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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المحكمة العليا الهولندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المحكمة العليا الهولندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_Suprem_dels_Pa%C3%AFsos_Baixos" title="Tribunal Suprem dels Països Baixos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tribunal Suprem dels Països Baixos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoher_Rat_der_Niederlande" title="Hoher Rat der Niederlande – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hoher Rat der Niederlande" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_Suprema_de_los_Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos" title="Corte Suprema de los Países Bajos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corte Suprema de los Países Bajos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="دیوان عالی هلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوان عالی هلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_supr%C3%AAme_des_Pays-Bas" title="Cour suprême des Pays-Bas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cour suprême des Pays-Bas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C_%EC%B5%9C%EA%B3%A0%EC%9E%AC%ED%8C%90%EC%86%8C" title="네덜란드 최고재판소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네덜란드 최고재판소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoge_Raad_der_Nederlanden" title="Hoge Raad der Nederlanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoge Raad der Nederlanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E6%89%80" title="オランダ最高裁判所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オランダ最高裁判所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands_h%C3%B8yesterett" title="Nederlands høyesterett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nederlands høyesterett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_di_Casacion_di_Reino_Hulandes" title="Corte di Casacion di Reino Hulandes – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Corte di Casacion di Reino Hulandes" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85d_Najwy%C5%BCszy_(Holandia)" title="Sąd Najwyższy (Holandia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sąd Najwyższy (Holandia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Верховный суд Нидерландов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Верховный суд Нидерландов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands" title="Supreme Court of the Netherlands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Supreme Court of the Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrhovni_sud_Nizozemske" title="Vrhovni sud Nizozemske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vrhovni sud Nizozemske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Верховний суд Нідерландів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Верховний суд Нідерландів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2a_%C3%A1n_t%E1%BB%91i_cao_H%C3%A0_Lan" title="Tòa án tối cao Hà Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tòa án tối cao Hà Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="荷蘭最高法院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="荷蘭最高法院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&params=52_5_0.52_N_4_18_41.85_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°5′0.52″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°18′41.85″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.0834778°N 4.3116250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.0834778; 4.3116250</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highest court of the Kingdom of the Netherlands</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #Ededed;">Supreme Court of the Netherlands</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Hoge Raad der Nederlanden</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoge_Raad_der_Nederlanden_logo_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hoge_Raad_der_Nederlanden_logo_%282020%29.svg/220px-Hoge_Raad_der_Nederlanden_logo_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hoge_Raad_der_Nederlanden_logo_%282020%29.svg/330px-Hoge_Raad_der_Nederlanden_logo_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hoge_Raad_der_Nederlanden_logo_%282020%29.svg/440px-Hoge_Raad_der_Nederlanden_logo_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="299" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands,_The_Hague_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands%2C_The_Hague_06.jpg/300px-Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands%2C_The_Hague_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands%2C_The_Hague_06.jpg/450px-Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands%2C_The_Hague_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands%2C_The_Hague_06.jpg/600px-Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands%2C_The_Hague_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3407" data-file-height="2464" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Supreme Court of the Netherlands, The Hague</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-lat="52.083477777778" data-lon="4.311625" data-overlays="["_f2eb6ca13f89c8b5617467822fa6b544d233f65c"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/13/52.083477777778/4.311625/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,52.083477777778,4.311625,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&revid=1274088683&groups=_f2eb6ca13f89c8b5617467822fa6b544d233f65c" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,52.083477777778,4.311625,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&revid=1274088683&groups=_f2eb6ca13f89c8b5617467822fa6b544d233f65c 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&params=52_5_0.52_N_4_18_41.85_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°5′0.52″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°18′41.85″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.0834778°N 4.3116250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.0834778; 4.3116250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 1838</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&params=52_5_0.52_N_4_18_41.85_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°5′0.52″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°18′41.85″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.0834778°N 4.3116250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.0834778; 4.3116250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Ubi iudicia deficiunt incipit bellum</i> <br /> <small> Where judicial decisions fail, Violence begins. </small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Composition method</th><td class="infobox-data">Selected by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a> on advice of the Supreme Court and appointed by <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">royal decree</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authorised by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution of the Netherlands</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judge term length</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Life_tenure" title="Life tenure">Life tenure</a> with mandatory retirement at the age of 70</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of positions</th><td class="infobox-data">Varies (currently 36)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hogeraad.nl">www<wbr />.hogeraad<wbr />.nl</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #Ededed;">President of the Supreme Court</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dineke_de_Groot" title="Dineke de Groot">Dineke de Groot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Since</th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 2020<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or. [The seven arrows stand for the seven provinces of the Union of Utrecht.] The shield is crowned with the (Dutch) royal crown and supported by two lions Or armed and langued gules. They stand on a scroll Azure with the text (Or) "Je Maintiendrai" (French for "I will maintain".)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/150px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/225px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/300px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wet_Algemene_Bepalingen" title="Wet Algemene Bepalingen">Wet Algemene Bepalingen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarchy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">King</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Council of Ministers</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary_(Netherlands)" title="Minister Plenipotentiary (Netherlands)">Ministers Plenipotentiary</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary_of_Aruba" title="Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba">Aruba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Minister Plenipotentiary of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary_of_Sint_Maarten" title="Minister Plenipotentiary of Sint Maarten">St. Maarten</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Cabinet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dick_Schoof" title="Dick Schoof">Dick Schoof</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Deputy Prime Ministers</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fleur_Agema" title="Fleur Agema">Fleur Agema</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Hermans" title="Sophie Hermans">Sophie Hermans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eddy_van_Hijum" title="Eddy van Hijum">Eddy van Hijum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mona_Keijzer" title="Mona Keijzer">Mona Keijzer</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Netherlands" title="Ministries of the Netherlands">Ministries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Senate</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_(Netherlands)" title="President of the Senate (Netherlands)">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Anthonie_Bruijn" title="Jan Anthonie Bruijn">Jan Anthonie Bruijn</a></dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_Senate_of_the_Netherlands,_2023%E2%80%932027" title="Template:Members of the Senate of the Netherlands, 2023–2027">Current membership</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Historic_composition_of_the_Senate_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historic composition of the Senate of the Netherlands">Historic composition</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bosma" title="Martin Bosma">Martin Bosma</a></dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands,_2023%E2%80%93present" title="List of members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present">Current membership</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Historic_composition_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historic composition of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands">Historic composition</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_committees_of_the_States_General_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary committees of the States General of the Netherlands">Parliamentary committees</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Netherlands" title="Judiciary of the Netherlands">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Netherlands)" title="High Council of State (Netherlands)">High Councils of State</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Council of State">Council of State</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Court_of_Audit" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands Court of Audit">Court of Audit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Ombudsman" title="National Ombudsman">National Ombudsman</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2010_Dutch_general_election" title="2010 Dutch general election">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Dutch_general_election" title="2012 Dutch general election">2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Dutch_general_election" title="2017 Dutch general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Dutch_general_election" title="2021 Dutch general election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Dutch_general_election" title="2023 Dutch general election">2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Dutch_general_election" title="Next Dutch general election"><i>Next</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Provincial: <a href="/wiki/2011_Dutch_provincial_elections" title="2011 Dutch provincial elections">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Dutch_provincial_elections" title="2015 Dutch provincial elections">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Dutch_provincial_elections" title="2019 Dutch provincial elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Dutch_provincial_elections" title="2023 Dutch provincial elections">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Municipal: <a href="/wiki/2010_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2010 Dutch municipal elections">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2014 Dutch municipal elections">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2018 Dutch municipal elections">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2022 Dutch municipal elections">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>European: <a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="1999 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2004 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2004</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2014 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2019 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2024 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Netherlands" title="Referendums in the Netherlands">Referendums</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Referendums: <a href="/wiki/2005_Dutch_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 Dutch European Constitution referendum">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dutch_Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_Association_Agreement_referendum" title="2016 Dutch Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement referendum">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Dutch_Intelligence_and_Security_Services_Act_referendum" title="2018 Dutch Intelligence and Security Services Act referendum">2018</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Political parties</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_politicians" title="Category:Dutch politicians">Politicians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Local government</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_politics_in_the_Netherlands" title="Provincial politics in the Netherlands">Provincial politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">Water boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_politics_in_the_Netherlands" title="Municipal politics in the Netherlands">Municipal politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BES_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="BES islands">BES islands</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Veldkamp" title="Caspar Veldkamp">Caspar Veldkamp</a><hr /></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Netherlands">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of diplomatic missions in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationality_law" title="Dutch nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_passport" title="Dutch passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Dutch_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Dutch citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy of the Schengen Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_in_the_Caribbean" title="Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean">Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Corruption in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Law of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1900%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Netherlands (1900–present)">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Republicanism in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Economic_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Economic Council">Social Economic Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Politics of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Politics of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Supreme Court of the Netherlands</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Hoge Raad der Nederlanden</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈɦoːɣə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈraː<span class="wrap"> </span>dɛr<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈneːdərlɑndə(n)]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply <i>Hoge Raad</i>), officially the <b>High Council of the Netherlands</b>, is the final court of appeal in civil, criminal and tax cases in the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_system_of_the_Netherlands" title="Criminal justice system of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rechtspraakAntAruba_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rechtspraakAntAruba-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court was established on 1 October 1838 and is located in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rechtspraakHistory_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rechtspraakHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court rules on civil and criminal matters. In certain <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative</a> cases it has final jurisdiction as well, while in other cases this jurisdiction rests with the adjudicative division of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Netherlands)" title="Council of State (Netherlands)">Council of State</a> (<i>Raad van State</i>), the Central Appeals Tribunal (<i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Centrale Raad van Beroep</i></span></i>), the Trade and Industry Appeals Tribunal (<i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">College van Beroep van het bedrijfsleven</i></span></i>) as well as judicial institutions in the Caribbean part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>. The Court is a <a href="/wiki/Court_of_cassation" title="Court of cassation">court of cassation</a>, which means that it has the competence to <a href="/wiki/Motion_to_quash" title="Motion to quash">quash</a> or affirm rulings of lower courts, but no competence to re-examine or question the facts. It only considers whether the lower courts applied the law correctly and the rulings have sufficient reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-rechtspraakSupremeCourt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rechtspraakSupremeCourt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In so doing it establishes <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a>. </p><p>As the government of the Netherlands is characterised by parliamentary sovereignty, the Supreme Court cannot overturn primary legislation made by the States-General. This is laid out in Article 120 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution</a>, which states that courts may not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a>. With the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Sint_Maarten" title="Constitutional Court of Sint Maarten">Constitutional Court of Sint Maarten</a> (which rules on constitutionality with regards to the Sint Maarten constitution only) courts thus have little competence for <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> with respect to the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution120_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution120-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-judicialreview_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judicialreview-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is possible for courts (including the Supreme Court) to overturn secondary legislation made by the executive government. </p><p>The Supreme Court currently consists of 36 judges: a president, six vice presidents, twenty-five justices (<i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">raadsheren</i></span></i>, literally "Lords of the Council") and four justices extraordinary (<i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">buitengewone dienst</i></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All judges are appointed for life, until they retire at their own request or mandatorily on their 70th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-rechtspraakJudges_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rechtspraakJudges-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoge_raad_gebouw_lange_voorhout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hoge_raad_gebouw_lange_voorhout.jpg/180px-Hoge_raad_gebouw_lange_voorhout.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hoge_raad_gebouw_lange_voorhout.jpg/270px-Hoge_raad_gebouw_lange_voorhout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hoge_raad_gebouw_lange_voorhout.jpg/360px-Hoge_raad_gebouw_lange_voorhout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Huis Huguetan on <a href="/wiki/Lange_Voorhout" title="Lange Voorhout">Lange Voorhout</a>, Supreme Court seat from 1988 to 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cassation</i></span></i> in the Netherlands was heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a> at the end of the 18th century. The establishment of the Supreme Court on 1838 brought an end to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Council_of_Mechelen" title="Great Council of Mechelen">Great Council of Mechelen</a> and its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Hoge_Raad_van_Holland_en_Zeeland" title="Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland">Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland</a>, which both served as high appellate courts.<sup id="cite_ref-rechtspraakHistory_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rechtspraakHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Lodewijk_Ernst_Visser,_president_van_de_Hoge_Raad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dr._Lodewijk_Ernst_Visser%2C_president_van_de_Hoge_Raad.png/180px-Dr._Lodewijk_Ernst_Visser%2C_president_van_de_Hoge_Raad.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dr._Lodewijk_Ernst_Visser%2C_president_van_de_Hoge_Raad.png/270px-Dr._Lodewijk_Ernst_Visser%2C_president_van_de_Hoge_Raad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dr._Lodewijk_Ernst_Visser%2C_president_van_de_Hoge_Raad.png/360px-Dr._Lodewijk_Ernst_Visser%2C_president_van_de_Hoge_Raad.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1499" /></a><figcaption>Lodewijk Ernst Visser, President of the Dutch Supreme Court from 1939 to 1941, forced to resign by the Nazi occupying forces.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Nazi occupation, the Supreme Court kept functioning. In November 1940 the German occupiers forced its president, <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_Ernst_Visser" class="extiw" title="nl:Lodewijk Ernst Visser">Lodewijk Ernst Visser</a>, to resign because he was Jewish. It was part of Nazi policy to separate Jews as a group, disrupting legal and social norms, in pursuit of their murderous policy of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>. Visser's colleagues did not protest. The members who remained also signed a compulsory declaration about <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryans</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Visser "repeatedly warned the Dutch authorities not to relinquish jurisdiction over Jewish citizens and residents, and not to allow their legal protection to be lifted."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the liberation, people reproached the Court for its weak and legalistic attitude. The Court justified its stance because it wished to guarantee the continuity of its jurisdiction under the Nazi occupation and purportedly avoid involvement in politics. They did not take a stand on principle against the German occupation or set a moral example, perhaps because they felt they were not in a position to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Jansen-Venema_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jansen-Venema-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was demonstrated in a so-called "Test sentence", (Supreme Court, 12 January 1942, NJ 1942/271), in which the Supreme Court ruled that a Dutch judge could not contest the decrees of the occupying force on the basis of international law, in particular the 1907 regulation prescribed for a country at war. In this, the Supreme Court followed the advice of the barrister-general A. Rombach. The judgment concerned a case in which a man was sentenced by the economic judge for an "economic offence" (the purchase of pork without valid coupons). The counsel for the accused, P. Groeneboom, argued in his defense before the Supreme Court on 27 October 1941 that the judge had the authority to challenge the regulations of the occupying force on the basis of the regulation prescribed for a country at war, the decree of the Führer and the first regulation of the government commissioner. When the Supreme Court (in a judgment of 12 January 1942) denied the possibility of contesting rules issued by the German government, the Netherlands followed what was the rule in Germany and Italy too. On the basis of two emergency measures Hitler had the authority to issue incontestable rules, and the legal establishment acknowledged not it was not allowed to challenge "political" measures. "Political" in this case was what the political authorities considered to be political. In Italy the Court of Appeal recognized the free authority of Mussolini and the judge's lack of authority to control it.<sup id="cite_ref-Venema_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venema-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meihuizen says about the Dutch test sentence: "A sentence with far-reaching consequences because with this, barristers were not given the chance to bring before the judge the question of the validity of legislation which had been issued by or on behalf of the occupier."<sup id="cite_ref-Meihuizen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meihuizen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> The Supreme Court defended this sentence in retrospect with the conjecture that the Germans would never accept their decrees being contested and might have intervened in a negative way with the legal establishment, resulting in a further diminishing of citizens' legal protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Jansen-Venema_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jansen-Venema-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the seat of the Supreme Court was temporarily moved from The Hague to <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>. With the liberation of Nijmegen in September 1944, this led to a situation in which, although the seat was on liberated ground, most of the Justices found themselves still in occupied territory. After the war, there was not much done to clear matters; lawyers who had collaborated with the Germans generally kept their jobs or got important other positions. A crucial role in this affair was played by J. Donner, who became President of the Supreme Court in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Jansen-Venema_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jansen-Venema-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buildings">Buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The court was located at a corner of the <a href="/wiki/Binnenhof" title="Binnenhof">Binnenhof</a> complex from 1838 until 1864, before moving to a building in the Plein, dubbed <i>het hondenhok</i> ("the doghouse"). The building was fully renovated in 1938 and finally demolished in 1988. At this point, the Supreme Court moved to the Huguetan house at 34–36 <a href="/wiki/Lange_Voorhout" title="Lange Voorhout">Lange Voorhout</a>, the previous home of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_the_Netherlands" title="Royal Library of the Netherlands">Koninklijke Bibliotheek</a> (Royal Library of the Netherlands). In March 2016 the court moved into a new building<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Korte Voorhout 8.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authority">Authority</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2009</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Netherlands a case is first heard by one of the ten district courts (<i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">rechtbanken</i></span></i>). Afterwards, either side may appeal to one of the four <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">courts of appeal</a> (<i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">gerechtshoven</i></span></i>). Finally, either party may file a <i><a href="/wiki/Cassation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassation">cassation</a></i> appeal to the Supreme Court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">royal decree</a>, chosen from a list of three, advised by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of the Netherlands">House of Representatives</a> on the advice of the Court itself. The <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">justices</a> are, like every other judge in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, appointed for life, until they retire at their own will or after reaching the age of 70. Upon reaching the age of 60, a justice may change status to extraordinary, with the effect that the justice no longer plays a full role at the Court. </p><p>The Supreme Court is divided into four chambers: the first or civil chamber, the second or criminal chamber, the third or tax chamber and the fourth or <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudsman</a> chamber. The members of the fourth division are chosen <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a></i></span></i>, but will include the President of the Court.<sup id="cite_ref-rechtspraakJudges_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rechtspraakJudges-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_justices">Current justices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current justices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of April 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the first three chambers are composed as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-rechtspraakJudges_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rechtspraakJudges-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Chamber </th> <th>Invested </th> <th>Born </th></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Polak, Martijn"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Martijn Polak</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vice President)</span> </td> <td>Civil </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002012-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2012</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001961-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1961</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Kroeze, Maarten"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Maarten Kroeze</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vice President)</span> </td> <td>Civil </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002016-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2016</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001970-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1970</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="ter Heide, Annemarie"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Annemarie ter Heide</span></span></span> </td> <td>Civil </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002020-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2020</span> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Lock, Pieter Frans"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Pieter Frans Lock</span></span></span> </td> <td>Civil </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002019-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2019</span> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Makkink, Gijs"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Gijs Makkink</span></span></span> </td> <td>Civil </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002021-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2021</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001953-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1953</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="du Perron, Edgar"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Edgar du Perron</span></span></span> </td> <td>Civil </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002016-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2016</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001965-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1965</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="de Groot, Dineke"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Dineke de Groot</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(President)</span> </td> <td>Civil </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002012-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2012</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001965-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1965</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Salomons, Frits"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Frits Salomons</span></span></span> </td> <td>Civil </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002021-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2021</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001962-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1962</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Schaafsma, Sierd"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Sierd Schaafsma</span></span></span> </td> <td>Civil </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002021-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2021</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001969-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1969</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Sieburgh, Carla"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Carla Sieburgh</span></span></span> </td> <td>Civil </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002017-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2017</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001969-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1969</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="van den Broek, Tanja"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Tanja van den Broek</span></span></span> </td> <td>Civil </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002014-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2014</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001964-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1964</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Teuben, Karlijn"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Karlijn Teuben</span></span></span> </td> <td>Civil </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2022</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001973-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1973</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Wattendorff, Hester"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Hester Wattendorff</span></span></span> </td> <td>Civil </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002018-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2018</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001969-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1969</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="van den Brink, Vincent"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Vincent van den Brink</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vice President)</span> </td> <td>Criminal </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Borgers, Matthias"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Matthias Borgers</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vice President)</span> </td> <td>Criminal </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Caminada, Catelijne"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Catelijne Caminada</span></span></span> </td> <td>Criminal </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Dalebout, Corinne"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Corinne Dalebout</span></span></span> </td> <td>Criminal </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Kooijmans, Tijs"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Tijs Kooijmans</span></span></span> </td> <td>Criminal </td> <td>2021 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001975-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1975</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Buruma, Ybo"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Ybo Buruma</span></span></span> </td> <td>Criminal </td> <td>2011 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001955-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1955</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Kuijer, Martin"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Martin Kuijer</span></span></span> </td> <td>Criminal </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Posthumus, Frits"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Frits Posthumus</span></span></span> </td> <td>Criminal </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>1962 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Röttgering, Annelies"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Annelies Röttgering</span></span></span> </td> <td>Criminal </td> <td>2018 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="van Strien, Nastja"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Nastja van Strien</span></span></span> </td> <td>Criminal </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002015-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2015</span> </td> <td>1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Trotman, Tamara"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Tamara Trotman</span></span></span> </td> <td>Criminal </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Feteris, Maarten"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Maarten Feteris</span></span></span> </td> <td>Tax </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002008-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2008</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001960-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1960</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="van Hilten, Mariken"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Mariken van Hilten</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vice President)</span> </td> <td>Tax </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002015-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2015</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001964-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1964</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="van Eijsden, Arjo"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Arjo van Eijsden</span></span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vice President)</span> </td> <td>Tax </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002020-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2020</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001973-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1973</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Boerlage, Marjan"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Marjan Boerlage</span></span></span> </td> <td>Tax </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002017-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2017</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001964-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1964</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Cools, Peter"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Peter Cools</span></span></span> </td> <td>Tax </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002018-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2018</span> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Punt, Liesbeth"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Liesbeth Punt</span></span></span> </td> <td>Tax </td> <td>2005 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001962-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1962</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Fasse, Eveline"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Eveline Fasse</span></span></span> </td> <td>Tax </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002015-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2015</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001958-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1958</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Feteris, Maarten"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Maarten Feteris</span></span></span> </td> <td>Tax </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002013-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2013</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001960-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1960</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Fierstra, Marc"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Marc Fierstra</span></span></span> </td> <td>Tax </td> <td>2009 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001959-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1959</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Peters, Faustina"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Faustina Peters</span></span></span> </td> <td>Tax </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002024-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2024</span> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Wortel, Jules"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Jules Wortel</span></span></span> </td> <td>Tax </td> <td>2012 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001954-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1954</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="van der Voort Maarschalk, Alexander"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">Alexander van der Voort Maarschalk</span></span></span> </td> <td>Tax </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2022</span> </td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Netherlands" title="Judiciary of the Netherlands">Judiciary of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_firms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law firms of the Netherlands">Law firms of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of presidents of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands">List of presidents of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In isolation, <i>Raad</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[raːt]</a></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2020/03/13/benoeming-nieuwe-president-hoge-raad">Central Government 13-3-20 Appointment new president Supreme Court</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rechtspraakAntAruba-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rechtspraakAntAruba_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rechtspraak.nl/Gerechten/HogeRaad/Over+de+Hoge+Raad/Nederlandse+Antillen+en+Aruba/">"Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba"</a>. <i>Rechtspraak.nl</i> (in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. 27 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091019121834/http://rechtspraak.nl/Gerechten/HogeRaad/Over%2Bde%2BHoge%2BRaad/Nederlandse%2BAntillen%2Ben%2BAruba">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rechtspraak.nl&rft.atitle=Nederlandse+Antillen+en+Aruba&rft.date=2007-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rechtspraak.nl%2FGerechten%2FHogeRaad%2FOver%2Bde%2BHoge%2BRaad%2FNederlandse%2BAntillen%2Ben%2BAruba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rechtspraakHistory-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rechtspraakHistory_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rechtspraakHistory_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Organisatie-en-contact/Organisatie/Hoge-Raad-der-Nederlanden/Over-de-Hoge-Raad/Geschiedenis-van-de-Hoge-Raad">"Geschiedenis van de Hoge Raad"</a>. <i>Rechtspraak.nl</i> (in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. 18 September 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006151842/https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Organisatie-en-contact/Organisatie/Hoge-Raad-der-Nederlanden/Over-de-Hoge-Raad/Geschiedenis-van-de-Hoge-Raad">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rechtspraak.nl&rft.atitle=Geschiedenis+van+de+Hoge+Raad&rft.date=2004-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rechtspraak.nl%2FOrganisatie-en-contact%2FOrganisatie%2FHoge-Raad-der-Nederlanden%2FOver-de-Hoge-Raad%2FGeschiedenis-van-de-Hoge-Raad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rechtspraakSupremeCourt-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rechtspraakSupremeCourt_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091016060904/http://www.rechtspraak.nl/Information%2Bin%2BEnglish/Judicial%2Bsystem/Supreme%2BCourt.htm">"Supreme Court"</a>. <i>Rechtspraak.nl</i>. De Rechtspraak. 10 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rechtspraak.nl/Information+in+English/Judicial+system/Supreme+Court.htm">the original</a> on 16 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rechtspraak.nl&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court&rft.date=2009-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rechtspraak.nl%2FInformation%2Bin%2BEnglish%2FJudicial%2Bsystem%2FSupreme%2BCourt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution120-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Constitution120_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to article 120 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution of the Netherlands</a>, judges will not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a> and treaties.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-judicialreview-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-judicialreview_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion of judicial review in the Netherlands see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUzmanBarkhuysenvan_Emmerik" class="citation web cs1">Uzman, J.; Barkhuysen, T.; van Emmerik, M.L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejcl.org/143/art143-16.pdf">"The Dutch Supreme Court: A Reluctant Positive Legislator?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725165054/http://www.ejcl.org/143/art143-16.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Supreme+Court%3A+A+Reluctant+Positive+Legislator%3F&rft.aulast=Uzman&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Barkhuysen%2C+T.&rft.au=van+Emmerik%2C+M.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejcl.org%2F143%2Fart143-16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/netherlands/">"The World Factbook"</a>. <i>cia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnetherlands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rechtspraakJudges-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rechtspraakJudges_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rechtspraakJudges_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rechtspraakJudges_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Organisatie-en-contact/Organisatie/Hoge-Raad-der-Nederlanden/Over-de-Hoge-Raad/Raad">"Raad"</a>. <i>Rechtspraak.nl</i> (in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129085534/https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Organisatie-en-contact/Organisatie/Hoge-Raad-der-Nederlanden/Over-de-Hoge-Raad/Raad">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rechtspraak.nl&rft.atitle=Raad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rechtspraak.nl%2FOrganisatie-en-contact%2FOrganisatie%2FHoge-Raad-der-Nederlanden%2FOver-de-Hoge-Raad%2FRaad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romijn, Peter. "The Experience of the Jews in the Netherlands during the German Occupation" in <i>Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture</i>. Leiden:Brill 2002, 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jansen-Venema-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jansen-Venema_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jansen-Venema_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jansen-Venema_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Corjo Jansen en Derk Venema, "The Supreme Court and the Second World War" (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venema-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Venema_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derk Venema, "Judges in war time: The Dutch judiciary's confrontation with national socialism and the occupation" (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meihuizen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meihuizen_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joggli Meihuizen, "Narrow Margins. The Dutch Bar during World War II." (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2010 (an English summary was also published by Boom, Amsterdam, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hogeraad.nl/over-ons/gebouw-hoge-raad/">"Het gebouw van de Hoge Raad"</a>. <i>Hoge raad</i> (in Dutch). 12 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoge+raad&rft.atitle=Het+gebouw+van+de+Hoge+Raad&rft.date=2020-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hogeraad.nl%2Fover-ons%2Fgebouw-hoge-raad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hogeraad.nl/over-ons/contact/">"Contact en bezoekersinformatie"</a>. <i>Hoge raad</i> (in Dutch). 5 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoge+raad&rft.atitle=Contact+en+bezoekersinformatie&rft.date=2020-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hogeraad.nl%2Fover-ons%2Fcontact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASupreme+Court+of+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supreme Courts of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supreme_courts_of_Europe316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">Supreme courts</a> of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_supreme_courts_by_country" title="List of supreme courts by country">List of supreme courts by country</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Albania" title="Supreme Court of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_of_Armenia" title="Court of Cassation of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_(Austria)" title="Supreme Court of Justice (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Azerbaijan" title="Supreme Court of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Belarus" title="Supreme Court of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Belgium)" title="Court of Cassation (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_of_Bulgaria" title="Supreme Court of Cassation of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Croatia" title="Supreme Court of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cyprus" title="Supreme Court of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Supreme Court of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Denmark)" title="Supreme Court (Denmark)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Estonia" title="Supreme Court of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Finland" title="Supreme Court of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Supreme Court of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Civil_and_Criminal_Court_of_Greece" title="Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Hungary" title="Curia of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iceland" title="Supreme Court of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland" title="Supreme Court of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" title="Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Kazakhstan" title="Supreme Court of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Latvia" title="Supreme Court of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_(Liechtenstein)" title="Constitutional Court (Liechtenstein)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Lithuania" title="Supreme Court of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_Moldova" title="Supreme Court of Justice of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Monaco" title="Supreme Court of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Montenegro" title="Supreme Court of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norway" title="Supreme Court of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Poland" title="Supreme Court of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_(Portugal)" title="Supreme Court of Justice (Portugal)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Cassation_and_Justice" title="High Court of Cassation and Justice">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Serbia)" title="Supreme Court (Serbia)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Slovak_Republic" title="Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Slovenia" title="Supreme Court of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Spain" title="Supreme Court of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sweden" title="Supreme Court of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey#Supreme_courts" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ukraine" title="Supreme Court of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vatican_City#Judiciary" title="Law of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kosovo#Supreme_Court" title="Judiciary of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Northern_Cyprus#Supreme_Court" title="Judiciary of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>International</b>: <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFTA_Court" title="EFTA Court">EFTA Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux_Court_of_Justice" title="Benelux Court of Justice">Benelux Court of Justice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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