:_Songo_in_Cuba,_salsa_in_NYC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s:_Salsa_expansion_in_Latin_America_and_the_birth_of_timba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_Salsa_expansion_in_Latin_America_and_the_birth_of_timba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>1980s: Salsa expansion in Latin America and the birth of timba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s:_Salsa_expansion_in_Latin_America_and_the_birth_of_timba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s:_Pop_salsa_and_timba_explosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s:_Pop_salsa_and_timba_explosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>1990s: Pop salsa and timba explosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s:_Pop_salsa_and_timba_explosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s:_Timba-fusion_hits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s:_Timba-fusion_hits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>2010s: Timba-fusion hits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s:_Timba-fusion_hits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_salsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_salsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>African salsa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_salsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lyrics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Salsa music</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89)" title="سالسا (موسيقى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سالسا (موسيقى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Salsa (música) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Salsa (música)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(musik)" title="Salsa (musik) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Salsa (musik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(Musik)" title="Salsa (Musik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Salsa (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%83%CE%B1_(%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Σάλσα (μουσική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάλσα (μουσική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(g%C3%A9nero_musical)" title="Salsa (género musical) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salsa (género musical)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salso" title="Salso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Salso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltsa_(musika_generoa)" title="Saltsa (musika generoa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saltsa (musika generoa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C)" title="سالسا (موسیقی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سالسا (موسیقی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa" title="Salsa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Salsa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(x%C3%A9nero_musical)" title="Salsa (xénero musical) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Salsa (xénero musical)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B4%EC%82%AC_(%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85)" title="살사 (음악) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="살사 (음악)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa" title="Salsa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Salsa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(musik)" title="Salsa (musik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Salsa (musik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_t%C3%B3nlist" title="Salsa tónlist – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Salsa tónlist" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(musica)" title="Salsa (musica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Salsa (musica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="סלסה (מוזיקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סלסה (מוזיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(muzika)" title="Salsa (muzika) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Salsa (muzika)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(zene)" title="Salsa (zene) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Salsa (zene)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Салса (музика) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Салса (музика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89)" title="سالسا (موسيقى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سالسا (موسيقى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(muziekstijl)" title="Salsa (muziekstijl) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Salsa (muziekstijl)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa" title="Salsa – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Salsa" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5_(%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD)" title="サルサ (音楽) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サルサ (音楽)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(dans/musikk)" title="Salsa (dans/musikk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Salsa (dans/musikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa" title="Salsa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Salsa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa" title="Salsa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Salsa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(muzyka)" title="Salsa (muzyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Salsa (muzyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Salsa (música) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Salsa (música)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_salsa" title="Muzică salsa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzică salsa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_taki" title="Salsa taki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Salsa taki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Сальса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сальса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(musiikki)" title="Salsa (musiikki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Salsa (musiikki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(musik)" title="Salsa (musik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Salsa (musik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5)" title="ซัลซา (แนวดนตรี) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซัลซา (แนวดนตรี)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Сальса (музика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сальса (музика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa" title="Salsa – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Salsa" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A8%B7%E6%B2%99%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="騷沙音樂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="騷沙音樂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Salsa</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son_Cubano" class="mw-redirect" title="Son Cubano">Son Cubano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Son_montuno" title="Son montuno">son montuno</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-ch%C3%A1_(music)" title="Cha-cha-chá (music)">cha-cha-chá</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">bolero</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rumba" title="Rumba">rumba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plena" title="Plena">plena</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">bomba</a><sup id="cite_ref-Waxer91_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxer91-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cuban</a> communities in the United States, specifically in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a><sup id="cite_ref-Waxer91_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxer91-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_rom%C3%A1ntica" title="Salsa romántica">Salsa romántica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_dura" title="Salsa dura">salsa dura</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songo_music" title="Songo music">Songo music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timba" title="Timba">timba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%C3%BC%C3%AD" title="Changüí">changüí</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_(music)" title="Mozambique (music)">mozambique</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-06-03_Congas1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2006-06-03_Congas1.JPG/180px-2006-06-03_Congas1.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2006-06-03_Congas1.JPG/270px-2006-06-03_Congas1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2006-06-03_Congas1.JPG/360px-2006-06-03_Congas1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption>Tumbadoras (conga drums), one of the basic instruments of salsa music</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Salsa music</b> is a style of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Caribbean">Caribbean music</a>, combining elements of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">American</a> influences. Because most of the basic musical components predate the labeling of salsa, there have been many controversies regarding its origin. Most songs considered as salsa are primarily based on <a href="/wiki/Son_montuno" title="Son montuno">son montuno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Son_Cubano" class="mw-redirect" title="Son Cubano">son Cubano</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with elements of <a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-ch%C3%A1_(music)" title="Cha-cha-chá (music)">cha-cha-chá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">bolero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumba" title="Rumba">rumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">bomba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plena" title="Plena">plena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these elements are adapted to fit the basic Son montuno template when performed within the context of salsa.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally the name salsa was used to label commercially several styles of Hispanic Caribbean music, but nowadays it is considered a musical style on its own and one of the staples of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic American</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the term salsa today is a rebranding of various Latin musical styles, the first self-identified salsa band is Cheo Marquetti y su Conjunto - Los Salseros which was formed in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first album to mention Salsa on its cover was titled “Salsa” which was released by La Sonora Habanera in 1957. Later on self-identified salsa bands were predominantly assembled by <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cuban</a> musicians in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in the 1970s. The music style was based on the late <a href="/wiki/Son_montuno" title="Son montuno">son montuno</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Arsenio Rodríguez">Arsenio Rodríguez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conjunto_Chappott%C3%ADn" title="Conjunto Chappottín">Conjunto Chappottín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Faz" title="Roberto Faz">Roberto Faz</a>. These musicians included <a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Col%C3%B3n" title="Willie Colón">Willie Colón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruben_Blades" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruben Blades">Rubén Blades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Pacheco" title="Johnny Pacheco">Johnny Pacheco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machito" title="Machito">Machito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hector_Lavoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Lavoe">Héctor Lavoe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same period a parallel modernization of <a href="/wiki/Cuban_son" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban son">Cuban son</a> was being developed by <a href="/wiki/Los_Van_Van" title="Los Van Van">Los Van Van</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irakere" title="Irakere">Irakere</a>, <a href="/wiki/NG_La_Banda" title="NG La Banda">NG La Banda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charanga_Habanera" title="Charanga Habanera">Charanga Habanera</a> and other artists in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> under the name of <a href="/wiki/Songo_music" title="Songo music">songo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timba" title="Timba">timba</a>, styles that at present are also labelled as salsa. Though limited by an <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">embargo</a>, the continuous cultural exchange between salsa-related musicians inside and outside of Cuba is undeniable.<sup id="cite_ref-Unterberger,_p._50_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unterberger,_p._50-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_term_Salsa">Origins of the term Salsa</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machito_and_his_sister_Graciella_Grillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Machito_and_his_sister_Graciella_Grillo.jpg/220px-Machito_and_his_sister_Graciella_Grillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Machito_and_his_sister_Graciella_Grillo.jpg/330px-Machito_and_his_sister_Graciella_Grillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Machito_and_his_sister_Graciella_Grillo.jpg/440px-Machito_and_his_sister_Graciella_Grillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Graciela" title="Graciela">Graciela</a> on <a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">claves</a> and her brother <a href="/wiki/Machito" title="Machito">Machito</a> on <a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">maracas</a>; Machito said that <i>salsa</i> was much like what he had been playing from the 1940s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>Salsa</i> means <a href="/wiki/Sauce" title="Sauce">sauce</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a>. The origin of the connection of this word to a style of music is disputed by various music writers and historians. </p><p>The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Salazar" title="Max Salazar">Max Salazar</a> traced the origin of the connection to 1930 when <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Pi%C3%B1eiro" title="Ignacio Piñeiro">Ignacio Piñeiro</a> composed the song <i>Échale salsita</i> (Put some sauce in it).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase is seen as a cry from Piñeiro to his band, telling them to increase the tempo to "put the dancers into high gear".<sup id="cite_ref-Morales56_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morales56-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1940s, Cuban <a href="/wiki/Cheo_Marquetti" title="Cheo Marquetti">Cheo Marquetti</a> emigrated to Mexico. He named his group Conjunto Los Salseros, with whom he recorded a couple of albums for the Panart and Egrem labels. Later on, while based in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, the musician <a href="/wiki/Beny_Mor%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Beny Moré">Beny Moré</a> would shout <i>salsa</i> during a performance to acknowledge a musical moment's heat, making a connection with the hot <a href="/wiki/Salsa_(sauce)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsa (sauce)">salsa (sauce)</a> made in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Morales56_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morales56-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manuel,_p._46_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manuel,_p._46-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Puerto Rican music promoter Izzy Sanabria claims he was the first to use the word salsa to denote a <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>In 1973, I hosted the television show <i>Salsa</i> which was the first reference to this particular music as <i>salsa</i>. I was using [the term] <i>salsa</i>, but the music wasn't defined by that. The music was still defined as Latin music. And that was a very, very broad category, because it even includes mariachi music. It includes everything. So salsa defined this particular type of music ... It's a name that everyone could pronounce.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sanabria's <i>Latin New York</i> magazine was an <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> publication. Consequently, his promoted events were covered in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanabria confessed the term salsa was not developed by musicians: "Musicians were busy creating the music but played no role in promoting the name salsa."<sup id="cite_ref-Izzy_Sanabria_2005_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izzy_Sanabria_2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason the use of the term salsa has been controversial among musicians. Some have praised its unification element. Celia Cruz said, "Salsa is Cuban music with another name. It's mambo, chachachá, rumba, son ... all the Cuban rhythms under one name."<sup id="cite_ref-Steward488_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steward488-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Willie_Col%C3%B3n" title="Willie Colón">Willie Colón</a> described salsa not as a precise musical style but a power to unite in the broadest terms: "Salsa was the force that united diverse Latino and other non-Latino racial and ethnic groups ...Salsa is the harmonic sum of all Latin culture ".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, even some New York based artists were originally against the commercialization of music under that name; <a href="/wiki/Machito" title="Machito">Machito</a> said: "There's nothing new about salsa, it is just the same old music that was played in Cuba for over fifty years."<sup id="cite_ref-Izzy_Sanabria_2005_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izzy_Sanabria_2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Tito_Puente" title="Tito Puente">Tito Puente</a> stated: "The only salsa I know is sold in a bottle called ketchup. I play Cuban music.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuban musicologist Mayra Martínez wrote that "the term salsa obscured the Cuban base, the music's history or part of its history in Cuba. And salsa was a way to do this so that Jerry Masucci, Fania and other record companies, like CBS, could have a hegemony on the music and keep the Cuban musicians from spreading their music abroad."<sup id="cite_ref-Boggs189_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boggs189-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Izzy Sanabria responded that Martínez was likely giving an accurate Cuban viewpoint, "but salsa was not planned that way".<sup id="cite_ref-Boggs189_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boggs189-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnny Pacheco, co-founder of Fania Records gave his definition of the term “Salsa” during various interviews. “La salsa es, y siempre ha sido la musica Cubana.” “Salsa is, and always has been, Cuban music.”. <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marketing potential from the name was so big, that eventually both Machito, Puente and even musicians in Cuba embraced the term as a financial necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mauleón_1999,_p._80_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauleón_1999,_p._80-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bongos_Meinl_HB100-NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bongos_Meinl_HB100-NT.jpg/250px-Bongos_Meinl_HB100-NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bongos_Meinl_HB100-NT.jpg/375px-Bongos_Meinl_HB100-NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bongos_Meinl_HB100-NT.jpg/500px-Bongos_Meinl_HB100-NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Bongos.</figcaption></figure> <p>The instrumentation in salsa bands is mostly based on the <a href="/wiki/Son_montuno" title="Son montuno">son montuno</a> ensemble developed by Arsenio Rodríguez, who added a horn section, as well as <a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">tumbadoras (congas)</a> to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano">Son cubano</a> ensemble; which typically contained <a href="/wiki/Bongos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongos">bongos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (instrument)">bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tres_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tres (musical instrument)">tres</a>, one trumpet, smaller hand-held percussion instruments (like <a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">claves</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCiro" title="Güiro">güiro</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Maracas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maracas">maracas</a>) usually played by the singers, and sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>. Machito's band was the first to experiment with the <a href="/wiki/Timbales" title="Timbales">timbales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three drums (bongos, congas and timbales) became the standard percussion instruments in most salsa bands and function in similar ways to a traditional drum ensemble. The timbales play the bell pattern, the congas play the supportive drum part, and the bongos improvise, simulating a lead drum. The improvised variations of the bongos are executed within the context of a repetitive marcha, known as the <i>martillo</i> ('hammer'), and do not constitute a solo. The bongos play primarily during the verses and the piano solos. When the song transitions into the montuno section, the bongo player picks up a large hand held cowbell called the bongo bell. Often the <i>bongocero</i> plays the bell more during a piece, than the actual bongos. The interlocking counterpoint of the timbale bell and bongo bell provides a propelling force during the montuno. The <a href="/wiki/Maracas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maracas">maracas</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCiro" title="Güiro">güiro</a> sound a steady flow of regular pulses (subdivisions) and are ordinarily clave-neutral. </p><p>Nonetheless, some bands instead follow the <a href="/wiki/Charanga_(Cuba)" title="Charanga (Cuba)">Charanga</a> format, which consists of a string section (of <a href="/wiki/Violins" class="mw-redirect" title="Violins">violins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>), <a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">tumbadoras (congas)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbales" title="Timbales">timbales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (instrument)">bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">claves</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCiro" title="Güiro">güiro</a>. Bongos are not typically used in charanga bands. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADpica_73" title="Típica 73">Típica 73</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orquesta_Broadway" title="Orquesta Broadway">Orquesta Broadway</a>, Orquesta Revé and Orquesta Ritmo Oriental where popular Salsa bands with charanga instrumentation. Johnny Pacheco, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Palmieri" title="Charlie Palmieri">Charlie Palmieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongo_Santamar%C3%ADa" title="Mongo Santamaría">Mongo Santamaría</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Barretto" title="Ray Barretto">Ray Barretto</a> also experimented with this format. </p><p>Throughout its 50 years of life, <a href="/wiki/Los_Van_Van" title="Los Van Van">Los Van Van</a> have always experimented with both types of ensembles. The first 15 years the band was a pure charanga, but later a trombone section was added. Nowadays the band could be considered a hybrid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rhythm">Rhythm</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance-salsa-puerto-vallarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dance-salsa-puerto-vallarta.jpg/200px-Dance-salsa-puerto-vallarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Dance-salsa-puerto-vallarta.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>Dancing Salsa in Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>Salsa music typically ranges from 160 bpm (beats per minute) and 220 bpm, which is suitable for <a href="/wiki/Salsa_(dance)" title="Salsa (dance)">salsa dancing</a>. </p><p>The key instrument that provides the core groove of a salsa song is the clave. It is often played with two wooden sticks (called <a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">clave</a>) that are hit together. Every instrument in a salsa band is either playing with the clave (generally: congas, timbales, piano, tres guitar, bongos, <a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">claves</a> (instrument), strings) or playing independent of the clave rhythm (generally: bass, maracas, güiro, cowbell). Melodic components of the music and dancers can choose to be in clave or out of clave at any point. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Son_clave.ogg" title="File:Son clave.ogg">2-3 Son clave</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="Son_clave.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Son_clave.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Son_clave.ogg/Son_clave.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>For salsa, there are four types of <a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)" title="Clave (rhythm)">clave rhythms</a>, the 3-2 and 2-3 <a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)#Son_clave" title="Clave (rhythm)">Son claves</a> being the most important, and the 3-2 and 2-3 <a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)#Rumba_clave" title="Clave (rhythm)">Rumba claves</a>. Most salsa music is played with one of the son claves, though a rumba clave is occasionally used, especially during <a href="/wiki/Cuban_rumba" title="Cuban rumba">rumba</a> sections of some songs. As an example of how a clave fits within the 8 beats of a <a href="/wiki/Salsa_(dance)" title="Salsa (dance)">salsa dance</a>, the beats of the 2-3 Son clave are played on the counts of 2, 3, 5, the "and" of 6, and 8. </p><p>There are other common rhythms found in salsa music: the chord beat, the tumbao, and the Montuno rhythm. </p><p>The chord beat (often played on cowbell) emphasizes the odd-numbered counts of salsa: 1, 3, 5 and 7 while the tumbao rhythm (often played on congas) emphasizes the "off-beats" of the music: 2, 4, 6, and 8. Some dancers like to use the strong sound of the cowbell to stay on the Salsa rhythm. Alternatively, others use the conga rhythm to create a jazzier feel to their dance since strong "off-beats" are a jazz element. </p><p>Tumbao is the name of the rhythm that is typically played with the conga drums. Its most basic pattern is played on the beats 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8. Tumbao rhythm is helpful for learning to dance contra-tiempo ("On2"). The beats 2 and 6 are emphasized when dancing On2, and the Tumbao rhythm heavily emphasizes those beats as well. </p><p>The Montuno rhythm is a rhythm that is often played with a piano. The Montuno rhythm loops over the 8 counts and is useful for finding the direction of the music. By listening to the same rhythm, that loops back to the beginning after eight counts, one can recognize which count is the first beat of the music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_structure">Musical structure</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salsa_(musical_structure)" title="Salsa (musical structure)">Salsa (musical structure)</a></div> <p>Most salsa compositions follow the basic son montuno model based on the Afro-Cuban clave rhythm and composed of a verse section, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Coro-preg%C3%B3n" title="Coro-pregón">coro-pregón</a> (call-and-response) chorus section known as the <a href="/wiki/Montuno" title="Montuno">montuno</a>. The verse section can be short, or expanded to feature the lead vocalist and/or carefully crafted melodies with clever rhythmic devices. Once the montuno section begins, it usually continues until the end of the song. The tempo may gradually increase during the montuno in order to build excitement. The montuno section can be divided into various sub-sections sometimes referred to as <i>mambo</i>, <i>diablo</i>, <i>moña</i>, and <i>especial</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s_and_1940s:_Origins_in_Cuba">1930s and 1940s: Origins in Cuba</h3></div> <p>Many musicologists find many of the components of salsa music in the <a href="/wiki/Son_Montuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Son Montuno">Son Montuno</a> of several artists of the 30s and 40s like Arsenio Rodríguez, Conjunto Chappottín (Arsenio's former band now led by <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Chappott%C3%ADn" title="Félix Chappottín">Félix Chappottín</a> and featuring <a href="/wiki/Lili_Martinez" class="mw-redirect" title="Lili Martinez">Luis "Lilí" Martínez Griñán</a>) and Roberto Faz. Salsa musician <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Palmieri" title="Eddie Palmieri">Eddie Palmieri</a> once said "When you talk about our music, you talk about before, or after, Arsenio.....Lilí Martínez was my mentor".<sup id="cite_ref-ams_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ams-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several songs of Arsenio's band, like <i>Fuego en el 23</i>, <i>El Divorcio</i>, <i>Hacheros pa' un palo</i>, <i>Bruca maniguá</i>, <i>No me llores</i> and <i>El reloj de Pastora</i> were later covered by many salsa bands (like <a href="/wiki/Sonora_Ponce%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonora Ponceña">Sonora Ponceña</a> and Johnny Pacheco). </p><p>On the other hand, a different style, <a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">Mambo</a>, was developed by <a href="/wiki/Cachao" title="Cachao">Cachao</a>, Beny Moré and <a href="/wiki/Perez_Prado" class="mw-redirect" title="Perez Prado">Dámaso Pérez Prado</a>. Moré and Pérez Prado moved to Mexico City where the music was played by Mexican <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a> wind orchestras.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s-1960s:_Cuban_music_in_New_York_City">1950s-1960s: Cuban music in New York City</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Palladium_Ballroom.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/The_Palladium_Ballroom.gif/280px-The_Palladium_Ballroom.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a9/The_Palladium_Ballroom.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>The Palladium Ballroom, home of the mambo, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1950s</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1950s, New York became a hotspot of Mambo with musicians like the aforementioned Pérez Prado, <a href="/wiki/Chano_Pozo" title="Chano Pozo">Luciano "Chano" Pozo</a>, Mongo Santamaría, Machito and Tito Puente. The highly popular <a href="/wiki/Palladium_Ballroom" title="Palladium Ballroom">Palladium Ballroom</a> was the epicenter of mambo in New York. </p><p>Ethnomusicologist Ed Morales notes that the interaction of Afro-Cuban and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> music in New York was crucial to the innovation of both forms of music. Musicians who would become great innovators of mambo, like <a href="/wiki/Mario_Bauz%C3%A1" title="Mario Bauzá">Mario Bauzá</a> and Chano Pozo, began their careers in New York working in close conjunction with some of the biggest names in <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a>, among others. Morales noted that: "The interconnection between North American jazz and Afro-Cuban music was taken for granted, and the stage was set for the emergence of mambo music in New York, where music fans were becoming accustomed to innovation."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later notes that Mambo helped pave the way for the widespread acceptance of salsa years later. </p><p>Another popular style was <a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-ch%C3%A1_(music)" title="Cha-cha-chá (music)">cha-cha-cha</a>, which originated in the <a href="/wiki/Charanga_(Cuba)" title="Charanga (Cuba)">Charanga</a> bands in Cuba. By the early 1960s, there were several charanga bands in New York led by musicians (like <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Pacheco" title="Johnny Pacheco">Johnny Pacheco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Palmieri" title="Charlie Palmieri">Charlie Palmieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongo_Santamar%C3%ADa" title="Mongo Santamaría">Mongo Santamaría</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Barretto" title="Ray Barretto">Ray Barretto</a>) who would later become salsa stars. </p><p>In 1952, Arsenio Rodríguez moved for a short period to New York City taking with him his modern <a href="/wiki/Son_montuno" title="Son montuno">son montuno</a>. During that period his success was limited (NYC was more interested in Mambo), but his <a href="/wiki/Guajeos" class="mw-redirect" title="Guajeos">guajeos</a> (who influenced the musicians he shared the stage with, such as Chano Pozo, Machito, and Mario Bauzá), together with the piano <a href="/wiki/Tumbaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbaos">tumbaos</a> of Lilí Martínez, the trumpet of Félix Chappottín and the rhythmic lead vocals of Roberto Faz would become very relevant in the region a decade later.<sup id="cite_ref-Waxer91_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxer91-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, the Palladium closed because it lost its liquor license.<sup id="cite_ref-Steward_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steward-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mambo faded away, as new hybrid styles such as boogaloo, the jala-jala and the shing-a-ling had brief but important success.<sup id="cite_ref-Steward_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steward-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of boogaloo can be heard in some songs of Tito Puente, Eddie Palmieri, Machito and even Arsenio Rodríguez.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Puente later recounted: "It stunk ... I recorded it to keep up with the times.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular <a href="/wiki/Boogaloo" title="Boogaloo">Boogaloo</a> songs include "Bang Bang" by the <a href="/wiki/Joe_Cuba" title="Joe Cuba">Joe Cuba</a> Sextet and "I Like It Like That" by Pete Rodríguez and His Orchestra. </p><p>During the late 1960s, the Dominican musician Johnny Pacheco and Italian-American businessman <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Masucci" title="Jerry Masucci">Jerry Masucci</a> founded the recording company <a href="/wiki/Fania_Records" title="Fania Records">Fania Records</a>. They introduced many of the artists that would later be identified with the salsa movement, including Willie Colón, Celia Cruz, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Harlow_(musician)" title="Larry Harlow (musician)">Larry Harlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Barretto" title="Ray Barretto">Ray Barretto</a>, Héctor Lavoe and <a href="/wiki/Ismael_Miranda" title="Ismael Miranda">Ismael Miranda</a>. Fania's first record album was "Cañonazo", recorded and released in 1964. It was panned by music critics as 10 of the 11 songs were covers of previously recorded tunes by such Cuban artists as <a href="/wiki/Sonora_Matancera" title="Sonora Matancera">Sonora Matancera</a>, Chappottín y Sus Estrellas and Conjunto Estrellas de Chocolate. Pacheco put together a team that included percussionist <a href="/wiki/Louie_Ramirez" title="Louie Ramirez">Louie Ramírez</a>, bassist <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Valent%C3%ADn" title="Bobby Valentín">Bobby Valentín</a> and arranger <a href="/wiki/Larry_Harlow_(salsa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry Harlow (salsa)">Larry Harlow</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Fania_All-Stars" title="Fania All-Stars">Fania All-Stars</a> in 1968. Meanwhile, the Puerto Rican band <a href="/wiki/La_Sonora_Ponce%C3%B1a" title="La Sonora Ponceña">La Sonora Ponceña</a> recorded two albums named after songs of Arsenio Rodriguez (<i>Hachero pa' un palo</i> and <i>Fuego en el 23</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s:_Songo_in_Cuba,_salsa_in_NYC"><span id="1970s:_Songo_in_Cuba.2C_salsa_in_NYC"></span>1970s: Songo in Cuba, salsa in NYC</h3></div> <p>The 1970s was witness to two parallel modernizations of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_son" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban son">Cuban son</a> in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> and in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. During this period the term salsa was introduced in New York, and <a href="/wiki/Songo_music" title="Songo music">songo</a> was developed in Havana. </p><p>The band <a href="/wiki/Los_Van_Van" title="Los Van Van">Los Van Van</a>, led by the bassist <a href="/wiki/Juan_Formell" title="Juan Formell">Juan Formell</a>, started developing <a href="/wiki/Songo_music" title="Songo music">songo</a> in the late 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Songo_music" title="Songo music">Songo</a> incorporated rhythmic elements from <a href="/wiki/Cuban_rumba" title="Cuban rumba">folkloric rumba</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano">son</a>. With the arrival of the drummer <a href="/wiki/Changuito" title="Changuito">Changuito</a>, several new rhythms were introduced and the style had a more significant departure from the <a href="/wiki/Son_montuno" title="Son montuno">son montuno</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a>-based structure.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Songo_music" title="Songo music">Songo</a> integrated several elements of North American styles like jazz, rock and funk in many different ways than mainstream salsa. Whereas salsa would superimpose elements of another genre in the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(music)" title="Bridge (music)">bridge</a> of a song, the <a href="/wiki/Songo_music" title="Songo music">songo</a> was considered a rhythmic and harmonic hybrid (particularly regarding funk and clave-based Cuban elements). The music analyst Kevin Moore stated: "The harmonies, never before heard in Cuban music, were clearly borrowed from North American pop [and] shattered the formulaic limitations on harmony to which Cuban popular music had faithfully adhered for so long."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same period, Cuban super group <a href="/wiki/Irakere" title="Irakere">Irakere</a> fused <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bat%C3%A1_drum" title="Batá drum">batá drums</a> and other Afro-Cuban folkloric elements; Orquesta Ritmo Oriental created a new highly syncopated, rumba-influenced <a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">son</a> in the charanga ensemble; and <a href="/wiki/Elio_Rev%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Elio Revé">Elio Revé</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Chang%C3%BC%C3%AD" title="Changüí">changüí</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RogerDawson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/RogerDawson.jpg/170px-RogerDawson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/RogerDawson.jpg/255px-RogerDawson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/RogerDawson.jpg/340px-RogerDawson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roger_Dawson" title="Roger Dawson">Roger Dawson</a> hosted a very popular Las Vegas radio show featuring salsa.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the other hand, New York saw in the 1970s the first use of the term salsa to commercialize several styles of Latin dance music. However, several musicians believe that salsa took on a life of its own, organically evolving into an authentic pan-Latin American cultural identity. Music professor and salsa trombonist Christopher Washburne wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>This pan-Latino association of salsa stems from what Félix Padilla labels a 'Latinizing' process that occurred in the 1960s and was consciously marketed by Fania Records: 'To Fania, the Latinizing of salsa came to mean homogenizing the product, presenting an all-embracing Puerto Rican, Pan-American or Latino sound with which the people from all of Latin America and Spanish-speaking communities in the United States could identify and purchase.' Motivated primarily by economic factors, Fania's push for countries throughout Latin America to embrace salsa did result in an expanded market. But in addition, throughout the 1970s, salsa groups from Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Venezuela, among other Latin American nations, emerged, composing and performing music that related to their own specific cultural experiences and affiliations, which posited salsa as a cultural identity marker for those nations as well.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1971, the Fania All-Stars sold out <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)" title="Yankee Stadium (1923)">Yankee Stadium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-steward488_489_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steward488_489-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1970s, the music's center moved to Manhattan and the <a href="/wiki/Cheetah_(nightclub)" title="Cheetah (nightclub)">Cheetah</a>, where promoter <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Mercado" title="Ralph Mercado">Ralph Mercado</a> introduced many future Puerto Rican salsa stars to an ever-growing and diverse crowd of Latino audiences. The 1970s also brought new semi-known Salsa bands from New York City, bands such as Ángel Canales, Andy Harlow, <a href="/wiki/Chino_Rodriguez" title="Chino Rodriguez">Chino Rodríguez</a> y su Consagracion (Chino Rodríguez was one of the first Chinese Puerto Rican artists that caught the eye of Fania Record's owner Jerry Masucci and later became the booking agent for many of the Fania artists.), Wayne Gorbea, Ernie Agusto y la Conspiración, Orchestra Ray Jay, Orchestra Fuego, and Orchestra Cimarron, among other bands that were performing in the Salsa market on the East Coast. </p><p>Celia Cruz, who had had a successful career in Cuba with Sonora Matancera, was able to transition into the salsa movement, eventually becoming known as <i>the Queen of Salsa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NMAH1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMAH1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SI_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larry Harlow stretched out from the typical salsa record formula with his opera <i>Hommy</i> (1973), inspired by <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tommy_(The_Who_album)" title="Tommy (The Who album)">Tommy album</a>, and also released his critically acclaimed <i>La Raza Latina, a Salsa Suite</i>. </p><p>In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Dawson" title="Roger Dawson">Roger Dawson</a> created the "Sunday Salsa Show" over WRVR FM, which became one of the highest-rated radio shows in the New York market with a reported audience of over a quarter of a million listeners every Sunday (per Arbitron Radio Ratings). Ironically, although New York's Hispanic population at that time was over two million, there had been no commercial Hispanic FM. Given his jazz and salsa conga playing experience and knowledge (working as a sideman with such bands as salsa's Frankie Dante's Orquesta Flamboyán and jazz saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Archie_Shepp" title="Archie Shepp">Archie Shepp</a>), Dawson also created the long-running "Salsa Meets Jazz" weekly concert series at the <a href="/wiki/Village_Gate" title="Village Gate">Village Gate</a> jazz club where jazz musicians would sit in with an established salsa band, for example <a href="/wiki/Dexter_Gordon" title="Dexter Gordon">Dexter Gordon</a> jamming with the Machito band. Dawson helped to broaden New York's salsa audience and introduced new artists such as the bilingual Ángel Canales who were not given play on the Hispanic AM stations of that time. His show won several awards from the readers of Latin New York magazine, Izzy Sanabria's <i>Salsa Magazine</i> at that time and ran until late 1980 when Viacom changed the format of WRVR to <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite an openness to experimentation and a willingness to absorb non-Cuban influences, such as <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">bomba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plena" title="Plena">plena</a>, and already existing mambo-jazz, the percentage of salsa compositions based in non-Cuban genres during this period in New York is quite low, and, contrary to songo, salsa remained consistently wedded to older Cuban templates.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some believe the pan-Latin Americanism of salsa was found in its cultural milieu, more than its musical structure.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An exception of this is probably found in the work of Eddie Palmieri and <a href="/wiki/Manny_Oquendo" title="Manny Oquendo">Manny Oquendo</a>, who were considered more adventurous than the highly produced Fania records artists. The two bands incorporated less superficially jazz elements as well as the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_(music)" title="Mozambique (music)">Mozambique (music)</a>. They were known for its virtuous trombone soloists like <a href="/wiki/Barry_Rogers" title="Barry Rogers">Barry Rogers</a> (and other "Anglo" jazz musicians who had mastered the style). <a href="/wiki/Andy_Gonzalez_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Gonzalez (musician)">Andy González</a>, a bass player who performed with Palmieri and Oquendo recounts: "We were into improvising ... doing that thing <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a> was doing — playing themes and just improvising on the themes of songs, and we never stopped playing through the whole set."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andy and his brother <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Gonzalez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Gonzalez">Jerry González</a> started showing up in the DownBeat Reader's Poll, and caught the attention of jazz critics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s:_Salsa_expansion_in_Latin_America_and_the_birth_of_timba">1980s: Salsa expansion in Latin America and the birth of timba</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_D_Leon_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Oscar_D_Leon_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Oscar D'Leon (2011).</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1980s, several Latin American countries, such as Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Mexico and Panama, began producing their own salsa music.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the biggest stars from this period are <a href="/wiki/Oscar_D%27Le%C3%B3n" title="Oscar D'León">Oscar D'León</a> from Venezuela and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Arroyo" title="Joe Arroyo">Joe Arroyo</a> from Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other popular acts are <a href="/wiki/Fruko_y_sus_Tesos" title="Fruko y sus Tesos">Fruko y sus Tesos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grupo_Niche" title="Grupo Niche">Grupo Niche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruben_Blades" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruben Blades">Rubén Blades</a> (now as a soloist). </p><p>During this period Cuba received international salsa musicians for the first time. </p> <blockquote><p>Venezuelan salsa star Oscar D'León's 1983 tour of Cuba is mentioned prominently by every Cuban I've ever interviewed on the subject. Rubén Blades' album <i>Siembra</i> was heard everywhere on the island throughout the mid-80s and has been quoted extensively in the guías and coros of everyone from Van Van's Mayito Rivera (who quotes [Blades'] 'Plástico' in his guías on the 1997 classic <i>Llévala a tu vacilón</i>), to El Médico de la Salsa (quoting another major hook from 'Plástico'—'se ven en la cara, se ven en la cara, nunca en el corazón'—in his final masterpiece before leaving Cuba, <i>Diós sabe</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Prior to D'León's performance, many Cuban musicians rejected the salsa movement, considering it a bad imitation of Cuban music. Some people say that D'León's performance gave momentum to a "salsa craze" that brought back some of the older templates and motivated the development of <a href="/wiki/Timba" title="Timba">timba</a>. </p><p>Before the birth of timba, Cuban dance music lived a period of high experimentation among several bands like the charangas: <a href="/wiki/Los_Van_Van" title="Los Van Van">Los Van Van</a>, Orquesta Ritmo Oriental, and Orquesta Revé; the conjuntos: <a href="/wiki/Adalberto_Alvarez" class="mw-redirect" title="Adalberto Alvarez">Adalberto Alvarez</a> y Son 14, <a href="/wiki/Conjunto_Rumbavana" title="Conjunto Rumbavana">Conjunto Rumbavana</a> and Orquesta Maravillas de Florida; and the jazz band <a href="/wiki/Irakere" title="Irakere">Irakere</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-pims2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pims2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Timba was created by musicians of <a href="/wiki/Irakere" title="Irakere">Irakere</a> who later formed <a href="/wiki/NG_La_Banda" title="NG La Banda">NG La Banda</a> under the direction of Jose Luis "El Tosco" Cortez. Many timba songs are more related to main-stream salsa than its Cuban predecessors earlier in the decade. For example, the song "La expresiva" (of <a href="/wiki/NG_La_Banda" title="NG La Banda">NG La Banda</a>) uses typical salsa timba/bongo bell combinations. The tumbadoras (congas) play elaborate variations on the son montuno-based tumbao, rather than in the songo style. For this reason some Cuban musicians of this period like <a href="/wiki/Manolito_y_su_Trabuco" title="Manolito y su Trabuco">Manolito y su Trabuco</a>, Orquesta Sublime, and <a href="/wiki/Irakere" title="Irakere">Irakere</a> referred to this late-80s sound as <i>salsa cubana</i>, a term which for the first time, included Cuban music as a part of salsa movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Mauleón_1999,_p._80_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauleón_1999,_p._80-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1990s California-based Bembé Records released CDs by several Cuban bands, as part of their <i>salsa cubana series</i>. </p><p>Nonetheless, this style included several innovations. The bass tumbaos were busier and more complex than tumbaos typically heard in NY salsa. Some <a href="/wiki/Guajeos" class="mw-redirect" title="Guajeos">guajeos</a> were inspired by the "harmonic displacement" technique of the Cuban jazz pianist <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Rubalcaba" title="Gonzalo Rubalcaba">Gonzalo Rubalcaba</a>. Curiously, it was in Cuba where <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> and salsa first began to meet. For example, many breakdown sections in <a href="/wiki/NG_La_Banda" title="NG La Banda">NG La Banda</a>'s album <i>En la calle</i> are a combination of <a href="/wiki/Guaguanc%C3%B3" title="Guaguancó">guaguancó</a> and hip hop rhythms. </p><p>During this period, Cuban musicians had more of an impact on jazz than salsa in the United States. Even though the <a href="/wiki/Mariel_boatlift" title="Mariel boatlift">Mariel boatlift</a> took hundreds of Cuban musicians to the US, many of them were astonished to hear what sounded to them like Cuban music from the 1950s. Cuban conguero Daniel Ponce summarized this sentiment: "When the Cubans arrived in New York, they all said 'Yuk! This is old music.' The music and the feelings and arrangements [haven't] changed."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, there was an awareness of the modern Cuban styles in the US. Tito Puente recorded the Irakere composition "Bacalao con pan" (1980), and Rubén Blades covered Los Van Van's "Muevete" (1985). While the Puerto Rican bands Batacumbele (featuring a young <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Hidalgo" title="Giovanni Hidalgo">Giovanni Hidalgo</a>) and Zaperoko fully embraced <a href="/wiki/Songo_music" title="Songo music">songo music</a> under the mentorship of <a href="/wiki/Changuito" title="Changuito">Changuito</a>. </p><p>During the '80s other variants of salsa like <a href="/wiki/Salsa_romantica" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsa romantica">salsa romántica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salsa_erotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsa erotica">salsa erótica</a> evolved, with lyrics dwelling on love and romance. Salsa romántica can be traced back to <i>Noches Calientes</i>, a 1984 album by singer <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alberto_%22El_Canario%22" title="José Alberto "El Canario"">José Alberto "El Canario"</a> with producer Louie Ramírez. Some viewed salsa romántica as a rhythmically watered-down version of the genre. Critics of <i>salsa romántica</i>, especially in the late '80s and early '90s, called it a commercialized, diluted form of Latin pop, in which formulaic, sentimental love ballads were simply put to Afro-Cuban rhythms — leaving no room for classic salsa's brilliant musical improvisation, or for classic salsa lyrics that tell stories of daily life or provide social and political commentary. Some artists of these styles include Ómar Alfann, Palmer Hernández and Jorge Luis Piloto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s:_Pop_salsa_and_timba_explosion">1990s: Pop salsa and timba explosion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marc_Anthony_2009_White_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marc_Anthony_2009_White_House.jpg/220px-Marc_Anthony_2009_White_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marc_Anthony_2009_White_House.jpg/330px-Marc_Anthony_2009_White_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marc_Anthony_2009_White_House.jpg/440px-Marc_Anthony_2009_White_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Marc Anthony performing at the White House (2009)</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1990s was marked by "pop salsa" in the US, and the "timba explosion" in Cuba. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sergio_George" title="Sergio George">Sergio George</a> produced several albums that mixed salsa with contemporary pop styles with Puerto Rican artists like <a href="/wiki/Tito_Nieves" title="Tito Nieves">Tito Nieves</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_India" title="La India">La India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Anthony" title="Marc Anthony">Marc Anthony</a>. George also produced the Japanese salsa band <a href="/wiki/Orquesta_de_la_Luz" title="Orquesta de la Luz">Orquesta de la Luz</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brenda_K._Starr" title="Brenda K. Starr">Brenda K. Starr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Son_By_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Son By Four">Son By Four</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Manuelle" title="Víctor Manuelle">Víctor Manuelle</a>, and the Cuban-American singer Gloria Estefan enjoyed crossover success within the Anglo-American pop market with their Latin-influenced hits, usually sung in English.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More often than not, clave was not a major consideration in the composing or arranging of these hits. Sergio George is up front and unapologetic about his attitude towards clave: "Though clave is considered, it is not always the most important thing in my music. The foremost issue in my mind is marketability. If the song hits, that's what matters. When I stopped trying to impress musicians and started getting in touch with what the people on the street were listening to, I started writing hits. Some songs, especially English ones originating in the United States, are at times impossible to place in clave."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Washburne points out however, a lack of clave awareness does not always get a pass: </p> <blockquote><p>Marc Anthony is a product of George's innovationist approach. As a novice to Latin music, he was propelled into band leader position with little knowledge of how the music was structured. One revealing moment came during a performance in 1994, just after he had launched his salsa career. During a piano solo he approached the timbales, picked up a stick, and attempted to play clave on the clave block along with the band. It became apparent that he had no idea where to place the rhythm. Shortly thereafter during a radio interview in San Juan (Puerto Rico), he exclaimed that his commercial success proved that you did not need to know about clave to make it in Latin music. This comment caused an uproar both in Puerto Rico and New York. After receiving the bad press, Anthony refrained from discussing the subject in public, and he did not attempt to play clave on stage until he had received some private lessons.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Cuba, what came to be known as the "timba explosion" began with the debut album of <a href="/wiki/La_Charanga_Habanera" class="mw-redirect" title="La Charanga Habanera">La Charanga Habanera</a>, <i>Me Sube La Fiebre</i>, in 1992. Like NG La Banda, Charanga Habanera used several new techniques like gear changes and song-specific tumbaos, but their musical style was drastically different and it kept changing and evolving with each album. Charanga Habanera underwent three distinct style periods in the 90s, represented by the three albums<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manol%C3%ADn_%22El_M%C3%A9dico_de_la_salsa%22" title="Manolín "El Médico de la salsa"">Manolín "El Médico de la salsa"</a>, an amateur songwriter discovered and named by El Tosco (<a href="/wiki/NG_La_Banda" title="NG La Banda">NG La Banda</a>) at med school, was another superstar of the period. Manolín's creative team included several arrangers, including Luis Bu and Chaka Nápoles. As influential as Manolín was from a strictly musical point of view, his charisma, popularity and unprecedented earning power had an even more seismic impact, causing a level of excitement among musicians that had not been seen since the 1950s. Reggie Jackson referred to Manolin as "the straw that stirs the drink."—Moore (2010: v. 5: 18)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>salsa cubana</i> which had barely taken hold, again fell out of favor, and was replaced with <i>timba</i>. Some of the other important timba bands include Azúcar Negra, <a href="/wiki/Manol%C3%ADn_%22El_M%C3%A9dico_de_la_salsa%22" title="Manolín "El Médico de la salsa"">Manolín "El Médico de la salsa"</a>, Havana d'Primera, Klimax, <a href="/wiki/Paulito_FG" title="Paulito FG">Paulito FG</a>, Salsa Mayor, Tiempo Libre, Pachito Alonso y sus Kini Kini, <a href="/wiki/Bamboleo_(band)" title="Bamboleo (band)">Bamboleo</a>, Los Dan Den, Alain Pérez, <a href="/wiki/Issac_Delgado" title="Issac Delgado">Issac Delgado</a>, Tirso Duarte, Klimax, <a href="/wiki/Manolito_y_su_Trabuco" title="Manolito y su Trabuco">Manolito y su Trabuco</a>, Paulo FG, and Pupy y Los que Son Son. </p><p>Cuban timba musicians and New York salsa musicians have had positive and creative exchanges over the years, but the two genres remained somewhat separated, appealing to different audiences. Nonetheless, in 2000 <a href="/wiki/Los_Van_Van" title="Los Van Van">Los Van Van</a> were awarded the first ever <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Salsa_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Salsa Album">Grammy Award for Best Salsa Album</a>. </p><p>In Colombia, salsa remained a popular style of music producing popular bands like <a href="/wiki/Sonora_Carruseles" title="Sonora Carruseles">Sonora Carruseles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Vives" title="Carlos Vives">Carlos Vives</a>, Orquesta Guayacan, <a href="/wiki/Grupo_Niche" title="Grupo Niche">Grupo Niche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kike_Santander" title="Kike Santander">Kike Santander</a>, and Julian Collazos. The city of <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a> became known as Colombia's "capital of salsa".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, Cabijazz was playing a unique modern blend of timba-like salsa with a strong jazz influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s:_Timba-fusion_hits">2010s: Timba-fusion hits</h3></div> <p>During the late 00s and the 10s, some timba bands created new hybrids of salsa, timba, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">reggaeton</a> (for example <a href="/wiki/Charanga_Habanera" title="Charanga Habanera">Charanga Habanera</a> - <i>Gozando en la Habana</i> and <a href="/wiki/Pupy_y_Los_que_Son,_Son" title="Pupy y Los que Son, Son">Pupy y Los que Son, Son</a>-<i>Loco con una moto</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years later the Cuban reggaeton band <a href="/wiki/Gente_de_Zona" title="Gente de Zona">Gente de Zona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Anthony" title="Marc Anthony">Marc Anthony</a> produced the timba-reggaeton international mega-hit <i>La Gozadera</i> reaching over a billion views in <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. </p><p>The style known as <a href="/wiki/Cubaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubaton">Cubaton</a>, that was also popular during this period, was mostly based on reggaeton with only some hints of salsa/timba. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African_salsa">African salsa</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orch_baob_062608_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Orch_baob_062608_001.jpg/350px-Orch_baob_062608_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Orch_baob_062608_001.jpg/525px-Orch_baob_062608_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Orch_baob_062608_001.jpg/700px-Orch_baob_062608_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="1515" /></a><figcaption>Orchestra Baobab</figcaption></figure> <p>Cuban music has been popular in sub-Saharan Africa since the mid twentieth century. To the Africans, clave-based Cuban popular music sounded both familiar and exotic.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Encyclopedia of Africa v. 1</i>. states: </p> <blockquote><p>Beginning in the 1940s, Afro-Cuban [son] groups such as Septeto Habanero and Trio Matamoros gained widespread popularity in the Congo region as a result of airplay over Radio Congo Belge, a powerful radio station based in Léopoldville (now Kinshasa DRC). A proliferation of music clubs, recording studios, and concert appearances of Cuban bands in Léopoldville spurred on the Cuban music trend during the late 1940s and 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Congolese bands started doing Cuban covers and singing the lyrics phonetically. Soon, they were creating their own original Cuban-like compositions, with lyrics sung in French or Lingala, a lingua franca of the western Congo region. The Congolese called this new music <i>rumba</i>, although it was really based on the son. The Africans adapted guajeos to electric guitars, and gave them their own regional flavor. The guitar-based music gradually spread out from the Congo, increasingly taking on local sensibilities. This process eventually resulted in the establishment of several different distinct regional genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">soukous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuban popular music played a major role in the development of many contemporary genres of African popular music. John Storm Roberts states: "It was the Cuban connection, but increasingly also New York salsa, that provided the major and enduring influences—the ones that went deeper than earlier imitation or passing fashion. The Cuban connection began very early and was to last at least twenty years, being gradually absorbed and re-Africanized."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The re-working of Afro-Cuban rhythmic patterns by Africans brings the rhythms full circle. </p><p>The re-working of the harmonic patterns reveals a striking difference in perception. The I IV V IV harmonic progression, so common in Cuban music, is heard in pop music all across the African continent, thanks to the influence of Cuban music. Those chords move in accordance with the basic tenets of Western music theory. However, as Gerhard Kubik points out, performers of African popular music do not necessarily perceive these progressions in the same way: "The harmonic cycle of C-F-G-F [I-IV-V-IV] prominent in Congo/Zaire popular music simply cannot be defined as a progression from tonic to subdominant to dominant and back to subdominant (on which it ends) because in the performer's appreciation they are of equal status, and not in any hierarchical order as in Western music."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest wave of Cuban-based music to hit Africa was in the form of salsa. In 1974 the Fania All Stars performed in <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> (known today as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>), Africa, at the 80,000-seat Stadu du Hai in Kinshasa. This was captured on film and released as <i>Live In Africa</i> (<i>Salsa Madness</i> in the UK). The Zairean appearance occurred at a music festival held in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Foreman" title="George Foreman">George Foreman</a> <a href="/wiki/Rumble_in_the_Jungle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumble in the Jungle">heavyweight title fight</a>. Local genres were already well established by this time. Even so, salsa caught on in many African countries, especially in the Senegambia and Mali. Cuban music had been the favorite of Senegal's nightspot in the 1950s to 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senegalese band <a href="/wiki/Orchestra_Baobab" title="Orchestra Baobab">Orchestra Baobab</a> plays in a basic salsa style with congas and timbales, but with the addition of Wolof and Mandinka instruments and lyrics. </p><p>According to Lise Waxer, "African salsa points not so much to a return of salsa to African soil (Steward 1999: 157) but to a complex process of cultural appropriation between two regions of the so-called Third World."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the mid-1990s African artists have also been very active through the super-group <a href="/wiki/Africando" title="Africando">Africando</a>, where African and New York musicians mix with leading African singers such as Bambino Diabate, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lemvo" title="Ricardo Lemvo">Ricardo Lemvo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ismael_Lo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismael Lo">Ismael Lo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salif_Keita" title="Salif Keita">Salif Keita</a>. It is still common today for an African artist to record a salsa tune, and add their own particular regional touch to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lyrics">Lyrics</h2></div> <p>Salsa lyrics range from simple dance numbers, and sentimental romantic songs, to risque and politically radical subject matter. Music author <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Leymarie" title="Isabelle Leymarie">Isabelle Leymarie</a> notes that salsa performers often incorporate <a href="/wiki/Macho" class="mw-redirect" title="Macho">machoistic</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bravado" class="extiw" title="wikt:bravado">bravado</a> (<i>guapería</i>) in their lyrics, in a manner reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samba_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba music">samba</a>, a theme she ascribes to the performers' "humble backgrounds" and subsequent need to compensate for their origins. Leymarie claims that salsa is "essentially virile, an affirmation of the man's pride and identity". As an extension of salsa's macho stance, manly taunts and challenges (<i>desafio</i>) are also a traditional part of salsa.<sup id="cite_ref-Leymarie,_pp._268-269_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leymarie,_pp._268-269-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salsa lyrics often quote from traditional Cuban sones and rumbas. Sometimes there are references to Afro-Cuban religions, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Santeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Santeria">Santeria</a></i>, even by artists who are not themselves practitioners of the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salsa lyrics also exhibit Puerto Rican influences. Hector LaVoe, who sang with Willie Colón for nearly a decade used typical Puerto Rican phrasing in his singing.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not uncommon now to hear the Puerto Rican declamatory exclamation "le-lo-lai" in salsa.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically and socially activist composers have long been an important part of salsa, and some of their works, like Eddie Palmieri's "La libertad - lógico", became Latin, and especially Puerto Rican anthems. The Panamanian singer <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Blades" title="Rubén Blades">Ruben Blades</a> in particular is well known for his socially-conscious and incisive salsa lyrics about everything from <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">disarmament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, which have resonated with audiences throughout Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many salsa songs contain a nationalist theme, centered around a sense of pride in black Latino identity, and may be in Spanish, English or a mixture of the two called <i><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Leymarie,_pp._268-269_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leymarie,_pp._268-269-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films">Films</h2></div> <ul><li>1979 - <i>Salsa: Latin Music in the Cities</i>. Directed by Jeremy Marre.</li> <li>1988 - <i><a href="/wiki/Salsa_(1988_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsa (1988 film)">Salsa</a></i>. Former <a href="/wiki/Menudo_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menudo (band)">Menudo</a> member <a href="/wiki/Robi_Draco_Rosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Robi Draco Rosa">Robi Draco Rosa</a> plays a teenager who wants to win a dance contest. <a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilkins_(singer)" title="Wilkins (singer)">Wilkins</a> and Tito Puente also appear.</li> <li>1996 - <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Hidalgo" title="Giovanni Hidalgo">Giovanni Hidalgo</a> – <i>In The Tradition</i>. Hidalgo introduces basic sounds, tuning and technique, patterns of son montuno, bolero, charanga, danzón and multi-percussion applications of those forms.</li> <li>2007 - <i><a href="/wiki/El_Cantante" title="El Cantante">El Cantante</a></i>. El Cantante is a biographical film which stars singers Marc Anthony and Jennifer Lopez. The film is based on the life of the late salsa singer Héctor Lavoe, who is portrayed by Anthony.</li> <li>2014 - <i>Sex, Love & Salsa</i>. Directed by Adrian Manzano. Choreographer: Julie L Tuttlebee. Salsa dancer Julie Tuttlebee also features in several scenes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cuba" title="Portal:Cuba">Cuba portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico" title="Portal:Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Conga.svg/22px-Conga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Conga.svg/32px-Conga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Conga.svg/43px-Conga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="990" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_music" title="Portal:Latin music">Latin music portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Salsa_Museum" title="International Salsa Museum">International Salsa Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Salsa_Album" title="Latin Grammy Award for Best Salsa Album">Latin Grammy Award for Best Salsa Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twoubadou" title="Twoubadou">Twoubadou</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Waxer91-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waxer91_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waxer91_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waxer91_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Waxer 2002, pp. 91–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard 1989, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSalazar1985" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Salazar" title="Max Salazar">Salazar, Max</a> (January 26, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT58">"Salsa Losing Popularity To Ballads On City Airwaves"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. Vol. 97, no. 4. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Salsa+Losing+Popularity+To+Ballads+On+City+Airwaves&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1985-01-26&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft.aulast=Salazar&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CQEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalazar2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Salazar" title="Max Salazar">Salazar, Max</a> (2001). Vladimir Bogdanov; Chris Woodstra; Stephen Thomas Erlewine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xR7MdpuSlAEC&pg=PT884"><i>All Music Guide: World Music</i></a> (4th ed.). Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 884. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-627-4"><bdi>978-0-87930-627-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide%3A+World+Music&rft.pages=884&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-627-4&rft.aulast=Salazar&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxR7MdpuSlAEC%26pg%3DPT884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catapano 2011. "Although a great number of New York's stars and sidemen in the 1970s were Cuban and Puerto Rican, the basic musical elements of salsa were derived mainly from Cuba."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morales 2003, p. 33. Morales writes that "While many Afro-Cuban music purists continue to claim that salsa is a mere variation on Cuba's musical heritage, the hybridizing experience the music went through in New York from the 1920s on incorporated influences from many different branches of the Latin American tradition, and later from jazz, R&B, and even rock." Morales' claim is confirmed by Unterberger's and Steward's analysis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mauleón 1993, p. 215. Mauleón codifies this approach with examples of bomba, plena, and merengue arrangements for the salsa ensembles. When adapting these non-Cuban rhythms to salsa it is common to alter them in order to fit into the Cuban template. For example, Mauleón's merengue chart includes clave, which is essential to Cuban popular music, although it is not a component of the traditional Dominican rhythm.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalazar1985" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Salazar" title="Max Salazar">Salazar, Max</a> (January 26, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT58">"Salsa Losing Popularity To Ballads On City Airwaves"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. Vol. 97, no. 4. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510">0006-2510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Salsa+Losing+Popularity+To+Ballads+On+City+Airwaves&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1985-01-26&rft.issn=0006-2510&rft.aulast=Salazar&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CQEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalazar2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Salazar" title="Max Salazar">Salazar, Max</a> (2001). Vladimir Bogdanov; Chris Woodstra; Stephen Thomas Erlewine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xR7MdpuSlAEC&pg=PT884"><i>All Music Guide: World Music</i></a> (4th ed.). Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 884. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-627-4"><bdi>978-0-87930-627-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide%3A+World+Music&rft.pages=884&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-627-4&rft.aulast=Salazar&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxR7MdpuSlAEC%26pg%3DPT884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catapano 2011. "Although a great number of New York's stars and sidemen in the 1970s were Cuban and Puerto Rican, the basic musical elements of salsa were derived mainly from Cuba."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morales 2003, p. 33. Morales writes that "While many Afro-Cuban music purists continue to claim that salsa is a mere variation on Cuba's musical heritage, the hybridizing experience the music went through in New York from the 1920s on incorporated influences from many different branches of the Latin American tradition, and later from jazz, R&B, and even rock." Morales' claim is confirmed by Unterberger's and Steward's analysis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mauleón 1993, p. 215. Mauleón codifies this approach with examples of bomba, plena, and merengue arrangements for the salsa ensembles. When adapting these non-Cuban rhythms to salsa it is common to alter them in order to fit into the Cuban template. For example, Mauleón's merengue chart includes clave, which is essential to Cuban popular music, although it is not a component of the traditional Dominican rhythm.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard 1989, pp. 8–9. "From jazz came a harmonic vocabulary based on extended harmonies of altered and unaltered ninths, elevenths and thirteenths, as well as quartal harmony—chords built on fourths. These harmonic devices entered salsa in the piano styles of Eddie Palmieri and the Puerto Rican Papo Lucca. They would take traditional piano figures based on simple tonic-dominant harmony and elaborate them with modern harmonies. These modern harmonies are now a staple of salsa arrangers such as Marty Sheller and Óscar Hernández."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.pimsleur.com/2018/11/28/pimsleur-guide-to-latin-music-salsa/">"Origins of Salsa Music"</a>. Pimsleur.com. 28 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Salsa+Music&rft.pub=Pimsleur.com&rft.date=2018-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.pimsleur.com%2F2018%2F11%2F28%2Fpimsleur-guide-to-latin-music-salsa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdandlp.com/es/cheo-marquetti-y-su-conjunto-los-salseros/salsa-y-sabor/33-1-3-rpm/r2406610973/">"Salsa y sabor de Cheo Marquetti y Su Conjunto los Salseros, 33 1/3 RPM con cdandlp"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salsa+y+sabor+de+Cheo+Marquetti+y+Su+Conjunto+los+Salseros%2C+33+1%2F3+RPM+con+cdandlp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdandlp.com%2Fes%2Fcheo-marquetti-y-su-conjunto-los-salseros%2Fsalsa-y-sabor%2F33-1-3-rpm%2Fr2406610973%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boggs 1992, pp. 187-193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutchinson 2004, p. 116. Hutchinson says salsa music and dance "both originated with Cuban rhythms that were brought to New York and adopted, adapted, reformulated, and made new by the Puerto Ricans living there."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unterberger,_p._50-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger,_p._50_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unterberger, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salazar 1991; Waxer 2002, p. 6; Morales 2003, pp. 56–59. Morales dates the song to 1932.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morales56-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morales56_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morales56_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morales 2003, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manuel,_p._46-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manuel,_p._46_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuel 1990, "salsa is to Latinos as 'soul' is to blacks; salsa—literally, 'hot sauce'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boggs 1992, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boggs 1992, p. 192. Izzy Sanabria: "In Santo Domingo ... they told me that they don't recognize a Dominican artist as having made it in New York City unless a photograph and something written on this artist appears in <i>Latin New York</i>. I said 'but why?' And what he said: 'Because we consider <i>Latin New York</i> a North American publication.' You see what I mean? In other words, it's an American publication. It was in English. So because it was in English, because it was from America, then it's legitimate. That in a sense, was the major impact of <i>Latin New York</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Izzy_Sanabria_2005-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Izzy_Sanabria_2005_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izzy_Sanabria_2005_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Izzy Sanabria 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steward488-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steward488_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steward 2000, p. 488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuentes 2003, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/salsa-is-more-than-salsa.htm">"Salsa is More Than Salsa (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salsa+is+More+Than+Salsa+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2F000%2Fsalsa-is-more-than-salsa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boggs189-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boggs189_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boggs189_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boggs 1992, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanariouniversidad.com/suplementos/forja/johnny-pacheco-el-ingrediente-esencial-de-la-salsa/">"Johnny Pacheco, el ingrediente esencial de la salsa • Semanario Universidad"</a>. 23 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johnny+Pacheco%2C+el+ingrediente+esencial+de+la+salsa+%E2%80%A2+Semanario+Universidad&rft.date=2022-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanariouniversidad.com%2Fsuplementos%2Fforja%2Fjohnny-pacheco-el-ingrediente-esencial-de-la-salsa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salsaeslacura.com/el-maestro-johnny-pacheco-yo-soy-la-salsa/">"El Maestro Johnny Pacheco : 'Yo soy la Salsa'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 24 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Maestro+Johnny+Pacheco+%3A+%27Yo+soy+la+Salsa%27&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsalsaeslacura.com%2Fel-maestro-johnny-pacheco-yo-soy-la-salsa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnny-pacheco-define-la-palabra-salsa">"Johnny Pacheco Define la Palabra Salsa"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johnny+Pacheco+Define+la+Palabra+Salsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnny-pacheco-define-la-palabra-salsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1983, Machito won a Grammy Award in the Best Latin Recording category for <i>Machito and his Salsa Big Band '82</i> Timeless CD 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Izzy Sanabria 2005. "Years later, [Tito] Puente told me, 'Izzy you remember how much I hated and resisted the term salsa? Well I've had to accept it because wherever I travel, I find my records under the category of salsa.'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mauleón_1999,_p._80-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mauleón_1999,_p._80_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mauleón_1999,_p._80_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mauleón 1999, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bobby Sanabria 2008 <i>Latinjazz</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bobby Sanabria 1998 <i>Latinjazz</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ams-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ams_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gladyspalmera.com/coleccion/el-diario-de-gladys/lili-martinez-y-la-improvisacion/">"Lili Martinez y la improvisación"</a>. June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lili+Martinez+y+la+improvisaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgladyspalmera.com%2Fcoleccion%2Fel-diario-de-gladys%2Flili-martinez-y-la-improvisacion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Díaz Ayala, Cristóbal: Música cubana, del Areyto a la Nueva Trova, Ediciones Universal, Miami Florida, 1993. p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorales2003" class="citation book cs1">Morales, Ed (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinbeatrhythms00mora_0/page/41"><i>The Latin Beat: Rhythms and Roots of Latin Music from Bossa Nova to Salsa and Beyond</i></a>. Da Capo Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinbeatrhythms00mora_0/page/41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306810183" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306810183"><bdi>978-0306810183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Beat%3A+Rhythms+and+Roots+of+Latin+Music+from+Bossa+Nova+to+Salsa+and+Beyond&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0306810183&rft.aulast=Morales&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatinbeatrhythms00mora_0%2Fpage%2F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steward-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steward_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steward_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steward, Sue 1999. <i>Salsa: the musical heartbeat of Latin America</i>. Thames & Hudson, London. p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boggs 1991 p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boggs 1991 p. 246. Tito Puente quote.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quintana, José Luis "Changuito". <i>History of Songo.</i> Warner Brothers VHS video (1996). Quintana, José Luis "Changuito" (1998) <i>Changuito: A Master's Approach to Timbales</i>. Alfred Publishing Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7692-1435-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7692-1435-1">978-0-7692-1435-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore,_Kevin2011" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Kevin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408133626/http://www.timba.com/encyclopedia_pages/juan-formell-y-los-van-van">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Roots of Timba, Part II; Juan Formell y Los Van Van."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Timba.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timba.com/encyclopedia_pages/juan-formell-y-los-van-van">the original</a> on 2011-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timba.com&rft.atitle=%22The+Roots+of+Timba%2C+Part+II%3B+Juan+Formell+y+Los+Van+Van.%22&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Moore%2C+Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timba.com%2Fencyclopedia_pages%2Fjuan-formell-y-los-van-van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lapidus, Ben (2008) <i>Origins of Cuban Music and Dance; Changüí</i> p. 114-116. Lanham, MA: Scarecrow Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6204-3">978-0-8108-6204-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washburne 2008, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steward488_489-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-steward488_489_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steward 2000, pp. 488–489</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pareles, Jon (14 December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/14/arts/review-pop-the-queen-of-latin-music-takes-it-from-the-top.html">"Review/Pop; The Queen of Latin Music Takes It From the Top"</a>. Retrieved January 27, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMAH1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NMAH1_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historywired.si.edu/object.cfm?ID=90">"Celia Cruz's Shoes"</a>. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celia+Cruz%27s+Shoes&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+American+History%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorywired.si.edu%2Fobject.cfm%3FID%3D90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SI_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amhistory.si.edu/celiacruz/printable/index.asp?sectionID=Bug2735071017PClL&lang=qKu3465133896KoJE&ContentID=HbT404403900Co1140T1176R1344s1188t360hL780wP1380R1152w1140Rypk">"The Life and Music of Celia Cruz"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. 16 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Music+of+Celia+Cruz&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famhistory.si.edu%2Fceliacruz%2Fprintable%2Findex.asp%3FsectionID%3DBug2735071017PClL%26lang%3DqKu3465133896KoJE%26ContentID%3DHbT404403900Co1140T1176R1344s1188t360hL780wP1380R1152w1140Rypk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuel 1990, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard 1989, p. 7. The popularity of Puerto Rican típica music peaked in New York City in 1957, more than a decade before the emergence of salsa. "It is ironic that in a music dominated by Nuyorican and Puerto Rican musicians, the use of the folk music of Puerto Rico has never been very popular. According to Frankie Malabé, 'In a live performance ... you'll rarely get any bombas and plenas.'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuentes2003" class="citation book cs1">Fuentes, Leonardo (2003). <i>Faces of Salsa: A Spoken History of the Music</i>. Smithsonian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588340801" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588340801"><bdi>978-1588340801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faces+of+Salsa%3A+A+Spoken+History+of+the+Music&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1588340801&rft.aulast=Fuentes&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washburne 2008, p. 40. Washburne.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boggs 1992 p. 290. Andy Gonzalez quote.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steward 2000, pp. 379, 502</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washburne 2008 p. 182-183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, Kevin 2011 p. 73. <i>Beyond Salsa Piano</i> v. 11. <i>César "Pupy" Pedroso: The Music of Los Van Van, Part 2</i>. Santa Cruz, CA: Moore Music/Timba.com.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1460965426" title="Special:BookSources/1460965426">1460965426</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pims2-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pims2_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timba.com/encyclopedia_pages/67">"Roots of timba"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roots+of+timba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timba.com%2Fencyclopedia_pages%2F67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard 1989 p. 6. Daniel Ponce quote</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steward 2000, pp. 488–499</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washburne 2008 p. 191. Sergio George quote.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washburne 2008 p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore (2010: v. 5: 16).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore (2010: v. 5: 18).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steward 2000, p. 504</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan, Al (16 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/27291234/article-Trash-truck-worker-competes-for-a-Latin-Grammy-Local-Cuban-exile-fulfills-dream-as-musician-?instance=union_city">"Trash truck worker competes for a Latin Grammy: Local Cuban exile fulfills dream as musician"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322020639/http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/27291234/article-Trash-truck-worker-competes-for-a-Latin-Grammy-Local-Cuban-exile-fulfills-dream-as-musician-?instance=union_city">Archived</a> 22 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hudson_Reporter" title="The Hudson Reporter">The Hudson Reporter</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Boeckel, Rik (19 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laritmo.com/mag/index.php3?id=1771">"Reggaeton a lo Cubano: From Cuba to the Rest of the World"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322081712/http://laritmo.com/mag/index.php3?id=1771">Archived</a> 22 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 'LA'Ritmo.com: Latin American Rhythm Magazine. Retrieved 21 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigerian musician Segun Bucknor: "Latin American music and our music is virtually the same"—quoted by Collins 1992 p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopedia of Africa v. 1</i>. 2010 p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, John Storm. <i>Afro-Cuban Comes Home: The Birth and Growth of Congo Music</i>. Original Music cassette tape (1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts 1986. 20: 50. <i>Afro-Cuban Comes Home: The Birth and Growth of Congo Music</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubik 1999 p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stapleton 1990 116-117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waxer 2002 p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leymarie,_pp._268-269-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leymarie,_pp._268-269_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leymarie,_pp._268-269_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leymarie, pp. 268-269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steward, pp. 495-496 Steward mentions Celia Cruz as not being an adherent of Santeria, yet who refers to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Yemaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemaya">Yemaya</a> in her performances.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard 1989 p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuel, <i>Caribbean Currents</i>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuel, <i>Caribbean Currents</i>, pg. 80</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAparicio1998" class="citation book cs1">Aparicio, Frances R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ogZgZ6h84eQC"><i>Listening to Salsa: Gender, Latin Popular Music, and Puerto Rican Cultures</i></a>. Hanover, New Hampshire: Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6308-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6308-8"><bdi>978-0-8195-6308-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Listening+to+Salsa%3A+Gender%2C+Latin+Popular+Music%2C+and+Puerto+Rican+Cultures&rft.place=Hanover%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6308-8&rft.aulast=Aparicio&rft.aufirst=Frances+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DogZgZ6h84eQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Agawu, Kofi 2006. "Structural Analysis or Cultural Analysis? Comparing Perspectives on the 'Standard Pattern' of West African Rhythm" <i>Journal of the American Musicological Society</i> v. 59, n. 1.</li> <li>Amira, John and Cornelius 1992. <i>The Music of Santeria; Traditional Rhythms of the Batá Drums.</i> Tempe, AZ: White Cliffs. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941677-24-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-941677-24-9">0-941677-24-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoggs,_Vernon_W.1991" class="citation book cs1">Boggs, Vernon W., ed. (1991). <i>Salsiology: Afro-Cuban Music and the Evolution of Salsa in New York City</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salsiology%3A+Afro-Cuban+Music+and+the+Evolution+of+Salsa+in+New+York+City&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatapano" class="citation web cs1">Catapano, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/library/music/102400salsa-essay.html">"A Blending of Latin Sounds"</a>. Talking Music. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Blending+of+Latin+Sounds&rft.aulast=Catapano&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fmusic%2F102400salsa-essay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Centro de Investigación de la Música Cubana 1997. <i>Instrumentos de la música folclórico-popular de Cuba</i> v. 1, v. 2. Havana: CIDMUC</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard1989" class="citation book cs1">Gerard, Charley (1989). <i>Salsa! The Rhythm of Latin Music</i>. Crown Point, Indiana: White Cliffs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salsa%21+The+Rhythm+of+Latin+Music&rft.place=Crown+Point%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=White+Cliffs&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Gerard&rft.aufirst=Charley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Collins, John 1992. <i>West African Pop Roots</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.</li> <li>Grenet, Emilio 1939. tr. R. Phillips. <i>Popular Cuban Music</i>. New York: Bourne.</li> <li>Hartigan, Royal 1995. <i>West African Rhythms for Drumset</i>, ed. Dan Thress. Van Nuys, CA: Alfred Publishing.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchinson, Sydney (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/377/37716209.pdf">"Mambo On 2: The Birth of a New Form of Dance in New York City"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Centro Journal</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 109–137<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centro+Journal&rft.atitle=Mambo+On+2%3A+The+Birth+of+a+New+Form+of+Dance+in+New+York+City&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-137&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fpdf%2F377%2F37716209.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jones, A.M. 1959. <i>Studies in African Music</i>. London: Oxford University Press. 1978 edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-713512-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-713512-9">0-19-713512-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesKantonen1999" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Alan; Kantonen, Jussi (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saturdaynightfor0000jone"><i>Saturday Night Forever: The Story of Disco</i></a></span>. A Cappella Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-411-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-411-0"><bdi>978-1-55652-411-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saturday+Night+Forever%3A+The+Story+of+Disco&rft.pub=A+Cappella+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55652-411-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Kantonen%2C+Jussi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaturdaynightfor0000jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kubik, Gerhard 1999. <i>Africa and the Blues</i>. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57806-145-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57806-145-8">1-57806-145-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeymarie1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Leymarie" title="Isabelle Leymarie">Leymarie, Isabelle</a> (1979). "Latin Jazz, the Best of Both Worlds". <i>Jazz Spotlite News</i>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Latin+Jazz%2C+the+Best+of+Both+Worlds&rft.btitle=Jazz+Spotlite+News&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Leymarie&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeymarie1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Leymarie" title="Isabelle Leymarie">Leymarie, Isabelle</a> (1985). "Salsa and Latin jazz". In Quill (ed.). <i>Hot Sauces: Latin and Caribbean Pop</i>. New York. pp. 94–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-02193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-02193-1"><bdi>978-0-688-02193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salsa+and+Latin+jazz&rft.btitle=Hot+Sauces%3A+Latin+and+Caribbean+Pop&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=94-115&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-688-02193-1&rft.aulast=Leymarie&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeymarie1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Leymarie" title="Isabelle Leymarie">Leymarie, Isabelle</a> (1993). <i>La Salsa et le Latin jazz</i>. Paris: PUF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2130453178" title="Special:BookSources/978-2130453178"><bdi>978-2130453178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Salsa+et+le+Latin+jazz&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=PUF&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2130453178&rft.aulast=Leymarie&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeymarie1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Leymarie" title="Isabelle Leymarie">Leymarie, Isabelle</a> (1995). <i>Du tango au reggae: Musiques noires d'Amérique latine et des Caraïbes</i>. Paris: Flammarion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2082108133" title="Special:BookSources/978-2082108133"><bdi>978-2082108133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Du+tango+au+reggae%3A+Musiques+noires+d%27Am%C3%A9rique+latine+et+des+Cara%C3%AFbes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2082108133&rft.aulast=Leymarie&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeymarie1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Leymarie" title="Isabelle Leymarie">Leymarie, Isabelle</a> (1997). "Du boogaloo à la salsa". In Gallimard (ed.). <i>La musique sud-américaine: rythmes et danses d'un continent</i>. Paris. pp. 82–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-053391-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-053391-6"><bdi>978-2-07-053391-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Du+boogaloo+%C3%A0+la+salsa&rft.btitle=La+musique+sud-am%C3%A9ricaine%3A+rythmes+et+danses+d%27un+continent&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=82-85&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-2-07-053391-6&rft.aulast=Leymarie&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeymarie1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Leymarie" title="Isabelle Leymarie">Leymarie, Isabelle</a> (1998). "La salsa". In <a href="/wiki/Ediciones_Akal" title="Ediciones Akal">Ediciones Akal</a> (ed.). <i>Músicas del Caribe</i>. Madrid. pp. 107–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-460-0894-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-460-0894-1"><bdi>978-84-460-0894-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+salsa&rft.btitle=M%C3%BAsicas+del+Caribe&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=107-108&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-84-460-0894-1&rft.aulast=Leymarie&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeymarie1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Leymarie" title="Isabelle Leymarie">Leymarie, Isabelle</a> (1998). "Du tango à la salsa: le bal sous influence latino-américaine". In Cité de la Musique (ed.). <i>Histoires de bal</i>. Paris. pp. 115–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-906460-69-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-906460-69-0"><bdi>978-2-906460-69-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Du+tango+%C3%A0+la+salsa%3A+le+bal+sous+influence+latino-am%C3%A9ricaine&rft.btitle=Histoires+de+bal&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=115-122&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-2-906460-69-0&rft.aulast=Leymarie&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeymarie2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Leymarie" title="Isabelle Leymarie">Leymarie, Isabelle</a> (2000). "La salsa". In Editions Autrement (ed.). <i>Danses Latines</i>. Paris. pp. 113–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7467-0118-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7467-0118-2"><bdi>978-2-7467-0118-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+salsa&rft.btitle=Danses+Latines&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=113-123&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-7467-0118-2&rft.aulast=Leymarie&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeymarie2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Leymarie" title="Isabelle Leymarie">Leymarie, Isabelle</a> (2002). <i>Cuban Fire: The Story of salsa and Latin jazz</i>. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826455864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826455864"><bdi>978-0826455864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuban+Fire%3A+The+Story+of+salsa+and+Latin+jazz&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0826455864&rft.aulast=Leymarie&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauleón1993" class="citation book cs1">Mauleón, Rebeca (1993). <i>Salsa: Guidebook for Piano and Ensemble</i>. Petaluma, California: Sher Music.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salsa%3A+Guidebook+for+Piano+and+Ensemble&rft.place=Petaluma%2C+California&rft.pub=Sher+Music&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Maule%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Rebeca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauleón2005" class="citation book cs1">Mauleón, Rebeca (2005). <i>101 Montunos</i>. Petaluma, California: Sher Music. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883217-07-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-883217-07-5"><bdi>978-1-883217-07-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=101+Montunos&rft.place=Petaluma%2C+California&rft.pub=Sher+Music&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-883217-07-5&rft.aulast=Maule%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Rebeca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel1990" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, Peter (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ou7UQpV1KtwC"><i>Popular Musics of the Non-Western World: an introductory survey</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506334-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506334-9"><bdi>978-0-19-506334-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Musics+of+the+Non-Western+World%3A+an+introductory+survey&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506334-9&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOu7UQpV1KtwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel1995" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, Peter (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caribbeancurrent00manu"><i>Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae</i></a>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-338-6"><bdi>978-1-56639-338-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Currents%3A+Caribbean+Music+from+Rumba+to+Reggae&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-338-6&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaribbeancurrent00manu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel2006" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, Peter (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caribbeancurrents00manuel"><i>Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae</i></a></span> (2 ed.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-463-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-463-2"><bdi>978-1-59213-463-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Currents%3A+Caribbean+Music+from+Rumba+to+Reggae&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-463-2&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaribbeancurrents00manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorales2003" class="citation book cs1">Morales, Ed (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinbeatrhythms00mora_0"><i>The Latin Beat</i></a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81018-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81018-3"><bdi>978-0-306-81018-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Beat&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81018-3&rft.aulast=Morales&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatinbeatrhythms00mora_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Moore, Kevin 2010. <i>Beyond Salsa Piano; The Cuban Timba Revolution. v. 1 The Roots of the Piano Tumbao</i>. Santa Cruz, CA: Moore Music/Timba.com. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-6584-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-6584-0">978-1-4392-6584-0</a>.</li> <li>Moore, Kevin 2010. <i>Beyond Salsa Piano; The Cuban Timba Revolution. v. 3 Cuban Piano Tumbaos (1960-1979)</i>. Santa Cruz, CA: Moore Music/Timba.com. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/145054553X" title="Special:BookSources/145054553X">145054553X</a></li> <li>Moore, Kevin 2011 p. 73. <i>Beyond Salsa Piano v. 11. César "Pupy" Pedroso: The Music of Los Van Van,</i> Part 2. Santa Cruz, CA: Moore Music/Timba.com.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1460965426" title="Special:BookSources/1460965426">1460965426</a></li> <li>Moore, Kevin 2011. <i>Understanding Clave and Clave Changes</i>. Santa Cruz, CA: Moore Music/Timba.com. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1466462302" title="Special:BookSources/1466462302">1466462302</a></li> <li>Pérez, Alian 2001. Interview. <i>Timba.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193521/http://www.timba.com/musician_pages/3">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193521/http://www.timba.com/musician_pages/3</a></li> <li>Peñalosa, David 2010. <i>The Clave Matrix; Afro-Cuban Rhythm: Its Principles and African Origins</i>. Redway, CA: Bembe Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886502-80-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-886502-80-3">1-886502-80-3</a></li> <li>Roberts, John Storm. <i>Afro-Cuban Comes Home: The Birth and Growth of Congo Music</i>. Original Music cassette tape (1986).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1972" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, John Storm (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackmusicoftwow00robe_0"><i>Black Music of Two Worlds</i></a></span>. New York: Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Music+of+Two+Worlds&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John+Storm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackmusicoftwow00robe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRondón1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rondón, César Miguel (1980). <i>El libro de la salsa: crónica de la música del Caribe urbano</i> (in Spanish). Caracas: Editorial Arte.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+libro+de+la+salsa%3A+cr%C3%B3nica+de+la+m%C3%BAsica+del+Caribe+urbano&rft.place=Caracas&rft.pub=Editorial+Arte&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Rond%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9sar+Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalazar1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Salazar" title="Max Salazar">Salazar, Max</a> (November 1991). "What Is This Thing Called Salsa?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518193222/http://www.salsacrazy.com/salsaroots/salsaorigins.htm"><i>Latin Beat Magazine</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salsacrazy.com/salsaroots/salsaorigins.htm">the original</a> on May 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Is+This+Thing+Called+Salsa%3F&rft.btitle=Latin+Beat+Magazine&rft.date=1991-11&rft.aulast=Salazar&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salsacrazy.com%2Fsalsaroots%2Fsalsaorigins.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sanabria, Bobby 1986. "The Songo," <i>Modern Drummer Magazine</i>. April p. 76.</li> <li>Sanabria, Bobby 2008. Posting to the <i>Latinjazz</i> discussion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20120710070411/http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/latinjazz/">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanabria2005" class="citation web cs1">Sanabria, Izzy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010233/http://www.izzysanabria.com/What_is_Salsa.php">"What is Salsa? Where and How Did it Start?"</a>. <i>Salsa Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izzysanabria.com/What_is_Salsa.php">the original</a> on 2012-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salsa+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+is+Salsa%3F+Where+and+How+Did+it+Start%3F&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Sanabria&rft.aufirst=Izzy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.izzysanabria.com%2FWhat_is_Salsa.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Santos, John 1986. "The Clave: Cornerstone of Cuban Music" <i>Modern Drummer Magazine</i> p. 32 Sept.</li> <li>Stapleton, Chris, and Chris May 1990. <i>African Rock: The Pop Music of a Continent</i>. New York: Dutton.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteward2000" class="citation book cs1">Steward, Sue (2000). "Salsa: Cubans, Nuyoricans and the Global Sound". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Duane, Orla (eds.). <i>World Music: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific</i>. Vol. 2. London: Rough Guides. pp. 488–506. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-636-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-636-5"><bdi>978-1-85828-636-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salsa%3A+Cubans%2C+Nuyoricans+and+the+Global+Sound&rft.btitle=World+Music%3A+Latin+%26+North+America%2C+Caribbean%2C+India%2C+Asia+and+Pacific&rft.place=London&rft.pages=488-506&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-636-5&rft.aulast=Steward&rft.aufirst=Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnterberger1999" class="citation book cs1">Unterberger, Richie (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicusaroughgui0000unte"><i>Music USA</i></a></span>. The Rough Guide. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-421-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-421-7"><bdi>978-1-85828-421-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+USA&rft.pub=The+Rough+Guide&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-421-7&rft.aulast=Unterberger&rft.aufirst=Richie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicusaroughgui0000unte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashburne2008" class="citation book cs1">Washburne, Christopher (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soundingsalsaper0000wash"><i>Sounding Salsa: Performing Latin Music in New York City</i></a></span>. Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-315-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-315-4"><bdi>978-1-59213-315-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sounding+Salsa%3A+Performing+Latin+Music+in+New+York+City&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-315-4&rft.aulast=Washburne&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoundingsalsaper0000wash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxer2002" class="citation book cs1">Waxer, Lise A. (2002). <i>The City of Musical Memory: Salsa, Record Grooves, and Popular Culture in Cali, Colombia</i>. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6442-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6442-9"><bdi>978-0-8195-6442-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+of+Musical+Memory%3A+Salsa%2C+Record+Grooves%2C+and+Popular+Culture+in+Cali%2C+Colombia&rft.place=Middletown%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6442-9&rft.aulast=Waxer&rft.aufirst=Lise+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Waxer, Lise 2002. <i>Situating Salsa: Global Markets and Local Meanings in Latin Popular Music</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815340206" title="Special:BookSources/0815340206">0815340206</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArteaga1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arteaga, José (1990). <i>La Salsa</i> (in Spanish) (2 ed.). Bogotá: Intermedio Editores.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Salsa&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Intermedio+Editores&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Arteaga&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaéz1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baéz, Juan Carlos (1989). <i>El vínculo es la salsa</i> (in Spanish). Caracas: Fondo Editorial Tropykos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+v%C3%ADnculo+es+la+salsa&rft.place=Caracas&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+Tropykos&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ba%C3%A9z&rft.aufirst=Juan+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brill, Mark. Music of Latin America and the Caribbean, 2nd Edition, 2018. Taylor & Francis <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1138053562" title="Special:BookSources/1138053562">1138053562</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía2006" class="citation book cs1">García, David F. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arseniorodrguezt0000garc"><i>Arsenio Rodríguez and the transnational flows of Latin popular music</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-386-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-386-4"><bdi>978-1-59213-386-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arsenio+Rodr%C3%ADguez+and+the+transnational+flows+of+Latin+popular+music&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-386-4&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farseniorodrguezt0000garc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2005" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Mary (2005). <i>Salsa Talks!: A Musical Heritage Uncovered</i>. Digital Domain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9764990-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9764990-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9764990-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salsa+Talks%21%3A+A+Musical+Heritage+Uncovered&rft.pub=Digital+Domain&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9764990-0-8&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoza1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Loza" title="Steven Loza">Loza, Steven</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/titopuentemaking00loza"><i>Tito Puente and the Making of Latin Music</i></a></span>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tito+Puente+and+the+Making+of+Latin+Music&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Loza&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftitopuentemaking00loza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel,_Peter1991" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, Peter, ed. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysoncubanmus00manu"><i>Essays on Cuban Music: North American and Cuban Perspectives</i></a></span>. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819184306" title="Special:BookSources/9780819184306"><bdi>9780819184306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Cuban+Music%3A+North+American+and+Cuban+Perspectives&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780819184306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessaysoncubanmus00manu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarreHannah_Charlton1985" class="citation book cs1">Marre, Jeremy; Hannah Charlton (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beatsofheartpopu00marr"><i>Beats of the Heart: Popular Music of the World</i></a></span>. New York: Pantheon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394742588" title="Special:BookSources/9780394742588"><bdi>9780394742588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beats+of+the+Heart%3A+Popular+Music+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780394742588&rft.aulast=Marre&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Hannah+Charlton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeatsofheartpopu00marr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1979" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, John Storm (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latintingeimpact0000robe_g0y0"><i>The Latin Tinge: The Impact of Latin American Music on the United States</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Tinge%3A+The+Impact+of+Latin+American+Music+on+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John+Storm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatintingeimpact0000robe_g0y0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rondón, César Miguel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofsalsachron00rond_0"><i>The Book of Salsa: A Chronicle of Urban Music from the Caribbean to New York City</i></a>, translated by Frances R. Aparicio with Jackie White, University of North Carolina Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5859-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5859-2">978-0-8078-5859-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalazar2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Max_Salazar" title="Max Salazar">Salazar, Max</a> (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050331161108/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FXV/is_2_10/ai_60577887">"Gabriel Oller: Aguinaldos de Salsa"</a>. <i>Latin Beat Magazine</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FXV/is_2_10/ai_60577887/">the original</a> on 2005-03-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+Beat+Magazine&rft.atitle=Gabriel+Oller%3A+Aguinaldos+de+Salsa&rft.date=2000-03&rft.aulast=Salazar&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0FXV%2Fis_2_10%2Fai_60577887%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantana1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Santana, Sergio (1992). <i>¿Que es la salsa? Buscando la melodía</i> (in Spanish). Medellín: Ediciones Salsa y Cultura.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C2%BFQue+es+la+salsa%3F+Buscando+la+melod%C3%ADa&rft.place=Medell%C3%ADn&rft.pub=Ediciones+Salsa+y+Cultura&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Santana&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashburne1995" class="citation book cs1">Washburne, Christopher (Fall 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetsalsa.com/university_of_salsa/clave/clave_roots.htm"><i>Clave: The African Roots of Salsa</i></a>. Kalinda!, newsletter for the Center for Black Music Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clave%3A+The+African+Roots+of+Salsa&rft.pub=Kalinda%21%2C+newsletter+for+the+Center+for+Black+Music+Research&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Washburne&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetsalsa.com%2Funiversity_of_salsa%2Fclave%2Fclave_roots.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxer,_Lise2002" class="citation book cs1">Waxer, Lise, ed. (2002). <i>Situating Salsa: Global Markets and Local Meanings in Latin Popular Music</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4019-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4019-5"><bdi>978-0-8153-4019-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Situating+Salsa%3A+Global+Markets+and+Local+Meanings+in+Latin+Popular+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-4019-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard1998" class="citation book cs1">Gerard, Charley (1998). <i>Salsa! The Rhythm of Latin Music</i>. Arizona: White Cliffs Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941677-35-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-941677-35-4"><bdi>0-941677-35-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salsa%21+The+Rhythm+of+Latin+Music&rft.place=Arizona&rft.pub=White+Cliffs+Media&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-941677-35-4&rft.aulast=Gerard&rft.aufirst=Charley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalsa+music" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Salsa_music" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Salsa music">Salsa music</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/latinmusicusa/">Latin Music USA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a> (PBS) TV documentary, October 2009.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spaniard folk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_rumba" title="Catalan rumba">Catalan rumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copla_(music)" title="Copla (music)">Copla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandango" title="Fandango">Fandango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albore%C3%A1" title="Alboreá">Alboreá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buler%C3%ADas" title="Bulerías">Bulerías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canti%C3%B1as" title="Cantiñas">Cantiñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumba_flamenca" title="Rumba flamenca">Rumba flamenca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeta_(flamenco)" title="Saeta (flamenco)">Saeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole%C3%A1" title="Soleá">Soleá</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folia" title="Folia">Folia</a></li> <li>Isa (from <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jota_(music)" title="Jota (music)">Jota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malague%C3%B1a_(genre)" title="Malagueña (genre)">Malagueña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasodoble" title="Pasodoble">Pasodoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajaraste" title="Tajaraste">Tajaraste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">Zarzuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urbano_music" title="Urbano music">Latin urban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" title="Latin hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_house" title="Latin house">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Reggae en Español">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_R%26B" title="Latin R&B">R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_trap" title="Latin trap">Trap</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Reggaeton" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em"><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_reggaeton" title="Alternative reggaeton">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachat%C3%B3n" title="Bachatón">Bachatón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moombahton" title="Moombahton">Moombahton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoperreo" title="Neoperreo">Neoperreo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_reggaet%C3%B3n" title="Panamanian reggaetón">Panamanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Litoraleña</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamarrita" title="Chamarrita">Chamarrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarania_(music)" title="Guarania (music)">Guarania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_polka" title="Paraguayan polka">Paraguayan polka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamam%C3%A9" title="Chamamé">Chamamé</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_criolla" title="Música criolla">Peruvian coastal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Peruvian_music" title="Afro-Peruvian music">Afro-Peruvian music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festejo" title="Festejo">Festejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land%C3%B3_(music)" title="Landó (music)">Landó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_de_los_Diablos" title="Son de los Diablos">Son de los Diablos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_Mata" title="Toro Mata">Toro Mata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinera" title="Marinera">Marinera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondero" title="Tondero">Tondero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vals_criollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vals criollo">Vals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamacueca" title="Zamacueca">Zamacueca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_pop" title="Latin pop">Latin pop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_ballad" title="Latin ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropipop" title="Tropipop">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_pop_music" title="Mexican pop music">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_canci%C3%B3n" title="Nueva canción">Nueva canción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_trova" title="Nueva trova">Nueva trova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_styles_of_Mexican_music" title="Regional styles of Mexican music">Regional<br />Mexican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrido" title="Corrido">Corrido</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corridos_tumbados" title="Corridos tumbados">Corridos tumbados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunto" title="Conjunto">Conjunto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)" title="Norteño (music)">Norteño</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nortec" title="Nortec">Nortec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupera" title="Grupera">Grupera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duranguense" title="Duranguense">Duranguense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_music" title="Banda music">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">Mariachi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarabe" title="Jarabe">Jarabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchera" title="Ranchera">Ranchera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trival" class="mw-redirect" title="Trival">Trival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Cone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueca" title="Cueca">Cueca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_cebolla" title="Música cebolla">Música cebolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milonga_(music)" title="Milonga (music)">Milonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murga" title="Murga">Murga</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tango" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em"><a href="/wiki/Tango_music" title="Tango music">Tango</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_tango" title="Argentine tango">Argentine tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milonga_(music)" title="Milonga (music)">Milonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vals_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vals (music)">Vals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotango" title="Neotango">Neotango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_tango" title="Nuevo tango">Nuevo tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_tango" title="Uruguayan tango">Uruguayan tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandoneon" title="Bandoneon">Bandoneon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orquesta_t%C3%ADpica" title="Orquesta típica">Orquesta típica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_en_espa%C3%B1ol" title="Rock en español">Rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alternative" title="Latin alternative">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_rock" title="Argentine rock">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_rock" title="Chilean rock">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_rock" title="Colombian rock">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rock" title="Cuban rock">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_rock" title="Dominican rock">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_rock" title="Ecuadorian rock">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Latin rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_metal" title="Latin metal">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Mexico" title="Rock music in Mexico">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_ola" title="Nueva ola">Nueva ola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_rock" title="Peruvian rock">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock music in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Spain" title="Rock music in Spain">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_rock" title="Uruguayan rock">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_rock" title="Venezuelan rock">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional folk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacarera" title="Chacarera">Chacarera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaita_zuliana" title="Gaita zuliana">Gaita zuliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gato_(artform)" title="Gato (artform)">Gato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joropo" title="Joropo">Joropo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_mexicano" title="Son mexicano">Mexican Son</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son_huasteco" title="Son huasteco">huasteco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_jalisciense" title="Son jalisciense">jalisciense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_jarocho" title="Son jarocho">jarocho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonada" title="Tonada">Tonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamacueca" title="Zamacueca">Zamacueca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cueca" title="Cueca">Cueca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinera" title="Marinera">Marinera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamba_(artform)" title="Zamba (artform)">Zamba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_music" title="Tropical music">Tropical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachata_(music)" title="Bachata (music)">Bachata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">Bolero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-ch%C3%A1_(music)" title="Cha-cha-chá (music)">Cha-cha-cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champeta" title="Champeta">Champeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%C3%BC%C3%AD" title="Changüí">Changüí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charanga_(Cuba)" title="Charanga (Cuba)">Charanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conga_(music)" title="Conga (music)">Conga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarteto" title="Cuarteto">Cuarteto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danz%C3%B3n" title="Danzón">Danzón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajira_(music)" title="Guajira (music)">Guajira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaracha" title="Guaracha">Guaracha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">Mambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merengue_music" title="Merengue music">Merengue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ringue" title="Méringue">Méringue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachanga" title="Pachanga">Pachanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rumba" title="Cuban rumba">Rumba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guaguanc%C3%B3" title="Guaguancó">Guaguancó</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_dura" title="Salsa dura">dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_rom%C3%A1ntica" title="Salsa romántica">romántica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano">Son cubano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son_montuno" title="Son montuno">montuno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timba" title="Timba">Timba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trova" title="Trova">Trova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">Vallenato</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charanga-vallenata" title="Charanga-vallenata">Charanga-vallenata</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cumbia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em"><a href="/wiki/Cumbia" title="Cumbia">Cumbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cumbia" title="Argentine cumbia">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullerengue" title="Bullerengue">Bullerengue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_(Colombia)" title="Cumbia (Colombia)">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cumbia" title="Mexican cumbia">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chilean_cumbia" title="New Chilean cumbia">New Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_(Panama)" title="Cumbia (Panama)">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cumbia" title="Peruvian cumbia">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porro" title="Porro">Porro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_rap" title="Cumbia rap">Rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecnocumbia" title="Tecnocumbia">Tecnocumbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_villera" title="Cumbia villera">Villera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachaca_(musical_genre)" title="Cachaca (musical genre)">Cachaca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afro-Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Peruvian_music" title="Afro-Peruvian music">Afro-Peruvian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">Bomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Ecuador)" title="Bomba (Ecuador)">Bomba del Chota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazz" title="Afro-Cuban jazz">Afro-Cuban jazz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapal%C3%A9" title="Mapalé">Mapalé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milonga_(music)" title="Milonga (music)">Milonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_(dance)" title="Tambor (dance)">Tambor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_music" title="Tropical music">Tropical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguinaldo_(music)" title="Aguinaldo (music)">Aguinaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canci%C3%B3n_mel%C3%B3dica" title="Canción melódica">Canción melódica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Christian_music" title="Latin Christian music">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contradanza" title="Contradanza">Contradanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criolla" title="Criolla">Criolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danza" title="Danza">Danza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cima" title="Décima">Décima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">Pasacalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasillo" title="Pasillo">Pasillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plena" title="Plena">Plena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preg%C3%B3n" title="Pregón">Pregón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punto_guajiro" title="Punto guajiro">Punto guajiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seis" title="Seis">Seis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_opera" title="Spanish opera">Spanish opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_jazz" title="Spanish jazz">Spanish jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villancico" title="Villancico">Villancico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_music_subgenres" title="List of Latin music subgenres">subgenres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines#Hispanic-influenced_music" title="Music of the Philippines">Hispanic-influenced music in the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Latin_music_(United_States)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amerisalsa" title="Template:Amerisalsa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amerisalsa" title="Template talk:Amerisalsa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amerisalsa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amerisalsa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Latin_music_(United_States)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music_in_the_United_States" title="Latin American music in the United States">Latin music (United States)</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By decade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">Mambo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s-</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-eyed_soul" title="Brown-eyed soul">Brown-eyed soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo" title="Boogaloo">Boogaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_dura" title="Salsa dura">dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_rom%C3%A1ntica" title="Salsa romántica">romántica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuyorican rap">Nuyorican rap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano (Tex-Mex)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music_in_the_United_States" title="Latin American music in the United States">Article</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hispanic_American_music" title="Category:Hispanic American music">Category</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rap" title="Chicano rap">Chicano rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Latin_music" title="Women in Latin music">Women in Latin music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" title="Latin hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_soul" title="Latin soul">Soul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_pop" title="Latin pop">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_punk" title="Latino punk">Punk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208239#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85116847">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Salsas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12331117t">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Salsas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12331117t">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Salsa (Música)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527887">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553582905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salsa_music&oldid=1250000682">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salsa_music&oldid=1250000682</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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