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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Unsur+kimia" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Unsur+kimia" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Unsur+kimia" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Unsur+kimia" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Deskripsi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deskripsi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Deskripsi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deskripsi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Deskripsi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deskripsi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomor_atom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomor_atom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nomor atom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomor_atom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Isotop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massa_isotop_dan_massa_atom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massa_isotop_dan_massa_atom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Massa isotop dan massa atom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massa_isotop_dan_massa_atom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kemurnian_kimia_dan_kemurnian_isotopis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemurnian_kimia_dan_kemurnian_isotopis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Kemurnian kimia dan kemurnian isotopis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemurnian_kimia_dan_kemurnian_isotopis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alotrop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alotrop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Alotrop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alotrop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat-sifat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat-sifat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Sifat-sifat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat-sifat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sifat-sifat_umum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat-sifat_umum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Sifat-sifat umum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat-sifat_umum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keadaan_materi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keadaan_materi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Keadaan materi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keadaan_materi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titik_lebur_dan_titik_didih" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titik_lebur_dan_titik_didih"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3</span> <span>Titik lebur dan titik didih</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titik_lebur_dan_titik_didih-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massa_jenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massa_jenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.4</span> <span>Massa jenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massa_jenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktur_kristal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur_kristal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.5</span> <span>Struktur kristal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktur_kristal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterjadian_dan_asalnya_di_bumi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterjadian_dan_asalnya_di_bumi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.6</span> <span>Keterjadian dan asalnya di bumi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keterjadian_dan_asalnya_di_bumi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabel_periodik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabel_periodik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Tabel periodik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabel_periodik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tata_nama_dan_simbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tata_nama_dan_simbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tata nama dan simbol</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tata_nama_dan_simbol-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Tata nama dan simbol</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tata_nama_dan_simbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomor_atom_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomor_atom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nomor atom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomor_atom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nama_unsur_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nama_unsur_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nama unsur kimia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nama_unsur_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simbol_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simbol_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Simbol kimia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simbol_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unsur_kimia_spesifik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsur_kimia_spesifik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Unsur kimia spesifik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsur_kimia_spesifik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simbol_kimia_umum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simbol_kimia_umum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Simbol kimia umum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simbol_kimia_umum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simbol_isotop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simbol_isotop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Simbol isotop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simbol_isotop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asal-usul_unsur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal-usul_unsur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Asal-usul unsur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asal-usul_unsur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kelimpahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelimpahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kelimpahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kelimpahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definisi_yang_berkembang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisi_yang_berkembang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Definisi yang berkembang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definisi_yang_berkembang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definisi_klasik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisi_klasik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Definisi klasik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definisi_klasik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definisi_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisi_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Definisi kimia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definisi_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definisi_atom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisi_atom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Definisi atom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definisi_atom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penemuan_dan_pengakuan_berbagai_unsur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penemuan_dan_pengakuan_berbagai_unsur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Penemuan dan pengakuan berbagai unsur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penemuan_dan_pengakuan_berbagai_unsur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsur_yang_baru_ditemukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsur_yang_baru_ditemukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Unsur yang baru ditemukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsur_yang_baru_ditemukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_118_unsur_kimia_yang_telah_diketahui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_118_unsur_kimia_yang_telah_diketahui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Daftar 118 unsur kimia yang telah diketahui</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_118_unsur_kimia_yang_telah_diketahui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bacaan lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Unsur kimia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 181 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-181" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">181 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drah_kimia" title="Drah kimia – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Drah kimia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiese_element" title="Chemiese element – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chemiese element" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chemisches Element" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%A8_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD" title="ንጥረ ነገር – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ንጥረ ነገር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_quimico" title="Elemento quimico – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Elemento quimico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%93afodgesceaft" title="Hēafodgesceaft – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hēafodgesceaft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="रासायनिक तत्त्व – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रासायनिक तत्त्व" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="عنصر كيميائي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنصر كيميائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A" title="عنصر كيماوي – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عنصر كيماوي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89" title="عنصر كيماوى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عنصر كيماوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="ৰাসায়নিক মৌল – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাসায়নিক মৌল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementu_qu%C3%ADmicu" title="Elementu químicu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementu químicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimy%C9%99vi_element" title="Kimyəvi element – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimyəvi element" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA" title="شیمیایی المنت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیمیایی المنت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химик элемент – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Химик элемент" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_kimia" title="Datu kimia – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Datu kimia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kem%C4%97nis_elements" title="Kemėnis elements – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kemėnis elements" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementong_kimikal" title="Elementong kimikal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Elementong kimikal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хімічны элемент – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічны элемент" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хімічны элемэнт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хімічны элемэнт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химичен елемент – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химичен елемент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="रासायनिक तत्व – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रासायनिक तत्व" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemen_blong_Kemistri" title="Elemen blong Kemistri – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Elemen blong Kemistri" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဒြပ်စင် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒြပ်စင်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="মৌলিক পদার্থ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৌলিক পদার্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfenn_gimiek" title="Elfenn gimiek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elfenn gimiek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijski_element" title="Hemijski element – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemijski element" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химиин элемент – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Химиин элемент" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_qu%C3%ADmic" title="Element químic – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Element químic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1-h%C5%8Fk_ngu%C3%B2ng-s%C3%B3" title="Huá-hŏk nguòng-só – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huá-hŏk nguòng-só" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento" title="Elemento – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elemento" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="توخمی کیمیایی – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="توخمی کیمیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiyaviy_element" title="Himiyaviy element – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Himiyaviy element" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%BD_prvek" title="Chemický prvek – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemický prvek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химилле элемент – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Химилле элемент" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfen_gemegol" title="Elfen gemegol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elfen gemegol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundstof" title="Grundstof – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grundstof" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemisches Element" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Χημικό στοιχείο – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημικό στοιχείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemical element" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_elemento" title="Kemia elemento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemia elemento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Elemento químico – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elemento químico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiline_element" title="Keemiline element – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiline element" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementu_kimiko" title="Elementu kimiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elementu kimiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementu_qu%C3%ADmicu" title="Elementu químicu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Elementu químicu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="عنصر شیمیایی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عنصر شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuaine" title="Alkuaine – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alkuaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiline_element" title="Keemiline element – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Keemiline element" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumevni" title="Frumevni – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Frumevni" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique" title="Élément chimique – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élément chimique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Element chimic" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemint_(skiekunde)" title="Elemint (skiekunde) – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elemint (skiekunde)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAil_cheimiceach" title="Dúil cheimiceach – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúil cheimiceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="元素 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="元素" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9man_chimik" title="Éléman chimik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Éléman chimik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileamaid_cheimigeach" title="Eileamaid cheimigeach – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eileamaid cheimigeach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Elemento químico – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elemento químico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%E1%BB%B9i_Kimi_rehegua" title="Apỹi Kimi rehegua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apỹi Kimi rehegua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5" title="તત્ત્વ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તત્ત્વ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunstoo" title="Bunstoo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bunstoo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa-ho%CC%8Dk_ngi%C3%A8n-su" title="Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fa-ho̍k ngièn-su" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumumea_kemikala" title="Kumumea kemikala – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kumumea kemikala" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99" title="יסוד כימי – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יסוד כימי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="रासायनिक तत्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक तत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasaenik_element" title="Rasaenik element – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rasaenik element" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijski_element" title="Kemijski element – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemijski element" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleman_chimik" title="Eleman chimik – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eleman chimik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9miai_elem" title="Kémiai elem – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kémiai elem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քիմիական տարրեր – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիական տարրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քիմիական Տարրեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քիմիական Տարրեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_chimic" title="Elemento chimic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Elemento chimic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimic_element" title="Chimic element – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chimic element" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiko_nga_elemento" title="Kimiko nga elemento – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kimiko nga elemento" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemial_elemento" title="Kemial elemento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kemial elemento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumefni" title="Frumefni – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_chimico" title="Elemento chimico – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elemento chimico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="元素 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimikal_eliment" title="Kimikal eliment – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kimikal eliment" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/selratni" title="selratni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="selratni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasir_kimiah" title="Anasir kimiah – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anasir kimiah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ქიმიური ელემენტი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმიური ელემენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aferdis_akruran" title="Aferdis akruran – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aferdis akruran" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Химиялық элементтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық элементтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8" title="ធាតុគីមី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ធាតុគីមី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81" title="ಮೂಲಧಾತು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೂಲಧಾತು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="원소 (화학) – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원소 (화학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8E%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%84%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="رساێن تۄتھ – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رساێن تۄتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element" title="Element – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Element" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elven_gymyk" title="Elven gymyk – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Elven gymyk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химиялык элемент – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Химиялык элемент" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementum_chemicum" title="Elementum chemicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elementum chemicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_(Chimie)" title="Element (Chimie) – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Element (Chimie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos" title="Elementos – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Elementos" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjemisch_element" title="Sjemisch element – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjemisch element" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_chimici" title="Elementi chimici – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Elementi chimici" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_chimich" title="Element chimich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Element chimich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheminis_elementas" title="Cheminis elementas – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cheminis elementas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmiskais_elements" title="Ķīmiskais elements – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīmiskais elements" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Химиянь элементсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Химиянь элементсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D3%B1%D2%A5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Химий тӱҥлык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Химий тӱҥлык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsua_kimia" title="Unsua kimia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Unsua kimia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хемиски елемент – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хемиски елемент" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="മൂലകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൂലകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химийн элемент – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Химийн элемент" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मूलद्रव्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मूलद्रव्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unsur kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_kimiku" title="Element kimiku – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Element kimiku" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဒြပ်စင် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒြပ်စင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheemsch_Element" title="Cheemsch Element – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Cheemsch Element" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="रसायनिक तत्व – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रसायनिक तत्व" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="रसायनिक तत्त्व – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रसायनिक तत्त्व" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisch_element" title="Chemisch element – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chemisch element" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnstoff" title="Grunnstoff – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grunnstoff" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnstoff" title="Grunnstoff – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grunnstoff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemente" title="Elemente – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Elemente" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Al%C3%A9ment" title="Êlément – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êlément" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_quimic" title="Element quimic – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Element quimic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahiyyoo(elementii)" title="Wahiyyoo(elementii) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Wahiyyoo(elementii)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8C%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95" title="ରାସାୟନିକ ମୌଳିକ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରାସାୟନିକ ମୌଳିକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਤੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਤੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_k%C3%ADmiko" title="Elemento kímiko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Elemento kímiko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemikill_Element" title="Kemikill Element – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kemikill Element" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierwiastek_chemiczny" title="Pierwiastek chemiczny – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierwiastek chemiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_ch%C3%ACmich" title="Element chìmich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Element chìmich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="کیمیائی عنصر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمیائی عنصر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="کيمياوي توکی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيمياوي توکی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Elemento (química) – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elemento (química)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qallawa" title="Qallawa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qallawa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Element chimic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemende_ch%C3%ACmeche" title="Elemende chìmeche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Elemende chìmeche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химический элемент – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химический элемент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хемічный елемент – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хемічный елемент" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="तत्त्वम् (रसायनशास्त्रम्) – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तत्त्वम् (रसायनशास्त्रम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Химия элемена – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Химия элемена" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementu_ch%C3%ACmicu" title="Elementu chìmicu – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Elementu chìmicu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimentu_ch%C3%ACmicu" title="Elimentu chìmicu – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Elimentu chìmicu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chemical element" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="ڪيميائي عنصر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيميائي عنصر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijski_element" title="Hemijski element – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemijski element" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%E1%B8%8Dis_akimyan" title="Afrḍis akimyan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Afrḍis akimyan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA" title="රසායනික මූලද්‍රව්‍ය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රසායනික මූලද්‍රව්‍ය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemical element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%BD_prvok" title="Chemický prvok – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chemický prvok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi%C4%8Dni_element" title="Kemični element – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kemični element" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhangande_yeMushonga" title="Nhangande yeMushonga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nhangande yeMushonga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiye_kimiko" title="Curiye kimiko – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Curiye kimiko" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_e_elementeve_kimik%C3%AB" title="Lista e elementeve kimikë – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lista e elementeve kimikë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хемијски елемент – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хемијски елемент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element" title="Element – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Element" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Unsur kimia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grund%C3%A4mne" title="Grundämne – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grundämne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_za_kikemia" title="Elementi za kikemia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elementi za kikemia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தனிமம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మూలకము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మూలకము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%91%D3%A3" title="Унсури кимиёӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Унсури кимиёӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" title="ธาตุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธาตุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_(kimika)" title="Elemento (kimika) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elemento (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element" title="Element – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Element" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химик элемент – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Химик элемент" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химиктиг элемент – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Химиктиг элемент" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хімічний елемент – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімічний елемент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="کیمیائی عنصر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمیائی عنصر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyoviy_unsur" title="Kimyoviy unsur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyoviy unsur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_chimego" title="Elemento chimego – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Elemento chimego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himine_element" title="Himine element – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Himine element" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguyên tố hóa học – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên tố hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisch_element" title="Chemisch element – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Chemisch element" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6min_kiemavik" title="Lömin kiemavik – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lömin kiemavik" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_kimiko" title="Elemento kimiko – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elemento kimiko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeet" title="Xeet – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xeet" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化学元素 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化学元素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhemikhali" title="Ikhemikhali – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ikhemikhali" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ქიმიური ელემენტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქიმიური ელემენტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98" title="כעמישער עלעמענט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כעמישער עלעמענט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%81l%C3%ADm%E1%BA%B9%CC%80nt%C3%AC_k%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Ẹ́límẹ̀ntì kẹ́míkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ́límẹ̀ntì kẹ́míkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化學元素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="化學元素" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk_go%C3%A2n-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-ha̍k goân-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="元素 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="元素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlwa_yevanga" title="Inhlwa yevanga – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inhlwa yevanga" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11344#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang 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navigation-not-searchable">Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/Unsur_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="Unsur (disambiguasi)">Unsur (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-en.svg/378px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="378" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-en.svg/567px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-en.svg/756px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/150px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/225px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/300px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/173px-Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/259px-Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/345px-Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Copper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Copper.jpg/100px-Copper.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Copper.jpg/150px-Copper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Copper.jpg/200px-Copper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:HEUraniumC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HEUraniumC.jpg/125px-HEUraniumC.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HEUraniumC.jpg/188px-HEUraniumC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HEUraniumC.jpg/250px-HEUraniumC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg/101px-Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg/152px-Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg/202px-Bromine_vial_in_acrylic_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3421" data-file-height="3387" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:HeTube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HeTube.jpg/100px-HeTube.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HeTube.jpg/150px-HeTube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HeTube.jpg/200px-HeTube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Atas: <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a> unsur-unsur kimia.<br />Bawah: Contoh unsur kimia tertentu. Dari kiri ke kanan: <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">bromin</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Unsur kimia</b> bisa berarti dua hal. Kesatu, unsur sama artinya dengan <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> (misal mengatakan 'unsur oksigen' sama dengan mengatakan 'atom oksigen'). Kedua, unsur berarti <a href="/wiki/Zat" title="Zat">zat</a> yaitu kumpulan sangat banyak atom hingga sampai pada tingkat yang bisa kita rasakan, bisa dilihat, dicium, dan berdampak pada tubuh (makhluk hidup, benda padat, cair, dan gas). Unsur jika lebih dirinci termasuk sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zat_murni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zat murni (halaman belum tersedia)">zat murni</a> bersama dengan <a href="/wiki/Senyawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Senyawa">senyawa</a>. <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Emas_dalam_bentuk_atom_dan_zat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emas_dalam_bentuk_atom_dan_zat.png/178px-Emas_dalam_bentuk_atom_dan_zat.png" decoding="async" width="178" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emas_dalam_bentuk_atom_dan_zat.png/267px-Emas_dalam_bentuk_atom_dan_zat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emas_dalam_bentuk_atom_dan_zat.png/356px-Emas_dalam_bentuk_atom_dan_zat.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><br /> <i>perbedaan unsur dalam artian atom dan unsur dalam artian zat</i> </p><p>Unsur (dalam hal ini atom) mempunyai jumlah <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> yang sama dalam <a href="/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom">inti atomnya</a> (yaitu <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a>, atau <i>Z</i> yang sama).<sup id="cite_ref-goldbookElement_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldbookElement-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebanyak 118 unsur telah diketahui, yang mana 94 di antaranya ada secara alami di bumi. Sedangkan 24 sisanya, merupakan <a href="/wiki/Unsur_sintetis" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur sintetis">unsur buatan</a>. Terdapat 80 unsur yang memiliki sekurang-kurangnya satu <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> stabil dan 38 unsur yang merupakan <a href="/wiki/Radionuklida" title="Radionuklida">radionuklida</a> yang seiring berjalannya waktu <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">meluruh</a> menjadi unsur lain. <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Besi</a> adalah unsur penyusun bumi paling melimpah (berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a>), sementara di kerak bumi <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> adalah yang paling melimpah.<sup id="cite_ref-LosAlamos_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LosAlamos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unsur kimia menyusun <a href="/wiki/Materi" title="Materi">materi</a> <a href="/wiki/Baryon" class="mw-redirect" title="Baryon">biasa</a> di jagat raya. Namun, <a href="/wiki/Astronomi_observasional" title="Astronomi observasional">observasi astronomi</a> menyarankan bahwa materi biasa yang teramati hanya menyusun 4% dari materi di alam semesta: sisanya adalah <a href="/wiki/Materi_gelap" title="Materi gelap">materi gelap</a> (73%); komposisinya tidak diketahui, tetapi tidak tersusun dari <b>unsur kimia</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energi misterius ini kemungkinan mempercepat <a href="/wiki/Inflasi_(kosmologi)" title="Inflasi (kosmologi)">inflasi</a> Alam semesta. </p><p>Dua unsur yang paling ringan, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, sebagian besar terbentuk dalam <a href="/wiki/Ledakan_Dahsyat" title="Ledakan Dahsyat">Ledakan Dahsyat</a> dan merupakan unsur paling umum di jagat raya. Tiga unsur berikutnya (<a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">berilium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>) sebagian besar terbentuk melalui <a href="/wiki/Spalasi_sinar_kosmis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spalasi sinar kosmis">spalasi sinar kosmis</a>, dan oleh sebab itu lebih jarang daripada unsur-unsur yang lebih berat. Pembentukan unsur dengan proton antara 6 sampai 26 terjadi dan terus berlanjut dalam bintang-bintang <a href="/wiki/Deret_utama" title="Deret utama">deret utama</a> melalui <a href="/wiki/Nukleosintesis_bintang" title="Nukleosintesis bintang">nukleosintesis bintang</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" class="extiw" title="en:Stellar nucleosynthesis">.</a> Kelimpahan oksigen, <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a>, dan besi yang tinggi di Bumi mencerminkan produksinya yang banyak di bintang-bintang tersebut. Unsur-unsur dengan proton lebih dari 26 terbentuk melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleosintesis_supernova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleosintesis supernova (halaman belum tersedia)">nukleosintesis supernova</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" class="extiw" title="en:Supernova nucleosynthesis">,</a> yang, ketika mereka meledak, memercikkan unsur-unsur ini sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sisa-sisa_supernova" title="Sisa-sisa supernova">sisa-sisa supernova</a> jauh ke angkasa, yang menyatu dengan <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> ketika mereka terbentuk.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Istilah "unsur" (atau "elemen") digunakan untuk atom-atom dengan jumlah proton tertentu (tanpa menghiraukan apakah mereka <a href="/wiki/Ionisasi" title="Ionisasi">terionisasi</a> atau berikatan kimia, misalnya hidrogen dalam <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a>) maupun sebagai <a href="/wiki/Zat_kimia" title="Zat kimia">zat kimia</a> murni yang mengandung unsur tunggal (misalnya gas hidrogen).<sup id="cite_ref-goldbookElement_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldbookElement-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk makna yang kedua, telah diusulkan juga istilah "zat elementer" dan "zat sederhana", tetapi tidak mendapat penerimaan yang luas dalam literatur kimia <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">Inggris</a>, sementara dalam beberapa bahasa lainnya kesetaraannya banyak digunakan (misalnya <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Prancis" title="Bahasa Prancis">bahasa Prancis</a>: <span lang="fr"><i>corps simple</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>: <span lang="ru">простое вещество</span>). Sebuah unsur tunggal dapat membentuk banyak zat yang berbeda strukturnya; mereka disebut <a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">alotrop</a> unsur.Ketika unsur yang berbeda bergabung secara kimia, dengan atom-atom yang terikat melalui <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">ikatan kimia</a>, mereka membentuk <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia">senyawa kimia</a>. Hanya sedikit unsur yang ditemukan tak berikatan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> murni. Unsur alami semacam ini di antaranya adalah <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> (sebagai <a href="/wiki/Batu_bara" title="Batu bara">batu bara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">intan</a>), dan <a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">belerang</a>. Semua unsur, kecuali yang sangat inert seperti <a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">gas mulia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Logam_mulia" title="Logam mulia">logam mulia</a>, biasanya ditemukan di bumi dalam bentuk gabungan kimianya, sebagai senyawa kimia. Sementara sekitar 32 unsur kimia yang ada di bumi dalam bentuk alami tak tergabung, sebagian besar berada sebagai campuran. Misalnya, <a href="/wiki/Udara" title="Udara">udara</a> atmosfer campuran utamanya adalah <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, oksigen, dan <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, sementara unsur padat alami terjadi dalam <a href="/wiki/Logam_paduan" title="Logam paduan">logam paduan</a>, seperti pada besi dan <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a>. </p><p>Sejarah penemuan dan penggunaan unsur dimulai sejak <a href="/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat">masyarakat manusia</a> <a href="/wiki/Primitif" title="Primitif">primitif</a> yang menemukan unsur-unsur alami seperti karbon, belerang, tembaga dan emas. Peradaban selanjutnya mengekstraksi unsur tembaga, timah, timbal dan besi dari <a href="/wiki/Bijih" title="Bijih">bijihnya</a> melalui <a href="/wiki/Peleburan_(metalurgi)" title="Peleburan (metalurgi)">peleburan</a>, menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Batu_bara" title="Batu bara">batu bara</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">Alkimiawan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kimiawan" title="Kimiawan">kimiawan</a> secara berurutan mengidentifikasi lebih banyak lagi; seluruh unsur yang terbentuk secara alami telah diketahui pada tahun 1950.Sifat unsur kimia dirangkum dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a>, yang menyusun unsur-unsur menurut kenaikan nomor atom dalam baris (<a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">"periode"</a>) yang merupakan pengulangan ("secara periodik") <a href="/wiki/Sifat_kimia" title="Sifat kimia">sifat-sifat kimia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sifat_fisik" title="Sifat fisik">fisika</a> kolom-kolomnya (<a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">"golongan"</a>). Selain unsur radioaktif tak stabil dengan <a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> singkat, seluruh unsur tersedia secara <a href="/wiki/Industri" title="Industri">industri</a>, sebagian besar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketakmurnian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketakmurnian (halaman belum tersedia)">berketakmurnian</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Cat 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rendah. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deskripsi">Deskripsi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Deskripsi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Deskripsi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unsur adalah zat bagian terkecil suatu zat.Unsur kimia paling ringan adalah hidrogen dan <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, keduanya tercipta melalui <a href="/wiki/Nukleosintesis_Big_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleosintesis Big Bang">nukleosintesis Big Bang</a> selama <a href="/wiki/Kronologi_alam_semesta" title="Kronologi alam semesta">20 menit pertama alam semesta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan rasio sekitar 3:1 berdasarkan massa (atau 12:1 berdasarkan nomor atom),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bersama dengan dua unsur renik berikutnya, <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">berilium</a>. Hampir semua unsur lain yang dijumpai di alam terbentuk melalui beragam metode <a href="/wiki/Nukleosintesis" title="Nukleosintesis">nukleosintesis</a> alami.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejumlah kecil atom secara alami diproduksi di bumi melalui reaksi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleogenik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleogenik (halaman belum tersedia)">nukleogenik</a>, atau dalam proses <a href="/wiki/Kosmogenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmogenik">kosmogenik</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Spalasi_sinar_kosmis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spalasi sinar kosmis">spalasi sinar kosmis</a>. Atom-atom baru juga diproduksi secara alami di bumi sebagai <a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">isotop luruhan</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuklida_radiogenik" title="Nuklida radiogenik">radiogenik</a> dari proses <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">peluruhan radioaktif</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_alfa" title="Peluruhan alfa">peluruhan alfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_beta" title="Peluruhan beta">peluruhan beta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisi_spontan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisi spontan">fisi spontan</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" class="extiw" title="en:Spontaneous fission">,</a> <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_gugus" title="Peluruhan gugus">peluruhan gugus</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_decay" class="extiw" title="en:Cluster decay">,</a> dan moda peluruhan yang lebih jarang lainnya. </p><p>Dari 94 unsur yang terbentuk secara alami, unsur dengan nomor atom 1 hingga 82 memiliki sekurang-kurangnya satu <a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotop stabil">isotop stabil</a> (kecuali <a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">teknesium</a>, unsur 43, dan <a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">prometium</a>, unsur 61, yang tidak memiliki isotop stabil). Isotop yang dianggap stabil adalah mereka yang tidak (atau belum) teramati mengalami peluruhan radioaktif. Unsur dengan nomor atom 83 hingga 94 adalah <a href="/wiki/Radionuklida" title="Radionuklida">tidak stabil</a> dari sudut pandang peluruhan radioaktif seluruh isotop yang dapat dideteksi. Beberapa unsur ini, terutama <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a> (nomor atom 83), <a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">torium</a> (nomor atom 90), dan <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> (nomor atom 92), memiliki satu atau lebih isotop dengan waktu paruh yang cukup panjang untuk bertahan sebagai sisa-sisa ledakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleosintesis_stelar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleosintesis stelar (halaman belum tersedia)">nukleosintesis stelar</a> yang menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat">logam berat</a> sebelum pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya</a>. Selama lebih dari 1,9<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>19</sup> tahun, lebih dari satu miliar kali lebih lama daripada perkiraan umur alam semesta saat ini, <a href="/wiki/Bismut-209" title="Bismut-209">bismut-209</a> (nomor atom 83) memiliki waktu paruh peluruhan alfa terpanjang di antara unsur yang terjadi secara alami, dan hampir selalu dianggap setara dengan 80 unsur stabil.<sup id="cite_ref-Dume2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dume2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marcillac2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcillac2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsur yang paling berat (yaitu yang di atas <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, unsur 94), mengalami peluruhan radioaktif dengan <a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> yang sangat singkat dan tidak ditemukan di alam sehingga harus <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia_sintetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur kimia sintetik">disintesis</a>. </p><p>Per tahun 2010, terdapat 118 unsur yang diketahui (dalam konteks ini, "diketahui" berarti telah diteliti dengan cukup baik, meskipun hanya dari sedikit produk peluruhannya, untuk memastikan berbeda dari unsur lain).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schewe_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schewe-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari 118 unsur ini, 94 terbentuk secara alami di bumi. Enam di antaranya terbentuk dalam jumlah yang sangat renik: <a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">teknesium</a>, nomor atom 43; <a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">prometium</a>, nomor 61; <a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">astatin</a>, nomor 85; <a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">fransium</a>, nomor 87; <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>, nomor 93; dan <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, nomor 94. Sembilan puluh empat unsur ini telah terdeteksi melimpah di alam semesta, dalam spektrum bintang dan juga supernova, di mana terjadi pembentukan unsur radioaktif berumur pendek. Sembilan puluh empat unsur pertama telah dideteksi langsung di bumi sebagai <a href="/wiki/Nuklida_primordial" title="Nuklida primordial">nuklida primordial</a> yang hadir sejak pembentukan tata surya, atau sebagai fisi alami atau transmutasi produk uranium dan torium. </p><p>Sisanya, 24 unsur yang lebih berat, yang tidak ditemukan saat ini baik di bumi maupun pada spektra astronomis, telah diproduksi secara artifisial: seluruhnya bersifat radioaktif, dengan waktu paruh yang sangat singkat. Jika ada atom-atom unsur ini yang terdapat pada pembentukan bumi, dapat dipastikan telah meluruh sempurna, dan jika terdapat pada nova (bintang baru), pastinya berada dalam jumlah yang sangat kecil untuk diketahui. Teknesium adalah non-alami yang disintesis pertama kali, pada tahun 1937, meskipun sekelumit teknesium telah dijumpai di alam (dan juga unsurnya telah ditemui secara alami pada tahun 1925).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pola produksi artifisial dan pengungkapan alami di kemudian hari telah berulang dengan unsur radioaktif alami yang langka lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daftar_unsur_menurut_nomor_atom" title="Daftar unsur menurut nomor atom">Dafar unsur tersedia berdasarkan nama, nomor atom, massa jenis, titik lebur, titik didih</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Simbol_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbol unsur kimia">berdasarkan simbol</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_(chemical_element)" class="extiw" title="en:Symbol (chemical element)">,</a> serta berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi_molar" title="Energi ionisasi molar">energi ionisasi unsur kimia</a>. Nuklida unsur stabil dan radioaktif juga tersedia sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_nuklida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar nuklida (halaman belum tersedia)">daftar nuklida</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclides" class="extiw" title="en:List of nuclides">,</a> yang diurutkan berdasarkan waktu paruh untuk yang tidak stabil. Satu yang paling nyaman, dan tentunya penyajian unsur paling tradisional adalah dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a>, yang mengelompokkan unsur-unsur dengan kemiripan sifat kimia (dan biasanya juga memiliki struktur elektron yang mirip). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomor_atom">Nomor atom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Nomor atom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Nomor atom"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Nomor atom</a> suatu unsur sama dengan jumlah proton dalam masing-masing atom, dan mendefinisikan unsur kimia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai contoh, seluruh atom karbon mengandung 6 proton dalam <a href="/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom">inti atomnya</a>; sehingga nomor atom karbon adalah 6.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atom karbon dapat memiliki jumlah neutron yang berbeda; atom dari unsur yang sama tetapi memiliki jumlah netron yang berbeda dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jumlah proton dalam inti atom juga menentukan <a href="/wiki/Muatan_listrik" title="Muatan listrik">muatan listrik</a>, yang pada gilirannya menentukan jumlah <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> atom tersebut dalam kondisi <a href="/wiki/Ionisasi" title="Ionisasi">tak terionisasi</a>. Elektron menempati <a href="/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom">orbital atom</a> yang menentukan beragam <a href="/wiki/Sifat_kimia" title="Sifat kimia">sifat kimia</a> atom. Jumlah neutron dalam inti atom biasanya berpengaruh sangat kecil pada sifat unsur kimia (kecuali dalam kasus <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>). Oleh karena itu, seluruh isotop karbon memiliki sifat kimia yang hampir identik karena kesemuanya memiliki enam proton dan enam elektron, meskipun atom karbon dapat mempunyai, misalnya, 6 atau 8 neutron. Inilah dasar pemikiran penentuan karakteristik unsur kimia menggunakan nomor atom, dan bukannya <a href="/wiki/Nomor_massa" title="Nomor massa">nomor massa</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Massa_atom" title="Massa atom">massa atom</a>. </p><p>Lambang nomor atom adalah <i>Z</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotop">Isotop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Isotop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Isotop"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbandingan_isotop_stabil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbandingan isotop stabil (halaman belum tersedia)">Perbandingan isotop stabil</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_nuklida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar nuklida (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar nuklida</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a> adalah atom-atom unsur yang sama (yaitu, dengan jumlah <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> yang sama dalam <a href="/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom">inti atomnya</a>), tetapi memiliki jumlah <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> yang <i>berbeda</i>. Oleh karena itu, terdapat, misalnya, tiga isotop utama karbon. Seluruh atom karbon memiliki 6 proton di dalam intinya, tetapi mereka dapat memiliki 6, 7, atau 8 neutron. Sehingga, nomor massanya masing-masing adalah 12, 13, dan 14. Ketiga isotop karbon tersebut dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Karbon-12" title="Karbon-12">karbon-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbon-13" title="Karbon-13">karbon-13</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Karbon-14" title="Karbon-14">karbon-14</a>, sering kali disingkat sebagai <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>12</sup>C</span>, <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>13</sup>C</span>, <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>14</sup>C</span>. <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a> dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan dalam ilmu kimia adalah <a href="/wiki/Campuran" title="Campuran">campuran</a> dari <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>12</sup>C</span> (sekitar 98,8%), <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>13</sup>C</span> (sekitar 1,1%) dan sekitar 1 atom per triliun <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>14</sup>C</span>. </p><p>Sebagian besar unsur alami (66 dari 94) memiliki lebih dari satu isotop stabil. Selain isotop hidrogen (yang masing-masing memiliki massa relatif sangat jauh berbeda—cukup untuk menyebabkan efek kimia), isotop-isotop unsur terdaftar secara kimia hampir tidak dapat dibedakan. </p><p>Seluruh unsur memiliki isotop yang bersifat radioaktif (<a href="/wiki/Radioisotop" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotop">radioisotop</a>), meskipun tidak semua radioisotop ini terjadi secara alami. Radioisotop umumnya meluruh menjadi unsur lain dengan memancarkan <a href="/wiki/Partikel_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikel alfa">partikel alfa</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Partikel_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikel beta">beta</a>. Jika suatu unsur memiliki isotop yang tidak bersifat radioaktif, ini disebut sebagai isotop "stabil". Seluruh isotop stabil yang dikenal terjadi secara alami (lihat <a href="/wiki/Isotop_primordial" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotop primordial">isotop primordial</a>). Kebanyakan radioisotop yang tidak dijumpai di alam telah dijelaskan setelah dibuat secara artifisial. Unsur-unsur tertentu tidak memiliki isotop stabil dan <i>hanya</i> terdiri dari isotop radioaktif: secara spesifik, unsur tanpa isotop stabil adalah teknesium (nomor atom 43), prometium (nomor 61), dan seluruh unsur dengan nomor atom lebih dari 82. </p><p>Dari 80 unsur dengan sekurang-kurangnya satu isotop stabil, 26 di antaranya hanya memiliki sebuah isotop stabil. Rata-rata jumlah isotop stabil untuk 80 unsur stabil adalah 3,1 isotop stabil per unsur. Jumlah isotop stabil terbanyak yang terjadi untuk unsur tunggal adalah 10 isotop (<a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a>, nomor atom 50). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massa_isotop_dan_massa_atom">Massa isotop dan massa atom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Massa isotop dan massa atom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Massa isotop dan massa atom"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Massa_atom" title="Massa atom">massa atom</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Massa_atom_relatif" title="Massa atom relatif">massa atom relatif</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nomor_massa" title="Nomor massa">Nomor massa</a> unsur, <i>A</i> merupakan jumlah dari proton yang bermuatan positif dan neutron yang bermuatan netral / nukleon (proton dan neutron). perbedaan Isotop dalam unsur dibedakan berdasarkan nomor massanya, yang secara konvensional ditulis sebagai superskrip di sebelah kiri lambang atom (misalnya <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>238</sup>U</span>). Nomor massa selalu bilangan bulat dan memiliki satuan "nukleon". Sebagai contoh, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium-24">magnesium-24</a> (24 adalah nomor massa) adalah sebuah atom dengan 24 nukleon (12 proton dan 12 neutron). </p><p>Sementara nomor massa hanya berupa pencacahan jumlah neutron dan proton, sehingga menghasilkan bilangan bulat, <a href="/wiki/Nomor_massa" title="Nomor massa">nomor massa</a> suatu atom berupa <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_riil" title="Bilangan riil">bilangan riil</a> yang menyatakan massa isotop (atau "nuklida") unsur tertentu, dinyatakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Satuan_massa_atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Satuan massa atom">satuan massa atom</a> (lambang: u). Secara umum, nomor massa nuklida tertentu memiliki nilai yang sedikit berbeda dari massa atomnya, karena </p> <ol><li>massa masing-masing proton dan neutron tidak tepat 1 u;</li> <li>elektron hanya sedikit kontribusinya terhadap massa atom ketika jumlah neutron melebihi jumlah proton, dan (akhirnya)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energi_ikatan_nuklir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energi ikatan nuklir (halaman belum tersedia)">energi ikatan nuklir</a>.</li></ol> <p>Sebagai contoh, massa atom klorin-35 hingga lima angka bermakna adalah 34,969 u dan klorin-37 adalah 36,966 u. Namun, massa atom dalam u untuk masing-masing isotop sangat mendekati nomor massa sederhananya (selalu dalam rentang 1%). Satu-satunya isotop yang memiliki massa atom tepat <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_asli" title="Bilangan asli">bilangan asli</a> adalah <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>12</sup>C</span> yang secara definitif memiliki massa tepa 12, karena u didefinisikan sebagai <span class="template-frac">1⁄12</span> dari massa atom karbon-12 alami bebas dalam keadaan dasar. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Berat_atom_standar" class="mw-redirect" title="Berat atom standar">Berat atom standar</a> (umum disebut sebagai "berat atom") suatu unsur adalah <i>rata-rata</i> massa atom seluruh isotop unsur kimia yang ditemukan di lingkungan tertentu, tertimbang sesuai kelimpahan isotopnya, relatif terhadap satuan massa atom. Angka ini dapat berupa fraksi yang tidak mendekati bilangan bulat. Misalnya, massa atom relatif klorin adalah 35,453 u, yang sangat jauh berbeda dari bilangan bulat karena merupakan rata-rata dari 76% klorin-35 dan 24% klorin-37. Ketika nilai massa atom relatif berbeda lebih dari 1% dari bilangan bulat, akibat dirata-ratakan, hal itu menunjukkan bahwa keberadaannya di alam diwakili oleh lebih dari satu isotop dalam jumlah yang banyak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kemurnian_kimia_dan_kemurnian_isotopis">Kemurnian kimia dan kemurnian isotopis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Kemurnian kimia dan kemurnian isotopis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kemurnian kimia dan kemurnian isotopis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kimiawan dan ilmuwan nuklir memiliki definisi yang berbeda terkait <i>unsur murni</i>. Dalam kimia, unsur murni berarti suatu zat yang seluruh (atau hampir seluruh) atomnya memiliki <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> atau jumlah proton, yang sama. Sementara ilmuwan nuklir mendefinisikan unsur murni sebagai sesuatu yang mengandung hanya satu <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> stabil.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagai contoh, kawat tembaga secara kimia berkemurnian 99,99% jika 99,99% nya adalah atom tembaga, dengan masing-masing 29 proton. Namun ia tidak murni secara isotop karena tembaga biasa mengandung dua isotop stabil, 69% <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>63</sup>Cu</span> dan 31% <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>65</sup>Cu</span>, dengan jumlah proton yang berbeda. Namun, batangan emas murni dinyatakan murni secara kimia maupun isotop karena emas biasa hanya mengandung satu isotop, <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>197</sup>Au</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alotrop">Alotrop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Alotrop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Alotrop"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">Alotropi</a></div> <p>Atom unsur berkemurnian kimia dapat berikatan kimia satu dengan lainnya melalui lebih dari satu cara, memungkinkan unsur murni terdapat dalam banyak <a href="/wiki/Struktur_kimia" title="Struktur kimia">struktur kimia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geometri_molekul" title="Geometri molekul">penataan ulang spasial atom</a>), yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">alotrop</a>, yang memiliki sifat berbeda. Sebagai contoh, karbon dapat dijumpai sebagai <a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">intan</a>, yang memiliki struktur tetrahedral di sekeliling masing-masing atom karbon; <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>, yang memiliki lapisan atom karbon dengan struktur heksagonal yang ditumpuk; <a href="/wiki/Grafena" title="Grafena">grafena</a>, yang merupakan lapisan tunggal grafit yang sangat kuat; <a href="/wiki/Fulerena" title="Fulerena">fulerena</a>, yang memiliki bentuk hampir bulat, dan <a href="/wiki/Tabung_nano_karbon" title="Tabung nano karbon">tabung nano karbon</a>, yang berbentuk tabung dengan struktur heksagonal (bahkan inipun berbeda satu dengan lainnya dalam hal sifat listrik). Kemampuan suatu unsur untuk berada dalam lebih dari satu bentuk struktur dikenal sebagai '<a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">alotropi</a>'. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Keadaan_standar" title="Keadaan standar">Keadaan standar</a>, dikenal juga sebagai keadaan rujukan, suatu unsur didefinisikan sebagai keadaan paling stabilnya secara termodinamika pada tekanan 1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(satuan)" title="Bar (satuan)">bar</a> dan temperatur tertentu (biasanya pada 298,15 K). Dalam <a href="/wiki/Termokimia" title="Termokimia">termokimia</a>, suatu unsur didefinisikan memiliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entalpi_pembentukan_standar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entalpi pembentukan standar (halaman belum tersedia)">entalpi pembentukan</a> nol dalam keadaan dasarnya. Sebagai contoh, keadaan standar karbon adalah grafit, karena struktur grafit lebih stabil daripada alotrop lainnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sifat-sifat">Sifat-sifat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Sifat-sifat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sifat-sifat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beberapa kategori dapat diterapkan secara luas terhadap unsur, termasuk memperhatikan sifat fisik dan kimia mereka secara umum, keadaan materi dalam kondisi yang banyak dijumpai, titik lebur dan didihnya, massa jenisnya, struktur kristalnya sebagai padatan, dan asal-usulnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sifat-sifat_umum">Sifat-sifat umum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Sifat-sifat umum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sifat-sifat umum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beberapa istilah umum digunakan untuk menandai sifat fisik dan kimia umum unsur-unsur kimia. Pembeda pertama adalah antara <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a>, yang mudah menghantarkan <a href="/wiki/Listrik" title="Listrik">listrik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">nonlogam</a>, yang tidak menghantarkan listrik, dan sekelompok kecil (<i><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">metaloid</a></i>), yang memiliki sifat di antara keduanya dan sering berperilaku sebagai <a href="/wiki/Semikonduktor" title="Semikonduktor">semikonduktor</a>. </p><p>Klasifikasi yang lebih detail sering ditunjukkan melalui penyajian warna dalam tabel periodik. Sistem ini membatasi istilah "logam" dan "nonlogam" menjadi hanya logam dan nonlogam tertentu dari sedemikian banyaknya logam dan nonlogam. Versi klasifikasi tabel periodik yang digunakan di sini meliputi: <a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">aktinida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">logam alkali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">logam alkali tanah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">lantanida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logam_pasca-transisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Logam pasca-transisi">logam pasca-transisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">metaloid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonlogam#Nonlogam_reaktif" title="Nonlogam">nonlogam reaktif</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">gas mulia</a>. Pada sistem ini, logam alkali, logam alkali tanah, dan logam transisi, serta lantanida dan aktinida, adalah golongan khusus logam dilihat dari sudut pandang yang lebih luas. Sama halnya, nonlogam reaktif dan gas mulia adalah nonlogam jika dilihat dari perspektif yang lebih luas. Dalam beberapa penyajian, halogen tidak dibedakan, dengan <a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">astatin</a> diidentifikasi sebagai metaloid dan lainnya diidentifikasi sebagai nonlogam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keadaan_materi">Keadaan materi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Keadaan materi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keadaan materi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hal mendasar lainnya yang umum digunakan untuk membedakan unsur kimia adalah <a href="/wiki/Wujud_materi" title="Wujud materi">wujud materi (fase) nya</a>, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Padat" title="Padat">padat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cair" class="mw-redirect" title="Cair">cair</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>, pada <a href="/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar">temperatur dan tekanan standar</a> (STP). Sebagian besar unsur berwujud padat pada temperatur konvensional dan tekanan atmosfer, sementara beberapa berwujud gas. Hanya <a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">bromin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a> yang berwujud cair pada 0 °C (32 °F) dan tekanan atmosfer normal; <a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">sesium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">galium</a> berwujud padat pada suhu tersebut, tetapi meleleh pada suhu, berturut-turut, 284 °C (543 °F) dan 298 °C (568 °F). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Titik_lebur_dan_titik_didih">Titik lebur dan titik didih</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Titik lebur dan titik didih" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Titik lebur dan titik didih"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">Titik lebur</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">titik didih</a>, biasanya dinyatakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Derajat_Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Derajat Celsius">derajat Celsius</a> pada tekanan satu atmosfer, umumnya digunakan untuk mendefinisikan karakter berbagai unsur. Karakter ini untuk sebagian besar unsur telah diketahui, namun, untuk beberapa unsur radioaktif yang tersedia dalam jumlah sangat kecil belum diketahui. <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> tetap berada dalam wujud cair meskipun pada keadaan <a href="/wiki/Nol_mutlak" title="Nol mutlak">nol mutlak</a> pada tekanan atmosfer, sehingga He hanya memiliki titik didih, dan tidak memiliki titik lebur pada penyajian konvensional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Massa_jenis">Massa jenis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Massa jenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Massa jenis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massa_jenis_unsur_kimia_(halaman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massa jenis unsur kimia (halaman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Massa jenis unsur kimia (halaman data)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">Massa jenis</a> pada temperatur dan tekanan standar (<a href="/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar">STP</a>) tertentu sering kali digunakan dalam menentukan karakter unsur. Massa jenis sering dinyatakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a> per sentimeter kubik (g/cm<sup>3</sup>). Beberapa gas yang pada temperatur pengukuran berwujud gas, massa jenisnya biasanya dinyatakan untuk wujud gasnya; ketika dicairkan atau dipadatkan, unsur gas memiliki massa jenis sama dengan unsur lainnya. </p><p>Ketika suatu unsur memiliki <a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">alotrop</a> dengan massa jenis yang berbeda, salah satu alotrop yang mewakili biasanya dipilih dalam penyajian kesimpulan, sementara massa jenis untuk masing-masing alotrop dapat dinyatakan di bagian detailnya. Sebagai contoh, tiga <a href="/wiki/Alotrop_karbon" title="Alotrop karbon">alotrop karbon</a> yang terkenal (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbon_amorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbon amorf (halaman belum tersedia)">karbon amorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Intan" title="Intan">intan</a>) memiliki massa jenis masing-masing 1,8–2,1; 2,267; dan 3,515 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Struktur_kristal">Struktur kristal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Struktur kristal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Struktur kristal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">Struktur kristal</a></div> <p>Unsur-unsur yang diteliti hingga saat ini sebagai sampel padat memiliki delapan jenis <a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">struktur kristal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubik" title="Sistem kristal kubik">kubik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubik" title="Sistem kristal kubik">kubik pusat badan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubik" title="Sistem kristal kubik">kubik pusat muka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_heksagonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kristal heksagonal">heksagonal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_kristal_monoklinis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem kristal monoklinis (halaman belum tersedia)">monoklinis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_kristal_ortorombis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem kristal ortorombis (halaman belum tersedia)">ortorombis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_trigonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kristal trigonal">rombohedral</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_kristal_tetragonal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem kristal tetragonal (halaman belum tersedia)">tetragonal</a>. Untuk beberapa unsur transuranium sintetis, sampel yang tersedia sangat sedikit untuk dapat menentukan struktur kristalnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keterjadian_dan_asalnya_di_bumi">Keterjadian dan asalnya di bumi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Keterjadian dan asalnya di bumi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterjadian dan asalnya di bumi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unsur kimia dapat juga dikategorikan berdasarkan asal-usulnya di bumi. Sembilan puluh empat unsur pertama terjadi secara alami, sementara unsur dengan nomor atom lebih 94 hanya diproduksi secara artifisial sebagai produk sintetis melalui reaksi nuklir buatan. </p><p>Dari 94 unsur yang terjadi secara alami, 83 dianggap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Nuklida_primordial" title="Nuklida primordial">primordial</a> dan bersifat <a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a> atau radioaktif lemah. Sisanya, 11 unsur yang terjadi secara alami, memiliki <a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> yang terlalu singkat untuk berada di awal <a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya</a>, dan oleh karena itu dianggap sebagai unsur fana. Dari 11 unsur fana tersebut, 5 unsur (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">aktinium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">protaktinium</a>) umumnya merupakan <a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">produk peluruhan</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">torium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>. Enam unsur fana yang tersisa (<a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">teknesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">prometium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">astatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">fransium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>) memiliki keterjadian yang sangat langka, sebagai produk moda peluruhan atau proses reaksi nuklir langka yang melibatkan uranium atau unsur-unsur berat. </p><p>Seluruh unsur dengan nomor atom 1 hingga 40 adalah stabil, sementara yang bernomor atom 41 hingga 82 (kecuali teknesium dan prometium) adalah metastabil. Waktu paruh "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_nuklida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar nuklida (halaman belum tersedia)">radionuklida teoritis</a>" metastabil ini sangat panjang (sekurang-kurangnya 100 juta kali lebih panjang daripada perkiraan <a href="/wiki/Usia_alam_semesta" class="mw-redirect" title="Usia alam semesta">usia alam semesta</a>) sehingga peluruhan radioaktifnya belum dapat dideteksi melalui eksperimen. Unsur dengan nomor atom 83 hingga 94 bersifat metastabil dari sudut pandang bahwa peluruhan radioaktifnya dapat dideteksi. Tiga dari unsur ini, bismut (unsur 83), torium (90), dan uranium (92) memiliki satu atau lebih isotop dengan waktu paruh yang cukup panjang untuk bertahan sebagai sisa-sisa ledakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleosintesis_stelar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleosintesis stelar (halaman belum tersedia)">nukleosintesis stelar</a> yang menghasilkan unsur berat sebelum pembentukan tata surya kita. Sebagai contoh, pada lebih dari 1,9<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>19</sup> tahun, lebih dari satu miliar kali lebih lama daripada perkiraan alam semesta. <a href="/wiki/Bismut-209" title="Bismut-209">Bismut-209</a> memiliki waktu paruh <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_alfa" title="Peluruhan alfa">peluruhan alfa</a> terpanjang dari unsur alami lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Dume2003_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dume2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marcillac2003_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcillac2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebanyak 24 unsur yang sangat berat (yaitu unsur setelah plutonium, unsur 94) mengalami peluruhan radioaktif dengan waktu paruh singkat dan tidak dapat menghasilkan produk peluruhan berupa unsur berumur panjang. Oleh sebab itu mereka sama sekali tidak terjadi secara alami. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tabel_periodik">Tabel periodik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Tabel periodik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tabel periodik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div> <table class="collapsible uncollapsed" style="border-spacing:1px; table-layout:fixed; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; max-width:1800px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; vertical-align:top; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="20" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 4px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik" title="Templat:Tabel periodik"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel Periodik</a></div> </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;"> <th style="text-align:left;"><small><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan</a></small> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </th> <th> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:82%; text-align:center; line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;"> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Logam alkali </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Logam alkali tanah </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;"> </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Pniktogen </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Kalkogen </td> <td style="background:#e8e8e8;">Halogen </td> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">Gas Mulia </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode</a></small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> </p> </th> <td><div title="Hidrogen: nonlogam diatomik; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e7ff8f; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Hidrogen</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">1</div><div><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a></div></div> </td> <td colspan="17"> </td> <td><div title="Helium: gas mulia; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#c0ffff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Helium</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">2</div><div><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </th> <td><div title="Litium: logam alkali; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff6666; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Litium</div><div style="color:#000000;">3</div><div><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Berilium: logam alkali tanah; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffdead; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Berilium</div><div style="color:#000000;">4</div><div><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a></div></div> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td><div title="Boron: metaloid; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccc99; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Boron</div><div style="color:#000000;">5</div><div><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Karbon: nonlogam poliatomik; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#a1ffc3; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Karbon</div><div style="color:#000000;">6</div><div><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Nitrogen: nonlogam diatomik; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e7ff8f; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Nitrogen</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">7</div><div><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Oksigen: nonlogam diatomik; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e7ff8f; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Oksigen</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">8</div><div><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Fluorin: nonlogam diatomik; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e7ff8f; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Fluorin</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">9</div><div><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Neon: gas mulia; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#c0ffff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Neon</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">10</div><div><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </th> <td><div title="Natrium: logam alkali; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff6666; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Natrium</div><div style="color:#000000;">11</div><div><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Magnesium: logam alkali tanah; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffdead; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Magnesium</div><div style="color:#000000;">12</div><div><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a></div></div> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td><div title="Aluminium: logam pascatransisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Aluminium</div><div style="color:#000000;">13</div><div><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Silikon: metaloid; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccc99; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Silikon</div><div style="color:#000000;">14</div><div><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Fosforus: nonlogam poliatomik; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#a1ffc3; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Fosfor</div><div style="color:#000000;">15</div><div><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Belerang: nonlogam poliatomik; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#a1ffc3; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Belerang</div><div style="color:#000000;">16</div><div><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Klorin: nonlogam diatomik; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e7ff8f; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Klorin</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">17</div><div><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Argon: gas mulia; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#c0ffff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Argon</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">18</div><div><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </th> <td><div title="Kalium: logam alkali; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff6666; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Kalium</div><div style="color:#000000;">19</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kalsium: logam alkali tanah; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffdead; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Kalsium</div><div style="color:#000000;">20</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div title="Skandium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Skandium</div><div style="color:#000000;">21</div><div><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Titanium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Titanium</div><div style="color:#000000;">22</div><div><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Vanadium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Vanadium</div><div style="color:#000000;">23</div><div><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kromium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Kromium</div><div style="color:#000000;">24</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Mangan: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Mangan</div><div style="color:#000000;">25</div><div><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Besi: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Besi</div><div style="color:#000000;">26</div><div><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kobalt: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Kobalt</div><div style="color:#000000;">27</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Nikel: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Nikel</div><div style="color:#000000;">28</div><div><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Tembaga: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Tembaga</div><div style="color:#000000;">29</div><div><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Seng: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Seng</div><div style="color:#000000;">30</div><div><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Galium: logam pascatransisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Galium</div><div style="color:#000000;">31</div><div><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Germanium: metaloid; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccc99; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Germanium</div><div style="color:#000000;">32</div><div><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Arsen: metaloid; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccc99; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Arsen</div><div style="color:#000000;">33</div><div><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Selenium: nonlogam poliatomik; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#a1ffc3; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Selenium</div><div style="color:#000000;">34</div><div><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Bromin: nonlogam diatomik; primordial; cair" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e7ff8f; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Bromin</div><div style="color:#008000;">35</div><div><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kripton: gas mulia; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#c0ffff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Kripton</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">36</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </th> <td><div title="Rubidium: logam alkali; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff6666; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Rubidium</div><div style="color:#000000;">37</div><div><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Stronsium: logam alkali tanah; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffdead; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Stronsium</div><div style="color:#000000;">38</div><div><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div title="Itrium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Itrium</div><div style="color:#000000;">39</div><div><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Y</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Zirkonium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Zirkonium</div><div style="color:#000000;">40</div><div><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Niobium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Niobium</div><div style="color:#000000;">41</div><div><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Molibdenum: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Molibdenum</div><div style="color:#000000;">42</div><div><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Teknesium: logam transisi; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Teknesium</div><div style="color:#000000;">43</div><div><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Tc</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Rutenium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Ruthenium</div><div style="color:#000000;">44</div><div><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Rodium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Rodium</div><div style="color:#000000;">45</div><div><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Paladium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Paladium</div><div style="color:#000000;">46</div><div><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Perak: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Perak</div><div style="color:#000000;">47</div><div><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kadmium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Kadmium</div><div style="color:#000000;">48</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Indium: logam pascatransisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Indium</div><div style="color:#000000;">49</div><div><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Timah: logam pascatransisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Timah</div><div style="color:#000000;">50</div><div><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Antimon: metaloid; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccc99; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Antimon</div><div style="color:#000000;">51</div><div><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Telurium: metaloid; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccc99; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Telurium</div><div style="color:#000000;">52</div><div><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Iodin: nonlogam diatomik; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e7ff8f; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Iodin</div><div style="color:#000000;">53</div><div><a href="/wiki/Iodin" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodin"> I </a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Xenon: gas mulia; primordial; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#c0ffff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Xenon</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">54</div><div><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </th> <td><div title="Sesium: logam alkali; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff6666; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Sesium</div><div style="color:#000000;">55</div><div><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Barium: logam alkali tanah; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffdead; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Barium</div><div style="color:#000000;">56</div><div><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><div title="Lutesium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Lutesium</div><div style="color:#000000;">71</div><div><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">Lu</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Hafnium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Hafnium</div><div style="color:#000000;">72</div><div><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Tantalum: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Tantalum</div><div style="color:#000000;">73</div><div><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Wolfram: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Wolfram</div><div style="color:#000000;">74</div><div><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Renium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Renium</div><div style="color:#000000;">75</div><div><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Osmium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Osmium</div><div style="color:#000000;">76</div><div><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Iridium: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Iridium</div><div style="color:#000000;">77</div><div><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Platina: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Platina</div><div style="color:#000000;">78</div><div><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Emas: logam transisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Emas</div><div style="color:#000000;">79</div><div><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Au</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Raksa: logam transisi; primordial; cair" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Raksa</div><div style="color:#008000;">80</div><div><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Talium: logam pascatransisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Talium</div><div style="color:#000000;">81</div><div><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Timbal: logam pascatransisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Timbal</div><div style="color:#000000;">82</div><div><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Bismut: logam pascatransisi; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Bismut</div><div style="color:#000000;">83</div><div><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Polonium: logam pascatransisi; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Polonium</div><div style="color:#000000;">84</div><div><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Astatin: metaloid; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccc99; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Astatin</div><div style="color:#000000;">85</div><div><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Radon: gas mulia; from decay; gas" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#c0ffff; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Radon</div><div style="color:#ff0000;">86</div><div><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </th> <td><div title="Fransium: logam alkali; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff6666; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Fransium</div><div style="color:#000000;">87</div><div><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fr</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Radium: logam alkali tanah; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffdead; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Radium</div><div style="color:#000000;">88</div><div><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="2 asterisks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/16px-Asterisks_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/24px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/32px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><div title="Lawrensium: aktinida; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Lawrensium</div><div style="color:#696969;">103</div><div><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">Lr</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Ruterfordium: logam transisi; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Rutherfordium</div><div style="color:#696969;">104</div><div><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium">Rf</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Dubnium: logam transisi; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Dubnium</div><div style="color:#696969;">105</div><div><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Seaborgium: logam transisi; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Seaborgium</div><div style="color:#696969;">106</div><div><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Bohrium: logam transisi; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Bohrium</div><div style="color:#696969;">107</div><div><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Hasium: logam transisi; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Hassium</div><div style="color:#696969;">108</div><div><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hs</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Meitnerium: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Meitnerium</div><div style="color:#696969;">109</div><div><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Darmstadtium: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Darmstadtium</div><div style="color:#696969;">110</div><div><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Roentgenium: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Roentgenium</div><div style="color:#696969;">111</div><div><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kopernisium: logam transisi; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffc0c0; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Kopernisium</div><div style="color:#696969;">112</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">Cn</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Nihonium: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Nihonium</div><div style="color:#696969;">113</div><div><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Flerovium: logam pascatransisi; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#cccccc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Flerovium</div><div style="color:#696969;">114</div><div><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Moskovium: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Moskovium</div><div style="color:#696969;">115</div><div><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium">Mc</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Livermorium: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Livermorium</div><div style="color:#696969;">116</div><div><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Tenesin: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Tenesin</div><div style="color:#696969;">117</div><div><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">Ts</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Oganeson: unknown chemical properties; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#e8e8e8; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Oganeson</div><div style="color:#696969;">118</div><div><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Og</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19" style="height:1em;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><div title="Lantanum: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Lantanum</div><div style="color:#000000;">57</div><div><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">La</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Serium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Serium</div><div style="color:#000000;">58</div><div><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Ce</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Praseodimium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Praseodimium</div><div style="color:#000000;">59</div><div><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Pr</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Neodimium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Neodimium</div><div style="color:#000000;">60</div><div><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Nd</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Prometium: lantanida; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Prometium</div><div style="color:#000000;">61</div><div><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Pm</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Samarium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Samarium</div><div style="color:#000000;">62</div><div><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Europium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Europium</div><div style="color:#000000;">63</div><div><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Gadolinium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Gadolinium</div><div style="color:#000000;">64</div><div><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Terbium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Terbium</div><div style="color:#000000;">65</div><div><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Disprosium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Disprosium</div><div style="color:#000000;">66</div><div><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">Dy</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Holmium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Holmium</div><div style="color:#000000;">67</div><div><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Erbium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Erbium</div><div style="color:#000000;">68</div><div><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Tulium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Tulium</div><div style="color:#000000;">69</div><div><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tm</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Iterbium: lantanida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ffbfff; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Iterbium</div><div style="color:#000000;">70</div><div><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">Yb</a></div></div> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="2 asterisks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/16px-Asterisks_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/24px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/32px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td><div title="Aktinium: aktinida; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Aktinium</div><div style="color:#000000;">89</div><div><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Ac</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Torium: aktinida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Torium</div><div style="color:#000000;">90</div><div><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Th</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Protaktinium: aktinida; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Protaktinium</div><div style="color:#000000;">91</div><div><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Pa</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Uranium: aktinida; primordial; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Uranium</div><div style="color:#000000;">92</div><div><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Neptunium: aktinida; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Neptunium</div><div style="color:#000000;">93</div><div><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Plutonium: aktinida; from decay; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Plutonium</div><div style="color:#000000;">94</div><div><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Amerisium: aktinida; sintetis; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Amerisium</div><div style="color:#000000;">95</div><div><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">Am</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kurium: aktinida; sintetis; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Curium</div><div style="color:#000000;">96</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">Cm</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Berkelium: aktinida; sintetis; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Berkelium</div><div style="color:#000000;">97</div><div><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Kalifornium: aktinida; sintetis; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Kalifornium</div><div style="color:#000000;">98</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">Cf</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Einsteinium: aktinida; sintetis; padat" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Einsteinium</div><div style="color:#000000;">99</div><div><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Fermium: aktinida; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Fermium</div><div style="color:#696969;">100</div><div><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Mendelevium: aktinida; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Mendelevium</div><div style="color:#696969;">101</div><div><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a></div></div> </td> <td><div title="Nobelium: aktinida; sintetis; unknown phase" style="text-align:center; overflow:hidden; vertical-align:bottom; line-height:1.1em; padding:0 0 2px 0; background:#ff99cc; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff;"><div style="height:2.2em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:85%; vertical-align:top;">Nobelium</div><div style="color:#696969;">102</div><div><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a></div></div> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19" style="font-size:90%;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19"> <p><span id="Periodic_table_legend_for_category"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:12%; padding:0 0.5em; color:#000000; background:#e0e0e0;">hitam=<a href="/wiki/Padat" title="Padat"><span style="color:#000000">padat</span></a> </td> <td style="width:12%; padding:0 0.5em; color:#008000; background:#e0e0e0;">hijau=<a href="/wiki/Cair" class="mw-redirect" title="Cair"><span style="color:#008000">cair</span></a> </td> <td style="width:12%; padding:0 0.5em; color:#ff0000; background:#e0e0e0;">merah=<a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas"><span style="color:#ff0000">gas</span></a> </td> <td style="width:12%; padding:0 0.5em; color:#696969; background:#e0e0e0;">abu-abu=tidak diketahui </td> <td style="width:1em; text-align:left; padding-right:0.5em;"><span class="nowrap"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:12%; border-top:2px solid #8811ff; border-bottom:2px solid #8811ff; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_primordial" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur primordial">Primordial</a> </td> <td style="width:12%; border-top:2px dashed #773300; border-bottom:2px dashed #773300; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_renik" title="Radioisotop renik"><span class="nowrap">Hasil peluruhan</span></a> </td> <td style="width:12%; border-top:2px dotted #4499ff; border-bottom:2px dotted #4499ff; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_sintetis" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur sintetis">Sintetis</a> </td> <td style="width:1em; text-align:left; padding-right:0.5em;"><span class="nowrap"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="11" style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">Logam</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">Nonlogam</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat<br />kimia<br />tidak diketahui </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_pasca_transisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Logam pasca transisi">Logam pasca-transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sifat unsur kimia sering kali dirangkum menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a>, yang mengatur secara elegan unsur-unsur berdasarkan kenaikan nomor atom menjadi baris (<a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">"periode"</a>) yang mendasari perulangan sifat kimia dan fisik kolom (<a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">"golongan"</a>) secara periodik. Tabel standar saat ini berisi 118 unsur yang telah dikonfirmasi per 10 April 2010. </p><p>Meskipun terdapat penyajian sebelum tabel periodik, penemuannya umumnya dikreditkan kepada kimiawan Rusia <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> pada tahun 1869, yang dengan tabelnya memberikan ilustrasi tentang tren keberulangan sifat-sifat unsur kimia. Tata letak tabel telah disesuaikan dan diperluas seiring berjalannya waktu karena penemuan unsur-unsur baru dan pengembangan model-model teoritis baru untuk menjelaskan perilaku kimia. </p><p>Tabel periodik saat ini digunakan dimanapun di lingkungan disiplin ilmu kimia, karena mampu menyediakan kerangka kerja yang sangat berguna untuk mengelompokkan, melakukan sistematika dan membandingkan seluruh bentuk perilaku kimia yang berbeda. Tabel tersebut juga banyak memiliki aplikasi dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_bahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmu bahan">ilmu bahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teknik" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik">teknik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">pertanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedokteran" title="Kedokteran">kedokteran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_gizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmu gizi">ilmu gizi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kesehatan_lingkungan" title="Kesehatan lingkungan">kesehatan lingkungan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">astronomi</a>. Prinsipnya secara khusus sangat penting dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Teknik_kimia" title="Teknik kimia">teknik kimia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tata_nama_dan_simbol">Tata nama dan simbol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Tata nama dan simbol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tata nama dan simbol"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Periodic_table_(32-col,_enwiki),_black_and_white.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png/220px-Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png/330px-Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png/440px-Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Unsur-unsur kimia yang diurutkan dalam tabel periodik</figcaption></figure> <p><span id="Nomenclature"></span> Beragam unsur kimia secara formal diidentifikasi berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> uniknya, berdasarkan nama yang telah disepakati, dan berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Simbol_(kimia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbol (kimia)">simbol atau lambangnya</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomor_atom_2">Nomor atom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Nomor atom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Nomor atom"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unsur kimia yang telah dikenal memiliki nomor atom dari 1 hingga 118, yang secara konvensional disajikan dalam <a href="/wiki/Angka_Arab" title="Angka Arab">angka Arab</a>. Oleh karena unsur-unsur tersebut dapat diurutkan sesuai nomor atomnya, biasanya dari paling rendah ke paling tinggi (sebagai <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a>), sekelompok unsur kadang-kadang disebutkan dengan notasi semacam "hingga", "setelah", atau "dari ... hingga", seperti "hingga besi", "setelah uranium", atau "dari lantanum hingga lutesium". Istilah "ringan" dan "berat" kadang-kadang juga digunakan secara informal untuk mengindikasikan nomor atom relatif (bukan massa jenis), seperti dalam "lebih ringan daripada karbon" atau "lebih berat daripada timbal", meskipun secara teknis pertambahan berat atau massa atom unsur tersebut (berat atom atau massa atom) tidak selalu berbanding lurus dengan nomor atomnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nama_unsur_kimia">Nama unsur kimia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Nama unsur kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Nama unsur kimia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Penamaan_unsur_kimia" title="Penamaan unsur kimia">Penamaan unsur kimia</a></div> <p>Penamaan berbagai zat yang sekarang dikenal sebagai unsur mendahului <a href="/wiki/Teori_atom" title="Teori atom">teori atom</a>, karena nama diberikan secara lokal oleh berbagai budaya untuk berbagai mineral, logam, senyawa, paduan, campuran, dan bahan lainnya, meskipun pada saat itu tidak diketahui bahan kimia tersebut adalah unsur atau senyawa. Oleh karena mereka diidentifikasi sebagai unsur, nama-nama yang ada untuk unsur yang telah dikenal sejak zaman kuno (misalnya, emas, raksa, besi) disimpan di sebagian besar negara. Perbedaan-perbedaan nasional muncul terkait nama-nama unsur, baik untuk kenyamanan, kesenangan linguistik, atau nasionalisme. Beberapa contoh ilustratif: Penutur bahasa Jerman menggunakan "<i>Wasserstoff</i>" (zat air) untuk "hidrogen", "<i>Sauerstoff</i>" (zat asam) untuk "oksigen" dan "<i>Stickstoff</i>" (zat pencekik) untuk "nitrogen", sementara bahasa Inggris dan beberapa <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Roman" title="Rumpun bahasa Roman">bahasa roman</a> menggunakan "<i>sodium</i>" untuk "natrium" dan "<i>potassium</i>" untuk "kalium", dan orang Prancis, Italia, Yunani, Portugis, dan Polandia lebih suka "azote / azot / azoto" (dari akar yang berarti "tak hidup") untuk "nitrogen". </p><p>Untuk tujuan komunikasi dan perdagangan internasional, <a href="/wiki/Daftar_unsur_menurut_nomor_atom" title="Daftar unsur menurut nomor atom">nama resmi unsur kimia</a>, baik yang kuno maupun yang baru-baru ini diakui, diputuskan oleh <i><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i> (IUPAC), yang telah memutuskan semacam bahasa Inggris internasional, dengan menggunakan nama bahasa Inggris tradisional bahkan ketika simbol kimia suatu unsur didasarkan pada kata Latin atau kata tradisional lainnya, misalnya mengadopsi "<i>gold</i>" daripada "<i>aurum</i>" sebagai nama untuk unsur ke-79 (Au). IUPAC lebih memilih ejaan British "<i>aluminium</i>" dan "<i>caesium</i>" daripada ejaan AS "<i>aluminum</i>" dan "<i>cesium</i>", serta "<i>sulfur</i>" AS daripada "<i>sulphur</i>" British. Namun, unsur yang praktis untuk dijual dalam jumlah besar di banyak negara sering masih memiliki nama nasional yang digunakan secara lokal, dan negara-negara yang bahasa nasionalnya tidak menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Huruf_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Huruf Latin">huruf Latin</a> cenderung menggunakan nama unsur IUPAC. </p><p>Menurut IUPAC, unsur kimia bukanlah nama diri dalam bahasa Inggris; konsekuensinya, nama lengkap dari suatu unsur tidak dikapitalisasi dalam bahasa Inggris, meskipun berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Nama_diri" title="Nama diri">nama diri</a>, seperti dalam <a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium">californium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Cat 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nama isotop unsur-unsur kimia juga tidak disapitalisasi jika dituliskan, misalnya, karbon-12 atau uranium-235. Simbol unsur kimia (seperti Cf untuk californium dan Es untuk einsteinium), selalu dikapitalisasi (lihat di bawah). </p><p>Pada paruh kedua abad ke-20, laboratorium fisika mampu menghasilkan inti atom unsur kimia dengan waktu paruh yang terlalu pendek untuk jumlah yang cukup besar untuk disebut ada. Unsur-unsur ini juga dinamai oleh IUPAC, yang umumnya mengadopsi nama yang dipilih oleh penemu. Praktek ini dapat mengarah pada pertanyaan kontroversial dari kelompok riset yang benar-benar menemukan unsur kimia, sebuah pertanyaan yang tertunda cukup lama untuk unsur-unsur dengan nomor atom 104 dan selanjutnya. (Lihat <a href="/wiki/Kontroversi_penamaan_unsur_kimia" title="Kontroversi penamaan unsur kimia">kontroversi penamaan unsur kimia</a>). </p><p>Bibit kontroversi tersebut melibatkan penamaan nasionalistik unsur-unsur kimia pada akhir abad ke-19. Misalnya, <i><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">lutesium</a></i> dinamai dalam referensi sebagai Paris, Prancis. Orang Jerman, yang enggan melepaskan hak penamaan ke Prancis, sering menyebutnya <i>cassiopeium</i>. Demikian pula, <i><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a></i> yang ditemukan oleh penemu Inggris awalnya dinamakan <i>columbium</i>, mengacu pada <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Baru" title="Dunia Baru">Dunia Baru</a>. Ini digunakan secara luas oleh publikasi Amerika sebelum standardisasi internasional (tahun 1950). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simbol_kimia">Simbol kimia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Simbol kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Simbol kimia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk daftar simbol kimia saat ini, simbol yang saat ini tidak digunakan, dan simbol lain yang mungkin seperti simbol kimia, lihat <a href="/wiki/Simbol_(kimia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbol (kimia)">Simbol (kimia)</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unsur_kimia_spesifik">Unsur kimia spesifik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Unsur kimia spesifik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Unsur kimia spesifik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sebelum kimia menjadi <a href="/wiki/Ilmu" title="Ilmu">ilmu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">alkimiawan</a> telah merancang simbol misterius untuk baik logam maupun senyawa umum. Namun ini digunakan sebagai singkatan dalam diagram atau prosedur; tidak ada konsep penggabungan atom untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a>. Seiring kemajuan dalam teori materi atom, <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> menemukan simbolnya sendiri yang lebih sederhana, berdasarkan lingkaran, untuk menggambarkan molekul. </p><p>Sistem notasi kimia saat ini diciptakan oleh <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Berzelius</a>. Dalam sistem tipografi ini, simbol kimia bukanlah singkatan belaka—meskipun masing-masing terdiri dari huruf-huruf <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Latin" title="Alfabet Latin">alfabet Latin</a>. Mereka dimaksudkan sebagai simbol universal untuk semua bahasa dan alfabet. </p><p>Simbol-simbol ini pada mulanya dimaksudkan untuk menjadi sepenuhnya universal. Oleh karena bahasa Latin adalah bahasa umum ilmu pada waktu itu, maka simbolnya merupakan singkatan berdasarkan nama-nama logam dalam bahasa <a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-disambig" title="Latin">Latin</a>. Cu diambil dari Cuprum, Fe dari Ferrum, Ag dari Argentum, dan sebagainya. Simbol tidak diikuti oleh suatu titik seperti halnya singkatan. Unsur kimia berikutnya juga diberi simbol kimia yang unik, berdasarkan nama unsur, tetapi tidak harus dalam bahasa Inggris. Misalnya, <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> memiliki simbol kimia "Fe" sesuai nama Latinnya <i>ferrum</i>. Hal yang sama berlaku juga untuk "Hg" (hydrargyrum) untuk <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a>, "Sn" (stannum) untuk <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a>, "Au" (aurum) untuk <a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a>, "Ag" (argentum) untuk <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">perak</a>, "Pb" (plumbum) untuk <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>, "Cu" (cuprum) untuk <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>, dan "Sb" (stibium) untuk <a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">antimon</a>. </p><p>Simbol kimia dipahami secara internasional ketika nama unsur mungkin memerlukan penerjemahan. Ada perbedaan di masa lalu. Misalnya, Jerman dan Belanda di masa lalu menggunakan "J" (untuk nama alternatif Jod) untuk iodium, tetapi sekarang menggunakan "I" dan "Iod". Indonesia juga pernah mengikuti Jerman dan Belanda, menggunakan "J" dan "Jodium". Pada awal <i>Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan</i> (EYD), namanya menjadi "Yodium", tetapi simbolnya masih menggunakan "J", karena "Y" telah digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">itrium</a>. </p><p>Huruf pertama dari simbol kimia selalu ditulis menggunakan huruf kapital, seperti pada contoh sebelumnya, dan huruf berikutnya, jika ada, selalu huruf kecil. Jadi, simbol untuk californium dan einsteinium adalah Cf dan Es. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simbol_kimia_umum">Simbol kimia umum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Simbol kimia umum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Simbol kimia umum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terdapat juga simbol dalam persamaan kimia untuk kelompok unsur kimia, misalnya dalam rumus perbandingan. Ini sering merupakan huruf kapital tunggal, dan huruf-huruf tersebut dicadangkan dan tidak digunakan untuk nama unsur tertentu. Misalnya, "<b>X</b>" menunjukkan kelompok variabel (biasanya <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a>) dalam kelas senyawa, sedangkan "<b>R</b>" adalah <a href="/wiki/Radikal_bebas" title="Radikal bebas">radikal</a>, yang berarti struktur senyawa seperti rantai hidrokarbon. Huruf "<b>Q</b>" dicadangkan untuk "panas" dalam reaksi kimia. "<b>Y</b>" juga sering digunakan sebagai simbol kimia umum, meskipun itu juga merupakan simbol dari <a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">itrium</a>. "<b>Z</b>" juga sering digunakan sebagai kelompok variabel umum. "<b>E</b>" digunakan dalam kimia organik untuk menunjukkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efek_polar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efek polar (halaman belum tersedia)">gugus penarik elektron</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Elektrofil" title="Elektrofil">elektrofil</a>; serupa dengan "<b>Nu</b>" yang menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Nukleofil" title="Nukleofil">nukleofil</a>. "<b>L</b>" digunakan untuk mewakili <a href="/wiki/Ligan" title="Ligan">ligan</a> umum dalam <a href="/wiki/Kimia_anorganik" title="Kimia anorganik">kimia anorganik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kimia_organologam" title="Kimia organologam">organologam</a>. "<b>M</b>" juga sering digunakan sebagai pengganti logam umum. </p><p>Setidaknya ada dua tambahan, simbol kimia generik dua huruf yang juga digunakan secara informal, "<b>Ln</b>" untuk setiap unsur <a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">lantanida</a> dan "<b>An</b>" untuk setiap unsur <a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">aktinida</a>. "<b>Rg</b>" sebelumnya digunakan untuk unsur <a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">gas langka</a>, tetapi kelompok gas langka sekarang telah berganti nama <a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">gas mulia</a> dan simbol "<b>Rg</b>" kini telah digunakan untuk unsur <a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">roentgenium</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simbol_isotop">Simbol isotop</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Simbol isotop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Simbol isotop"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isotop dibedakan menurut nomor massa atom (total proton dan neutron) untuk isotop tertentu dari suatu unsur, kemudian nomor tersebut dikombinasikan dengan simbol unsur yang bersangkutan. IUPAC lebih memilih agar simbol isotop ditulis dalam notasi superskrip demi kepraktisan, misalnya <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>12</sup>C</span> dan <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>235</sup>U</span>. Namun, digunakan juga notasi lain, seperti karbon-12 dan uranium-235, atau C-12 dan U-235. </p><p>Sebagai kasus khusus, tiga isotop alami unsur <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> sering ditetapkan sebagai <b>H</b> untuk <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>1</sup>H</span> (<a href="/wiki/Protium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protium">protium</a>), <b>D</b> untuk <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>2</sup>H</span> (<a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>), dan <b>T</b> untuk <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>3</sup>H</span> (<a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a>). Konvensi ini lebih mudah digunakan dalam persamaan kimia, menggantikan kebutuhan untuk menuliskan nomor massa untuk setiap atom. Misalnya, rumus untuk <a href="/wiki/Air_berat" title="Air berat">air berat</a> ditulis <span class="chemf nowrap">D<sub>2</sub>O</span>, bukan <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>2</sup>H<sub>2</sub>O</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asal-usul_unsur">Asal-usul unsur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Asal-usul unsur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Asal-usul unsur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:UniversePieChartContentFlat-id.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/UniversePieChartContentFlat-id.svg/370px-UniversePieChartContentFlat-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="591" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/UniversePieChartContentFlat-id.svg/555px-UniversePieChartContentFlat-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/UniversePieChartContentFlat-id.svg/740px-UniversePieChartContentFlat-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>Estimasi distribusi materi gelap dan energi gelap di alam semesta. Hanya sebagian kecil dari massa dan energi di alam semesta yang berlabel "atom" yang tersusun dari unsur kimia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanya sekitar 4% dari total massa alam semesta yang terbuat dari atom atau ion, dan hanya itu pula yang diwakili oleh unsur-unsur kimia. Fraksi ini sekitar 15% dari total materi, dengan sisa materi (85%) adalah <a href="/wiki/Materi_gelap" title="Materi gelap">materi gelap</a>. Sifat materi gelap tidak diketahui, tetapi tidak terdiri dari atom-atom unsur kimia karena tidak mengandung proton, neutron, atau elektron. (Bagian non-materi yang tersisa dari massa alam semesta tersusun atas <a href="/wiki/Energi_gelap" title="Energi gelap">energi gelap</a> yang lebih misterius). </p><p>Ke-94 unsur kimia yang terbentuk secara alami dianggap telah diproduksi oleh setidaknya empat proses <a href="/wiki/Kosmos" title="Kosmos">kosmik</a>. Sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, dan sejumlah kecil <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a> di alam semesta diproduksi secara primordial dalam beberapa menit pertama <a href="/wiki/Dentuman_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentuman Besar">Dentuman Besar</a>. Tiga proses selanjutnya yang terjadi berulang-ulang diduga telah menghasilkan unsur-unsur lainnya. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleosintesis_stelar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleosintesis stelar (halaman belum tersedia)">Nukleosintesis stelar</a>, proses yang sedang berlangsung di dalam bintang, menghasilkan semua unsur dalam rentang nomor atom <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>, tetapi sedikit <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">berilium</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>. Unsur-unsur dengan nomor atom yang lebih berat daripada besi, seperti <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, diproduksi oleh nukleosintesis eksplosif dalam <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> dan peristiwa ledakan kosmik lainnya. <a href="/wiki/Spalasi_sinar_kosmis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spalasi sinar kosmis">Spalasi (fragmentasi) sinar kosmik</a> karbon, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> penting untuk produksi litium, berilium dan boron. </p><p>Selama fase awal Dentuman Besar, <a href="/wiki/Nukleosintesis_Big_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleosintesis Big Bang">nukleosintesis</a> inti hidrogen menghasilkan hidrogen-1 (<a href="/wiki/Protium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protium">protium</a>, <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>1</sup>H</span>) dan helium-4 (<span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>4</sup>He</span>), serta sejumlah kecil <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>2</sup>H</span>) dan (pada urutan 10<sup>−10</sup>) litium dan berilium dalam jumlah amat sangat kecil. Bahkan jumlah boron yang jauh lebih kecil mungkin telah dihasilkan dalam Dentuman Besar, karena telah teramati di beberapa bintang yang sangat tua, sementara karbon tidak.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secara umum disepakati bahwa tidak ada unsur yang lebih berat daripada boron yang diproduksi di Big Bang. Akibatnya, kelimpahan primordial atom (atau ion) terdiri dari sekitar 75% <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>1</sup>H</span>, 25% <span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>4</sup>He</span>, dan 0,01% deuterium, dengan hanya sekelumit litium, berilium, dan mungkin boron.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengayaan <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_spiral" title="Galaksi spiral">galaksi halo</a> selanjutnya terjadi karena nukleosintesis bintang dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleosintesis_supernova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleosintesis supernova (halaman belum tersedia)">nukleosintesis supernova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-synthesis_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-synthesis-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, kelimpahan unsur dalam <a href="/wiki/Luar_angkasa" title="Luar angkasa">ruang antargalaksi</a> masih bisa sangat mirip dengan kondisi primordial, kecuali telah diperkaya dengan beberapa cara. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg/500px-Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg/750px-Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg/1000px-Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Tabel periodik yang menunjukkan asal kosmogenik dari setiap unsur dalam Dentuman Besar, atau dalam bintang besar atau kecil. Bintang kecil dapat menghasilkan unsur-unsur tertentu hingga belerang, melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proses_alfa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proses alfa (halaman belum tersedia)">proses alfa</a>. Supernova diperlukan untuk menghasilkan unsur-unsur "berat" (setelah besi dan nikel) dengan cepat melalui penumpukan neutron, dalam <a href="/wiki/Proses-r" class="mw-redirect" title="Proses-r">proses-r</a>. Bintang-bintang besar tertentu perlahan-lahan menghasilkan unsur-unsur lain yang lebih berat daripada besi, dalam <a href="/wiki/Proses-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Proses-s">proses-s</a>; ini kemudian dapat dilemparkan ke ruang angkasa melalui semburan gas <a href="/wiki/Nebula_planeter" title="Nebula planeter">nebula planeter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Di Bumi (dan di tempat lain), berbagai unsur dalam jumlah renik terus diproduksi dari unsur-unsur lain sebagai produk dari proses <a href="/wiki/Transmutasi_nuklir" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmutasi nuklir">transmutasi nuklir</a>. Ini termasuk beberapa yang dihasilkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Sinar_kosmik" title="Sinar kosmik">sinar kosmik</a> atau reaksi nuklir lainnya (lihat nuklida <a href="/wiki/Nuklida_kosmogenik" title="Nuklida kosmogenik">kosmogenik</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleogenik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleogenik (halaman belum tersedia)">nukleogenik</a>), dan yang lain diproduksi sebagai <a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">produk peluruhan</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuklida_primordial" title="Nuklida primordial">nuklida primordial</a> berumur panjang.<sup id="cite_ref-Earnshaw1997_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earnshaw1997-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai contoh, sekelumit (tetapi terdeteksi) <a href="/wiki/Karbon-14" title="Karbon-14">karbon-14</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>14</sup>C</span>) terus diproduksi di atmosfer oleh sinar kosmik yang menerpa atom <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, dan argon-40 (<span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>40</sup>Ar</span>) terus diproduksi melalui peluruhan kalium-40 (<span class="chemf nowrap"><sup>40</sup>K</span>) yang terjadi secara primordial tetapi tidak stabil. Selain itu, tiga <a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">aktinida</a> yang terjadi secara primordial tetapi bersifat radioaktif, <a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">torium</a>, uranium, dan plutonium, meluruh melalui serangkaian unsur radioaktif yang diproduksi berulang tetapi tidak stabil seperti radium dan <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>, yang secara sementara hadir dalam sampel logam-logam ini atau bijih atau senyawanya. Tiga unsur radioaktif lainnya, <a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">teknesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">prometium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>, hanya terjadi secara insidental dalam bahan alami, yang diproduksi sebagai atom-atom individual melalui <a href="/wiki/Fisi_nuklir" title="Fisi nuklir">fisi nuklir</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom">inti</a> berbagai unsur berat atau dalam proses nuklir langka lainnya. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Teknologi" title="Teknologi">Teknologi</a> <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a> telah menghasilkan berbagai unsur tambahan di luar 94 pertama ini, sekarang telah dikenal nomor atom hingga 118. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kelimpahan">Kelimpahan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Kelimpahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kelimpahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_unsur_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan unsur kimia">Kelimpahan unsur kimia</a></div> <p>Grafik berikut (catatan skala log) menunjukkan kelimpahan unsur dalam <a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya</a> kita. Tabel ini menunjukkan dua belas unsur paling umum di galaksi kita (diestimasi secara spektroskopi), diukur dalam <a href="/wiki/Bagian_per_juta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagian per juta">bagian per juta</a>, berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-croswell_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-croswell-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galaksi-galaksi terdekat yang telah berevolusi sepanjang garis yang sama memiliki pengayaan unsur-unsur yang lebih berat daripada hidrogen dan helium. Galaksi yang lebih jauh dilihat saat mereka muncul di masa lalu, sehingga kelimpahan unsur mereka tampak lebih mendekati campuran primordial. Bagaimanapun, karena hukum dan proses fisik berlaku umum di seluruh <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta_teramati" title="Alam semesta teramati">alam semesta teramati</a>, ilmuwan berharap bahwa galaksi-galaksi ini berevolusi menjadi unsur-unsur dalam kelimpahan yang sama. </p><p>Kelimpahan unsur di Tata Surya sesuai dengan asal mereka dari nukleosintesis dalam <a href="/wiki/Dentuman_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentuman Besar">Dentuman Besar</a> dan sejumlah bintang supernova progenitor. Hidrogen dan helium yang sangat melimpah adalah produk Dentuman Besar, tetapi tiga unsur berikutnya jarang terjadi karena mereka memiliki sedikit waktu untuk terbentuk dalam Dentuman Besar dan tidak dibuat di dalam bintang (namun, mereka terbentuk dalam jumlah kecil melalui pemecahan unsur yang lebih berat dalam debu antar bintang, sebagai akibat dari tumbukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Sinar_kosmik" title="Sinar kosmik">sinar kosmik</a>). Dimulai dengan karbon, unsur-unsur diproduksi di bintang melalui penumpukan dari partikel alfa (inti helium), menghasilkan kelimpahan unsur-unsur dengan jumlah atomik yang lebih banyak secara bergantian (ini juga lebih stabil). Secara umum, unsur-unsur tersebut hingga besi dibuat dalam bintang besar yang berproses menjadi <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>. Besi-56 sangat umum, karena merupakan unsur paling stabil yang dapat dengan mudah dibuat dari partikel alfa (produk peluruhan nikel-56 radioaktif, yang pada akhirnya terbuat dari 14 inti helium). Unsur yang lebih berat daripada besi terbuat dari proses penyerap energi di bintang besar, dan kelimpahannya di alam semesta (dan di Bumi) umumnya menurun seiring kenaikan nomor atomnya. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:SolarSystemAbundances-id.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SolarSystemAbundances-id.svg/590px-SolarSystemAbundances-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SolarSystemAbundances-id.svg/885px-SolarSystemAbundances-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SolarSystemAbundances-id.svg/1180px-SolarSystemAbundances-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Kelimpahan unsur kimia dalam tata surya. Hidrogen dan helium adalah yang paling umum, dari Dentuman Besar. Tiga unsur berikutnya (Li, Be, B) langka karena mereka tidak disintesis sempurna dalam Dentuman Besar dan juga di dalam bintang-bintang. Dua kecenderungan umum dalam unsur-unsur yang dihasilkan bintang yang tersisa adalah: (1) alternasi kelimpahan unsur-unsur karena mereka memiliki nomor atom genap atau ganjil (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aturan_Oddo%E2%80%93Harkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aturan Oddo–Harkins (halaman belum tersedia)">aturan Oddo–Harkins</a>), dan (2) penurunan kelimpahan karena unsur menjadi lebih berat. Besi adalah kejadian yang umum karena mewakili nuklida berenergi minimum yang dapat dibuat melalui fusi helium dalam supernova.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Unsur kimia di galaksi kita</th> <th>Bagian per juta<br />berdasarkan massa </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a> </td> <td>739.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td> <td>240.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">Oksigen</a> </td> <td>10.400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a> </td> <td>4.600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td> <td>1.340 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Besi</a> </td> <td>1.090 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td>960 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Silikon</a> </td> <td>650 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td>580 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">Belerang</a> </td> <td>440 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">Kalium</a> </td> <td>210 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a> </td> <td>100 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <table style="border:1px solid grey; text-align:center;"> <caption><b>Unsur nutrisi dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a></b> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="color:white; background:#006000; border:1px solid grey;"><span title="Hydrogen"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a></span></td> <td colspan="17"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#667f00;"><span title="Lithium"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a></span></td> <td>Be</td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="background:#7f0;"><span title="Boron"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a></span></td> <td style="color:white; background:#006000;"><span title="Carbon"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a></span></td> <td style="color:white; background:#006000;"><span title="Nitrogen"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a></span></td> <td style="color:white; background:#006000;"><span title="Oxygen"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a></span></td> <td style="background:#667f00;"><span title="Fluorine"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor">F</a></span></td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#00b000;"><span title="Sodium"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a></span></td> <td style="background:#00b000;"><span title="Magnesium"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a></span></td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="background:#f87b05;"><span title="Aluminium"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a></span></td> <td style="background:#7f0;"><span title="Silicon"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a></span></td> <td style="background:#00b000;"><span title="Phosphorus"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">P</a></span></td> <td style="background:#00b000;"><span title="Sulfur"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a></span></td> <td style="background:#00b000;"><span title="Chlorine"><a href="/wiki/Klor" class="mw-redirect" title="Klor">Cl</a></span></td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#00b000;"><span title="Potassium"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a></span></td> <td style="background:#00b000;"><span title="Calcium"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a></span></td> <td>Sc</td> <td> </td> <td>Ti</td> <td style="background:#7f0;"><span title="Vanadium"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a></span></td> <td style="background:#7f0;"><span title="Chromium"><a href="/wiki/Krom" class="mw-redirect" title="Krom">Cr</a></span></td> <td style="background:#7f0;"><span title="Manganese"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a></span></td> <td style="background:#7f0;"><span title="Iron"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a></span></td> <td style="background:#7f0;"><span title="Cobalt"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a></span></td> <td style="background:#7f0;"><span title="Nickel"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a></span></td> <td style="background:#7f0;"><span title="Copper"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a></span></td> <td style="background:#7f0;"><span title="Zinc"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a></span></td> <td>Ga</td> <td style="background:#f87b05;"><span title="Germanium"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a></span></td> <td style="background:#7f0;"><span title="Arsenic"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a></span></td> <td style="background:#7f0;"><span title="Selenium"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a></span></td> <td style="background:#667f00;"><span title="Bromine"><a href="/wiki/Brom" class="mw-redirect" title="Brom">Br</a></span></td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f87b05;"><span title="Rubidium"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a></span></td> <td style="background:#667f00;"><span title="Strontium"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a></span></td> <td>Y</td> <td> </td> <td>Zr</td> <td>Nb</td> <td style="background:#7f0;"><span title="Molybdenum"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a></span></td> <td>Tc</td> <td>Ru</td> <td>Rh</td> <td>Pd</td> <td>Ag</td> <td style="background:#f87b05;"><span title="Cadmium"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a></span></td> <td>In</td> <td style="background:#f87b05;"><span title="Tin"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a></span></td> <td>Sb</td> <td>Te</td> <td style="background:#7f0;"><span title="Iodine"><a href="/wiki/Iodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodium">I</a></span></td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cs</td> <td>Ba</td> <td style="background:#ffc;"><span title="Lanthanum"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">La</a></span></td> <td>*</td> <td>Hf</td> <td>Ta</td> <td style="background:#ffc;"><span title="Tungsten"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">W</a></span></td> <td>Re</td> <td>Os</td> <td>Ir</td> <td>Pt</td> <td>Au</td> <td>Hg</td> <td>Tl</td> <td style="background:#f87b05;"><span title="Lead"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a></span></td> <td>Bi</td> <td>Po</td> <td>At</td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fr</td> <td>Ra</td> <td>Ac</td> <td>**</td> <td>Rf</td> <td>Db</td> <td>Sg</td> <td>Bh</td> <td>Hs</td> <td>Mt</td> <td>Ds</td> <td>Rg</td> <td>Cn</td> <td>Nh</td> <td>Fl</td> <td>Mc</td> <td>Lv</td> <td>Ts</td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td>*</td> <td>Ce</td> <td>Pr</td> <td>Nd</td> <td>Pm</td> <td>Sm</td> <td>Eu</td> <td>Gd</td> <td>Tb</td> <td>Dy</td> <td>Ho</td> <td>Er</td> <td>Tm</td> <td>Yb</td> <td>Lu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td>**</td> <td>Th</td> <td>Pa</td> <td>U</td> <td>Np</td> <td>Pu</td> <td>Am</td> <td>Cm</td> <td>Bk</td> <td>Cf</td> <td>Es</td> <td>Fm</td> <td>Md</td> <td>No</td> <td>Lr</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19202607">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006000; color:white;"> </span> Empat unsur dasar organik</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b000; color:black;"> </span> Unsur kuantitas</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7f0; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Unsur_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur diet">Unsur renik</a> esensial</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#667f00; color:black;"> </span> Dianggap berfungsi dari kekurangan efek atau penanganan metabolik aktif, namun tidak ada fungsi biokimia yang jelas teridentifikasi pada manusia</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f87b05; color:black;"> </span> Terbatasnya bukti tidak langsung untuk mengetahui jejak manfaat atau aksi biologis pada mamalia</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc; color:black;"> </span> Tidak ada bukti aksi biologis pada mamalia, namun esensial untuk beberapa organisme yang lebih rendah.<br />(Dalam kasus lantanum, definisi nutrisi esensial sebagai sangat diperlukan dan tak tergantikan tidak sepenuhnya berlaku karena kemiripan <a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">lantanida</a> yang ekstrem. Jadi Ce, Pr, dan Nd dapat menggantikan La tanpa efek buruk bagi organisme yang menggunakan La. Sedangkan Sm, Eu, dan Gd yang lebih kecil juga dapat menggantikan dengan baik namun menyebabkan pertumbuhan lebih lambat.)</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </caption><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg/300px-Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg/450px-Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg/600px-Mendeleev%27s_1869_periodic_table.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a> <a href="/wiki/Mendeleev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendeleev">Mendeleev</a> tahun 1869: <i>Sebuah percobaan pada sistem unsur kimia. Berdasarkan bobot atom dan kemiripan kimianya.</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definisi_yang_berkembang">Definisi yang berkembang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi yang berkembang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Definisi yang berkembang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konsep "unsur" sebagai zat yang tak dapat dibagi lagi telah berkembang melalui tiga fase utama sejarah: Definisi klasik (seperti yang dimiliki orang-orang Yunani kuno), definisi kimia, dan definisi atom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definisi_klasik">Definisi klasik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi klasik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Definisi klasik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Filsafat_kuno" title="Filsafat kuno">Filosofi kuno</a> mengemukakan seperangkat <a href="/wiki/Unsur_klasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur klasik">unsur klasik</a> untuk menjelaskan pola yang diamati di <a href="/wiki/Alam" title="Alam">alam</a>. <i>Unsur-unsur</i> ini awalnya disebut <a href="/wiki/Tanah_(unsur_klasik)" title="Tanah (unsur klasik)"><i>tanah</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_(unsur_klasik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air (unsur klasik) (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>air</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Udara_(unsur_klasik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udara (unsur klasik) (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>udara</i></a> dan <a href="/wiki/Api_(unsur_klasik)" title="Api (unsur klasik)"><i>api</i></a>, bukan unsur-unsur kimia seperti dalam ilmu modern. </p><p>Istilah 'unsur' (<i>stoicheia</i>) pertama kali digunakan oleh filsuf Yunani <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> di sekitar tahun 360 SM dalam dialognya <a href="/wiki/Timaios_(dialog)" title="Timaios (dialog)">Timaios</a>, yang mencakup diskusi tentang komposisi badan anorganik dan organik dan merupakan risalah spekulatif kimia. Plato percaya bahwa unsur-unsur yang diperkenalkan satu abad sebelumnya oleh <a href="/wiki/Empedokles" title="Empedokles">Empedokles</a> terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Teori_bentuk" title="Teori bentuk">bentuk-bentuk</a> kecil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polihedron_reguler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polihedron reguler (halaman belum tersedia)">polihedron</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedron</a> (api), <a href="/wiki/Oktahedron" title="Oktahedron">oktahedron</a> (udara), <a href="/wiki/Ikosahedron" title="Ikosahedron">ikosahedron</a> (air), dan <a href="/wiki/Kubus" title="Kubus">kubus</a> (tanah).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>, c. 350 SM, juga menggunakan istilah <i>stoicheia</i> dan menambahkan unsur kelima yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eter_(unsur_klasik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eter (unsur klasik) (halaman belum tersedia)">eter</a>, yang membentuk langit. Aristoteles mendefinisikan unsur sebagai: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Unsur–sesuatu hasil penguraian sesuatu yang lain, tetapi ia sendiri tidak dapat dipecah lagi menjadi yang lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definisi_kimia">Definisi kimia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Definisi kimia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada 1661, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> mengusulkan teorinya tentang korpuskularisme yang lebih menyukai analisis materi sebagaimana didasari oleh unit materi yang tak dapat direduksi (atom) dan, memilih untuk sependapat dengan pandangan Aristoteles tentang empat unsur atau pandangan <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> tentang tiga unsur fundamental, membiarkan pertanyaan tentang jumlah unsur tetap terbuka.<sup id="cite_ref-boyle_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyle-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daftar modern unsur-unsur kimia yang pertama disajikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> pada tahun 1789 melalui bukunya <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trait%C3%A9_%C3%89l%C3%A9mentaire_de_Chimie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (halaman belum tersedia)">Traité Élémentaire de Chimie</a></i>, yang mengandung tiga puluh tiga unsur, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Cahaya" title="Cahaya">cahaya</a> dan kalori.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1818, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> telah menentukan bobot atom untuk empat puluh lima dari empat puluh sembilan unsur yang diterima kemudian. <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> memiliki enam puluh enam unsur dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodiknya</a> pada 1869. </p><p>Dari Boyle hingga awal abad ke-20, unsur didefinisikan sebagai zat murni yang tidak dapat diuraikan menjadi zat yang lebih sederhana.<sup id="cite_ref-boyle_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyle-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan kata lain, unsur kimia tidak dapat diubah menjadi unsur kimia lainnya melalui proses kimia. Unsur-unsur selama waktu ini umumnya dibedakan oleh bobot atom mereka, sifat yang terukur dengan akurasi yang mencukupi dengan teknik analisis yang tersedia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:DIMendeleevCab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DIMendeleevCab.jpg/170px-DIMendeleevCab.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DIMendeleevCab.jpg/255px-DIMendeleevCab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DIMendeleevCab.jpg/340px-DIMendeleevCab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definisi_atom">Definisi atom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi atom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Definisi atom"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Henry_Moseley_(1887-1915).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Henry_Moseley_%281887-1915%29.jpg/220px-Henry_Moseley_%281887-1915%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Henry_Moseley_%281887-1915%29.jpg/330px-Henry_Moseley_%281887-1915%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Henry_Moseley_%281887-1915%29.jpg/440px-Henry_Moseley_%281887-1915%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun 1913 fisikawan Inggris <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a> menemukan bahwa muatan nuklir adalah basis fisika untuk nomor atom, lebih lanjut disempurnakan ketika sifat proton dan <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> diungkap, akhirnya mengarah pada definisi saat ini yaitu unsur berdasarkan nomor atom (jumlah proton per inti atom). Penggunaan nomor atom, bukan berat atom, untuk membedakan unsur memiliki nilai prediktif yang lebih besar (karena angka-angka ini adalah bilangan bulat), dan juga menyelesaikan beberapa ambiguitas dalam pandangan berbasis kimia karena berbagai sifat <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi">alotrop</a> dalam unsur yang sama. Saat ini, <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> mendefinisikan unsur dinyatakan ada jika memiliki isotop dengan umur lebih lama dari 10<sup>−14</sup> detik yang dibutuhkan inti untuk membentuk awan elektron.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada 1914, diketahui tujuh puluh dua unsur, semua terjadi secara alami.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsur-unsur alami yang tersisa ditemukan atau diisolasi dalam dekade-dekade berikutnya, dan berbagai unsur tambahan juga telah diproduksi secara sintetis, yang sebagian besar diprakarsai oleh <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>. Pada tahun 1955, unsur 101 ditemukan dan diberi nama <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">mendelevium</a> untuk menghormati D.I. Mendeleev, tokoh pertama mengatur unsur secara berkala. Baru-baru ini, sintesis unsur 118 (diberi nama <a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">oganeson</a>) dilaporkan pada Oktober 2006, dan sintesis unsur 117 (<a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">tenesin</a>) dilaporkan pada bulan April 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penemuan_dan_pengakuan_berbagai_unsur">Penemuan dan pengakuan berbagai unsur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Penemuan dan pengakuan berbagai unsur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penemuan dan pengakuan berbagai unsur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan unsur kimia</a></div> <p>Sepuluh bahan yang akrab dengan berbagai budaya prasejarah yang sekarang dikenal sebagai unsur kimia adalah: <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">belerang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a>. Tiga bahan lain yang sekarang diterima sebagai unsur adalah <a href="/wiki/Arsenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenik">arsenik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">antimon</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a>, yang diakui sebagai zat berbeda sebelum tahun 1500. <a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">Fosforus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platina</a> diisolasi sebelum tahun 1750. </p><p>Sebagian besar unsur kimia alami berikutnya diidentifikasi dan dikarakterisasi pada tahun 1900, termasuk: </p> <ul><li>bahan-bahan <a href="/wiki/Industri" title="Industri">industri</a> yang sekarang dikenal seperti <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">kromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a>,</li> <li>logam reaktif seperti <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">natrium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">kalium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor">fluor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klor" class="mw-redirect" title="Klor">klor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">bromin</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Iodin" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodin">iodin</a>,</li> <li>gas seperti <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>,</li> <li>sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Unsur_tanah_jarang" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur tanah jarang">unsur tanah jarang</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">serium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">lantanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">neodimium</a>, dan</li> <li>unsur-unsur <a href="/wiki/Radioaktif" class="mw-disambig" title="Radioaktif">radioaktif</a> yang lebih umum, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">torium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a></li></ul> <p>Unsur yang diisolasi atau diproduksi sejak tahun 1900 meliputi: </p> <ul><li>tiga unsur alam stabil yang belum terungkap terjadi secara tetap: <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">lutesium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">renium</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, yang pertama kali diproduksi secara sintetis pada tahun 1940 oleh <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, tetapi sekarang juga diketahui dari beberapa kejadian alam yang berlangsung lama,</li> <li>tiga unsur alami yang terjadi secara kebetulan (<a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">prometium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">teknesium</a>), yang semuanya pertama kali diproduksi secara sintetik tetapi kemudian ditemukan dalam jumlah kecil dalam sampel geologi tertentu</li> <li>tiga produk peluruhan yang langka dari uranium atau torium, (<a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">astatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">fransium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">protaktinium</a>), dan</li> <li>berbagai unsur <a href="/wiki/Transuranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Transuranium">transuranium</a> sintetis, dimulai dengan <a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">amerisium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">kurium</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unsur_yang_baru_ditemukan">Unsur yang baru ditemukan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Unsur yang baru ditemukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Unsur yang baru ditemukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Unsur_transuranium" title="Unsur transuranium">Unsur transuranium</a> (unsur dengan nomor atom lebih besar dari 92) yang pertama ditemukan adalah <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a> pada tahun 1940. Sejak 1999 klaim untuk penemuan unsur-unsur baru telah dipertimbangkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=IUPAC/IUPAP_Joint_Working_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (halaman belum tersedia)">IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party</a>. Sejak Januari 2016, seluruh 118 unsur telah dikonfirmasi sebagai ditemukan oleh <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>. Penemuan unsur 112 diakui pada tahun 2009, dan diusulkan untuk dinamakan <i>kopernisium</i> dengan simbol atom <i>Cn</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nama dan simbol tersebut secara resmi didukung oleh IUPAC pada 19 Februari 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsur terberat yang diyakini telah disintesis hingga saat ini adalah unsur 118, <a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">oganeson</a>, pada 9 Oktober 2006, oleh <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Flerov Laboratory</a> of Nuclear Reactions di <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, Rusia.<sup id="cite_ref-Schewe_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schewe-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">Tenesin</a>, unsur 117 adalah unsur terbaru yang diklaim ditemukan, pada tahun 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-jinr_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jinr-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada 28 November 2016, para ilmuwan di IUPAC secara resmi mengakui nama-nama untuk empat unsur kimia terbaru, dengan nomor atom 113, 115, 117, dan 118.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC-20161130_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-20161130-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20161201_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161201-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_118_unsur_kimia_yang_telah_diketahui">Daftar 118 unsur kimia yang telah diketahui</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar 118 unsur kimia yang telah diketahui" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar 118 unsur kimia yang telah diketahui"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berikut adalah tabel yang memuat 118 unsur kimia yang telah diketahui. </p> <ul><li><b>Nomor atom</b>, <b>nama</b>, dan <b>lambang</b> semuanya berfungsi secara independen sebagai identitas unik.</li> <li><b>Nama</b> adalah yang diterima oleh <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>; nama sementara untuk unsur-unsur yang baru diproduksi dan belum diberi nama secara resmi ditulis dalam tanda kurung.</li> <li><b>Golongan</b> dan <b>periode</b> mengacu pada posisi unsur dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a>. Nomor golongan di sini menunjukkan penomoran yang saat ini diterima; untuk penomoran alternatif yang lebih lama, lihat <a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan tabel periodik</a>.</li> <li><b>Massa</b> adalah massa atom dalam satuan <b>g/mol</b>.</li></ul> <table border="2" cellpadding="4" style="background:silver; border:1px solid gray; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0 1em 1em 0; text-align:center;"> <caption><b><a href="/wiki/Deret_kimia" title="Deret kimia">Deret kimia</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#ff6666;" width="20%"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;" width="20%"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_tanah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali tanah">Alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;" width="20%"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;" width="20%"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;" width="20%"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">Logam</a> </td> <td style="background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="background:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">Nonlogam</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogen</a> </td> <td style="background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#BBBBFF"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">No.<br />Atom</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nama" title="Nama">Nama</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lambang_unsur" title="Lambang unsur">Lambang</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">Massa</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mol" title="Mol">Mol</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">Massa jenis</a><br />(g/<a href="/wiki/Sentimeter_kubik" title="Sentimeter kubik">cm³</a>)<br />pada 20°<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">Titik<br />lebur</a> <br />(°C) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">Titik<br />didih</a> <br />(°C) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Tahun<br />penemuan</a> </th> <th>Penemu </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#a0ffa0"> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a></td> <td>H</td> <td>1; 1</td> <td>1,00794(7)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_3_back"><a href="#fn_3">3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span></td> <td>0,084 g/l</td> <td>−259,1</td> <td>−252,9</td> <td>1766</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Cavendish</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#c0ffff"> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a></td> <td>He</td> <td>1; 18</td> <td>4,002602(2)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span></td> <td>0,17 g/l</td> <td>−272,2</td> <td>−268,9</td> <td>1895</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" class="mw-disambig" title="William Ramsay">Ramsay</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Per_Teodor_Cleve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Per Teodor Cleve (halaman belum tersedia)">Cleve</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff6666"> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Litium</a></td> <td>Li</td> <td>2; 1</td> <td>6,941(2)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_3_back"><a href="#fn_3">3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_5_back"><a href="#fn_5">5</a></sup></span></td> <td>0,53</td> <td>180,5</td> <td>1317</td> <td>1817</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_August_Arfwedson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan August Arfwedson (halaman belum tersedia)">Arfwedson</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffdead"> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Berilium</a></td> <td>Be</td> <td>2; 2</td> <td>9,012182(3)</td> <td>1,85</td> <td>1278</td> <td>2970</td> <td>1797</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (halaman belum tersedia)">Vauquelin</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccc99"> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a></td> <td>B</td> <td>2; 13</td> <td>10,811(7)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_3_back"><a href="#fn_3">3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span></td> <td>2,46</td> <td>2300</td> <td>2550</td> <td>1808</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Davy</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Gay-Lussac</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#a0ffa0"> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a></td> <td>C</td> <td>2; 14</td> <td>12,0107(8)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span></td> <td>3,51</td> <td>3550</td> <td>4827</td> <td>3750 SM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesir_Kuno" title="Mesir Kuno">orang Mesir Kuno</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sumeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumeria">orang Sumeria</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#a0ffa0"> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></td> <td>N</td> <td>2; 15</td> <td>14,0067(2)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span></td> <td>1,17 g/l</td> <td>−209,9</td> <td>−195,8</td> <td>1772</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rutherford" title="Daniel Rutherford">Rutherford</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#a0ffa0"> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">Oksigen</a></td> <td>O</td> <td>2; 16</td> <td>15,9994(3)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span></td> <td>1,33 g/l</td> <td>−218,4</td> <td>−182,9</td> <td>1774</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Priestly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Priestly (halaman belum tersedia)">Priestly</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Scheele</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffff99"> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">Fluorin</a></td> <td>F</td> <td>2; 17</td> <td>18,9984032(5)</td> <td>1,58 g/l</td> <td>−219,6</td> <td>−188,1</td> <td>1886</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Moissan</a> </td></tr> <tr style="" bgcolor="#c0ffff"> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a></td> <td>Ne</td> <td>2; 18</td> <td>20,1797(6)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_3_back"><a href="#fn_3">3</a></sup></span></td> <td>0,84 g/l</td> <td>−248,7</td> <td>−246,1</td> <td>1898</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" class="mw-disambig" title="William Ramsay">Ramsay</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morris_Travers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morris Travers (halaman belum tersedia)">Travers</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff6666"> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a></td> <td>Na</td> <td>3; 1</td> <td>22,98976928(2)</td> <td>0,97</td> <td>97,8</td> <td>892</td> <td>1807</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Davy</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffdead"> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></td> <td>Mg</td> <td>3; 2</td> <td>24,3050(6)</td> <td>1,74</td> <td>648,8</td> <td>1107</td> <td>1755</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alumunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumunium">Alumunium</a></td> <td>Al</td> <td>3; 13</td> <td>26,9815386(8)</td> <td>2,70</td> <td>660,5</td> <td>2467</td> <td>1825</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Ørsted</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccc99"> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Silikon</a></td> <td>Si</td> <td>3; 14</td> <td>28,0855(3)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span></td> <td>2,33</td> <td>1410</td> <td>2355</td> <td>1824</td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Berzelius</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#a0ffa0"> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">Fosforus</a></td> <td>P</td> <td>3; 15</td> <td>30,973762(2)</td> <td>1,82</td> <td>44 (P4)</td> <td>280 (P4)</td> <td>1669</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henning_Brand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henning Brand (halaman belum tersedia)">Brand</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#a0ffa0"> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">Belerang</a></td> <td>S</td> <td>3; 16</td> <td>32,065(5)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span></td> <td>2,06</td> <td>113</td> <td>444,7</td> <td>sebelum 2000 SM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tionghoa" title="Tionghoa">orang Tionghoa</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffff99"> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Klorin</a></td> <td>Cl</td> <td>3; 17</td> <td>35,453(2)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_3_back"><a href="#fn_3">3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span></td> <td>2,95 g/l</td> <td>−34,6</td> <td>−101</td> <td>1774</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Scheele</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#c0ffff"> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a></td> <td>Ar</td> <td>3; 18</td> <td>39,948(1)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span></td> <td>1,66 g/l</td> <td>−189,4</td> <td>−185,9</td> <td>1894</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" class="mw-disambig" title="William Ramsay">Ramsay</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_William_Strutt;_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John William Strutt; 3rd Baron Rayleigh (halaman belum tersedia)">Rayleigh</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff6666"> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">Kalium</a></td> <td>K</td> <td>4; 1</td> <td>39,0983(1)</td> <td>0,86</td> <td>63,7</td> <td>774</td> <td>1807</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Davy</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffdead"> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Kalsium</a></td> <td>Ca</td> <td>4; 2</td> <td>40,078(4)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>1,54</td> <td>839</td> <td>1487</td> <td>1808</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Davy</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Skandium</a></td> <td>Sc</td> <td>4; 3</td> <td>44,955912(6)</td> <td>2,99</td> <td>1539</td> <td>2832</td> <td>1879</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lars_Fredrick_Nilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lars Fredrick Nilson (halaman belum tersedia)">Nilson</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></td> <td>Ti</td> <td>4; 4</td> <td>47,867(1)</td> <td>4,51</td> <td>1660</td> <td>3260</td> <td>1791</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Gregor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Gregor (halaman belum tersedia)">Gregor</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Klaproth</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></td> <td>V</td> <td>4; 5</td> <td>50,9415(1)</td> <td>6,09</td> <td>1890</td> <td>3380</td> <td>1801</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_del_R%C3%ADo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrés Manuel del Río (halaman belum tersedia)">del Río</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Kromium</a></td> <td>Cr</td> <td>4; 6</td> <td>51,9961(6)</td> <td>7,14</td> <td>1857</td> <td>2482</td> <td>1797</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (halaman belum tersedia)">Vauquelin</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a></td> <td>Mn</td> <td>4; 7</td> <td>54,938045(5)</td> <td>7,44</td> <td>1244</td> <td>2097</td> <td>1774</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Gottlieb_Gahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Gottlieb Gahn (halaman belum tersedia)">Gahn</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Besi</a></td> <td>Fe</td> <td>4; 8</td> <td>55,845(2)</td> <td>7,87</td> <td>1535</td> <td>2750</td> <td>sebelum 5000 SM</td> <td>tak diketahui </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Kobalt</a></td> <td>Co</td> <td>4; 9</td> <td>58,933195(5)</td> <td>8,89</td> <td>1495</td> <td>2870</td> <td>1735</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Brandt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Brandt (halaman belum tersedia)">Brandt</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a></td> <td>Ni</td> <td>4; 10</td> <td>58,6934(2)</td> <td>8,91</td> <td>1453</td> <td>2732</td> <td>1751</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Fredrik_Cronstedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (halaman belum tersedia)">Cronstedt</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Tembaga</a></td> <td>Cu</td> <td>4; 11</td> <td>63,546(3)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span></td> <td>8,92</td> <td>1083,5</td> <td>2595</td> <td>9000 SM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">orang Timur Tengah</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Seng</a></td> <td>Zn</td> <td>4; 12</td> <td>65,409(4)</td> <td>7,14</td> <td>419,6</td> <td>907</td> <td>sebelum 1000 SM</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_metalurgi_di_anak_benua_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah metalurgi di anak benua India (halaman belum tersedia)">ahli metalurgi India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <td>31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Galium</a></td> <td>Ga</td> <td>4; 13</td> <td>69,723(1)</td> <td>5,91</td> <td>29,8</td> <td>2403</td> <td>1875</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Emile_Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (halaman belum tersedia)">Lecoq de Boisbaudran</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccc99"> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a></td> <td>Ge</td> <td>4; 14</td> <td>72,64(1)</td> <td>5,32</td> <td>937,4</td> <td>2830</td> <td>1886</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Winkler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemens Winkler (halaman belum tersedia)">Winkler</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccc99"> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a></td> <td>As</td> <td>4; 15</td> <td>74,92160(2)</td> <td>5,72</td> <td>615</td> <td>615<br />(<a href="/wiki/Sublimasi_(perubahan_wujud_zat)" title="Sublimasi (perubahan wujud zat)">subl.</a>)</td> <td>sebelum 815 M</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkimia_dan_kimia_Islam_abad_pertengahan" title="Alkimia dan kimia Islam abad pertengahan">alkemis Arab</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#a0ffa0"> <td>34</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></td> <td>Se</td> <td>4; 16</td> <td>78,96(3)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span></td> <td>4,82</td> <td>217</td> <td>685</td> <td>1817</td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Berzelius</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffff99"> <td>35</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Bromin</a></td> <td>Br</td> <td>4; 17</td> <td>79,904(1)</td> <td>3,14</td> <td>−7,3</td> <td>58,8</td> <td>1826</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine Jérôme Balard (halaman belum tersedia)">Balard</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#c0ffff"> <td>36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kripton</a></td> <td>Kr</td> <td>4; 18</td> <td>83,798(2)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_3_back"><a href="#fn_3">3</a></sup></span></td> <td>3,48 g/l</td> <td>−156,6</td> <td>−152,3</td> <td>1898</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" class="mw-disambig" title="William Ramsay">Ramsay</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morris_Travers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morris Travers (halaman belum tersedia)">Travers</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff6666"> <td>37</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a></td> <td>Rb</td> <td>5; 1</td> <td>85,4678(3)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>1,53</td> <td>39</td> <td>688</td> <td>1861</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Bunsen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Robert_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Robert Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffdead"> <td>38</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Stronsium</a></td> <td>Sr</td> <td>5; 2</td> <td>87,62(1)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span></td> <td>2,63</td> <td>769</td> <td>1384</td> <td>1790</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adair_Crawford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adair Crawford (halaman belum tersedia)">Crawford</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>39</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Itrium</a></td> <td>Y</td> <td>5; 3</td> <td>88,90585(2)</td> <td>4,47</td> <td>1523</td> <td>3337</td> <td>1794</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Gadolin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Gadolin (halaman belum tersedia)">Gadolin</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zirkonium</a></td> <td>Zr</td> <td>5; 4</td> <td>91,224(2)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>6,51</td> <td>1852</td> <td>4377</td> <td>1789</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Klaproth</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>41</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></td> <td>Nb</td> <td>5; 5</td> <td>92,906 38(2)</td> <td>8,58</td> <td>2468</td> <td>4927</td> <td>1801</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Hatchett</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>42</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Molibdenum</a></td> <td>Mo</td> <td>5; 6</td> <td>95,94(2)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>10,28</td> <td>2617</td> <td>5560</td> <td>1778</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Scheele</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>43</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Teknesium</a></td> <td>Tc</td> <td>5; 7</td> <td>[98,9063]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td>11,49</td> <td>2172</td> <td>5030</td> <td>1937</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Perrier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Perrier (halaman belum tersedia)">Perrier</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emilio_G,_Segr%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emilio G, Segrè (halaman belum tersedia)">Segrè</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>44</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Rutenium</a></td> <td>Ru</td> <td>5; 8</td> <td>101,07(2)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>12,45</td> <td>2310</td> <td>3900</td> <td>1844</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Klaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Klaus (halaman belum tersedia)">Klaus</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>45</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rodium</a></td> <td>Rh</td> <td>5; 9</td> <td>102,90550(2)</td> <td>12,41</td> <td>1966</td> <td>3727</td> <td>1803</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hyde_Wollaston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Hyde Wollaston (halaman belum tersedia)">Wollaston</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>46</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Paladium</a></td> <td>Pd</td> <td>5; 10</td> <td>106,42(1)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>12,02</td> <td>1552</td> <td>3140</td> <td>1803</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hyde_Wollaston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Hyde Wollaston (halaman belum tersedia)">Wollaston</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>47</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></td> <td>Ag</td> <td>5; 11</td> <td>107,8682(2)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>10,49</td> <td>961,9</td> <td>2212</td> <td>sebelum 5000 SM</td> <td>tak diketahui </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>48</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Kadmium</a></td> <td>Cd</td> <td>5; 12</td> <td>112,411(8)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>8,64</td> <td>321</td> <td>765</td> <td>1817</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Strohmeyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Strohmeyer (halaman belum tersedia)">Strohmeyer</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Samuel_Leberecht_Hermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann (halaman belum tersedia)">Hermann</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <td>49</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a></td> <td>In</td> <td>5; 13</td> <td>114,818(3)</td> <td>7,31</td> <td>156,2</td> <td>2080</td> <td>1863</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Reich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Reich (halaman belum tersedia)">Reich</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hieronymous_Theodor_Richter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hieronymous Theodor Richter (halaman belum tersedia)">Richter</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <td>50</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Timah</a></td> <td>Sn</td> <td>5; 14</td> <td>118,710(7)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>7,29</td> <td>232</td> <td>2270</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protosejarah" title="Protosejarah">protosejarah</a>, sekitar <a href="/wiki/Milenium_ke-4_SM" title="Milenium ke-4 SM">abad ke-35 SM</a></td> <td>tak diketahui </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccc99"> <td>51</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Antimon</a></td> <td>Sb</td> <td>5; 15</td> <td>121,760(1)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>6,69</td> <td>630,7</td> <td>1750</td> <td>sebelum 815 M</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkimia_dan_kimia_Islam_abad_pertengahan" title="Alkimia dan kimia Islam abad pertengahan">alkemis Arab</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccc99"> <td>52</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Telurium</a></td> <td>Te</td> <td>5; 16</td> <td>127,60(3)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>6,25</td> <td>449,6</td> <td>990</td> <td>1782</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz-Joseph_M%C3%BCller_von_Reichenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein (halaman belum tersedia)">von Reichenstein</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffff99"> <td>53</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodin" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodin">Iodin</a></td> <td>I</td> <td>5; 17</td> <td>126,90447(3)</td> <td>4,94</td> <td>113,5</td> <td>184,4</td> <td>1811</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Courtois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Courtois (halaman belum tersedia)">Courtois</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#c0ffff"> <td>54</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></td> <td>Xe</td> <td>5; 18</td> <td>131,293(6)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_3_back"><a href="#fn_3">3</a></sup></span></td> <td>4,49 g/l</td> <td>−111,9</td> <td>−107</td> <td>1898</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" class="mw-disambig" title="William Ramsay">Ramsay</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morris_Travers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morris Travers (halaman belum tersedia)">Travers</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff6666"> <td>55</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Sesium</a></td> <td>Cs</td> <td>6; 1</td> <td>132,9054519(2)</td> <td>1,90</td> <td>28,4</td> <td>690</td> <td>1860</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Robert_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Robert Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Bunsen</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffdead"> <td>56</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a></td> <td>Ba</td> <td>6; 2</td> <td>137,327(7)</td> <td>3,65</td> <td>725</td> <td>1640</td> <td>1808</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Davy</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>57</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">Lantanum</a></td> <td>La</td> <td>6</td> <td>138,90547(7)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>6,16</td> <td>920</td> <td>3454</td> <td>1839</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gustaf_Mosander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Gustaf Mosander (halaman belum tersedia)">Mosander</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>58</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Serium</a></td> <td>Ce</td> <td>6</td> <td>140,116(1)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>6,77</td> <td>798</td> <td>3257</td> <td>1803</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_von_Hisinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm von Hisinger (halaman belum tersedia)">von Hisinger</a> dan <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Berzelius</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>59</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Praseodimium</a></td> <td>Pr</td> <td>6</td> <td>140,90765(2)</td> <td>6,48</td> <td>931</td> <td>3212</td> <td>1895</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">von Welsbach</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>60</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Neodimium</a></td> <td>Nd</td> <td>6</td> <td>144,242(3)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>7,00</td> <td>1010</td> <td>3127</td> <td>1895</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">von Welsbach</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>61</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Prometium</a></td> <td>Pm</td> <td>6</td> <td>[146,9151]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td>7,22</td> <td>1080</td> <td>2730</td> <td>1945</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_A,_Marinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob A, Marinsky (halaman belum tersedia)">Marinsky</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_E,_Glendenin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence E, Glendenin (halaman belum tersedia)">Glendenin</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>62</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a></td> <td>Sm</td> <td>6</td> <td>150,36(2)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>7,54</td> <td>1072</td> <td>1778</td> <td>1879</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Emile_Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (halaman belum tersedia)">Lecoq de Boisbaudran</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>63</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a></td> <td>Eu</td> <td>6</td> <td>151,964(1)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>5,25</td> <td>822</td> <td>1597</td> <td>1901</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne-Antole_Demar%C3%A7ay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène-Antole Demarçay (halaman belum tersedia)">Demarçay</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>64</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a></td> <td>Gd</td> <td>6</td> <td>157,25(3)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>7,89</td> <td>1311</td> <td>3233</td> <td>1880</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (halaman belum tersedia)">de Marignac</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>65</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a></td> <td>Tb</td> <td>6</td> <td>158,92535(2)</td> <td>8,25</td> <td>1360</td> <td>3041</td> <td>1843</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gustaf_Mosander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Gustaf Mosander (halaman belum tersedia)">Mosander</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>66</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">Disprosium</a></td> <td>Dy</td> <td>6</td> <td>162,500(1)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>8,56</td> <td>1409</td> <td>2335</td> <td>1886</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Emile_Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (halaman belum tersedia)">Lecoq de Boisbaudran</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>67</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a></td> <td>Ho</td> <td>6</td> <td>164,93032(2)</td> <td>8,78</td> <td>1470</td> <td>2720</td> <td>1878</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Louis_Soret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Louis Soret (halaman belum tersedia)">Soret</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>68</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a></td> <td>Er</td> <td>6</td> <td>167,259(3)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>9,05</td> <td>1522</td> <td>2510</td> <td>1842</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gustaf_Mosander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Gustaf Mosander (halaman belum tersedia)">Mosander</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>69</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tulium</a></td> <td>Tm</td> <td>6</td> <td>168,93421(2)</td> <td>9,32</td> <td>1545</td> <td>1727</td> <td>1879</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per_Teodor_Cleve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Per Teodor Cleve (halaman belum tersedia)">Cleve</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>70</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">Iterbium</a></td> <td>Yb</td> <td>6</td> <td>173,04(3)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>6,97</td> <td>824</td> <td>1193</td> <td>1878</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (halaman belum tersedia)">de Marignac</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffbfff"> <td>71</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">Lutesium</a></td> <td>Lu</td> <td>6; 3</td> <td>174,967(1)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>9,84</td> <td>1656</td> <td>3315</td> <td>1907</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Urbain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Urbain (halaman belum tersedia)">Urbain</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>72</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a></td> <td>Hf</td> <td>6; 4</td> <td>178,49(2)</td> <td>13,31</td> <td>2150</td> <td>5400</td> <td>1923</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Coster" title="Dirk Coster">Coster</a> dan <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">de Hevesy</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>73</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a></td> <td>Ta</td> <td>6; 5</td> <td>180,9479(1)</td> <td>16,68</td> <td>2996</td> <td>5425</td> <td>1802</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anders_Gustaf_Ekeberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anders Gustaf Ekeberg (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekeberg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>74</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">Wolfram</a></td> <td>W</td> <td>6; 6</td> <td>183,84(1)</td> <td>19,26</td> <td>3407</td> <td>5927</td> <td>1783</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fausto_Elhuyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fausto Elhuyar (halaman belum tersedia)">Elhuyar</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>75</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Renium</a></td> <td>Re</td> <td>6; 7</td> <td>186,207(1)</td> <td>21,03</td> <td>3180</td> <td>5627</td> <td>1925</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Noddack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Noddack (halaman belum tersedia)">Noddack</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_Tacke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ida Tacke (halaman belum tersedia)">Tacke</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Berg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Berg (halaman belum tersedia)">Berg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>76</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a></td> <td>Os</td> <td>6; 8</td> <td>190,23(3)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>22,61</td> <td>3045</td> <td>5027</td> <td>1803</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smithson_Tennant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smithson Tennant (halaman belum tersedia)">Tennant</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>77</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a></td> <td>Ir</td> <td>6; 9</td> <td>192,217(3)</td> <td>22,65</td> <td>2410</td> <td>4130</td> <td>1803</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smithson_Tennant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smithson Tennant (halaman belum tersedia)">Tennant</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>78</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Platina</a></td> <td>Pt</td> <td>6; 10</td> <td>195,084(9)</td> <td>21,45</td> <td>1772</td> <td>3827</td> <td>1557</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_Scaliger" title="Julius Caesar Scaliger">Scaliger</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>79</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Emas</a></td> <td>Au</td> <td>6; 11</td> <td>196,966569(4)</td> <td>19,32</td> <td>1064,4</td> <td>2940</td> <td>sebelum 6000 SM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">orang Timur Tengah</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>80</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Raksa</a></td> <td>Hg</td> <td>6; 12</td> <td>200,59(2)</td> <td>13,55</td> <td>−38,9</td> <td>356,6</td> <td>sebelum 1500 SM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesir_Kuno" title="Mesir Kuno">orang Mesir Kuno</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <td>81</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Talium</a></td> <td>Tl</td> <td>6; 13</td> <td>204,3833(2)</td> <td>11,85</td> <td>303,6</td> <td>1457</td> <td>1861</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">Crookes</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <td>82</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Timbal</a></td> <td>Pb</td> <td>6; 14</td> <td>207,2(1)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_4_back"><a href="#fn_4">4</a></sup></span></td> <td>11,34</td> <td>327,5</td> <td>1740</td> <td>7000 SM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">orang Timur Tengah</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <td>83</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bismut</a></td> <td>Bi</td> <td>6; 15</td> <td>208,98040(1)</td> <td>9,80</td> <td>271,4</td> <td>1560</td> <td>sebelum 1000 SM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkimia_dan_kimia_Islam_abad_pertengahan" title="Alkimia dan kimia Islam abad pertengahan">alkemis Arab</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <td>84</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></td> <td>Po</td> <td>6; 16</td> <td>[208,9824]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td>9,20</td> <td>254</td> <td>962</td> <td>1898</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccc99"> <td>85</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">Astatin</a></td> <td>At</td> <td>6; 17</td> <td>[209,9871]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1940</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dale_R._Corson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dale R. Corson (halaman belum tersedia)">Corson</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=K._R._MacKenzie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. R. MacKenzie (halaman belum tersedia)">MacKenzie</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#c0ffff"> <td>86</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a></td> <td>Rn</td> <td>6; 18</td> <td>[222,0176]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td>9,23 g/l</td> <td>−71</td> <td>−61,8</td> <td>1900</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Ernst_Dorn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Ernst Dorn (halaman belum tersedia)">Dorn</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff6666"> <td>87</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fransium</a></td> <td>Fr</td> <td>7; 1</td> <td>[223,0197]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td>27</td> <td>677</td> <td>1939</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marguerite_Perey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marguerite Perey (halaman belum tersedia)">Perey</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffdead"> <td>88</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a></td> <td>Ra</td> <td>7; 2</td> <td>[226,0254]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td>5,50</td> <td>700</td> <td>1140</td> <td>1898</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>89</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Aktinium</a></td> <td>Ac</td> <td>7</td> <td>[227,0278]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td>10,07</td> <td>1047</td> <td>3197</td> <td>1899</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Debierne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André-Louis Debierne (halaman belum tersedia)">Debierne</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>90</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Torium</a></td> <td>Th</td> <td>7</td> <td>232,03806(2)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span></td> <td>11,72</td> <td>1750</td> <td>4787</td> <td>1829</td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Berzelius</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>91</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Protaktinium</a></td> <td>Pa</td> <td>7</td> <td>231,03588(2)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td>15,37</td> <td>1554</td> <td>4030</td> <td>1917</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Soddy</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cranston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Cranston (halaman belum tersedia)">Cranston</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Hahn</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>92</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></td> <td>U</td> <td>7</td> <td>238,02891(3)<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_2_back"><a href="#fn_2">2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference"><sup id="fn_3_back"><a href="#fn_3">3</a></sup></span></td> <td>18,97</td> <td>1132,4</td> <td>3818</td> <td>1789</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Klaproth</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>93</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a></td> <td>Np</td> <td>7</td> <td>[237,0482]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td>20,48</td> <td>640</td> <td>3902</td> <td>1940</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">McMillan</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Abelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Abelson (halaman belum tersedia)">Abelson</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>94</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></td> <td>Pu</td> <td>7</td> <td>[244,0642]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td>19,74</td> <td>641</td> <td>3327</td> <td>1940</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Seaborg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>95</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">Amerisium</a></td> <td>Am</td> <td>7</td> <td>[243,0614]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td>13,67</td> <td>994</td> <td>2607</td> <td>1944</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Seaborg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>96</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">Kurium</a></td> <td>Cm</td> <td>7</td> <td>[247,0703]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td>13,51</td> <td>1340</td> <td></td> <td>1944</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Seaborg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>97</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a></td> <td>Bk</td> <td>7</td> <td>[247,0703]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td>13,25</td> <td>986</td> <td></td> <td>1949</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Seaborg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>98</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">Kalifornium</a></td> <td>Cf</td> <td>7</td> <td>[251,0796]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td>15,1</td> <td>900</td> <td></td> <td>1950</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Seaborg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>99</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a></td> <td>Es</td> <td>7</td> <td>[252,0829]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td>860</td> <td></td> <td>1952</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Seaborg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>100</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a></td> <td>Fm</td> <td>7</td> <td>[257,0951]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1952</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Seaborg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>101</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a></td> <td>Md</td> <td>7</td> <td>[258,0986]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1955</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Seaborg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>102</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a></td> <td>No</td> <td>7</td> <td>[259,1009]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1958</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Seaborg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ff99cc"> <td>103</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">Lawrensium</a></td> <td>Lr</td> <td>7; 3</td> <td>[260,1053]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1961</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Ghiorso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Ghiorso (halaman belum tersedia)">Ghiorso</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>104</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium">Ruterfordium</a></td> <td>Rf</td> <td>7; 4</td> <td>[261,1087]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1964/69</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgy_Flyorov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgy Flyorov (halaman belum tersedia)">Flyorov</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>105</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a></td> <td>Db</td> <td>7; 5</td> <td>[262,1138]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1967/70</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgy_Flyorov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgy Flyorov (halaman belum tersedia)">Flyorov</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>106</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a></td> <td>Sg</td> <td>7; 6</td> <td>[263,1182]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1974</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgy_Flyorov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgy Flyorov (halaman belum tersedia)">Flyorov</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>107</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a></td> <td>Bh</td> <td>7; 7</td> <td>[262,1229]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1976</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Oganessian" title="Yuri Oganessian">Oganessian</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>108</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hasium</a></td> <td>Hs</td> <td>7; 8</td> <td>[265]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1984</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (halaman belum tersedia)">GSI</a> (*) </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>109</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a></td> <td>Mt</td> <td>7; 9</td> <td>[266]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1982</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (halaman belum tersedia)">GSI</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>110</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a></td> <td>Ds</td> <td>7; 10</td> <td>[269]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1994</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (halaman belum tersedia)">GSI</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>111</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a></td> <td>Rg</td> <td>7; 11</td> <td>[272]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1994</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (halaman belum tersedia)">GSI</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffc0c0"> <td>112</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">Kopernisium</a></td> <td>Cn</td> <td>7; 12</td> <td>[285]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (halaman belum tersedia)">GSI</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <td>113</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a></td> <td>Nh</td> <td>7; 13</td> <td>[286]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/RIKEN" class="mw-redirect" title="RIKEN">RIKEN</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a> (*); <a href="/wiki/Laboratorium_Nasional_Lawrence_Livermore" title="Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Livermore">LLNL</a> (*) </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <td>114</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a></td> <td>Fl</td> <td>7; 14</td> <td>[289]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1998</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <td>115</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium">Moskovium</a></td> <td>Mc</td> <td>7; 15</td> <td>[289]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a>; <a href="/wiki/Laboratorium_Nasional_Lawrence_Livermore" title="Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Livermore">LLNL</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <td>116</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a></td> <td>Lv</td> <td>7; 16</td> <td>[293]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">LBNL</a> (*) </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <td>117</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">Tenesin</a></td> <td>Ts</td> <td>7; 17</td> <td>[294]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a>; <a href="/wiki/Laboratorium_Nasional_Lawrence_Livermore" title="Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Livermore">LLNL</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cccccc"> <td>118</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Oganeson</a></td> <td>Og</td> <td>7; 18</td> <td>[294]<span class="reference"><sup id="fn_1_back"><a href="#fn_1">1</a></sup></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">JINR</a>; <a href="/wiki/Laboratorium_Nasional_Lawrence_Livermore" title="Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Livermore">LLNL</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="2" cellpadding="4" style="background:silver; border:1px solid gray; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0 1em 1em 0; text-align:center;"> <caption><b><a href="/wiki/Deret_kimia" title="Deret kimia">Deret kimia</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#ff6666;" width="20%"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;" width="20%"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_tanah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali tanah">Alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff;" width="20%"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;" width="20%"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0;" width="20%"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">Logam</a> </td> <td style="background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="background:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">Nonlogam</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogen</a> </td> <td style="background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Book icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Buku/Unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Buku/Unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Buku: Unsur kimia</a></b></i></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Books">Buku Wikipedia</a> adalah koleksi artikel yang bisa diunduh atau dipesan dalam bentuk cetak.</small></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18261910">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basis_data_kimia" title="Basis data kimia">Basis data kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan unsur kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengumpulan_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengumpulan unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengumpulan unsur kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_fiksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unsur fiksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Unsur fiksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_Goldschmidt" title="Klasifikasi Goldschmidt">Klasifikasi Goldschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulau_stabilitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau stabilitas">Pulau stabilitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Nomor atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambang_unsur" title="Lambang unsur">Lambang unsur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_unsur_menurut_nama" title="Daftar unsur menurut nama">Daftar unsur kimia menurut nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_unsur_menurut_nomor_atom" title="Daftar unsur menurut nomor atom">Daftar unsur kimia menurut nomor atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_nuklida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar nuklida (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar nuklida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masa_jenis_unsur_kimia_(laman_data)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masa jenis unsur kimia (laman data) (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar massa jenis unsur kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_periodik_molekul_kecil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem periodik molekul kecil (halaman belum tersedia)">Sistem periodik molekul kecil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harga_unsur_kimia_dan_senyawanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harga unsur kimia dan senyawanya (halaman belum tersedia)">Harga unsur kimia dan senyawanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_unsur_sistematik" title="Nama unsur sistematik">Nama unsur sistematik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_nuklida" title="Tabel nuklida">Tabel nuklida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mystery_of_Matter_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mystery of Matter (film) (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>The Mystery of Matter: Search for the Elements</i> (PBS film)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomas (halaman belum tersedia)">Atomas</a>, permainan tentang penggabungan atom</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan tabel periodik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode tabel periodik</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=33" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-goldbookElement-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goldbookElement_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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(6 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/science/07element.html?hp">"Scientists Discover Heavy New Element"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scientists+Discover+Heavy+New+Element&rft.date=2010-04-06&rft.aulast=Glanz&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F07%2Fscience%2F07element.html%3Fhp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.iupac.org/news/112_Naming_Process_20090720.pdf">"IUPAC Announces Start of the Name Approval Process for the Element of Atomic Number 112"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>. 20 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IUPAC+Announces+Start+of+the+Name+Approval+Process+for+the+Element+of+Atomic+Number+112&rft.pub=IUPAC&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.iupac.org%2Fnews%2F112_Naming_Process_20090720.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100224054826/http://www.iupac.org/web/nt/2010-02-20_112_Copernicium">"IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry): Element 112 is Named Copernicium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>. 20 February 2010. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/web/nt/2010-02-20_112_Copernicium">versi asli</a> tanggal 24 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IUPAC+%28International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry%29%3A+Element+112+is+Named+Copernicium&rft.pub=IUPAC&rft.date=2010-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fweb%2Fnt%2F2010-02-20_112_Copernicium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V.; Lobanov, Yu.; Abdullin, F.; Polyakov, A.; Sagaidak, R.; Shirokovsky, I.; Tsyganov, Yu.; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213212406/http://gaitskell.brown.edu/physics/talks/0408_SLAC_SummerSchool/Gaitskell_DMEvidence_v16.pdf">"Evidence for Dark Matter"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review C (halaman belum tersedia)">Physical Review C</a></i>. <b>74</b> (4): 044602. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhRvC..74d4602O">2006PhRvC..74d4602O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.74.044602">10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gaitskell.brown.edu/physics/talks/0408_SLAC_SummerSchool/Gaitskell_DMEvidence_v16.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2021-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2018-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+C&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+Dark+Matter&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=044602&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevC.74.044602&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PhRvC..74d4602O&rft.aulast=Oganessian&rft.aufirst=Yu.+Ts.&rft.au=Utyonkov%2C+V.&rft.au=Lobanov%2C+Yu.&rft.au=Abdullin%2C+F.&rft.au=Polyakov%2C+A.&rft.au=Sagaidak%2C+R.&rft.au=Shirokovsky%2C+I.&rft.au=Tsyganov%2C+Yu.&rft.au=Voinov%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgaitskell.brown.edu%2Fphysics%2Ftalks%2F0408_SLAC_SummerSchool%2FGaitskell_DMEvidence_v16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jinr-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jinr_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Greiner, W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414173735/http://www.jinr.ru/img_sections/PAC/NP/31/PAK_NP_31_recom_eng.pdf">"Recommendations"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>31st meeting, PAC for Nuclear Physics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jinr.ru/img_sections/PAC/NP/31/PAK_NP_31_recom_eng.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 14 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=31st+meeting%2C+PAC+for+Nuclear+Physics&rft.atitle=Recommendations&rft.aulast=Greiner&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jinr.ru%2Fimg_sections%2FPAC%2FNP%2F31%2FPAK_NP_31_recom_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC-20161130-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC-20161130_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Staff (30 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/iupac-announces-the-names-of-the-elements-113-115-117-and-118/">"IUPAC Announces the Names of the Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUPAC&rft.atitle=IUPAC+Announces+the+Names+of+the+Elements+113%2C+115%2C+117%2C+and+118&rft.date=2016-11-30&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fiupac-announces-the-names-of-the-elements-113-115-117-and-118%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20161201-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20161201_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">St. Fleur, Nicholas (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/science/periodic-table-new-elements.html">"Four New Names Officially Added to the Periodic Table of Elements"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Four+New+Names+Officially+Added+to+the+Periodic+Table+of+Elements&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft.aulast=St.+Fleur&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F01%2Fscience%2Fperiodic-table-new-elements.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=34" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ketakmurnian (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>: <span lang="en"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impurity" class="extiw" title="en:Impurity">Impurity</a></i></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karena tidak dianggap sebagai nama diri, maka bisa diterjemahkan ke Bahasa Indonesia sesuai kaidah EYD yang berlaku. Misalnya, californium diterjemahkan menjadi kalifornium, rutherfordium menjadi ruterfodium, dll. Untuk lebih jelasnya, dapat dilihat di <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://118.98.223.79/glosarium/">Glosarium Pusat Bahasa Republik Indonesia</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lain">Bacaan lain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=35" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemical elements"><span style="">Unsur kimia</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Ball, P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsveryshor0000ball"><i>The Elements: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-284099-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-284099-1">0-19-284099-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-284099-1&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementsveryshor0000ball&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Emsley, J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl"><i>Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-850340-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-850340-7">0-19-850340-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-850340-7&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Gray, T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsvisualex0000gray"><i>The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe</i></a>. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-57912-814-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-57912-814-9">1-57912-814-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements%3A+A+Visual+Exploration+of+Every+Known+Atom+in+the+Universe&rft.pub=Black+Dog+%26+Leventhal+Publishers+Inc&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=1-57912-814-9&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementsvisualex0000gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Scerri, E. R. (2007). <i>The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Periodic+Table%2C+Its+Story+and+Its+Significance&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Scerri&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Strathern, P. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mendeleyevsdream0000stra_u9p1"><i>Mendeleyev's Dream: The Quest for the Elements</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamish_Hamilton_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamish Hamilton Ltd (halaman belum tersedia)">Hamish Hamilton Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-241-14065-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-241-14065-X">0-241-14065-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mendeleyev%27s+Dream%3A+The+Quest+for+the+Elements&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton+Ltd&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-241-14065-X&rft.aulast=Strathern&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmendeleyevsdream0000stra_u9p1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kean, Sam (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disappearingspoo0000kean_p8o5"><i>The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements</i></a>. Back Bay Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disappearing+Spoon%3A+And+Other+True+Tales+of+Madness%2C+Love%2C+and+the+History+of+the+World+from+the+Periodic+Table+of+the+Elements&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kean&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisappearingspoo0000kean_p8o5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. (1997). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, ed. <i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book")</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook">10.1351/goldbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-9678550-9-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-9678550-9-8">0-9678550-9-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology%2C+2nd+ed.+%28the+%22Gold+Book%22%29.&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fgoldbook&rft.isbn=0-9678550-9-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUnsur+kimia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penulis" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis">link</a>) </span> <dl><dd>XML on-line corrected version: created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins.</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&action=edit&section=36" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodicvideos.com/">Videos for each element</a> by the University of Nottingham</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00546sz">"Chemical Elements"</a>, <i>In Our Time</i>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Paul Strathern, Mary Archer and <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Murrell_(chemist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Murrell (chemist) (halaman belum tersedia)">John Murrell</a> (May 25, 2000).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tabel_periodik" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:PeriodicTablesFooter" title="Templat:PeriodicTablesFooter"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:PeriodicTablesFooter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:PeriodicTablesFooter (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:PeriodicTablesFooter&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tabel_periodik" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(standar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabel periodik (standar)">Tabel standar</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabel_periodik_(vertikal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabel periodik (vertikal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Tabel vertikal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daftar unsur kimia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_unsur_berdasarkan_nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar unsur berdasarkan nama">Berdasarkan nama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia_yang_berasal_dari_nama_orang" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur kimia yang berasal dari nama orang">Nama orang</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia_yang_berasal_dari_nama_tempat" title="Unsur kimia yang berasal dari nama tempat">Nama tempat</a>)  • <a href="/wiki/Daftar_unsur_berdasarkan_lambang" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar unsur berdasarkan lambang">Berdasarkan lambang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Daftar_unsur_berdasarkan_nomor_atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar unsur berdasarkan nomor atom">Berdasarkan nomor atom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik">Golongan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alkali_tanah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali tanah">2</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> • <a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> • <a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> • <a href="/wiki/Golongan_nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Golongan nitrogen">15</a> • <a href="/wiki/Khalkogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkogen">16</a> • <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodik" title="Periode tabel periodik">Periode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur periode 8">8</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur periode 9">9</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deret_kimia" title="Deret kimia">Deret kimia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Alkali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alkali_tanah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali tanah">Alkali tanah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> • <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">Logam miskin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nonlogam" title="Nonlogam">Nonlogam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sejarah_Besar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Sejarah_Besar" title="Templat:Sejarah Besar"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Sejarah_Besar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Sejarah Besar (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Sejarah_Besar&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sejarah_Besar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Besar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Besar (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah Besar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F5F5DC">Tema dan topik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kronologi_alam_semesta" title="Kronologi alam semesta">Kronologi alam semesta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_kosmos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi kosmos (halaman belum tersedia)">Evolusi kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skala_waktu_geologi" title="Skala waktu geologi">Skala waktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aturan_Goldilocks" title="Aturan Goldilocks">Aturan Goldilocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernitas" title="Modernitas">Modernitas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F5F5DC">Delapan Patokan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1: <a href="/wiki/Ledakan_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ledakan Besar">Ledakan Besar</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kosmogoni" title="Kosmogoni">Kosmogoni</a></li> <li>2: <a href="/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang">Pembentukan bintang</a></li> <li>3: <a href="/wiki/Elemen_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elemen kimia">Penciptaan elemen kimia</a> di dalam <a href="/wiki/Evolusi_bintang" title="Evolusi bintang">bintang sekarat</a></li> <li>4: <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Pembentukan planet</a></li> <li>5: <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Penciptaan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">evolusi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a></li> <li>6: Perkembangan <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_paleolitikum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman paleolitikum (halaman belum tersedia)">Zaman paleolitikum</a></li></ul></li> <li>7: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolusi_neolitikum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolusi neolitikum (halaman belum tersedia)">Revolusi pertanian</a></li> <li>8: <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah modern">Zaman modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F5F5DC">Proyek web</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_History_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big History Project (halaman belum tersedia)">Big History Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crash_Course_(YouTube)" title="Crash Course (YouTube)"><i>Crash Course Big History</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ChronoZoom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ChronoZoom (halaman belum tersedia)">ChronoZoom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F5F5DC">Tokoh terkenal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alvarez" title="Walter Alvarez">Walter Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynthia_Stokes_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynthia Stokes Brown (halaman belum tersedia)">Cynthia Stokes Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Chaisson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Chaisson (halaman belum tersedia)">Eric Chaisson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Christian_(sejarawan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Christian (sejarawan) (halaman belum tersedia)">David Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graeme_Snooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graeme Snooks (halaman belum tersedia)">Graeme Snooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wurtz" title="Bill Wurtz">Bill Wurtz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11344#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11344#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11344#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4009874-6">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11979075c">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/168512113">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&oldid=26789978">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kimia&oldid=26789978</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tabel_periodik" title="Kategori:Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Unsur_kimia" title="Kategori:Unsur kimia">Unsur kimia</a></li><li><a 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