Filicophyta — Wikipédia

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</div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigation utilisateur"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Filicophyta</i></h1> <div class="tagline"> groupe de plantes </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" 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href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> <span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirigé depuis <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Foug%C3%A8re&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fougère">Fougère</a>)</span> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p id="sous_titre_h1" class="noexcerpt">Fougères</p> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Redirection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Redirection"><img alt="Page d’aide sur les redirections" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/20px-Arrows-move.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/30px-Arrows-move.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/40px-Arrows-move.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="88"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>«  Fougère » redirige ici. Pour les autres significations, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re_(homonymie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Fougère (homonymie)">Fougère (homonymie)</a>.</p> </div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r204255952">.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3{font-size:0.99em}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3 .entete,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3 caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3 p.bloc{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3 th{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.bordered th[scope=row],.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.bordered td{padding-bottom:4px;border-top:1px solid #ededed}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.animal .entete{background-color:LightSalmon}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.animal caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.animal p.bloc{background-color:Bisque}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.plante .entete{background-color:lightgreen}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.plante caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.plante p.bloc{background-color:#ccffcc}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.champignon .entete{background-color:SkyBlue}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.champignon caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.champignon p.bloc{background-color:PowderBlue}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.test .entete{background-color:#50a0a0}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.test caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.test p.bloc{background-color:#70c0c0}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.algue .entete{background-color:MediumAquamarine}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.algue caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.algue p.bloc{background-color:#bfffe6}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.archaea .entete{background-color:darkgray}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.archaea caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.archaea p.bloc{background-color:lightgray}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.protiste .entete{background-color:khaki}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.protiste caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.protiste p.bloc{background-color:PaleGoldenrod}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.virus .entete{background-color:#d1d1f9}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.virus caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.virus p.bloc{background-color:Lavender}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.neutre .entete{background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.neutre caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.neutre p.bloc{background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.bacterie .entete,.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.eucaryote .entete,.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.procaryote .entete{background-color:lightgrey}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.bacterie caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.bacterie p.bloc,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.eucaryote caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.eucaryote p.bloc,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.procaryote caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.procaryote p.bloc{background-color:#e6e6e6}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3 .taxobox_classification{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3 .taxobox_classification .rnormal,.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.zoologie .taxobox_classification .normal,.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3 th[scope="row"]{font-style:normal}</style> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large taxobox_v3 plante bordered" style="width:20em"> <div class="entete" style=""> <div> <i>Filicophyta</i> </div> </div> <div class="images"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Dicksonia_antarctica_at_Conservatoire_botanique_national_de_Brest.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dicksonia_antarctica_at_Conservatoire_botanique_national_de_Brest.jpg/240px-Dicksonia_antarctica_at_Conservatoire_botanique_national_de_Brest.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dicksonia_antarctica_at_Conservatoire_botanique_national_de_Brest.jpg/360px-Dicksonia_antarctica_at_Conservatoire_botanique_national_de_Brest.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dicksonia_antarctica_at_Conservatoire_botanique_national_de_Brest.jpg/480px-Dicksonia_antarctica_at_Conservatoire_botanique_national_de_Brest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></a></span> </div> <div class="legend"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dicksonia_antarctica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dicksonia antarctica">Fougères arborescentes</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservatoire_botanique_national_de_Brest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservatoire botanique national de Brest">Conservatoire botanique national de Brest</a>. </div> <table class="taxobox_classification"> <caption style=""> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classification_scientifique_des_esp%C3%A8ces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classification scientifique des espèces">Classification</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A8gne_(biologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Règne (biologie)">Règne</a></th> <td><span class="normal"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plante">Plantae</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sous-r%C3%A8gne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sous-règne">Sous-règne</a></th> <td><span class="normal"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viridiplantae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infra-r%C3%A8gne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infra-règne">Infra-règne</a></th> <td><span class="normal"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streptophyta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Super-division?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-division">Super-division</a></th> <td><span class="normal"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embryophyta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Division_(biologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Division (biologie)">Division</a></th> <td><span class="normal"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tracheophyta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tracheophyta">Tracheophyta</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classe_(biologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classe (biologie)">Classe</a></th> <td><span class="normal"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polypodiopsida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypodiopsida">Polypodiopsida</a></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="bloc">— non classé —</p> <div class="center taxobox_classification"> <b><span class="normal"><i>Filicophyta</i></span></b><br><span class="rnormal"><small><b></b></small></span> </div> </div> <p>Les <b>Fougères</b> ou <b>Filicophytes</b> (<i><b>Filicophyta</b></i>) sont une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sous-division?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sous-division">sous-division</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cryptogame?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cryptogame">cryptogames</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tracheophyta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tracheophyta">vasculaires</a>. Elles comportent environ 13 000 <abbr class="abbr" title="espèces"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esp%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espèce">espèces</a></abbr>, le plus grand <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embranchement_(biologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Embranchement (biologie)">embranchement</a> végétal après les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angiosperme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angiosperme">Angiospermes</a>. On rencontre environ les trois quarts des espèces dans les régions tropicales et une bonne proportion de ces fougères tropicales est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89piphyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épiphyte">épiphyte</a>. Leurs modes de reproduction les confinent dans les milieux humides.</p> <p>L'ancienne division (paraphylétique) des Ptéridophytes <i>(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pteridophyta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></i>) comprend, outre les fougères à proprement parler, les Psilophytes <i>(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psilotopsida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Psilotopsida">Psilophyta</a>)</i> qui sont aujourd’hui rapprochées des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ophioglossaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ophioglossaceae">Ophioglossophytes</a>, mais aussi les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equisetidae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Equisetidae">Sphénophytes</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lycopodiophyta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycophytes</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Appareil_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tatif"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Appareil végétatif</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Racines_et_tige"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Racines et tige</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Frondes"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Frondes</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Appareil_reproducteur"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Appareil reproducteur</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89cologie"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Écologie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Syst%C3%A9matique"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Systématique</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Taxonomie"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Taxonomie</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Phylog%C3%A9nie"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Phylogénie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire_%C3%A9volutive"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire évolutive</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Génétique</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_foug%C3%A8res_et_l'Homme"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Les fougères et l'Homme</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religions,_croyances_et_traditions"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Religions, croyances et traditions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_pt%C3%A9ridomanie"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">La ptéridomanie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Symbolique"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Symbolique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Alimentation_humaine"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Alimentation humaine</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Annexes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Annexes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ouvrages_de_botanique"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ouvrages de botanique</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sur_les_foug%C3%A8res_dans_la_culture"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sur les fougères dans la culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Athyrium_filix-femina0.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Athyrium_filix-femina0.jpg/220px-Athyrium_filix-femina0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Athyrium_filix-femina0.jpg/220px-Athyrium_filix-femina0.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Athyrium_filix-femina0.jpg/330px-Athyrium_filix-femina0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Athyrium_filix-femina0.jpg/440px-Athyrium_filix-femina0.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fronde_(botanique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9veloppement" title="Fronde (botanique)">Crosses</a> d'une fougère. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Morphologiquement, le sporophyte des fougères présente une assez grande diversité. Certaines fougères arborescentes peuvent dépasser 20 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr> de hauteur, mais leur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stipe_(faux-tronc)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stipe (faux-tronc)">stipe</a> ne présente pas de croissance secondaire en épaisseur.</p> <p>Le sporophyte est la fougère telle que nous la connaissons. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gam%C3%A9tophyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gamétophyte">gamétophyte</a> est une génération indépendante, qui prend la forme d'une lame aplatie de taille réduite, appelée <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prothalle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prothalle">prothalle</a>, qui disparaît au cours de la croissance du sporophyte. La plupart des fougères actuelles sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isosporie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isosporie">isosporées</a>, c'est-à-dire que le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sporophyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a> ne donne qu'une seule sorte de spores asexuées qui, après germination, produisent le prothalle asexué portant des organes reproducteurs sexués : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arch%C3%A9gone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archégone">archégones</a> femelles et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anth%C3%A9ridie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthéridie">anthéridies</a> mâles. De la fécondation des archégones naît le sporophyte. Le sporophyte produit des macrospores femelles, produisant des gamétophytes femelles porteurs d'archégones, et des microspores mâles, produisant des gamétophytes mâles porteurs d'anthéridies.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Appareil_végétatif"><span id="Appareil_v.C3.A9g.C3.A9tatif"></span>Appareil végétatif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Appareil végétatif" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Racines_et_tige">Racines et tige</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Racines et tige" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les racines, fibreuses, sont reliées à la base de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tige?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tige">tige</a> qui se présente sous forme de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhizome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhizome">rhizome</a> ou de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Souche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Souche">souche</a>. Ce rhizome peut être rampant ou dressé, et porte les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fronde_(botanique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fronde (botanique)">frondes</a>. Il est de dimension variable et peut porter des écailles (feuilles avortées). Chez certaines espèces (ex : <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pteridium_aquilinum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pteridium aquilinum">Pteridium aquilinum</a></i>), ce rhizome peut participer à une importante reproduction asexuée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multiplication_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multiplication végétative">multiplication végétative</a>. La tige peut être à la surface du sol (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9micryptophyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hémicryptophyte">hémicryptophytes</a>) ou souterraine, le plus souvent à faible profondeur (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9ophyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géophyte">géophytes</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Rameau_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rameau-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Tiges et racines possèdent des vaisseaux conducteurs (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xyl%C3%A8me?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xylème">xylème</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phlo%C3%A8me?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phloème">phloème</a>), ce qui place les Fougères parmi les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tracheophyta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tracheophyta">végétaux vasculaires</a>, contrairement aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bryophyta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bryophyta">mousses</a>. Cependant, les Fougères ne produisent pas de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9rist%C3%A8me?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méristème">tissus secondaires</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Frondes">Frondes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Frondes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fronde_(botanique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fronde (botanique)">fronde</a>. </div> </div> <p>Les feuilles bien développées, ou frondes, sont de grande dimension, souvent <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forme_foliaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Compositions_penn%C3%A9es" title="Forme foliaire">composées pennées</a>, à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9foliation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Préfoliation">préfoliation</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circin%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Circiné">circinée</a> (c'est-à-dire en forme de crosse) et dotées d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9tiole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pétiole">pétiole</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Etude_de_foug%C3%A8re_scolopendre_par_Henri_Berg%C3%A9.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Etude_de_foug%C3%A8re_scolopendre_par_Henri_Berg%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Etude_de_foug%C3%A8re_scolopendre_par_Henri_Berg%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="596"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Etude_de_foug%C3%A8re_scolopendre_par_Henri_Berg%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Etude_de_foug%C3%A8re_scolopendre_par_Henri_Berg%C3%A9.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Etude_de_foug%C3%A8re_scolopendre_par_Henri_Berg%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Etude_de_foug%C3%A8re_scolopendre_par_Henri_Berg%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Etude_de_foug%C3%A8re_scolopendre_par_Henri_Berg%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Etude_de_foug%C3%A8re_scolopendre_par_Henri_Berg%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scolopendre_(foug%C3%A8re)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scolopendre (fougère)">Fougère scolopendre</a>, début du XXe siècle, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Berg%C3%A9_(illustrateur)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Bergé (illustrateur)">Henri Bergé</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27%C3%89cole_de_Nancy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musée de l'École de Nancy">musée de l'Ecole de Nancy</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbe_foliaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limbe foliaire">limbe foliaire</a> peut être entier (ex : <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scolopendre_(foug%C3%A8re)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scolopendre (fougère)">Asplenium scolopendrium</a></i>), lobé (ex : <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polypodium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polypodium">Polypodium</a></i>) ou divisé en pennes appelés segments ou divisions (ex : limbe penné de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asplenium_trichomanes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asplenium trichomanes">Asplenium trichomanes</a></i>, limbe bi ou tripenné de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pteridium_aquilinum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pteridium aquilinum">Pteridium aquilinum</a></i>), les lobes et segments pouvant être décurrents ou confluents. Dans le cas d'une fronde divisée, le terme de pétiole est réservé à la partie inférieure avant le limbe ; il se prolonge par le rachis qui porte les segments<sup id="cite_ref-Rameau_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rameau-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les frondes peuvent être toutes identiques, ou présenter un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dimorphisme_sexuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dimorphisme sexuel">dimorphisme</a> entre les frondes stériles, structures végétatives dédiées à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photosynth%C3%A8se?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photosynthèse">photosynthèse</a>, et les frondes fertiles ou repoductrices portant les organes reproducteurs asexués, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sore_(botanique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sore (botanique)">sores</a> (phénomène d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9t%C3%A9rophyllie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hétérophyllie">hétérophyllie</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La tige peut être courte (la fougère a alors un port <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cespiteux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cespiteux">cespiteux</a> avec des frondes groupées) ou longue (la fougère a un port rhizomateux avec des frondes espacées)<sup id="cite_ref-Rameau_1-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rameau-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Organisation_Pteridophyta.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Organisation_Pteridophyta.PNG/370px-Organisation_Pteridophyta.PNG" decoding="async" width="370" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="445"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 370px;height: 205px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Organisation_Pteridophyta.PNG/370px-Organisation_Pteridophyta.PNG" data-width="370" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Organisation_Pteridophyta.PNG/555px-Organisation_Pteridophyta.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Organisation_Pteridophyta.PNG/740px-Organisation_Pteridophyta.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Schéma d'une fougère type (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polypodiales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polypodiales">Polypodiales</a>). </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Appareil_reproducteur">Appareil reproducteur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Appareil reproducteur" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les fougères ne produisent pas de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graine">graines</a>, contrairement aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spermatophytina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spermatophytina">Spermatophytes</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gymnosperme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gymnosperme">Gymnospermes</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angiosperme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angiosperme">Angiospermes</a>), mais se reproduisent grâce à des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spore">spores</a>.</p> <p>Les spores sont produites par des organes spécialisés. Le plus souvent il s'agit de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sore_(botanique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sore (botanique)">sores</a>, qui sont des amas de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sporange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sporange">sporanges</a>, situés sous le limbe des frondes ou regroupés en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89pi_(botanique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épi (botanique)">épi</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panicule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panicule">panicule</a> sur des frondes fertiles (cas des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osmunda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osmunda">Osmunda</a></i> et <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ophioglossum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ophioglossum">Ophioglossum</a></i>). <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite une référence (demandé le octobre 2010)." style="cursor:help;">Un amas contient 80 sporanges dans lesquels il y a 64 spores</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[réf. nécessaire]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les Hydropteridales ne portent pas de sores, mais des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sporocarpe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporocarpe">sporocarpes</a>.</p> <p>Les spores peuvent être de forme variée : linéaire, circulaire ou en forme de U (ou réniforme). Elles peuvent être ou non protégées par une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indusie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indusie">indusie</a>.</p> <p>Les Fougères disposent d'un mécanisme original d'éjection des spores, qui sont projetées par une sorte de fronde microscopique<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Écologie"><span id=".C3.89cologie"></span>Écologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Écologie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:CyatheaIntermedia.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/CyatheaIntermedia.JPG/220px-CyatheaIntermedia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1482"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 305px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/CyatheaIntermedia.JPG/220px-CyatheaIntermedia.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="305" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/CyatheaIntermedia.JPG/330px-CyatheaIntermedia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/CyatheaIntermedia.JPG/440px-CyatheaIntermedia.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Fougères arborescentes (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyathea_intermedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyathea intermedia">Cyathea intermedia</a></i>) de la forêt de La Thy (Nouvelle-Calédonie) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Dicksonia_antarctica15_kew.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dicksonia_antarctica15_kew.jpg/220px-Dicksonia_antarctica15_kew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dicksonia_antarctica15_kew.jpg/220px-Dicksonia_antarctica15_kew.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dicksonia_antarctica15_kew.jpg/330px-Dicksonia_antarctica15_kew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dicksonia_antarctica15_kew.jpg/440px-Dicksonia_antarctica15_kew.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dicksonia_antarctica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dicksonia antarctica">Dicksonia antarctica</a></i> (Palm House, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jardins_botaniques_royaux_de_Kew?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jardins botaniques royaux de Kew">jardins botaniques royaux de Kew</a>, Londres, Royaume-Uni) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Cystopteris_fragilis_kz1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cystopteris_fragilis_kz1.jpg/220px-Cystopteris_fragilis_kz1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="1033"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cystopteris_fragilis_kz1.jpg/220px-Cystopteris_fragilis_kz1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cystopteris_fragilis_kz1.jpg/330px-Cystopteris_fragilis_kz1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cystopteris_fragilis_kz1.jpg/440px-Cystopteris_fragilis_kz1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cystopteris_fragilis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cystopteris fragilis">Cystopteris fragilis</a></i> (Pologne) </figcaption> </figure> <p>Les fougères ont généralement besoin d'une assez grande quantité d'eau, toutefois certaines espèces <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/X%C3%A9rophile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xérophile">xérophiles</a> supportent bien la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9cheresse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sécheresse">sécheresse</a>. Certaines montrent même un phénomène de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cryptobiose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cryptobiose">revivescence</a> : elles semblent mortes par grande sécheresse, mais reprennent leur croissance lorsqu'elle sont réhydratées. L'eau est néanmoins indispensable dans le cycle de développement des fougères car les sporanges ne peuvent s'ouvrir qu'en présence d'un taux d'humidité atmosphérique suffisant, les spores ne peuvent germer que sur un substrat humide et sans eau la fécondation est impossible. C'est pourquoi les précipitations constituent le principal facteur qui détermine la répartition géographique des Fougères.</p> <p>Certaines espèces font partie des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esp%C3%A8ce_pionni%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espèce pionnière">plantes pionnières</a> après une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ruption_volcanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éruption volcanique">éruption volcanique</a>, sur les glissements de terrain, telles les <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyatheaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyatheaceae">Cyatheaceae</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les Fougères sont plus représentées dans les pays chauds, tout en recherchant à la fois la chaleur et l'humidité. Ce sont plutôt des plantes d'ombre et elles colonisent surtout des sols à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potentiel_hydrog%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potentiel hydrogène">pH</a> neutre à faiblement acide, mais il existe aussi des espèces acidophiles et d'autres basiphiles. Dans les forêts équatoriales ombrophiles, on trouve plusieurs espèces <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89piphyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épiphyte">épiphytes</a>.</p> <p>Un lieu colonisé par les fougères est appelé une « fougeraie ».</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Ferns_and_moss_on_an_old_wall_4.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Polypode commun, espèce saxicole."> <noscript> <img alt="Polypode commun, espèce saxicole." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ferns_and_moss_on_an_old_wall_4.jpg/281px-Ferns_and_moss_on_an_old_wall_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5123" data-file-height="3285"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 188px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ferns_and_moss_on_an_old_wall_4.jpg/281px-Ferns_and_moss_on_an_old_wall_4.jpg" data-alt="Polypode commun, espèce saxicole." data-width="188" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ferns_and_moss_on_an_old_wall_4.jpg/421px-Ferns_and_moss_on_an_old_wall_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ferns_and_moss_on_an_old_wall_4.jpg/562px-Ferns_and_moss_on_an_old_wall_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polypode_commun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polypode commun">Polypode commun</a>, espèce <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxicole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxicole">saxicole</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Dryopteris.filix-mas.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="La Fougère mâle se développe dans les bois et ravins humides."> <noscript> <img alt="La Fougère mâle se développe dans les bois et ravins humides." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dryopteris.filix-mas.jpg/271px-Dryopteris.filix-mas.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 181px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dryopteris.filix-mas.jpg/271px-Dryopteris.filix-mas.jpg" data-alt="La Fougère mâle se développe dans les bois et ravins humides." data-width="181" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dryopteris.filix-mas.jpg/407px-Dryopteris.filix-mas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dryopteris.filix-mas.jpg/542px-Dryopteris.filix-mas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dryopteris_filix-mas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dryopteris filix-mas">Fougère mâle</a> se développe dans les bois et ravins humides. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Jona_-_Tannertobel_IMG_5603.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Polystichum aculeatum aime les stations fraîches."> <noscript> <img alt="Polystichum aculeatum aime les stations fraîches." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jona_-_Tannertobel_IMG_5603.JPG/240px-Jona_-_Tannertobel_IMG_5603.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jona_-_Tannertobel_IMG_5603.JPG/240px-Jona_-_Tannertobel_IMG_5603.JPG" data-alt="Polystichum aculeatum aime les stations fraîches." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jona_-_Tannertobel_IMG_5603.JPG/360px-Jona_-_Tannertobel_IMG_5603.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jona_-_Tannertobel_IMG_5603.JPG/480px-Jona_-_Tannertobel_IMG_5603.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polystichum_aculeatum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polystichum aculeatum">Polystichum aculeatum</a></i> aime les stations fraîches. </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Systématique"><span id="Syst.C3.A9matique"></span>Systématique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Systématique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Taxonomie">Taxonomie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Taxonomie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Osmunda_regalis0.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Osmunda_regalis0.jpg/220px-Osmunda_regalis0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Osmunda_regalis0.jpg/220px-Osmunda_regalis0.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Osmunda_regalis0.jpg/330px-Osmunda_regalis0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Osmunda_regalis0.jpg/440px-Osmunda_regalis0.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Panicules de sores d'<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osmonde_royale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osmonde royale">Osmunda regalis</a></i> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Fern_leaves.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Fern_leaves.jpg/220px-Fern_leaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="2014"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Fern_leaves.jpg/220px-Fern_leaves.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Fern_leaves.jpg/330px-Fern_leaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Fern_leaves.jpg/440px-Fern_leaves.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Fronde de fougère. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Phymatosorus_scolopendria.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Phymatosorus_scolopendria.jpg/220px-Phymatosorus_scolopendria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Phymatosorus_scolopendria.jpg/220px-Phymatosorus_scolopendria.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Phymatosorus_scolopendria.jpg/330px-Phymatosorus_scolopendria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Phymatosorus_scolopendria.jpg/440px-Phymatosorus_scolopendria.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Phymatodes_scolopendria&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Phymatodes scolopendria (page inexistante)">Phymatodes scolopendria</a></i> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Azolla_pinnata2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Azolla_pinnata2.jpg/220px-Azolla_pinnata2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Azolla_pinnata2.jpg/220px-Azolla_pinnata2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Azolla_pinnata2.jpg/330px-Azolla_pinnata2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Azolla_pinnata2.jpg/440px-Azolla_pinnata2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azolla_pinnata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azolla pinnata">Azolla pinnata</a></i>, une fougère aquatique </figcaption> </figure> <p>L'étude de la formation des sporanges conduit à classer les fougères en deux grands groupes :</p> <ul> <li>Les fougères <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glossaire_botanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#E" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossaire botanique">eusporangiées</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marattiales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiales">Marattiales</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ophioglossales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophioglossales">Ophioglossales</a> (dont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ophioglossaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ophioglossaceae">Ophioglossophytes</a>)</li> </ul></li> <li>Les fougères <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glossaire_botanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossaire botanique">leptosporangiées</a> <ul> <li>Les fougères <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glossaire_botanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossaire botanique">isosporées</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polypodiales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polypodiales">Polypodiales</a></li> </ul></li> <li>Les fougères <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glossaire_botanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossaire botanique">hétérosporées</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydropteridales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydropteridales">Hydropteridales</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> <p>Les relations phylogénétiques entre les différentes familles de fougères font encore l'objet de discussions et la classification suivante est donnée à titre d'exemple:</p> <ul> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marattiidae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiidae">Marattiidae</a></i> <ul> <li>ordre des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marattiales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marattiales">Marattiales</a></i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marattiaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marattiaceae">Marattiaceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ophioglossidae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ophioglossidae">Ophioglossidae</a></i> <ul> <li>ordre des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ophioglossales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophioglossales">Ophioglossales</a></i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ophioglossaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ophioglossaceae">Ophioglossaceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polypodiidae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polypodiidae">Polypodiidae</a></i> <ul> <li>ordre des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hymenophyllales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymenophyllales">Hymenophyllales</a></i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hymenophyllaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hymenophyllaceae">Hymenophyllaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hymenophyllopsidaceae&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hymenophyllopsidaceae (page inexistante)">Hymenophyllopsidaceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> <li>ordre des <i>Osmundales</i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osmundaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osmundaceae">Osmundaceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> <li>ordre des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gleicheniales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gleicheniales">Gleicheniales</a></i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gleicheniaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gleicheniaceae">Gleicheniaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Platyzomataceae&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Platyzomataceae (page inexistante)">Platyzomataceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matoniaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matoniaceae">Matoniaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Stromatopteridaceae&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Stromatopteridaceae (page inexistante)">Stromatopteridaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dipteridaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dipteridaceae">Dipteridaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cheiropleuriaceae&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cheiropleuriaceae (page inexistante)">Cheiropleuriaceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> <li>ordre des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schizaeales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schizaeales">Schizaeales</a></i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schizaeaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schizaeaceae">Schizaeaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lygodiaceae&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lygodiaceae (page inexistante)">Lygodiaceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> <li>ordre des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plagiogyriales&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Plagiogyriales (page inexistante)">Plagiogyriales</a></i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plagiogyriaceae&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Plagiogyriaceae (page inexistante)">Plagiogyriaceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> <li>ordre des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dicksoniales&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dicksoniales (page inexistante)">Dicksoniales</a></i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dicksoniaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dicksoniaceae">Dicksoniaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dennstaedtiaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dennstaedtiaceae">Dennstaedtiaceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> <li>ordre des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyatheales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyatheales">Cyatheales</a></i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyatheaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyatheaceae">Cyatheaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Metaxyaceae&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Metaxyaceae (page inexistante)">Metaxyaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Loxsomataceae&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Loxsomataceae (page inexistante)">Loxsomataceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> <li>ordre des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marsileales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsileales">Marsileales</a></i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marsileaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marsileaceae">Marsileaceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> <li>ordre des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salviniales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salviniales">Salviniales</a></i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salviniaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salviniaceae">Salviniaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azollaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azollaceae">Azollaceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> <li>ordre des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pteridales&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pteridales (page inexistante)">Pteridales</a></i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Actinopteridaceae&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Actinopteridaceae (page inexistante)">Actinopteridaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adiantaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiantaceae">Adiantaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Parkeriaceae&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Parkeriaceae (page inexistante)">Parkeriaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pteridaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pteridaceae">Pteridaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vittariaceae&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vittariaceae (page inexistante)">Vittariaceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> <li>ordre des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Blechnales&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Blechnales (page inexistante)">Blechnales</a></i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blechnaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blechnaceae">Blechnaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspleniaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspleniaceae">Aspleniaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dryopteridaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dryopteridaceae">Dryopteridaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lomariopsidaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lomariopsidaceae">Lomariopsidaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thelypteridaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thelypteridaceae">Thelypteridaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodsiaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodsiaceae">Woodsiaceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> <li>ordre des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Davalliales&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Davalliales (page inexistante)">Davalliales</a></i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Davalliaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Davalliaceae">Davalliaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oleandraceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleandraceae">Oleandraceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> <li>ordre des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polypodiales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polypodiales">Polypodiales</a></i> <ul> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polypodiac%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypodiacée">Polypodiaceae</a></i></li> <li>famille des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammitidaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammitidaceae">Grammitidaceae</a></i></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> <p>Les études récentes ont conduit à séparer les <i>Ophioglossales</i> des autres fougères et à créer l'embranchement des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ophioglossaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ophioglossaceae">Ophioglossophyta</a></i>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Phylogénie"><span id="Phylog.C3.A9nie"></span>Phylogénie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Phylogénie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Phylogénie des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pteridophyta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pteridophyta">Ptéridophytes</a> actuelles d'après le <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group">Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group</a></i> (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-PPGI_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PPGI-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> :</p> <table border="0" style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0em;"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tracheophyta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tracheophyta">Tracheophyta</a></i>  <span style="position:absolute; bottom:-11px; right:-8px; z-index:5;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:City_locator_4.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/City_locator_4.svg/16px-City_locator_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/City_locator_4.svg/16px-City_locator_4.svg.png" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/City_locator_4.svg/24px-City_locator_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/City_locator_4.svg/32px-City_locator_4.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;">      (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lycopodiophytina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lycopodiophytina">Lycopodiophytina</a></i>)  →</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">  <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lycopodiopsida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lycopodiopsida">Lycopodiopsida</a></i> </span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-bottom: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418);"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-bottom: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418);"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-bottom: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418);"><p>  <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lycopodiales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lycopodiales">Lycopodiales</a></i>  –  Lycopodes</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align: top;"><br></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-bottom: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418);"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-bottom: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418);"><p> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isoetes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isoetes">Isoëtales</a></i>      –      Isoètes</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align: top;"><br></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-bottom: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418);"><p> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selaginellaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selaginellaceae">Selaginellales</a></i>     –     Sélaginelles</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; border: 0; padding: 0;"><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; border: 0; padding: 0;"><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; border: 0; padding: 0;"><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; border: 0; padding: 0;"><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euphyllophyta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euphyllophyta"><i>Euphyllophytina</i></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;">  <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monilophyta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monilophyta">Polypodiopsida</a></i>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">    <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equisetidae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Equisetidae">Equisetidae</a></i> </span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-bottom: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418);"><p>  <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equisetales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Equisetales">Equisetales</a></i>    –    Prêles</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; border: 0; padding: 0;"><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-bottom: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418);"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ophioglossidae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ophioglossidae">Ophioglossidae</a></i>  </span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-bottom: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418);"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-bottom: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418);"><p>  <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psilotaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psilotaceae">Psilotales</a></i> – Psilotes</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align: top;"><br></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 2px green; border-top: solid 2px green; border-bottom: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418);"><p>  <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ophioglossaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ophioglossaceae">Ophioglossales</a></i> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; border: 0; padding: 0;"><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; border: 0; padding: 0;"><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align: top;"><br></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-bottom: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418);"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">   <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marattiaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marattiaceae">Marattiidae</a></i> </span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 2px green; border-top: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-bottom: 0px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418);"><p>  <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marattiaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marattiaceae">Marattiales</a></i> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align: top;"><br></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-emphasized, #101418); padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polypodiidae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polypodiidae">Polypodiidae</a></i>  </span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 2px green; border-top: solid 0px var(--color-emphasized, #101418); border-bottom: solid 2px green;"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2"><p> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osmundaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osmundaceae">Osmundales</a></i></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2"><p> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hymenophyllaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hymenophyllaceae">Hymenophyllales</a></i></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2"><p> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gleicheniales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gleicheniales">Gleicheniales</a></i></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2"><p> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schizaeales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schizaeales">Schizaeales</a></i></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2"><p> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salviniales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salviniales">Salviniales</a></i></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2"><p> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyatheales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyatheales">Cyatheales</a></i></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br></td> <td rowspan="2"><p> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polypodiales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polypodiales">Polypodiales</a></i>  </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; border: 0; padding: 0;"><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; border: 0; padding: 0;"><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px dashed var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;">(<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spermatophyta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyta">Spermatophyta</a></i>)<br> les plantes à graines<br></td> <td rowspan="2"><p> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td><br></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> <td> <div style="position:relative;margin-top:0.742em;height:31.8em;width:0em"> <div style="position:absolute;top:17.08em;color:var(--color-emphasized, #101418);white-space:nowrap">   <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fougères</a> </div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><br></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire_évolutive"><span id="Histoire_.C3.A9volutive"></span>Histoire évolutive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire évolutive" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Les plus anciennes Fougères (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osmundaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osmundaceae">Osmundaceae</a></i>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hymenophyllaceae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hymenophyllaceae">Hymenophyllaceae</a></i>) apparaissent au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9vonien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dévonien">Dévonien</a>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbonif%C3%A8re_sup%C3%A9rieur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonifère supérieur">Carbonifère supérieur</a> est dominé par des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8res_arborescentes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fougères arborescentes">fougères arborescentes</a> comme <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Psaronius&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Psaronius (page inexistante)">Psaronius</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psaronius" class="extiw" title="en:Psaronius"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Psaronius »">(en)</span></a></i> ou des fougères aux formes variées comme les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Zygopt%C3%A9ridales&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Zygoptéridales (page inexistante)">Zygoptéridales</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygopteridales" class="extiw" title="en:Zygopteridales"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Zygopteridales »">(en)</span></a>. Après le Carbonifère, se développe le groupe éteint des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pteridospermatophyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridospermatophyte">Pteridospermatophytes</a></i> (fougères à graines)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Génétique"><span id="G.C3.A9n.C3.A9tique"></span>Génétique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Génétique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les fougères ont de nombreux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chromosome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> et de très grands <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acide_d%C3%A9soxyribonucl%C3%A9ique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acide désoxyribonucléique">ADN</a>, ce qui a retardé leur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9quen%C3%A7age_de_l%27ADN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Séquençage de l'ADN">séquençage</a>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9nome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Génome">génome</a> de la Fougère de Richard (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ceratopteris_richardii&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ceratopteris richardii (page inexistante)">Ceratopteris richardii</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratopteris_richardii" class="extiw" title="en:Ceratopteris richardii"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Ceratopteris richardii »">(en)</span></a></i>) a été séquencé en 2022 : <span class="nowrap">7,46 milliards</span> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paire_de_bases?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paire de bases">paires de bases</a> réparties sur <span class="nowrap">39 chromosomes</span>. Les gènes fonctionnels sont noyés parmi les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9quence_r%C3%A9p%C3%A9t%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Séquence répétée">séquences répétitives</a> (85 % de l'ADN), qui se dupliquent de façon autonome. Parmi l'ADN codant on trouve des gènes d'origine <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bactérie">bactérienne</a> (acquis par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transfert_horizontal_de_g%C3%A8nes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transfert horizontal de gènes">transfert horizontal</a>), souvent proches les uns des autres, qui protègent la plante des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herbivore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Les_fougères_et_l'Homme"><span id="Les_foug.C3.A8res_et_l.27Homme"></span>Les fougères et l'Homme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les fougères et l'Homme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religions,_croyances_et_traditions"><span id="Religions.2C_croyances_et_traditions"></span>Religions, croyances et traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Religions, croyances et traditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Cyathera_dealbata_CHCH_2.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cyathera_dealbata_CHCH_2.JPG/220px-Cyathera_dealbata_CHCH_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cyathera_dealbata_CHCH_2.JPG/220px-Cyathera_dealbata_CHCH_2.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cyathera_dealbata_CHCH_2.JPG/330px-Cyathera_dealbata_CHCH_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cyathera_dealbata_CHCH_2.JPG/440px-Cyathera_dealbata_CHCH_2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyathea_dealbata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyathea dealbata">Cyathea dealbata</a></i> est considérée comme un symbole de la Nouvelle-Zélande. </figcaption> </figure> <p>En Europe de l'Est, dans la mythologie slave et dans les mythologies des pays baltes, il existe une légende de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleur_de_foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleur de fougère">fleur de fougère</a>, qui fleurirait une fois par an, la nuit, et conférerait des bienfaits magiques à qui la découvre. Dans le folklore d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estonie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estonie">Estonie</a>, elle est liée aux croyances et aux rites de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_Saint-Jean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fête de la Saint-Jean">fête de la Saint-Jean</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette légende apparaît dans des romans inspirés par le folklore estonien, notamment <i>La Fiancée du loup</i> d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aino_Kallas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aino Kallas">Aino Kallas</a> (1928) ou <i>L'Homme qui savait la langue des serpents</i> d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrus_Kivir%C3%A4hk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrus Kivirähk">Andrus Kivirähk</a> (2007). Au cinéma, elle a fait l'objet du court-métrage d'animation <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleur_de_foug%C3%A8re_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleur de fougère (film)">Fleur de fougère</a></i>.</p> <p>Les peuples autochtones (indiens Potawomi, Makah, Meskwa) tiraient du rhizome de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re_femelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fougère femelle">fougère femelle</a> un médicament servant à faciliter l'accouchement. Le rhizome de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re_m%C3%A2le?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fougère mâle">fougère mâle</a> fut autrefois utilisé comme abortif et taenifuge (vermifuge) tandis que ses frondes pilées étaient employées pour garnir les matelas pour les enfants atteints de rachitisme et pour les rhumatisants<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyathea_dealbata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyathea dealbata">Cyathea dealbata</a></i> est considérée comme un symbole de la Nouvelle-Zélande. Appelée <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">silver fern</span></i> (« fougère d'argent » en raison de l'aspect argenté de la face inférieure de la fronde), les maoris l'utilisaient en forêt lors des nuits de pleine lune, en posant ses frondes à l'envers sur le sol pour retrouver leur chemin<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le rhizome de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re-Aigle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fougère-Aigle">Fougère-Aigle</a> mélangé à celui du gingembre était employé comme aphrodisiaque. La cendre de cette fougère, riche en potasse, était utilisée en Europe pour la fabrication du savon et du verre<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_ptéridomanie"><span id="La_pt.C3.A9ridomanie"></span>La ptéridomanie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : La ptéridomanie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>En Grande-Bretagne, à l'époque victorienne, les fougères ont fait l'objet d'un phénomène de mode qui commence dans les années 1830 et culmine dans les années 1860-1870<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd1993a_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Boyd1993a-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il s'explique par le fait que les fougères avaient été peu étudiées jusque-là et provoquent un soudain regain d'intérêt<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd1993a_14-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Boyd1993a-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les gens de milieux sociaux divers, en majorité des femmes, parcouraient les campagnes et les bois afin d'observer les fougères, dans l'espoir d'en découvrir de nouvelles espèces ; beaucoup rapportaient chez eux, dans des paniers, des plants de fougères qu'ils replantaient dans les jardins ou dans des terrariums<sup id="cite_ref-Allen1969_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Allen1969-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les nouvelles découvertes étaient publiées dans des périodiques comme <i>The Phytologist</i> lancé en 1841<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd1993a_14-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Boyd1993a-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. À la même époque, les fougères ont été fréquemment utilisées comme motifs décoratifs dans l'architecture (comme motif de façades ou sur des pierres tombales) et dans les arts décoratifs comme la céramique, la vaisselle ou l'ébénisterie<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd1993a_14-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Boyd1993a-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ce phénomène a été baptisé « ptéridomanie » (« folie des fougères ») par l'écrivain <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Kingsley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a> dans son livre <i>Glaucus</i> en 1855<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd1993a_14-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Boyd1993a-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Symbolique">Symbolique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Symbolique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_r%C3%A9publicain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier républicain">calendrier républicain</a>, la <b>Fougère</b> était le nom attribué au <abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> jour du mois de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flor%C3%A9al?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Floréal">floréal</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ,généralement chaque 22 avril du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_gr%C3%A9gorien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier grégorien">calendrier grégorien</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Alimentation_humaine">Alimentation humaine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Alimentation humaine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le rhizome de fougère aigle, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pteridium_aquilinum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pteridium aquilinum">Pteridium aquilinum</a></i>, a été consommé en Europe, au Japon, en Nouvelle-Zélande, et par les Indiens d'Amérique. Il constituait parfois une nourriture de base. Bien que toxique cru, une fois cuit, il devient comestible<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Source_insuffisante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Source insuffisante">[source insuffisante]</a></sup> Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korowai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korowai">Korowai</a> mangent des feuilles de fougère<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Source_insuffisante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Source insuffisante">[source insuffisante]</a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rameau-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rameau_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rameau_1-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rameau_1-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rameau1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Claude_Rameau1989"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Claude_Rameau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Claude Rameau">Jean-Claude Rameau</a>, Dominique Mansion, Gérard Dumé, <cite class="italique">Flore forestière française : guide écologique illustré</cite>, Forêt privée française, <time>1989</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 177<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flore+foresti%C3%A8re+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pub=For%C3%AAt+priv%C3%A9e+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.stitle=guide+%C3%A9cologique+illustr%C3%A9&rft.aulast=Rameau&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AFilicophyta"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gorenflot1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_Gorenflot1990">Robert Gorenflot, <cite class="italique">Biologie végétale. Appareil végétatif</cite>, Masson, <time>1990</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 38<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biologie+v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale.+Appareil+v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tatif&rft.pub=Masson&rft.aulast=Gorenflot&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.date=1990&rft.pages=38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AFilicophyta"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="le_Jardin_sauvage2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Association_le_Jardin_sauvage2021">Association le Jardin sauvage, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jardinsauvage.fr/FLORE/FOUGERES.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Fougeres Appareil reproducteur Les fougères ne produisent pas de graines, contrairement aux Spermatophytes (Gymnospermes et Angiospermes), mais se reproduisent grâce à des spores....Un amas contient 80 sporanges dans lesquels il y a 64 spores.</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-doc" title="Document Microsoft Word">[doc]</abbr>, sur <span class="italique">LE JARDIN SAUVAGE Association dédiée à l’environnement naturel du Sud-Corrèze</span>, <time>2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2025-01-31" data-sort-value="2025-01-31">31 janvier 2025</time>)</small></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Tela Botanica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tela-botanica.org/actu/article4970.html"><i>L'ingénieuse catapulte des fougères</i></a>, en ligne mercredi 9 mai 2012 Association - Brèves Vidéo / Les fougères dispersent leurs spores grâce à une catapulte efficace, et pourtant sans butée ], d'après Xavier Noblin (Laboratoire de physique de la matière condensée de l'Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis (UMR 7336 CNRS), et ses collègues)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Judd,_Christopher_S._Campbell,_Elizabeth_A._Kellogg,_Peter_Stevens2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Walter_S._Judd,_Christopher_S._Campbell,_Elizabeth_A._Kellogg,_Peter_Stevens2011">Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter Stevens, <cite class="italique">Botanique systématique. Une perspective phylogénétique</cite>, De Boeck Supérieur, <time>2011</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 145<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botanique+syst%C3%A9matique.+Une+perspective+phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique&rft.pub=De+Boeck+Sup%C3%A9rieur&rft.aulast=Judd%2C+Christopher+S.+Campbell%2C+Elizabeth+A.+Kellogg%2C+Peter+Stevens&rft.aufirst=Walter+S.&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AFilicophyta"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-PPGI-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PPGI_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span id="Q30092476" class="ouvrage"><span class=""><span class="ouvrage" id="Phylogeny_GroupRouhan2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pteridophyte_Phylogeny_GroupGerminal_Rouhan2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group">Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group</a> et Germinal Rouhan, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns</span></cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Systematics and Evolution</span></i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 54, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 6,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-11" data-sort-value="2016-11">novembre 2016</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">563–603</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1674-4918">1674-4918</a></span> et <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1759-6831">1759-6831</a></span>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/JSE.12229">10.1111/JSE.12229</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+community-derived+classification+for+extant+lycophytes+and+ferns&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.issue=6&rft.au=Pteridophyte+Phylogeny+Group&rft.au=Germinal+Rouhan&rft.date=2016-11&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=563%E2%80%93603&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2FJSE.12229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AFilicophyta"></span></span></span>.<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30092476?uselang%3Dfr" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hallé2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Francis_Hallé2008"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Hall%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Hallé">Francis Hallé</a>, <cite class="italique">Aux origines des plantes. Des plantes anciennes à la botanique du <abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</cite>, Fayard, <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">100-147</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aux+origines+des+plantes.+Des+plantes+anciennes+%C3%A0+la+botanique+du+XXIe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.aulast=Hall%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=100-147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AFilicophyta"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="B.2022"><span class="ouvrage" id="I._B.2022">I. B., « <cite style="font-style:normal">La fougère obèse et cleptomane</cite> », <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pour_la_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pour la science">Pour la science</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 541,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-11" data-sort-value="2022-11">novembre 2022</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 13<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+foug%C3%A8re+ob%C3%A8se+et+cleptomane&rft.jtitle=Pour+la+science&rft.issue=541&rft.aulast=B.&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.date=2022-11&rft.pages=13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AFilicophyta"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Blaine_MarchantChenCaiChen2022"><span class="ouvrage" id="D._Blaine_MarchantGuang_ChenShengguan_CaiFei_Chen2022"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> D. Blaine Marchant, Guang Chen, Shengguan Cai, Fei Chen, Peter Schafran <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Dynamic genome evolution in a model fern</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nature_Plants&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nature Plants (page inexistante)">Nature Plants</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Plants" class="extiw" title="en:Nature Plants"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Nature Plants »">(en)</span></a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 8,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-09-01" data-sort-value="2022-09-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> septembre 2022</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">1038-1051</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-022-01226-7">10.1038/s41477-022-01226-7</a></span> <span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"> <noscript> <img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" data-alt="Accès libre" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dynamic+genome+evolution+in+a+model+fern&rft.jtitle=%3ANature+Plants%C2%A0%28en%29Cat%C3%A9gorie%3AArticle+contenant+un+appel+%C3%A0+traduction+en+anglais&rft.au=D.+Blaine+Marchant&rft.au=Guang+Chen&rft.au=Shengguan+Cai&rft.au=Fei+Chen&rft.au=Peter+Schafran&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=1038-1051&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41477-022-01226-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AFilicophyta"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Eva Toulouse (2002), <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 195.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mimoudi1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="Boumehdi_Mimoudi1988">Boumehdi Mimoudi, <cite class="italique">La médecine par les plantes</cite>, Société d'édition et diffusion al madariss, <time>1988</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 46<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+m%C3%A9decine+par+les+plantes&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+d%27%C3%A9dition+et+diffusion+al+madariss&rft.aulast=Mimoudi&rft.aufirst=Boumehdi&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AFilicophyta"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hackett_Fischer2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Hackett_Fischer2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David Hackett Fischer, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Fairness and Freedom. A History of Two Open Societies : New Zealand and the United States</cite>, Oxford University Press, <time>2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 17<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fairness+and+Freedom.+A+History+of+Two+Open+Societies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.stitle=New+Zealand+and+the+United+States&rft.au=David+Hackett+Fischer&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AFilicophyta"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2004"><cite class="italique">Légumes</cite>, Backhuys Publishers, <time>2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 494<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%C3%A9gumes&rft.pub=Backhuys+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AFilicophyta"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Boyd1993a-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Boyd1993a_14-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Boyd1993a_14-1">b</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Boyd1993a_14-2">c</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Boyd1993a_14-3">d</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Boyd1993a_14-4">e</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">P. D. A. Boyd (1993a) <small>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania.htm">lire en ligne</a>]</small>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Allen1969-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Allen1969_15-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">David Elliston Allen (1969).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.darwincountry.org/category.php3?trail%3D1258">Catégorie d'objets inspirés par la ptéridomanie sur la base de données britannique Darwin Project</a>. Page consultée le 18 janvier 2014.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fabre_d%27%C3%89glantine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fabre d'Églantine">Ph. Fr. Na. Fabre d'Églantine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DvVtWj-W-KP8C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse"><i>Rapport fait à la Convention nationale dans la séance du 3 du second mois de la seconde année de la République Française</i></a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 26.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Couplan2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="François_Couplan2009"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couplan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Couplan">François <span class="nom_auteur">Couplan</span></a>, <cite class="italique">Le régal végétal : plantes sauvages comestibles</cite>, Paris, Editions Ellebore, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-01-01" data-sort-value="2009-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 2009</time>, 527 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-86985-184-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-86985-184-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-86985-184-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DlAEe0k3_bawC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dr%25C3%25A9gal%2Bv%25C3%25A9g%25C3%25A9tal">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+r%C3%A9gal+v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tal&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+Ellebore&rft.stitle=plantes+sauvages+comestibles&rft.aulast=Couplan&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.tpages=527&rft.isbn=978-2-86985-184-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AFilicophyta"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Les_animaux_du_Monde2015"><span class="nom_auteur">Les animaux du Monde</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DlzBdLyzGwgk"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Papouasie - Nouvelle-Guinée - Korowai, les hommes libres - Papua Barat</cite></a> », <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-11-11" data-sort-value="2015-11-11">11 novembre 2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-04-17" data-sort-value="2017-04-17">17 avril 2017</time>)</small></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pteridophyta?uselang%3Dfr">Pteridophyta</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> <li class="wikispecies"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikispecies</span></span></li> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/foug%25C3%25A8re" class="extiw" title="wikt:fougère">fougère</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Ouvrages_de_botanique">Ouvrages de botanique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Ouvrages de botanique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>A. Lawalrée, <i>Filicophytes</i>, in : <i>Encyclopædia Universalis</i>, Paris, 1980, vol. 6, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">1086-1091</span>.</li> <li>HJ. Jahns, <i>Guide des Fougères, Mousses et Lichens d'Europe</i>, Les Guides du Naturaliste, Delachaux et Niestlé, 1989.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sur_les_fougères_dans_la_culture"><span id="Sur_les_foug.C3.A8res_dans_la_culture"></span>Sur les fougères dans la culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sur les fougères dans la culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David Elliston Allen, <i>The Victorian fern craze : a history of pteridomania</i>, Londres, Hutchinson, 1969.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> P.D.A. Boyd, <i>Pteridomania. The Victorian passion for ferns</i>, dans <i>Antique Collecting</i>, 1993, vol. 28, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 6, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 9-12. <small>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania.htm">lire en ligne</a>]</small> (version révisée en ligne sur le site de l'auteur).</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> A. Byfield, <i>Victorian pteridomania. Britain's fern craze</i>, dans <i>British wildlife</i>, vol. 17, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 6, British Wildlife Publishing, 2006, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 411-418.</li> <li>Eva Toulouse, « Aino Kallas et <i>La Fiancée du loup</i> : l'inspiration estonienne », dans Francs Cransac et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Boyer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Régis Boyer">Régis Boyer</a> (dir.), <i>Écrivains découvreurs de montagne. Génie conteur du Nord (de l'Islande à l'Estonie)</i>, Cahiers des rencontres d'Aubrac, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 4, association « À la rencontre d'Écrivains... », octobre 2002, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 191-201.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Sarah Whittingham, <i>The Victorian Fern Craze</i>, Oxford, Shire, 2009.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="EFloras"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flora_of_North_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flora of North America">Flora of North America</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D51"><i>Pteridophyta</i> </a></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="EFloras"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id%3D201">Trees and shrubs of the Andes of Ecuador</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id%3D201%26taxon_id%3D51"><i>Pteridophyta</i> </a></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="ITIS"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langues : français et anglais">(fr + en)</abbr> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27information_taxonomique_int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système d'information taxonomique intégré">ITIS</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D564826"><i>Pteridophyta</i> <b>Non valide</b></a></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="ITIS"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langues : français et anglais">(fr + en)</abbr> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27information_taxonomique_int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système d'information taxonomique intégré">ITIS</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D17166"><i>Pterophyta</i> <b>Non valide</b></a></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="BioLib"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BioLib?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BioLib">BioLib</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14882/"><i>Monilophyta</i> (Syn. de <i>Filicophyta</i>)</a> <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-07-20" data-sort-value="2017-07-20">20 juillet 2017</time>)</small></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="NCBI"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode%3DInfo%26id%3D241806"><i>Polypodiopsida</i> (Syn. de <i>Filicophyta</i>)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?lin%3Ds%26p%3Dhas_linkout%26id%3D241806">taxons inclus</a>) <small>(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-07-20" data-sort-value="2017-07-20">20 juillet 2017</time>)</small></span></li> </ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Botanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la botanique"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fluent_Emoji_flat_1f33b.svg/24px-Fluent_Emoji_flat_1f33b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fluent_Emoji_flat_1f33b.svg/24px-Fluent_Emoji_flat_1f33b.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fluent_Emoji_flat_1f33b.svg/36px-Fluent_Emoji_flat_1f33b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fluent_Emoji_flat_1f33b.svg/48px-Fluent_Emoji_flat_1f33b.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Botanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Botanique">Portail de la botanique</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Origine_et_%C3%A9volution_du_vivant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail origine et évolution du vivant"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Icone_OEV2.jpg/48px-Icone_OEV2.jpg" decoding="async" width="48" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="83"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 48px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Icone_OEV2.jpg/48px-Icone_OEV2.jpg" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="48" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Icone_OEV2.jpg/72px-Icone_OEV2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Icone_OEV2.jpg/96px-Icone_OEV2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Origine_et_%C3%A9volution_du_vivant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Origine et évolution du vivant">Portail origine et évolution du vivant</a></span> </span></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DFilicophyta%26oldid%3D223186565">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&oldid=223186565</a> ». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filicophyta&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Givet" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1740034163"> <span>Dernière modification le 20 février 2025, à 07:49</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258D%2588%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%258A%2595" title="ፈርን – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈርን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B3" title="سراخس – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سراخس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25DD%25A3" title="أفرسيݣ – arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أفرسيݣ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AB%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A3" title="ফাৰ্ণ – assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফাৰ্ণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filicopsida" title="Filicopsida – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filicopsida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papartis" title="Papartis – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Papartis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paku" title="Paku – banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Paku" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AB%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A8" title="ফার্ন – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফার্ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raden" title="Raden – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Raden" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujad" title="Bujad – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bujad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falgueres" title="Falgueres – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Falgueres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filetta_cumuna" title="Filetta cumuna – corse" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Filetta cumuna" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapra%25C4%258Forosty" title="Kapraďorosty – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kapraďorosty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhedynen" title="Rhedynen – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhedynen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farne" title="Farne – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Farne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A6%25CF%2584%25CE%25AD%25CF%2581%25CE%25B7" title="Φτέρη – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φτέρη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern" title="Fern – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fern" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiko" title="Filiko – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filicopsida" title="Filicopsida – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filicopsida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25B5najalgtaimed" title="Sõnajalgtaimed – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõnajalgtaimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iratze" title="Iratze – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iratze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B3_(%25DA%25AF%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587)" title="سرخس (گیاه) – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرخس (گیاه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saniaiset" title="Saniaiset – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saniaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearplanten" title="Fearplanten – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fearplanten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filicophyta" title="Filicophyta – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Filicophyta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fento" title="Fento – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chach%25C4%25A9" title="Chachĩ – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chachĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renniagh" title="Renniagh – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Renniagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A8%25D7%259B%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="שרכנים – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרכנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="फर्न – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फर्न" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouj%25C3%25A8" title="Foujè – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Foujè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harasztok" title="Harasztok – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harasztok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_paku" title="Tumbuhan paku – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan paku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiko" title="Filiko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Filiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burknar" title="Burknar – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Burknar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25B7%25E3%2583%2580%25E9%25A1%259E" title="シダ類 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シダ類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paku_pakis" title="Paku pakis – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paku pakis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598" title="გვიმრანაირნი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გვიმრანაირნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%259A%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D2%259B%25D2%259B%25D2%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D2%259B%25D1%2582%25D3%2599%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B4%25D1%2596%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Қырыққұлақтәрізділер – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қырыққұлақтәрізділер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%2580%25E0%25B2%2597%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25A1" title="ಜರೀಗಿಡ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರೀಗಿಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2596%2591%25EC%25B9%2598%25EB%25A5%2598" title="양치류 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양치류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D1%2588%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D3%25A7%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Ошсьӧктан – komi-permiak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ошсьӧктан" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redenen" title="Redenen – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Redenen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Папоротник – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Папоротник" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filix" title="Filix – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Filix" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faren" title="Faren – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Faren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filis" title="Filis – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Filis" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaarn" title="Vaarn – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vaarn" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misili" title="Misili – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Misili" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papart%25C5%25ABnai" title="Papartūnai – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Papartūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papar%25C5%25BEaugi" title="Paparžaugi – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Paparžaugi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Папрат – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папрат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%25BD%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B5%2586%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B4%25BF" title="പന്നൽച്ചെടി – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പന്നൽച്ചെടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D3%25B9%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D3%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D3%25B9%25D1%2588%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BB%25D3%2593" title="Кӹртнилӱлӹшвлӓ – mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кӹртнилӱлӹшвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paku_pakis" title="Paku pakis – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paku pakis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%258C%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C_%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Верьгизэнь пазава – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Верьгизэнь пазава" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%25C3%25A9vece" title="Févece – napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Févece" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderblad" title="Adderblad – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Adderblad" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2589%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2582" title="उन्यू – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उन्यू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varens" title="Varens – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Varens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregne" title="Bregne – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bregne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="liste de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregner" title="Bregner – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bregner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falgui%25C3%25A8ra" title="Falguièra – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Falguièra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karroolee" title="Karroolee – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Karroolee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB" title="Цил – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цил" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprocie" title="Paprocie – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paprocie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samambaia" title="Samambaia – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samambaia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raki-raki" title="Raki-raki – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Raki-raki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridofite" title="Pteridofite – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pteridofite" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8" title="Папоротники – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Папоротники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD" title="Ферн – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ферн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern" title="Fern – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fern" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="برسيان – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برسيان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C3%25A1iske%25C5%25A1attut" title="Gáiskešattut – same du Nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Gáiskešattut" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="same du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprati" title="Paprati – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paprati" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern" title="Fern – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fern" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papra%25C4%258Forasty_(vr%25C3%25A1tane_plav%25C3%25BA%25C5%2588orastov)" title="Papraďorasty (vrátane plavúňorastov) – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Papraďorasty (vrátane plavúňorastov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praprotnice" title="Praprotnice – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Praprotnice" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiere" title="Fiere – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fiere" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8" title="Папрати – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папрати" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuwuhan_Paku" title="Tutuwuhan Paku – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tutuwuhan Paku" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormbunksv%25C3%25A4xter" title="Ormbunksväxter – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ormbunksväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbi_(ngeli_ya_mimea)" title="Jimbi (ngeli ya mimea) – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jimbi (ngeli ya mimea)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D" title="பன்னம் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்னம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D1%2581%25D2%25B3%25D0%25BE" title="Сарахсҳо – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сарахсҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%259F%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%2599" title="เฟิร์น – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฟิร์น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CA%25BBakau_tengaefuefu" title="ʻakau tengaefuefu – tongien" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻakau tengaefuefu" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%25C4%259Frelti" title="Eğrelti – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eğrelti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Абагасыманнар – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Абагасыманнар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D1%2596" title="Папороті – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Папороті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%25C3%25A0nh_D%25C6%25B0%25C6%25A1ng_x%25E1%25BB%2589" title="Ngành Dương xỉ – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngành Dương xỉ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetchire" title="Fetchire – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fetchire" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako" title="Pako – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pako" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%259C%259F%25E8%2595%25A8%25E9%25A1%259E" title="真蕨類 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真蕨類" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%25C3%25BB%25E2%2581%25BF-kh%25C3%25AD_si%25CC%258Dt-bu%25CC%258Dt" title="Iûⁿ-khí si̍t-bu̍t – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iûⁿ-khí si̍t-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%259C%259F%25E8%2595%25A8%25E7%25B6%25B1" title="真蕨綱 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真蕨綱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 20 février 2025 à 07:49.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> sauf mention contraire.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politique de 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Filicophyta — Wikipédia