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href="#Java_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.1</span> <span>Java War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Java_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Laos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Burma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siam_(Thailand)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siam_(Thailand)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Siam (Thailand)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siam_(Thailand)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Western Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Northern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.3</span> <span>Central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.4</span> <span>Southern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.4.1</span> <span>Greek War of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.5</span> <span>Western Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.5.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.5.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>British North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Central America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gran_Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gran_Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.1</span> <span>Gran Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gran_Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.2</span> <span>Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.3</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.4</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina–Brazil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina–Brazil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.5</span> <span>Argentina–Brazil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina–Brazil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.6</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.7</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.8</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Pacific Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_and_commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_and_commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economics and commerce</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics_and_commerce-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economics and commerce subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economics_and_commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavery,_serfdom_and_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery,_serfdom_and_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Slavery, serfdom and labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery,_serfdom_and_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Establishments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disasters,_natural_events,_and_notable_mishaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disasters,_natural_events,_and_notable_mishaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disasters,_natural_events,_and_notable_mishaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Composers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1820s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1820" title="عقد 1820 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1820" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1820" title="Anyos 1820 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1820" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1820" title="Ans 1820 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ans 1820" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1820" title="Década del 1820 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1820" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-ci_ill%C9%99r" title="1820-ci illər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1820-ci illər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-an" title="1820-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1820-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1820 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1820 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D1%8F" title="1820-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1820-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D1%8F" title="1820-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1820-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D1%82%D0%B5" title="1820-те – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1820-те" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-e" title="1820-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1820-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1820" title="Bloavezhioù 1820 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1820" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1820" title="Dècada del 1820 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1820" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1820-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1820-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820au" title="1820au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1820au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%27erne" title="1820'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1820'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1820" title="عوام 1820 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1820" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-lohku" title="1820-lohku – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1820-lohku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820er" title="1820er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1820er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820._aastad" title="1820. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1820. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1820" title="An 1820 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1820" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1820 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1820 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1820" title="Años 1820 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1820" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-aj_jaroj" title="1820-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1820-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820ko_hamarkada" title="1820ko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1820ko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B2%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۸۲۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۸۲۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820s" title="1820s – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1820s" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%C3%A1rini" title="1820-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1820-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1820" title="Années 1820 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1820" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820id%C3%AD" title="1820idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1820idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820an" title="1820an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1820an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1820" title="Década de 1820 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1820" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1820年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1820年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1820년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1820년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-ih" title="1820-ih – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1820-ih" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1820a" title="Yari 1820a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1820a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-an" title="1820-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1820-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D1%82%C3%A6" title="1820-тæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1820-тæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1821-1830" title="1821-1830 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1821-1830" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1820" title="Anni 1820 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1820" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-20_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-19" title="שנות ה-20 של המאה ה-19 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-20 של המאה ה-19" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-an" title="1820-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1820-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1820-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1820-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1820" title="Miaka ya 1820 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1820" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1820-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1820-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1820" title="Anni 1820 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anni 1820" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820._gadi" title="1820. gadi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1820. gadi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1820" title="Anni 1820 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1820" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-lugu_vuvvet" title="1820-lugu vuvvet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1820-lugu vuvvet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/182moi_na%27ardekto" title="182moi na'ardekto – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="182moi na'ardekto" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-as_%C3%A9vek" title="1820-as évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1820-as évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1820-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1820-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १८२० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १८२० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1820-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1820-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1820" title="عقد 1820 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1820" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-an" title="1820-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1820-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1820 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1820 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%D1%82" title="1820т – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1820т" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820s" title="1820s – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1820s" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-1829" title="1820-1829 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1820-1829" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1820年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1820年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%C3%A5rene" title="1820-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1820-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1820" title="Annaées 1820 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1820" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1820" title="Ans 1820 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ans 1820" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-lar" title="1820-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1820-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="1820 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1820 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_20._XIX_wieku" title="Lata 20. XIX wieku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lata 20. XIX wieku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1820" title="Década de 1820 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1820" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1820" title="Anii 1820 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1820" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_watakuna" title="1820 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1820 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1820-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1820-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D1%81" title="1820-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1820-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820s" title="1820s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1820s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1820" title="Vitet 1820 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1820" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820ini" title="1820ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1820ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820s" title="1820s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1820s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._roky_19._storo%C4%8Dia" title="20. roky 19. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="20. roky 19. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820." title="1820. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1820." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D0%B5" title="1820-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1820-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-e" title="1820-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1820-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-an" title="1820-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1820-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-luku" title="1820-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1820-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-talet" title="1820-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1820-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1820கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1820கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1820-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1820-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1820" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1820 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1820" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1820_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1820 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1820 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%27ler" title="1820'ler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1820'ler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1820ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1820ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1820-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1820-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1820ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1820ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1820" title="Thập niên 1820 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1820" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1820" title="Anêyes 1820 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1820" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_nga_dekada" title="1820 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1820 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1820年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1820年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="1820ער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1820ער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1820年代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1820年代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1820年代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1820年代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44659#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Batalla-Rancagua.jpg/182px-Batalla-Rancagua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Batalla-Rancagua.jpg/242px-Batalla-Rancagua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2306" data-file-height="1729" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlik" title="Ányos Jedlik"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jedlik_motor.jpg/161px-Jedlik_motor.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jedlik_motor.jpg/242px-Jedlik_motor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jedlik_motor.jpg/322px-Jedlik_motor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/StocktonDarlingtonOpening.jpg/158px-StocktonDarlingtonOpening.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/StocktonDarlingtonOpening.jpg/237px-StocktonDarlingtonOpening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/StocktonDarlingtonOpening.jpg/316px-StocktonDarlingtonOpening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From top left, clockwise: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> re-emerged as a popular composer during this decade, when his iconic <b><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 9</a></b> is first performed in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1824. The <b><a href="/wiki/First_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="First Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></b> achieves peak momentum for the West, as depicted in this engraving of a textile factory operating in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, arguably England's industrial hub of the 19th century; The <b><a href="/wiki/View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras" title="View from the Window at Le Gras">world's oldest photograph</a></b> was taken in 1826, as seen above. The decade was the start of <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> development – an instrument used for motion-picture capturing and was a precursor instrument to the <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/South_American_wars_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="South American wars of independence">South American wars of independence</a></b> were on full swing, as countries like <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> gained their independence at this era; a turning point for regional politics, and heavily influenced South America's contemporary socio-political conditions; Crowds gather to witness the opening of the world's first railway – the <b><a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a></b> – as it formally commenced in 1825; The world's first <b><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a></b> was created by Hungarian engineer <a href="/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlik" title="Ányos Jedlik">Ányos Jedlik</a>. His invention would drive to form modern-day knowledge and utilization of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, and forged way for studies on <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> to grow; <b><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></b> was discovered and explored for the first time. Its inaugural expedition into continental waters was led by a Russian crew headed by <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen</a>, in 1819 to 1821; As <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonialism</a> began gaining ground in Africa and Asia, opposition from affected/exploited societies resulted, with wars such as the <b><a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java War</a></b>.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1800s_(decade)" title="1800s (decade)">1800s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810s" title="1810s">1810s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1820s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830s" title="1830s">1830s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840s" title="1840s">1840s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1820">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1821" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1821">1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1822" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1822">1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1823" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1823">1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1824" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1824">1824</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1825" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1825">1825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1826" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1826">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1827" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1827">1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1828" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1828">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1829" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1829">1829</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1820s_births" title="Category:1820s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1820s_deaths" title="Category:1820s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1820s_by_country" title="Category:1820s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1820s_establishments" title="Category:1820s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1820s_disestablishments" title="Category:1820s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1820s</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">decade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> that began on January 1, 1820, and ended on December 31, 1829. </p><p>It saw the rise of the <a href="/wiki/First_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="First Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a> were among those that largely developed and grew prominent over the decade, as <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> advanced significantly. European <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> began gaining ground in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and trade with the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> began to open up more towards foreign traders, particularly those from Europe. As <a href="/wiki/European_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European imperialism">European imperialism</a> gained momentum, opposition from affected/exploited societies resulted, with wars such as the <a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>. Resistance in the form of separatism and nationalism (particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a>) led to the independence of many countries around the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_wars">Politics and wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Politics and wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_1820s" title="List of sovereign states in the 1820s">List of sovereign states in the 1820s</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War">Russo-Turkish War</a> were two of the decade's more important conflicts. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Colonialism_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialism in Africa">colonialism in Africa</a> had just begun to accelerate, and global trade between Asian powers (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>) with European powers (mainly the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French</a> empires) increased substantially. In <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> gained independence from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global">Global</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Global"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1820: <a href="/wiki/Anchor_coinage" title="Anchor coinage">Anchor coinage</a> is issued for use in some British colonies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></div> <ul><li>1824 – The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> sign the Masang Agreement, temporarily ending hostilities in the <a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri War</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Java_War">Java War</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Java War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java War</a></div> <p>The Java War (also known as the "Diponegoro War") was fought in Java between 1825 and 1830. It started as a <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a> led by Prince <a href="/wiki/Diponegoro" title="Diponegoro">Diponegoro</a> after the Dutch decided to build a road across a piece of his property that contained his parents' tomb. </p><p>The troops of Prince Diponegoro were very successful in the beginning, controlling the middle of Java and besieging Yogyakarta. Furthermore, the Javanese population was supportive of Prince Diponegoro's cause, whereas the Dutch colonial authorities were initially very indecisive. As the Java war prolonged, Prince Diponegoro had difficulties in maintaining the numbers of his troops. Prince Diponegoro started a fierce guerrilla war and it was not until 1827 that the Dutch army gained the upper hand. The Dutch colonial army was able to fill its ranks with troops from <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, and later on from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </p><p>The rebellion finally ended in 1830, after Prince Diponegoro was tricked into entering Dutch custody near <a href="/wiki/Magelang" title="Magelang">Magelang</a>, believing he was there for negotiations for a possible cease-fire. It is estimated that 200,000<sup id="cite_ref-RicKlefs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RicKlefs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> died over the course of the conflict, 8,000 being Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-RicKlefs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RicKlefs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a></div> <ul><li>November <a href="/wiki/1821" title="1821">1821</a> - <a href="/wiki/Siamese_invasion_of_Kedah" title="Siamese invasion of Kedah">Siamese invasion of Kedah</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Siamese</a> forces of <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai">King Rama II</a> achieved a rapid victory against those of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_Halim_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II">Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Kedah">Kedah</a>, in what is now northern <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. The campaign initiated a period of two decades in which Kedah resisted Siamese control. The Sultan took refuge on <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island" title="Penang Island">Penang Island</a>, then under British control.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1822 there was a rise in the population of the British territories caused by an influx of Malays displaced by the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Burney_Treaty" title="Burney Treaty">Burney Treaty</a> allowed the Siamese view of their rights to prevail in Kelah.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – The British <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> is established in what is now <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen dynasty">Nguyen dynasty</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a>, 1820 – <a href="/wiki/Minh_Mang" class="mw-redirect" title="Minh Mang">Minh Mang</a> starts to rule in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minh_Mang" class="mw-redirect" title="Minh Mang">Minh Mang</a> outlaws the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laos">Laos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Laos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos_to_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Laos to 1945">History of Laos to 1945</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a>: <a href="/wiki/King_Anouvong" class="mw-redirect" title="King Anouvong">King Anouvong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vientiane" title="Kingdom of Vientiane">Vientiane</a> declares war on <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Siam</a> and successfully attacks <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima" title="Nakhon Ratchasima">Nakhon Ratchasima</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> Siamese-Lao War: The <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Siamese</a> invade and sack the city of <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_12" title="November 12">November 12</a>, 1828: Anouvong is deposed and his kingdom is annexed by Siam. Large forced population transfers are made from Laos to the more securely held area of <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a>, and the Lao mueang is divided into smaller units to prevent another uprising.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burma">Burma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Burma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a></div> <ul><li>1824–1826: The <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> ended in a British victory, and by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Yandaboo" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Yandaboo">Treaty of Yandabo</a>, Burma lost territory previously conquered in Assam, Manipur, and Arakan.<sup id="cite_ref-app_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British also took possession of Tenasserim with the intention to use it as a bargaining chip in future negotiations with either Burma or Siam.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siam_(Thailand)"><span id="Siam_.28Thailand.29"></span>Siam (Thailand)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Siam (Thailand)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin Kingdom</a></div> <ul><li>1824–1826 - <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin Kingdom</a> (Siam): <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai">Rama II</a> died in 1824 and was peacefully succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Jessadabodindra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessadabodindra">Jessadabodindra</a> (Rama III). In 1825 the British sent another mission to Bangkok led by <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> emissary <a href="/wiki/Henry_Burney" title="Henry Burney">Henry Burney</a>. They had by now annexed southern Burma and were thus Siam's neighbours to the west, and they were also extending their control over <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>. The King was reluctant to give in to British demands, but his advisors warned him that Siam would meet the same fate as Burma unless the British were accommodated. In 1826, therefore, Siam concluded its first commercial treaty with a western power, the <a href="/wiki/Burney_Treaty" title="Burney Treaty">Burney Treaty</a>. Under the treaty, Siam agreed to establish a uniform taxation system, to reduce taxes on foreign trade and to abolish some of the royal monopolies. As a result, Siam's trade increased rapidly, many more foreigners settled in Bangkok, and western cultural influences began to spread. The kingdom became wealthier and its army better armed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1824 – The name <i>Australia</i>, recommended by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flinders" title="Matthew Flinders">Matthew Flinders</a> in <a href="/wiki/1804" title="1804">1804</a>, is finally adopted as the official name of the country once known as <i><a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)" title="New Holland (Australia)">New Holland</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a>, 1824 – With his crew and 29 <a href="/wiki/Convicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Convicts">convicts</a> aboard the <i>Amity</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Oxley" title="John Oxley">John Oxley</a> arrives at and founds the <a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay,_Queensland" title="Moreton Bay, Queensland">Moreton Bay</a> Penal Settlement at what is now <a href="/wiki/Redcliffe_City,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Redcliffe City, Queensland">Redcliffe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia, after leaving <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – Major <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Lockyer" title="Edmund Lockyer">Edmund Lockyer</a> arrives at <a href="/wiki/King_George_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="King George Sound">King George Sound</a> to take possession of the western part of Australia, establishing a settlement near <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – The Swan River Colony (later to become the cities of <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a>) is founded in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. This secures the western 'third' of the Australian landmass for the British.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – Mrs. Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship <i>Sulphur</i>, cuts down a tree to mark the day of the founding of the town of <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, Western Australia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> (1817–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> annexes <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bharatpur" title="Siege of Bharatpur">Siege of Bharatpur</a> – <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (9 December 1825 – 18 January 1826) ended in British victory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a>: In the face of fierce opposition, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Lord William Bentinck</a> carries a regulation declaring that all who abet <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sati (practise)">sati</a> in India are guilty of culpable <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Asia">Western Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Western Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> – <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War,_1826%E2%80%931828" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828">Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828</a>: The Russians under <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Paskevich" title="Ivan Paskevich">Ivan Paskevich</a> storm <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, ending a millennium of Muslim domination in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a>, <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> –<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a>: Russian-Persian peace treaty: Russia captures <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:January_Suchodolski_-_Akhaltsikhe_siege.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/January_Suchodolski_-_Akhaltsikhe_siege.jpg/250px-January_Suchodolski_-_Akhaltsikhe_siege.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/January_Suchodolski_-_Akhaltsikhe_siege.jpg/375px-January_Suchodolski_-_Akhaltsikhe_siege.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/January_Suchodolski_-_Akhaltsikhe_siege.jpg/500px-January_Suchodolski_-_Akhaltsikhe_siege.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> 1821 – The <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> is proclaimed officially in South Greece.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a>, 1821 – The <a href="/wiki/Philik%C3%AD_Etaire%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Philikí Etaireía">Philikí Etaireía</a> are decisively defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dr%C4%83g%C4%83%C5%9Fani" class="mw-redirect" title="Drăgăşani">Drăgăşani</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>).</li> <li>December <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Decembrist Revolt">Decembrist Revolt</a> breaks out in Russia, but is thoroughly suppressed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a> succeeds his older brother <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">June 14</a>–<a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_Auspicious_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="The Auspicious Incident">The Auspicious Incident</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, crushes the last mutiny of <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">janissaries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a>, <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1828%E2%80%931829" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829">Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829</a>: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Varna_(1828)" title="Siege of Varna (1828)">Varna is taken</a> by the Russian army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1828%E2%80%931829" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829">Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829</a>: Russian Field-Marshal <a href="/wiki/Hans_Karl_von_Diebitsch" title="Hans Karl von Diebitsch">Hans Karl von Diebitsch</a> launches the Transbalkan offensive, which brings the Russian army within 68 km of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_16" title="September 16">September 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1828%E2%80%931829" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829">Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople</a> gains for Russia some territory at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and along the eastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Europe">Northern Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Northern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vendsyssel-Thy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendsyssel-Thy">Vendsyssel-Thy</a>, once part of the <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> peninsula that formed westernmost Denmark, becomes an island after a flood drowns its 1 km wide <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> - The world's first modern railway, the <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a>, opens with engineer <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a> driving the first public train pulled by the steam engine <i><a href="/wiki/Locomotion_No_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Locomotion No 1">Locomotion No 1</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> – <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Turku" title="Great Fire of Turku">Great Fire of Turku</a> destroys 3/4 of the city, with many human casualties.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a>, 1820 –<a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Troppau" title="Congress of Troppau">Congress of Troppau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opava" title="Opava">Opava</a>) is convened between the rulers of Russia, Austria and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>.</li> <li>October–December, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Verona" title="Congress of Verona">Congress of Verona</a>: Russia, Austria and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> approve <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> intervention in Spain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a>, 1825 – The Duke of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck" title="Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck">Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck</a> gains possession of <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%BCcksburg" title="Glücksburg">Glücksburg</a> and changes his title to <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg" title="Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg">Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg</a>. The line of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg">Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg</a> later becomes the <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">royal house</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, Denmark and Norway.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Europe">Southern Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Southern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a>, 1820 – <a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">A constitutionalist military insurrection</a> at <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> leads to the summoning of the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> Parliament (<a href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">March 7</a>) (see <a href="/wiki/Mid-nineteenth_century_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-nineteenth century Spain">Mid-nineteenth century Spain</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a>, 1820 – King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a> accepts the new constitution, beginning the Liberal Triennium ("Trienio Liberal").</li> <li>July 1820 – A <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutionalist">Constitutionalist</a> revolution occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a>, 1820 – A <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutionalist">Constitutionalist</a> insurrection breaks out at <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Oporto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a>, 1820 – A revolution breaks out in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Crises_of_the_nineteenth_century" title="History of Portugal">Portugal's crises of the Nineteenth Century</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> approves its first Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a> is succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis I of the Two Sicilies">Francis I of the Two Sicilies</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I of Brazil</a> abdicates as King of Portugal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a>, <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel I</a> overthrows his niece Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a>, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Greek_War_of_Independence">Greek War of Independence</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Greek War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navarino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/300px-Navarino.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/450px-Navarino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Navarino.jpg/600px-Navarino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a>: <i>Naval Battle of Navarino</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Louis_Garneray" title="Ambroise Louis Garneray">Ambroise Louis Garneray</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a></div> <p>At the start of the decade, most of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, as it had been since 1453, despite frequent revolts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1821, a secret organization called the <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a> instigated several battles that, together with the blessing of a Greek flag and proclamation of uprising by <a href="/wiki/Germanos_of_Patras" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanos of Patras">Bishop Germanos of Patras</a> on March 25, marked the beginning of the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising successfully established a foothold in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">seizing Tripolitsa</a> in September 1821, and had some success in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a>. </p><p>Between 1821 and 1824, <a href="/wiki/First_National_Assembly_at_Epidaurus" title="First National Assembly at Epidaurus">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_National_Assembly_at_Astros" title="Second National Assembly at Astros">second</a> national assemblies were held, and the constitutions <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1822" title="Greek Constitution of 1822">of 1822</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1823" title="Greek Constitution of 1823">of 1823</a> were established. However, revolutionary activity was fragmented, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_wars_of_1824%E2%80%931825" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil wars of 1824–1825">civil wars of 1824–1825</a>. The Greek side withstood the Turkish attacks because, during this period, the Ottoman military campaigns were periodic and uncoordinated. </p><p>That changed when the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> negotiated with <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet Ali of Egypt">Mehmet Ali of Egypt</a>, who agreed to send his son <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a> to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> in February 1825 and secured most of the peninsula by the end of 1825. He then helped break the <a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Missolonghi">siege of Missolonghi</a>. Although Ibrahim was <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Egyptian_Invasion_of_Mani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Egyptian Invasion of Mani">defeated in Mani</a>, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> had been retaken. </p><p>Following years of negotiation, three Great Powers, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> had come to agree to the formation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, as stipulated in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1827)" title="Treaty of London (1827)">Treaty of London</a>. Ottoman refusal to accept these terms led to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a>, which effectively secured complete Greek independence. That year, the <a href="/wiki/Third_National_Assembly_at_Troezen" title="Third National Assembly at Troezen">Third National Assembly at Troezen</a> established the <a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a>. With the help of a <a href="/wiki/Morea_expedition" title="Morea expedition">French expeditionary force</a>, the Greeks drove the Turks out of the Peloponnese and proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, Greece was finally recognized as an independent nation in May 1832. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Western Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1820s, the British government was formally headed by <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">King George IV</a>, but in practice, was led by his <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime ministers</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Banks_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a> (1812–1827), <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a> (1827), <a href="/wiki/Frederick_John_Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Lord Goderich</a> (1827–1828), and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> (1828–1830). This decade was largely peaceful for Britain, with some foreign intervention. The British supported the Portuguese liberals in the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a>, and supported Greek rebels in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">war for independence</a>. During this time, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> became the largest city of the world, taking the lead from <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestic tensions ran high at the start of the decade, with the <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a> (1819), the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Street_Conspiracy" title="Cato Street Conspiracy">Cato Street Conspiracy</a> (1820), and the <a href="/wiki/Radical_War" title="Radical War">Radical War</a> (1820) in Scotland. However, by the end of the 1820s, many repressive laws were repealed. In 1822, Britain repealed the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> for over 100 crimes, and punishments such as <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">drawing and quartering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">flagellation</a> fell out of use. <a href="/wiki/Seditious_Meetings_Act_1819" title="Seditious Meetings Act 1819">Seditious Meetings prevention Act</a> (barring large assemblies) and the <a href="/wiki/Combination_Act_1799" title="Combination Act 1799">Combination Act</a> (banning trade unions) were repealed in 1824. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act</a> by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> granted a substantial measure of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a> in Britain and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)#Catholic_Emancipation" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="France">France</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/1821" title="1821">1821</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon I">Napoléon I</a> dies in exile on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> of stomach cancer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_16" title="September 16">September 16</a>, 1824 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> succeeds his brother <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a> as King of France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gay,_vicomte_de_Martignac" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac">Vicomte de Martignac</a> succeeds the <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Guillaume_Joseph,_comte_de_Vill%C3%A8le" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Guillaume Joseph, comte de Villèle">Comte de Villèle</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Prince_de_Polignac" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince de Polignac">Prince de Polignac</a> succeeds the <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gay,_vicomte_de_Martignac" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac">Vicomte de Martignac</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1827_Finley_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-finley-1827.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1827_Finley_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-finley-1827.jpg/220px-1827_Finley_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-finley-1827.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1827_Finley_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-finley-1827.jpg/330px-1827_Finley_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-finley-1827.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1827_Finley_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-finley-1827.jpg/440px-1827_Finley_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-finley-1827.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Anthony Finley's 1827 map of Africa</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a>, 1820: 86 free <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> colonists sail from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to <a href="/wiki/Freetown,_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Freetown, Sierra Leone">Freetown, Sierra Leone</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian" class="mw-redirect" title="Americo-Liberian">Americo-Liberians</a> begin to settle in the Colony of <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> with the support of the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">June 14</a>, 1821 – King <a href="/wiki/Badi_VII" title="Badi VII">Badi VII</a> of <a href="/wiki/Funj_sultanate_of_Sinnar" class="mw-redirect" title="Funj sultanate of Sinnar">Sennar</a> surrenders his throne and realm to Ismail Pasha, general of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, ending the existence of that Sudanese kingdom.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – The first group of freed slaves from the United States arrive in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> and found <a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia" title="History of Liberia">History of Liberia</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a>, 1824 – The <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti people">Ashanti</a> crush <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> forces in the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a>, killing the British governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_MacCarthy_(British_Army_officer)" title="Charles MacCarthy (British Army officer)">Sir Charles MacCarthy</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana#British_Dominance" title="History of Ghana">Wars between Britain and Ashanti in Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Confederacy">Ashanti Confederacy</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – Explorer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gordon_Laing" title="Alexander Gordon Laing">Alexander Gordon Laing</a> becomes the first European to reach <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>April <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ottoman Algeria">Ottoman Algeria</a>: Husain Dei slaps the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consul</a> Decalina on the face, eventually leading to war and <a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="French rule in Algeria">French rule in Algeria</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_North_America">British North America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: British North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_8" title="July 8">July 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Chippewas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewas">Chippewas</a> turn over huge tract of land in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> to the United Kingdom.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a>, 1824 – The first sod is turned in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, for the first of four <a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canals</a> (the canal opens for a trial run exactly 5 years later to the day).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1823_Melish_Map_of_the_United_States_of_America_-_Geographicus_-_USA-melish-1822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1823_Melish_Map_of_the_United_States_of_America_-_Geographicus_-_USA-melish-1822.jpg/220px-1823_Melish_Map_of_the_United_States_of_America_-_Geographicus_-_USA-melish-1822.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1823_Melish_Map_of_the_United_States_of_America_-_Geographicus_-_USA-melish-1822.jpg/330px-1823_Melish_Map_of_the_United_States_of_America_-_Geographicus_-_USA-melish-1822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1823_Melish_Map_of_the_United_States_of_America_-_Geographicus_-_USA-melish-1822.jpg/440px-1823_Melish_Map_of_the_United_States_of_America_-_Geographicus_-_USA-melish-1822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Melish" title="John Melish">John Melish</a> map of the United States circa 1822</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 1820s, the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean through to (roughly) the western edge of the Mississippi basin, though Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and all present-day states fully west of the Mississippi had yet to be granted statehood. Two states were admitted to the union during this decade: <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> in 1820 and <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> in 1821. The <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a>, signed in 1819 and ratified by Spain in 1821, ceded Florida to the United States, and established a boundary between <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and the United States. </p><p>Slavery was widespread throughout the southern United States. According to the <a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820 U.S. Census</a>, the slave population at that time was 1,538,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Historic_US_Census_data_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historic_US_Census_data-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> of 1820 prohibited slavery in the former <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north" title="Parallel 36°30′ north">parallel 36°30′ north</a> except within the boundaries of the proposed state of <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830 U.S. Census</a>, the slave population had risen to 2,009,043.<sup id="cite_ref-Historic_US_Census_data_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historic_US_Census_data-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the coordination of the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a>, many freed African-Americans repatriated to Africa during this decade to the newly formed colony of <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>. </p><p>The political mood at the start of the 1820s was referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>, following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist" title="Federalist">Federalist</a> party. <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, the sitting U.S. president since 1817, was <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1820">re-elected in 1820</a>, virtually unopposed. In 1823, Monroe introduced the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address</a>, declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States. </p><p>The feeling of unity during the Monroe administration was dispelled in <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1824" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1824">the presidential election of 1824</a>, which due to an Electoral College stalemate, was decided in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> was chosen as the sixth U.S. president, despite receiving only 30.9% of the popular vote to Andrew Jackson's 41.3%. This gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonian Democracy">Jacksonian Nationalism</a> and the rise of the modern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> elected in <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">the 1828 election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Mexican_States_(1824%E2%80%931864)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mexican States (1824–1864)">United Mexican States (1824–1864)</a></div> <p>After ten years of civil war in Mexico (then called the "<a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>") and the death of two of its founders, by early 1820 the Mexican independence movement was stalemated and close to collapse. However, the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Three_Guarantees" title="Army of the Three Guarantees">Army of the Three Guarantees</a> was formed under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a> with the support of patriots and loyalists to secure independence for Mexico and the protection of Roman Catholicism. Iturbide's army was joined by rebel forces from all over Mexico, and quickly gained control of Mexico. On August 24, 1821, representatives of the Spanish crown and Iturbide signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a>, which recognized the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">Mexican Empire</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Iguala" title="Plan of Iguala">Plan of Iguala</a>. </p><p>On September 27 the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City, and the following day Iturbide proclaimed the independence of the Mexican Empire. The newly formed Mexican congress eventually declared Iturbide emperor of Mexico on May 19, 1822. Later that year, Iturbide dissolved Congress and replaced it with a sympathetic junta. However, on <a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a>, 1823 Iturbide abdicated. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Mexican_States_(1824%E2%80%931864)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mexican States (1824–1864)">First Federal Republic</a> was established on October 4, 1824. In the new constitution, the republic took the name of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">United Mexican States</a>, and was defined as a representative <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Confessional_state" title="Confessional state">official and unique religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-const.1824_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-const.1824-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a> was the first President of Mexico from 1824 until 1829. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%B3mez_Pedraza" title="Manuel Gómez Pedraza">Manuel Gómez Pedraza</a> won the election to succeed Victoria, <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a> staged a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> and took the presidency on April 1, 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Majestic_Life_of_President_Vicente_Ramon_Guerrero_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Majestic_Life_of_President_Vicente_Ramon_Guerrero-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guerrero was deposed in a rebellion under Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a> in December 1829. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a>, 1821 – The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> declares independence from Spain only to be invaded by <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> in 1822 (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">History of the Dominican Republic</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">invading</a> <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haitian</a> forces led by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Jean-Pierre Boyer</a> arrive in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, to overthrow the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Republic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X of France</a> recognizes <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, 21 years after it expelled the French following the successful <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>, and demands the payment of 150 million gold francs, 30 million of which Haiti must finance through France itself, as down payment.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_America">Central America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Central America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a>, 1820 – A revolt begins in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Chiquimula" title="Santa María Chiquimula">Santa María Chiquimula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totonicap%C3%A1n_Department" title="Totonicapán Department">Totonicapán department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of Central America">United Provinces of Central America</a> were formed in 1823.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a>, 1821 – <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> gain independence from Spain (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_America#Independence" title="History of Central America">History of Central America</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a>, 1821 – <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> declares independence from Spain (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama#Spanish_colonial_period" title="History of Panama">History of Panama</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a>– The congress of Central America declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico, and any other foreign nation, including <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and a Republican system of government is established.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Panama" title="Congress of Panama">Congress of Panama</a> tries (unsuccessfully) to unify the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American</a> republics.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BatallaCarabobo01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BatallaCarabobo01.JPG/220px-BatallaCarabobo01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BatallaCarabobo01.JPG/330px-BatallaCarabobo01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BatallaCarabobo01.JPG/440px-BatallaCarabobo01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><i>La Batalla de Carabobo</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar" title="Martín Tovar y Tovar">Martín Tovar y Tovar</a>, depicting the Battle of Carabobo, in which Simón Bolívar secured Venezuela's independence from Spain in 1821</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gran_Colombia">Gran Colombia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Gran Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a>, 1820 – <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a> declares independence from Spain (see also <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador" title="History of Ecuador">History of Ecuador</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a>, 1821 – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Battle of Carabobo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> wins <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>'s independence from Spain (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela#19th_century:_independence" title="History of Venezuela">Venezuela's independence</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a>, 1821 – The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Gran_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Gran Colombia">Republic of Gran Colombia</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> covering much of present-day <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>) is established, with <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> as the founding <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santander" title="Francisco de Paula Santander">Francisco de Paula Santander</a> as <a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">vice president</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Battle of Pichincha</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> secures the independence of <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> arrives in <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayaquil conference">meet</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> and <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> meet in <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>. Bolívar later annexes <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil_Conference" title="Guayaquil Conference">Guayaquil Conference</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia_%E2%80%93_Peru_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Colombia – Peru War">Gran Colombia – Peru War</a>: President <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> declares war on Peru.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a>, 1825 – <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_War_of_Independence" title="Bolivian War of Independence">gains its independence</a> from Spain as a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> with the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peru">Peru</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">July 28</a>, 1821 – <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> declares independence from Spain (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru#Wars_of_independence_(1811–1824)" title="History of Peru">Peru's Independence from Spain</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a>, 1823 – <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> is named President of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_10" title="February 10">February 10</a>, 1824 – <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> is proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a>, 1824 – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Battle of Ayacucho</a>: Peruvian forces defeat the Spanish.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_10" title="February 10">February 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> gives up his title of <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a> of Peru and takes the alternative title of <i>Liberator</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1822: <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> gains independence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> declares its independence from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#Brazilian_independence" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian independence</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Brazil">Peter I of Brazil</a> is declared the constitutional <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Brazil">Peter I</a> is crowned as <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil#The_reign_of_Pedro_I,_1822–31" title="Empire of Brazil">The reign of Pedro I, 1822–31</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed between <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and Denmark, establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina–Brazil_War"><span id="Argentina.E2.80.93Brazil_War"></span>Argentina–Brazil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Argentina–Brazil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">March 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> marines sail up the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Negro_(Argentina)" title="Río Negro (Argentina)">Rio Negro</a> and attack the temporary naval base of <a href="/wiki/Carmen_de_Patagones" title="Carmen de Patagones">Carmen de Patagones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>; they are defeated by the local citizens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_7" title="April 7">April 7</a>–<a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Santiago" title="Battle of Monte Santiago">Battle of Monte Santiago</a>: A squadron of the Brazilian Imperial Navy defeats <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentine</a> vessels in a major naval engagement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a>, <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ituzaingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ituzaingo">Battle of Ituzaingo</a> (Passo do Rosário): A force of the Brazilian Imperial Army meets <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> troops in combat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">South America</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> recognize the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Uruguay#Struggle_for_independence,_1811–1828" title="History of Uruguay">independence of Uruguay</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a>, 1825 – <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> declares independence from <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Uruguay#Struggle_for_independence,_1811–1828" title="History of Uruguay">Uruguay's independence</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">South America</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> recognize the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Uruguay#Struggle_for_independence,_1811–1828" title="History of Uruguay">independence of Uruguay</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1820: The <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>) establishes a <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – Unitarian <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia" title="Bernardino Rivadavia">Bernardino Rivadavia</a> becomes the first President of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a>, 1820 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Lord Cochrane</a> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Valdivia" title="Capture of Valdivia">occupies Valdivia</a> in the name of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a>, 1821 – <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> general <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Carrera" title="José Miguel Carrera">José Miguel Carrera</a> is executed by an Argentinian military tribunal in the city of <a href="/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina" title="Mendoza, Argentina">Mendoza</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_Islands">Pacific Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Pacific Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a>, 1821 – <a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a> is discovered by the crew of the Eliza Frances.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a>, <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Honolulu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu">Diocese of Honolulu</a> is founded.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics_and_commerce">Economics and commerce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Economics and commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1821: High-quality <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> is introduced in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ashley%27s_Hundred" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashley's Hundred">Ashley's Hundred</a> leave from <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>, setting off a major increase in <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a> is no longer banned in Sweden.</li> <li>1824 – The construction of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vancouver" title="Fort Vancouver">Fort Vancouver</a> trading post started on the North shore of the lower <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>. Inauguration occurred the following year when <a href="/wiki/Fort_Astoria" title="Fort Astoria">Fort George</a> was closed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a>, 1825 – <a href="/wiki/Gregor_MacGregor" title="Gregor MacGregor">Gregor MacGregor</a> issues a £300,000 loan with 2.5% interest through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins & Company. His actions lead to the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1825" title="Panic of 1825">Panic of 1825</a>, the first modern <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash" title="Stock market crash">stock market crash</a> in London.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery,_serfdom_and_labor"><span id="Slavery.2C_serfdom_and_labor"></span>Slavery, serfdom and labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Slavery, serfdom and labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a>, 1820 and <a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a>, 1820 – <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> in the United States: The <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> becomes law.</li> <li>1820: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> devises the <a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">labour voucher</a>.</li> <li>1820: 18,957 black slaves leave <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – 32,000 <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angolans</a> are sold in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a>: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pickle" title="HMS Pickle">HMS <i>Pickle</i></a> captures the armed slave ship <i>Voladora</i> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpg/250px-BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpg/375px-BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpg/500px-BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Babbage's</a> <a href="/wiki/Difference_engine" title="Difference engine">Difference engine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a>, 1820 – A <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Russian</a> expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Petrovich_Lazarev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev">Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev</a> approaches the <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctic coast</a> (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History of Antarctica</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_30" title="January 30">January 30</a>, 1820 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Edward Bransfield</a> lands on the <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctic mainland</a> (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History of Antarctica</a>).</li> <li>April 1820 – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> discovers the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a>, 1820 – <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a> (the ship that later takes young <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> on his scientific voyage) is launched.</li> <li>1820: The 6th edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> appears.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">June 14</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> proposes a <a href="/wiki/Difference_engine" title="Difference engine">Difference engine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyph">Hieroglyphs</a> are deciphered by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Jean-François Champollion</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Concerning_the_Two_Chief_World_Systems" title="Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems"><i>Dialogue</i></a> is taken off the <i><a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>'s list of banned books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Graham_Cracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham Cracker">Graham Cracker</a> is developed in <a href="/wiki/Bound_Brook,_New_Jersey" title="Bound Brook, New Jersey">Bound Brook, New Jersey</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> minister <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Graham" title="Sylvester Graham">Sylvester Graham</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Untitled_(point_de_vue),_Ni%C3%A9pce_1827_%E2%80%94_HRC_2020_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Untitled_%28point_de_vue%29%2C_Ni%C3%A9pce_1827_%E2%80%94_HRC_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Untitled_%28point_de_vue%29%2C_Ni%C3%A9pce_1827_%E2%80%94_HRC_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Untitled_%28point_de_vue%29%2C_Ni%C3%A9pce_1827_%E2%80%94_HRC_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Untitled_%28point_de_vue%29%2C_Ni%C3%A9pce_1827_%E2%80%94_HRC_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Untitled_%28point_de_vue%29%2C_Ni%C3%A9pce_1827_%E2%80%94_HRC_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-Untitled_%28point_de_vue%29%2C_Ni%C3%A9pce_1827_%E2%80%94_HRC_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4530" data-file-height="3810" /></a><figcaption>The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1823 – <a href="/wiki/Olbers%27_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbers' paradox">Olbers' paradox</a> is described by the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Olbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers">Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a>, 1824 – After much controversy, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> is finally elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> with only one vote against him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a>, 1824 – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Aspdin" title="Joseph Aspdin">Joseph Aspdin</a> patents <a href="/wiki/Portland_Cement" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland Cement">Portland Cement</a>.</li> <li>1824 – The <a href="/wiki/Panoramagram" title="Panoramagram">Panoramagram</a> is developed, creating the first volumetric display.</li> <li>1824- <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Mantell" title="Gideon Mantell">Gideon Mantell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a> discover an <a href="/wiki/Iguanodon" title="Iguanodon">Iguanodon</a> tooth and <a href="/wiki/Megalosaurus" title="Megalosaurus">Megalosaurus</a> skeletons not far from their home in England giving birth to <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> reduces <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chloride" title="Aluminium chloride">aluminium chloride</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>.</li> <li>June <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">Photography</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Nicéphore Niépce</a> makes a true photograph.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">Aniline</a> is first isolated from the destructive distillation of <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Unverdorben" title="Otto Unverdorben">Otto Unverdorben</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> – <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> inventor <a href="/wiki/Petrache_Poenaru" title="Petrache Poenaru">Petrache Poenaru</a> receives a <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> for the invention of the first <a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">fountain pen</a> with a replaceable ink cartridge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> – <a href="/wiki/Englishman" class="mw-redirect" title="Englishman">Englishman</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Walker_(inventor)" title="John Walker (inventor)">John Walker</a> invents the first <a href="/wiki/Match" title="Match">friction match</a> which he names <i>Lucifer</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Woehler" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Woehler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> synthesizes <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, implicitly discrediting a cornerstone of <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlik" title="Ányos Jedlik">Ányos Jedlik</a> creates the world's first <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – Casparus van Houten Sr. (father of <a href="/wiki/Coenraad_Johannes_van_Houten" title="Coenraad Johannes van Houten">Coenraad Johannes van Houten</a>) <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> an inexpensive method for pressing <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">cocoa butter</a> from roasted <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa beans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_solids" title="Cocoa solids">cocoa solids</a>. This is an important step in modern solid <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> production.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – The patent for an instrument called the <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a> is applied for by <a href="/wiki/Cyrill_Demian" title="Cyrill Demian">Cyrill Demian</a> (Officially approved on <a href="/wiki/May_23" title="May 23">May 23</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">July 23</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – In the United States, <a href="/wiki/William_Austin_Burt" title="William Austin Burt">William Burt</a> obtains the first <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> for a form of <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> – The first horse-drawn <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">omnibuses</a> established in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a>, 1825 – The world's first modern railway, the <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a>, opens in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> opens, providing passage from <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a> to <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo, NY">Buffalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>.</li> <li>1825: The <a href="/wiki/Ohio_and_Erie_Canal" title="Ohio and Erie Canal">Ohio and Erie Canal</a> is dug to extend settlement access and commercial traffic to the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_30" title="January 30">January 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Menai_Suspension_Bridge" title="Menai Suspension Bridge">Menai Suspension Bridge</a>, built by engineer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford</a>, is opened between the island of <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> and the mainland of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morey" title="Samuel Morey">Samuel Morey</a> patents the <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – Opening of the <a href="/wiki/Monkland_and_Kirkintilloch_Railway" title="Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway">Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway</a> in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a> begins in Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">October 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – The first train operates over the <a href="/wiki/Granite_Railway" title="Granite Railway">Granite Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elks_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elks-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/Railway_tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway tunnel">railway tunnel</a> is built en route between <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_28" title="February 28">February 28</a>, <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a> is incorporated, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> in United States offering commercial transportation of both people and freight.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a>–<a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a>, 1827 - The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy" title="Royal Netherlands Navy">Royal Netherlands Navy</a>'s British-built <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamer</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Steamboat#Ocean-going_steamships" title="Steamboat">Curaçao</a></i> makes the first <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_Crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Transatlantic Crossing">Transatlantic Crossing</a> by steam, from <a href="/wiki/Hellevoetsluis" title="Hellevoetsluis">Hellevoetsluis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paramaribo" title="Paramaribo">Paramaribo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">July 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Shillibeer" title="George Shillibeer">George Shillibeer</a> begins operating the first <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a> service in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Icons_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icons-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – <a href="/wiki/1829_in_rail_transport" title="1829 in rail transport">Rail transport</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">Stephenson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket">Rocket</a></i> wins the <a href="/wiki/Rainhill_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainhill Trials">Rainhill Trials</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – The original <a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a> opens for a trial run with a ceremony at Port Dalhousie.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1824–1825: <i><a href="/wiki/American_Writers" title="American Writers">American Writers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Neal" title="John Neal">John Neal</a>, the earliest history of <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a>, is published in <i><a href="/wiki/Blackwood%27s_Magazine" title="Blackwood's Magazine">Blackwood's Magazine</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a>, 1823 – <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Semiramide" title="Semiramide">Semiramide</a></i> is first performed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a>, 1823 – Eleven-year-old <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> gives a concert after which he is personally congratulated by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a>, 1824 – One of <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s most notable pieces, his <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 9</a></i>, premieres in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.</li> <li>Early July, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> puts the finishing touches on the <i><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._14_(Beethoven)" title="String Quartet No. 14 (Beethoven)">String Quartet in C sharp Minor</a>, Opus 131</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> composes the <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Fuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Große Fuge">Große Fuge</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_11" title="March 11">March 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> performs <a href="/wiki/Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">Bach</a>'s <a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a>.</li> <li>April–September – <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> pays his first visit to Britain. This includes the first <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> performance of his <a href="/wiki/Concert_overture" class="mw-redirect" title="Concert overture">concert overture</a> to <i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_(Mendelssohn)" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream (Mendelssohn)">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i> and his trip to <a href="/wiki/Fingal%27s_Cave" title="Fingal's Cave">Fingal's Cave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1820: <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_de_Milo" title="Venus de Milo">Venus de Milo</a></i> is found on the island of <a href="/wiki/Melos" class="mw-redirect" title="Melos">Melos</a> <i>(Milos)</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1820: <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a> completes <a href="/wiki/Ode_on_Melancholy" title="Ode on Melancholy">Ode on Melancholy</a>, one in a series of his famous Odes.</li> <li>1820: John Clare 13 July 1793 - 20 May 1864 publishes Poems Descriptive of Rural life 1820</li> <li>1826: <a href="/wiki/Felicia_Hemans" title="Felicia Hemans">Felicia Hemans</a> publishes <a href="/wiki/Casabianca_(poem)" title="Casabianca (poem)">Casabianca</a>, a poem commemorating the sinking of a French ship called the <a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a> during <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Nile" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of the Nile">The Battle of the Nile</a> in 1798.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1823 – <a href="/wiki/William_Webb_Ellis" title="William Webb Ellis">William Webb Ellis</a> "invents" <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby football</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/Cowes_Regatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowes Regatta">Cowes Regatta</a> is held on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-Icons_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icons-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Boat_Club" title="Oxford University Boat Club">Oxford University Boat Club</a> wins the very first <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">boat race</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – First ascent of <a href="/wiki/Finsteraarhorn" title="Finsteraarhorn">Finsteraarhorn</a>, the highest summit of the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Alps" title="Bernese Alps">Bernese Alps</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_19" title="January 19">January 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernst_August_Friedrich_Klingemann" title="Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann">August Klingemann</a>'s adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Faust</a></i> premieres in <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong1881_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong1881-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1822-Millinery-shop-Paris-Chalon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1822-Millinery-shop-Paris-Chalon.jpg/160px-1822-Millinery-shop-Paris-Chalon.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1822-Millinery-shop-Paris-Chalon.jpg/240px-1822-Millinery-shop-Paris-Chalon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1822-Millinery-shop-Paris-Chalon.jpg/320px-1822-Millinery-shop-Paris-Chalon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>A millinery shop in Paris, 1822</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1820s_in_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1820s in fashion">1820s in fashion</a></div> <p>During the 1820s in European and European-influenced countries, fashionable women's clothing styles transitioned away from the classically influenced "Empire"/"Regency" styles of ca. <a href="/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1795–1820 in fashion">1795–1820</a> (with their relatively unconfining <a href="/wiki/Empire_silhouette" title="Empire silhouette">empire silhouette</a>) and re-adopted elements that had been characteristic of most of the 18th century (and were to be characteristic of the remainder of the 19th century), such as full skirts and clearly visible <a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">corseting</a> of the natural waist. </p><p>The silhouette of men's fashion changed in similar ways: by the mid-1820s <a href="/wiki/Coat_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat (clothing)">coats</a> featured broad shoulders with puffed sleeves, a narrow waist, and full skirts. <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">Trousers</a> were worn for smart day wear, while <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">breeches</a> continued in use at court and in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – <a href="/wiki/Feral_child" title="Feral child">Feral child</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Hauser" title="Kaspar Hauser">Kaspar Hauser</a> is discovered in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, Germany.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Jean-François Champollion</a> cracks the <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyphic code</a> by using the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishments">Establishments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Establishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a>, 1820 – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Cronan%27s_Boys_National_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Cronan's Boys National School">Saint Cronan's Boys National School</a> opens in <a href="/wiki/Bray,_County_Wicklow" title="Bray, County Wicklow">Bray, County Wicklow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> under the title <i>Bray Male School</i>. It is the oldest school in Bray and its notable past pupils include the former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">president of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh">Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh</a>.</li> <li>1820: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> is founded as the Indiana State Seminary and renamed the Indiana College in 1846, to later be renamed <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a>, 1821 – <a href="/wiki/The_George_Washington_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The George Washington University">The George Washington University</a> is chartered as The Columbian College of the District of Columbia by President Monroe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a>, 1821 – The <a href="/wiki/New_Hampton_School" title="New Hampton School">New Hampton School</a> is founded in the United States state of <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a>, 1821 – <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aban_Palace" title="Aban Palace">Aban Palace</a> is completed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Lampeter" title="University of Wales, Lampeter">St David's College</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Lampeter" title="University of Wales, Lampeter">University of Wales, Lampeter</a>) is founded by <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burgess_(bishop,_born_1756)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Burgess (bishop, born 1756)">Thomas Burgess</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – founding of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_St._Basil" title="Congregation of St. Basil">Congregation of St. Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a>, 1823 – <a href="/wiki/Raffles_Institution" title="Raffles Institution">Raffles Institution</a>, then the Singapore Institution, was founded by the founder of Singapore, Sir Stamford Raffles.</li> <li>1823 – Jackson Male Academy, precursor of <a href="/wiki/Union_University" title="Union University">Union University</a>, is founded in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>.</li> <li>1823 – The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a> is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">January 24</a>, 1824 – <a href="/wiki/The_Westminster_Review" title="The Westminster Review">The Westminster Review</a>, No1. is published.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a>, 1824 – <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</a> is established in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a>, 1824 – The <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> Town Council makes a decision to found the Edinburgh Municipal Fire Brigade, the first <a href="/wiki/Fire_brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire brigade">fire brigade</a> in Britain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a>, 1824 – <a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a> (the first <a href="/wiki/Technological_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological university">technological university</a> in the English-speaking world) is founded in <a href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy, New York</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a>, 1824 – The First American Fraternity, <a href="/wiki/Chi_Phi" title="Chi Phi">Chi Phi</a> (ΧΦ), is founded at Princeton University.</li> <li>1824 – The <i><a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_du_Montparnasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimetière du Montparnasse">Cimetière du Montparnasse</a></i> is established in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France.</li> <li>September 1825 – The <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Boat_Club" title="Lady Margaret Boat Club">Lady Margaret Boat Club</a> is founded by 12 members of <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">City of Brisbane</a> is founded (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brisbane" title="History of Brisbane">History of Brisbane</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> – The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> started a <a href="/wiki/Dead_letter_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead letter office">dead letter office</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">February 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> is founded, under the name <i>University of London</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – The <a href="/wiki/American_Temperance_Society" title="American Temperance Society">American Temperance Society</a> is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom%27s_Journal" title="Freedom's Journal">Freedom's Journal</a></i>, the first <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> owned and published newspaper in the United States, is founded in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Russwurm" class="mw-redirect" title="John Russwurm">John Russwurm</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> – <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cairo_University_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo University School of Medicine">Cairo University School of Medicine</a> is established as the first African medical school in the Middle East.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827" title="1827">1827</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">J. J. Audubon</a> begins publishing <i><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_America_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of America (book)">Birds of America</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Blanca" title="Bahía Blanca">Bahía Blanca</a> is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i> is founded as <i>The Pennsylvania Inquirer</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – <a href="/wiki/South_African_College" title="South African College">South African College</a> inaugurated in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> is founded under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">King George IV</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">The Duke of Wellington</a>. It will become the third official <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Chalmers_University_of_Technology" title="Chalmers University of Technology">Chalmers University of Technology</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disasters,_natural_events,_and_notable_mishaps"><span id="Disasters.2C_natural_events.2C_and_notable_mishaps"></span>Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a>, 1820 After the sinking of the <a href="/wiki/Essex_(1799_whaleship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Essex (1799 whaleship)">Essex (1799 whaleship)</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whale</a> the survivors were left floating in three small whaleboats. They eventually resorted, by common consent, to <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a> to allow some to survive.</li> <li>1820: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a> erupts over what is today Seattle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junk</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tek_Sing" title="Tek Sing">Tek Sing</a></i> sinks in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> with the loss of around 1600 people on board.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – 116 people die in the <a href="/wiki/Grue_Church_fire" title="Grue Church fire">Grue Church fire</a>, the biggest fire disaster in Norway's history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – An <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> raises the coastal area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a>, 1823 – The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> is almost completely destroyed by fire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a>, 1824 – In the worst flood to date in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, water rises 421 cm above normal and 200 lose their lives.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">October 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1825" title="1825">1825</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Miramichi_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Miramichi Fire">Miramichi Fire</a> breaks out in New Brunswick.</li> <li>August, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – The town of <a href="/wiki/Crawford_Notch" title="Crawford Notch">Crawford Notch</a> <a href="/wiki/Willey_House_(New_Hampshire)#1826_disaster" title="Willey House (New Hampshire)">suffers a landslide</a>, killing nine people. Those killed include seven members of the Willey family, after whom <a href="/wiki/Mount_Willey" title="Mount Willey">Mount Willey</a> is named.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> kills approximately 10,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>, Japan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1820: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> receives his <a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a> in the spring in <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmyra (town), New York">Palmyra, New York</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a>, 1823 – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> says that he was directed by God through the angel Moroni to the place where the <a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">Golden plates</a> are stored.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">February 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a> writes the <a href="/wiki/Shikshapatri" title="Shikshapatri">Shikshapatri</a>, an important text within the <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaminarayan faith">Swaminarayan faith</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – The last <i><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">auto-da-fé</a></i> is held in <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia, Spain</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_31" title="March 31">March 31</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pope Pius VIII</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Pope Leo XII</a> as the 253rd <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Act_1829" title="Metropolitan Police Act 1829">Metropolitan Police Act</a> establishes the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a> in London, the first modern police force. The first officers, known by the nicknames "bobbies" or "peelers", go on patrol on <a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authors">Authors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Neal" title="John Neal">John Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Shelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Shelly">Percy Shelly</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composers">Composers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Composers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolo_Paganini" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolo Paganini">Nicolo Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Chopin" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Chopin">Frederic Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820s&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RicKlefs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RicKlefs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RicKlefs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. C. RicKlefs: <i>A History of modern Indonesia since 1300</i>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.san.beck.org/20-9-Siam,Laos,Cambodia1800-1950.html">"Siam, Cambodia, and Laos 1800-1950 by Sanderson Beck"</a>. <i>www.san.beck.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.san.beck.org&rft.atitle=Siam%2C+Cambodia%2C+and+Laos+1800-1950+by+Sanderson+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.san.beck.org%2F20-9-Siam%2CLaos%2CCambodia1800-1950.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordin_Hussin2007" class="citation book cs1">Nordin Hussin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=64xZZ3gbajMC&pg=PA188"><i>Trade and Society in the Straits of Melaka: Dutch Melaka And English Penang, 1780–1830</i></a>. NIAS Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-91114-88-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-91114-88-5"><bdi>978-87-91114-88-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+and+Society+in+the+Straits+of+Melaka%3A+Dutch+Melaka+And+English+Penang%2C+1780%E2%80%931830&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=NIAS+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-87-91114-88-5&rft.au=Nordin+Hussin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D64xZZ3gbajMC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Athelstane_Swettenham" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Athelstane Swettenham">Frank Athelstane Swettenham</a>, <i>Map to Illustrate the Siamese Question</i> (1893) p. 62; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/apf3019.0001.001.umich.edu#page/62/mode/2up">archive.org.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-app-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-app_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLt._Gen._Sir_Arthur_P._Phayre1967" class="citation book cs1">Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre (1967). <i>History of Burma</i> (Second ed.). London: Susil Gupta. pp. <span class="nowrap">236–</span>247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Burma&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Susil+Gupta&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Lt.+Gen.+Sir+Arthur+P.+Phayre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._G._E._Hall1960" class="citation book cs1">D. G. E. Hall (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050519230755/http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/Burma/bur_history.pdf"><i>Burma</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hutchinson University Library. pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>113. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/Burma/bur_history.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2005-05-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=Hutchinson+University+Library&rft.date=1960&rft.au=D.+G.+E.+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmission.itu.ch%2FMISSIONS%2FMyanmar%2FBurma%2Fbur_history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Penguin Pocket On This Day</i>. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102715-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102715-0"><bdi>0-14-102715-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+Pocket+On+This+Day&rft.pub=Penguin+Reference+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-14-102715-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022105528/http://app.parlamento.pt/site_antigo/ingles/constitucionalism/const_monarchy/index.html">"The Constitutional Monarchy"</a>. <i>Assembly of the Republic of Portugal</i>. 2013-10-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://app.parlamento.pt/site_antigo/ingles/constitucionalism/const_monarchy/index.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assembly+of+the+Republic+of+Portugal&rft.atitle=The+Constitutional+Monarchy&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapp.parlamento.pt%2Fsite_antigo%2Fingles%2Fconstitucionalism%2Fconst_monarchy%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodhouse, <i>A Story of Modern Greece</i>, 'The Dark Age of Greece (1453–1800)', p. 113, Faber and Faber (1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1436276/Greek-Independence-Day">"Greek Independence Day"</a>. www.britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-09</span></span>. <q>The Greek revolt was precipitated on March 25 (April 6 in Gregorian Calendar), 1821, when Bishop Germanos of Patras raised the flag of revolution over the Monastery of Agia Lavra in the Peloponnese. The cry "Freedom or Death" became the motto of the revolution. The Greeks experienced early successes on the battlefield, including the capture of Athens in June 1822, but infighting ensued.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Independence+Day.&rft.pub=www.britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1436276%2FGreek-Independence-Day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazee,_Charles_A.1969" class="citation book cs1">Frazee, Charles A. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orthodoxchurchin0000fraz/page/18"><i>The Orthodox Church and independent Greece, 1821–1852</i></a>. CUP Archive. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orthodoxchurchin0000fraz/page/18">18–20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07247-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07247-6"><bdi>0-521-07247-6</bdi></a>. <q>On 25 March, Germanos gave the revolution its great symbol when he raised a banner with the cross on it at the monastery of Ayia Lavra.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church+and+independent+Greece%2C+1821%E2%80%931852&rft.pages=18-20&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-521-07247-6&rft.au=Frazee%2C+Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forthodoxchurchin0000fraz%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManners,_John2001" class="citation book cs1">McManners, John (2001). <i>The Oxford illustrated history of Christianity</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">521–</span>524. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285439-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285439-9"><bdi>0-19-285439-9</bdi></a>. <q>The Greek uprising and the church. Bishop Germanos of old Patras blesses the Greek banner at the outset of the national revolt against the Turks on 25 March 1821. The solemnity of the scene was enhanced two decades later in this painting by T. Vryzakis….The fact that one of the Greek bishops, Germanos of Old Patras, had enthusiastically blessed the Greek uprising at the onset (25 March 1821) and had thereby helped to unleash a holy war, was not to gain the church a satisfactory, let alone a dominant, role in the new order of things.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+illustrated+history+of+Christianity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E521-%3C%2Fspan%3E524&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-285439-9&rft.au=McManners%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818124242/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">"Largest Cities Through History"</a>. <i>About.com Geography</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Geography&rft.atitle=Largest+Cities+Through+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa011201a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historic_US_Census_data-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historic_US_Census_data_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historic_US_Census_data_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopulation_Division" class="citation web cs1">Population Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/hiscendata.html">"Selected Historical Decennial Census Population and Housing Counts"</a>. US Census.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+Historical+Decennial+Census+Population+and+Housing+Counts&rft.pub=US+Census&rft.au=Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fcensusdata%2Fhiscendata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, 1966, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-const.1824-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-const.1824_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318225631/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html">"Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html">the original</a> on March 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Constitution+of+the+United+Mexican+States+%281824%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftarlton.law.utexas.edu%2Fconstitutions%2Ftext%2F1824index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Majestic_Life_of_President_Vicente_Ramon_Guerrero-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Majestic_Life_of_President_Vicente_Ramon_Guerrero_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz" class="citation web cs1">Katz, William Loren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/guerrero.html">"The Majestic Life of President Vicente Ramon Guerrero"</a>. William Loren Katz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Majestic+Life+of+President+Vicente+Ramon+Guerrero&rft.pub=William+Loren+Katz&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=William+Loren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwo.com%2F~lucumi%2Fguerrero.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZsAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA717"><i>British and Foreign State Papers</i></a>. Great Britain. Foreign Office. 1829 – via Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+and+Foreign+State+Papers&rft.pub=Great+Britain.+Foreign+Office&rft.date=1829&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZsAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000124/http://home.zonnet.nl/daniellerenkema/25ste-pagina.html">"Onderzoekers in actie: Peter van Dam De geschiedenis van de firma Van Houten Cacao"</a> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.zonnet.nl/daniellerenkema/25ste-pagina.html">the original</a> on 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Onderzoekers+in+actie%3A+Peter+van+Dam+De+geschiedenis+van+de+firma+Van+Houten+Cacao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.zonnet.nl%2Fdaniellerenkema%2F25ste-pagina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwdry,_Christopher1990" class="citation book cs1">Awdry, Christopher (1990). <i>Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies</i>. Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85260-049-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85260-049-7"><bdi>1-85260-049-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+British+Railway+Companies&rft.place=Wellingborough&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens+Ltd&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-85260-049-7&rft.au=Awdry%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/241709/Granite-Railway">"Granite Railway"</a>. <i>Britannica Online Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steamship+Cura%C3%A7ao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vrcurassow.com%2F2dvrc%2Fsscuracao%2Fsscuracao.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Icons-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Icons_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Icons_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922055840/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840">"Icons, a portrait of England 1820–1840"</a>. 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Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7230-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7230-2"><bdi>978-0-8057-7230-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Neal&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-7230-2&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrove1904" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Grove" title="George Grove">Grove, George</a> (1 October 1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2346693">"Mendelssohn's Scotch Symphony"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i>. <b>45</b> (740): 644. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F904111">10.2307/904111</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/904111">904111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=Mendelssohn%27s+Scotch+Symphony&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=740&rft.pages=644&rft.date=1904-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F904111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F904111%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grove&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2346693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127133710/http://www.theboatrace.org/article/introduction/history">"Origins Of The Boat Races"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theboatrace.org/origins">the original</a> on November 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+Of+The+Boat+Races&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheboatrace.org%2Forigins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong1881-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong1881_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Acland_Armstrong1881" class="citation book cs1">Richard Acland Armstrong (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernreview01armsgoog"><i>The Modern review</i></a>. J. Clarke & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernreview01armsgoog/page/n163">152</a>–<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+review&rft.pages=152-&rft.pub=J.+Clarke+%26+Co.&rft.date=1881&rft.au=Richard+Acland+Armstrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernreview01armsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1820s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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