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<ul id="toc-Foreign_nationals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Diplomatic crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Gulf War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Women's rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 LGBT rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Media freedom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Human rights in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> are a topic of significant concern. Most notably, Kuwait's handling of the <a href="/wiki/Bedoon" title="Bedoon">stateless Bedoon crisis</a> has come under substantial criticism from international <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights organisation">human rights organisations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unitednations-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-una-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-new-3">[3]</a> Kuwait has the largest number of stateless people in the entire region.<a href="#cite_note-una-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-new-3">[3]</a> Kuwait also faces significant criticism for the human rights violations against <a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_Kuwait" title="Expatriates in Kuwait">foreign nationals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">women</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kuwait">LGBT people</a>. Although Kuwaiti law (including the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait" title="Constitution of Kuwait">Constitution of Kuwait</a>) theoretically pledges to protect all human rights; the enforcement mechanisms designed to help protect human rights are very limited in Kuwait. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaties">Treaties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Treaties">edit</a>]</div> Kuwait is a party to several international human rights treaties, including<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery,_the_Slave_Trade,_and_Institutions_and_Practices_Similar_to_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_the_Traffic_in_Persons_and_of_the_Exploitation_of_the_Prostitution_of_Others" title="Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others">Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture" title="United Nations Convention Against Torture">United Nations Convention Against Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_concerning_the_Prohibition_and_Immediate_Action_for_the_Elimination_of_the_Worst_Forms_of_Child_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour">Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_concerning_Forced_or_Compulsory_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour">Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Association_and_Protection_of_the_Right_to_Organise_Convention" title="Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention">Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Forced_Labour_Convention" title="Abolition of Forced Labour Convention">Abolition of Forced Labour Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_(Employment_and_Occupation)_Convention" title="Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention">Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_against_Discrimination_in_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention against Discrimination in Education">Convention against Discrimination in Education</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bedoon">Bedoon</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bedoon">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bedoon" title="Bedoon">Bedoon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Kuwait has the largest number of stateless people in the entire region.<a href="#cite_note-largest-5">[5]</a> Most stateless Bedoon of Kuwait belong to the northern tribes, especially the <a href="/wiki/Al-Muntafiq" title="Al-Muntafiq">Al-Muntafiq</a> tribal confederation.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-alarabi-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-s-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-ohchr-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-csm-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-north-13">[13]</a> The linguist Bruce Ingham studied the northern tribes in Kuwait in the mid 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-clive-14">[14]</a> A minority of stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to the <a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">'Ajam community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ajam-15">[15]</a> Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_nationality_law" title="Kuwaiti nationality law">Kuwait Nationality Law</a> 15/1959, all the Bedoon in Kuwait are eligible for Kuwaiti nationality by naturalization.<a href="#cite_note-rights-16">[16]</a> In practice, it is widely believed that Sunnis of Persian descent or tribal Saudis can readily achieve Kuwaiti naturalization whilst Bedoon of Iraqi tribal ancestry cannot.<a href="#cite_note-dis-17">[17]</a> As a result, many Bedoon in Kuwait feel pressured to <a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">hide their background</a>.<a href="#cite_note-un-18">[18]</a> From 1965 until 1985, the Bedoon were treated as Kuwaiti citizens and guaranteed citizenship: they had free access to education, health care and all the other privileges of citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-una-2">[2]</a> The stateless Bedoon constituted 80-90% of the <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti Army">Kuwaiti Army</a> in the 1970s and 1980s until the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-refworld-19">[19]</a> In 1985 at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, the Bedoon were reclassified as "illegal residents" and denied Kuwaiti citizenship and its accompanying privileges.<a href="#cite_note-una-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-refworld-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-20">[20]</a> The Iran–Iraq War threatened Kuwait's internal stability and the authorities feared the sectarian background of the stateless Bedoon.<a href="#cite_note-refworld-19">[19]</a> The Bedoon issue in Kuwait “overlaps with historic sensitivities about <a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqi</a> influence inside Kuwait”, with many of those denied Kuwaiti nationality being believed to have originated from Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-aus-21">[21]</a> In 1985, the then emir, <a href="/wiki/Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Al-Sabah" title="Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah">Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah</a>, escaped an <a href="/wiki/1983_Kuwait_bombings#1985_attempted_assassination_of_Jaber" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Kuwait bombings">assassination attempt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newyorktimes-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtinpost-23">[23]</a> After the assassination attempt, the government changed the Bedoon's status from that of legal residents to <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal residents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-refworld-19">[19]</a> By 1986, the Bedoon were fully excluded from the same social and economic rights as Kuwaiti citizens. Since 1986, the Kuwaiti government has refused to grant any form of documentation to the Bedoon, including birth certificates, death certificates, identity cards, marriage certificates, and driving licences. The Bedoon also face many restrictions in employment, travel and education. They are not permitted to educate their children in state schools and universities. In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that there were 300,000 stateless Bedoon, and this number was formally repeated by the British government.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-british-25">[25]</a> According to several human rights organizations, the State of Kuwait is committing <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> against the stateless Bedoon.<a href="#cite_note-new-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-s-10">[10]</a> The Kuwaiti Bedoon crisis resembles the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya">Rohingya</a> crisis in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rights-16">[16]</a> In 1995, it was reported in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">parliament</a> that the Al Sabah ruling family had deported 150,000 stateless Bedoon to refugee camps in the Kuwaiti desert near the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">Iraqi border</a> with minimal water, insufficient food and no basic shelter, and that they were threatened with death if they returned to their homes in Kuwait City.<a href="#cite_note-british-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-north-13">[13]</a> As a result, many of the stateless Bedoon fled to Iraq, where they remain stateless people even today.<a href="#cite_note-ir-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-iraq-27">[27]</a> The Kuwaiti government also stands accused of attempting to falsify their nationalities in official state documents.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> There have been reports of <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearances" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearances">forced disappearances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass graves">mass graves</a> of Bedoon.<a href="#cite_note-new-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-united_nations2-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-mass_graves_bedoon-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-mass_graves_bedoon2-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-mass_graves_bedoon4-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-mass_graves_bedoon3-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-north-13">[13]</a> The 1995 Human Rights Watch report stated: <blockquote>"The totality of the treatment of the Bedoons amounts to a policy of denationalization of native residents, relegating them to an apartheid-like existence in their own country. The Kuwaiti government policy of harassment and intimidation of the Bedoons and of denying them the right to lawful residence, employment, travel and movement, contravene basic principles of human rights. Denial of citizenship to the Bedoons clearly violates international law. Denying Bedoons the right to petition the courts to challenge governmental decisions regarding their claims to citizenship and lawful residence in the country violates the universal right to due process of law and equality before the law."<a href="#cite_note-british-25">[25]</a> </blockquote> British MP <a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a> stated: <blockquote>"Of all the human rights atrocities committed by the ruling family in Kuwait, the worst and the greatest is that against the people known as the Bedoons. There are more than 300,000 Bedoons—one third of Kuwait's native population. Half of them—150,000—have been driven into refugee camps in the desert across the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">Iraqi border</a> by the regime and left there to bake and to rot. The other 150,000 are treated not as second-class or even fifth-class citizens, but not as any sort of citizen. They are bereft of all rights. It is a scandal that almost no one in the world cares a thing about the plight of 300,000 people, 150,000 of them cast out of the land in which they have lived [when] many have lived in the Kuwaiti area for many centuries."<a href="#cite_note-british-25">[25]</a> </blockquote> By 2004, the Bedoon accounted for only 40% of the Kuwaiti Army, a major reduction from their presence in the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-armytwo-34">[34]</a> In 2013, the UK government estimated that there were 110,729 "documented" Bedoon in Kuwait, without giving a total estimate, but noting that all stateless individuals in Kuwait remain at risk of persecution and human rights breaches.<a href="#cite_note-ukgove-35">[35]</a> The Bedoon are generally categorized into three groups: stateless tribespeople, stateless police/military and the stateless children of Kuwaiti women who married Bedoon men.<a href="#cite_note-refworld-19">[19]</a> According to the Kuwaiti government, there are only 93,000 "documented" Bedoon in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-ukgove-35">[35]</a> In 2018, the Kuwaiti government claimed that it would naturalize up to 4,000 stateless Bedoon per year but this is considered unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-dis-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 2019, the Iranian embassy in Kuwait announced that it offers Iranian citizenship to stateless Bedoon of Iranian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In recent years, the rate of <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> among Bedoon has risen sharply.<a href="#cite_note-una-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Citizenship_and_the_Revocation_of_Nationality">Citizenship and the Revocation of Nationality</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Citizenship and the Revocation of Nationality">edit</a>]</div> The revocation of citizenship in Kuwait has been a contentious human rights issue. According to Kuwait’s nationality laws, the government has the authority to strip individuals of their Kuwaiti citizenship under certain circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[39]</a> These laws, particularly as outlined in the amended (September 2024) version of the 1959 nationality law, allow for citizenship to be revoked for reasons such as fraud, dishonesty in acquiring citizenship, involvement in crimes affecting national security, or promoting ideologies that undermine the state's economic or social systems.<a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[39]</a> Additionally, citizenship can be withdrawn if it is deemed in the interest of national security, even for naturalized individuals, leaving them stateless or reverting them to a previous nationality if applicable.<a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[39]</a> The lack of transparency and recourse in the process of revoking citizenship, as well as its arbitrary application, is considered a violation of international human rights norms.<a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[39]</a> The practice affects both naturalized citizens and, to some extent, long-term residents such as the stateless Bedoon community. A specific issue is that once an individual's citizenship is revoked, they may be referred to the "Central Agency for Illegal Residents," which handles stateless individuals, further deepening the issue of statelessness in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[39]</a> The law also impacts women, as children of Kuwaiti women married to non-Kuwaitis are no longer granted automatic citizenship, further complicating their legal status.<a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[39]</a> This policy has drawn criticism from human rights organizations, as it discriminates against women by denying their children rights afforded to children of Kuwaiti fathers.<a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[39]</a> Human rights organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have raised concerns over the potential for statelessness, lack of due process in citizenship revocations, and the discriminatory impact on certain groups, including Bedoon, women, and foreign nationals. Kuwait’s policy contradicts international treaties such as the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, which states that "everyone has the right to a nationality" and "no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality."<a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[39]</a> Since March 2024, Kuwait has witnessed an increase in the revocation of citizenship, sparking mixed reactions.<a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> Neveen Ma'arafi (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: نيفين معرفي, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Neveen Ma'arafi') stated that "There is a special law about the Kuwaiti Nationality that organizes the way to gain citizenship, what happened is that it appeared to the government that there are people who gained the citizenship through illegal ways, and there are those who gained the Kuwaiti citizenship then they were chosen to gain another citizenship whilst they were originally of Kuwaiti citizenship, the Kuwait citizenship system does not allow dual citizenship, therefore the citizen loses their Kuwaiti citizenship or they are made to choose between the two citizenship."<a href="#cite_note-:2-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic_engineering">Demographic engineering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographic engineering">edit</a>]</div> The State of Kuwait formally has an official <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_nationality_law" title="Kuwaiti nationality law">Nationality Law</a> that grants non-nationals a legal pathway to obtaining citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-humanrightwatch-41">[41]</a> However, as access to citizenship in Kuwait is autocratically controlled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Al_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Al Sabah">Al Sabah</a> ruling family it is not subject to any external regulatory supervision.<a href="#cite_note-politicalnaturalization-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-humanrightwatch-41">[41]</a> The naturalization provisions within the Nationality Law are arbitrarily implemented and lack transparency.<a href="#cite_note-humanrightwatch-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-politicalnaturalization-42">[42]</a> The lack of transparency prevents non-nationals from receiving a fair opportunity to obtain citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-unitednations-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-politicalnaturalization-42">[42]</a> Consequently, the Al Sabah ruling family have been able to manipulate naturalization for politically motivated reasons.<a href="#cite_note-politicalnaturalization-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-extralegal-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-naturalize-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-rivka-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-herb-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-unitednations-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-carn-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-jadaliyya-49">[49]</a> In the three decades after <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait#Independence_and_early_state-building_(1946–89)" title="History of Kuwait">independence in 1961</a>, the Al Sabah ruling family naturalized hundreds of thousands of foreign Bedouin immigrants predominantly from Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-rivka-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-pl-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-politicalnaturalization-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-extralegal-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-carn-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-naturalize-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-unitednations-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-jadaliyya-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-alshahed-51">[51]</a> By 1980, as many as 200,000 immigrants were naturalized in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-pl-50">[50]</a> Throughout the 1980s, the Al Sabah's politically motivated naturalization policy continued.<a href="#cite_note-pl-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-politicalnaturalization-42">[42]</a> The naturalizations were not regulated nor sanctioned by <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_nationality_law" title="Kuwaiti nationality law">Kuwaiti law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-politicalnaturalization-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-extralegal-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-rivka-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-alshahed-51">[51]</a> The exact number of naturalizations is unknown but it is estimated that up to 400,000 immigrants were unlawfully naturalized in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-alshahed-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-rivka-45">[45]</a> The foreign Bedouin immigrants were mainly naturalized to alter the demographic makeup of the citizen population in a way that made the power of the Al Sabah ruling family more secure.<a href="#cite_note-herb-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-politicalnaturalization-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-extralegal-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-rivka-45">[45]</a> As a result of the politically motivated naturalizations, the number of naturalized citizens exceeds the number of Bedoon in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-unitednations-1">[1]</a> The Al Sabah ruling family actively encouraged foreign Bedouin immigrants to migrate to Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-pl-50">[50]</a> The Al Sabah ruling family favored naturalizing Bedouin immigrants because they were considered loyal to the ruling family, unlike the politically active Palestinian, Lebanese, and Syrian expats in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-pl-50">[50]</a> The naturalized citizens were predominantly Sunni Saudi immigrants from southern tribes.<a href="#cite_note-jadaliyya-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-rivka-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-extralegal-43">[43]</a> Accordingly, none of the stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to the Ajman tribe.<a href="#cite_note-extralegal-43">[43]</a> The Kuwaiti judicial system's lack of authority to rule on citizenship further complicates the Bedoon crisis, leaving Bedoon no access to the judiciary to present evidence and plead their case for citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-unitednations-1">[1]</a> Although non-nationals constitute 70% of Kuwait's total population the Al Sabah ruling family persistently denies citizenship to most non-nationals, including those who fully satisfy the requirements for naturalization as stipulated in the state's official Nationality Law. There is no official national census disclosing sectarian affiliation in Kuwait. However, it is estimated that 60-80% of Kuwait's Bedoon are <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslims">Shia Muslims</a><a href="#cite_note-sect-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-sha-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-shia-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-alarabi-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-edcoh-55">[55]</a> and, as a result, it is widely believed that the Bedoon issue in Kuwait is <a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">sectarian</a> in nature.<a href="#cite_note-sect-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-shia-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-sha-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-ran-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-alarabi-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pp-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-edcoh-55">[55]</a> The Kuwaiti authorities permit the forgery of hundreds of thousands of politically motivated naturalizations<a href="#cite_note-unitednations-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-alshahed-51">[51]</a> whilst simultaneously denying citizenship to the Bedoon.<a href="#cite_note-unitednations-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-alshahed-51">[51]</a> The politically motivated naturalizations were noted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, political activists, scholars, researchers and even members of the Al Sabah family.<a href="#cite_note-unitednations-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-politicalnaturalization-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-extralegal-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-rivka-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-herb-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-naturalize-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-pl-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-carn-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-alshahed-51">[51]</a> It is widely considered a form of deliberate <a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">demographic engineering</a> and has been likened to <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>'s politically motivated naturalization policy.<a href="#cite_note-politicalnaturalization-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-herb-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-jadaliyya-49">[49]</a> Within the GCC countries, politically-motivated naturalization policies are referred to as "political naturalization" (التجنيس السياسي).<a href="#cite_note-politicalnaturalization-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asylum_seekers_in_Europe">Asylum seekers in Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asylum seekers in Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English_Channel_migrant_crossings_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="English Channel migrant crossings (2018–present)">English Channel migrant crossings (2018–present)</a></div> A large number of stateless Bedoon regularly immigrate to Europe as asylum seekers. The United Kingdom is the most popular destination for Bedoom asylum seekers. According to the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>, Kuwait is the eighth largest source of asylum seekers <a href="/wiki/English_Channel_migrant_crossings_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="English Channel migrant crossings (2018–present)">crossing the English Channel on small boats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shia_Muslim_citizens">Shia Muslim citizens</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shia Muslim citizens">edit</a>]</div> In recent years, several Shia citizens have reported cases of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unfair_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfair trial">unfair trial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_detention" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary detention">arbitrary detention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">extrajudicial punishment</a>, and other human rights abuses.<a href="#cite_note-kidnapped_shia-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-gchr-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-gchr1-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-torture-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-un12-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-un13-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-zuhair-68">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Rehabilitation_Council_for_Torture_Victims" title="International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims">International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> criticized the Kuwaiti authorities' treatment of the so-called "Abdali Cell".<a href="#cite_note-torture-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-un12-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-un13-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-zuhair-68">[68]</a> In November 2021, Kuwait arbitrarily detained eight <a href="/wiki/Elderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderly">elderly</a> Shia Kuwaiti men without any charges.<a href="#cite_note-kidnapped_shia-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-arbitrary_detention_shia-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-gchr-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-gchr1-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_nationals">Foreign nationals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign nationals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_Kuwait" title="Expatriates in Kuwait">Expatriates in Kuwait</a></div> Human rights organizations frequently criticize Kuwait for the human rights abuses toward foreign nationals. Foreign nationals account for 70% of Kuwait's total population. The <a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">kafala system</a> leaves foreign nationals prone to exploitation. Administrative deportation is very common in Kuwait for minor offenses, including minor traffic violations. Kuwait is one of the world's worst offenders in <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_in_human_beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafficking in human beings">human trafficking</a>. Hundreds of thousands of foreign nationals are subjected to numerous human rights abuses including inhumane conditions of involuntary servitude by employers in Kuwait. They are subjected to physical and sexual abuse, non-payment of wages, poor work conditions, threats, confinement to the home, and withholding of passports to restrict their freedom of movement.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Repeated abusers include <a href="/wiki/M._A._Kharafi_%26_Sons" title="M. A. Kharafi & Sons">M A Al-Kharafi & Sons</a> and its subsidiary Kharafi National that have been cited by human rights organizations and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" title="Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Country Report on Human Rights Practices</a> for Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Many human rights organizations have accused Kuwait of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid policies</a> toward foreign nationals. Kuwait is considered one of the most xenophobic countries in the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_crisis">Diplomatic crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diplomatic crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2018_Kuwait%E2%80%93Philippines_diplomatic_crisis" title="2018 Kuwait–Philippines diplomatic crisis">2018 Kuwait–Philippines diplomatic crisis</a></div> In 2018, there was a <a href="/wiki/2018_Kuwait%E2%80%93Philippines_diplomatic_crisis" title="2018 Kuwait–Philippines diplomatic crisis">diplomatic crisis between Kuwait and the Philippines</a> due to the mistreatment of Filipino workers in Kuwait. There are roughly 241,000 Filipinos in Kuwait. Most are migrant workers,<a href="#cite_note-amnesty-75">[75]</a> and approximately 60% of Filipinos in Kuwait are employed as <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic workers</a>. In July 2018, Kuwaiti fashionista <a href="/wiki/Sondos_Alqattan" title="Sondos Alqattan">Sondos Alqattan</a> released a controversial video criticising domestic workers from the Philippines. Many of her clients were quick to denounce her.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 2020, there was a diplomatic crisis between Kuwait and Egypt due to the mistreatment of Egyptian workers in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In November 2021, Egyptian foreign worker Samih Maurice Bowles filed official complaints against Kuwait in front of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Working_Group_on_Arbitrary_Detention" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention">United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur_on_Torture_and_Other_Cruel,_Inhuman_or_Degrading_Treatment_or_Punishment" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment">United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment</a> for torture, forced disappearance, arbitrary detention, and other human rights abuses.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Children">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Camel_racing" title="Camel racing">Camel racing</a> is a popular sport in many Middle Eastern countries. In the past, children have been employed as jockeys were severely mistreated.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gulf_War">Gulf War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gulf War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></div> In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> invaded Kuwait; the Iraqi military forces committed many human rights violations against Kuwaiti citizens, stateless <a href="/wiki/Bedoon" title="Bedoon">Bedoon</a>, and foreign nationals in Kuwait. Some were taken back to Iraq and released later.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_rights">Women's rights</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Women's rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Women in Kuwait</a></div> Human rights organizations persistently criticize the unequal status of women in Kuwait. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations Working Group</a> warned against the persistent barriers, both in law and in practice, on the path of women's quest for full equality.<a href="#cite_note-auto-81">[81]</a> UN human rights experts <a href="/wiki/Alda_Facio" title="Alda Facio">Alda Facio</a> and Kamala Chandrakirana said despite significant achievements, "discrimination against women persists in law and in practice, particularly in the context of the family and nationality laws, based on the presumption of women's dependence on men, which is contrary to the principle of equality."<a href="#cite_note-auto-81">[81]</a> Muslim women in Kuwait are discriminated against under the <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a>. Children born to a Kuwaiti mother and non-Kuwaiti father do not get Kuwaiti citizenship, unless a decree is passed by the Minister of Interior.<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a> Kuwait's position in international rankings has varied over the years. In 2014, Kuwait was ranked 113 of 142 globally in the Global Gender Gap Report,<a href="#cite_note-hgh-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-wid-84">[84]</a> the country improved its ranking due to significant increases in the overall income indicator. In 2015, Kuwait was ranked 117 of 145 globally in the Global Gender Index.<a href="#cite_note-wef-85">[85]</a> In 2020, Kuwait was ranked 122 of 153 globally in the Global Gender Gap Report. Regarding the GGGR subindex, Kuwait ranked 142 of 152 on political empowerment 143 of 153 on health and survival, 120 of 153 on economic opportunity, and 57 of 153 on educational attainment.<a href="#cite_note-GGGR2020-86">[86]</a> In 2021, Kuwait was ranked 143 of 156 globally in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report" title="Global Gender Gap Report">Global Gender Gap Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www3.weforum.org-87">[87]</a> Regarding the GGGR subindex, Kuwait ranked 153 of 156 on political empowerment, 94 of 156 on health and survival, 137 of 156 on economic opportunity, and 59 of 156 on educational attainment.<a href="#cite_note-www3.weforum.org-87">[87]</a> In 2013, 53% of Kuwaiti women participated in the labor force.<a href="#cite_note-gend-88">[88]</a> Kuwaiti women outnumber men in the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-gnw-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: LGBT rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kuwait">LGBT rights in Kuwait</a></div> LGBT people living in Kuwait face discriminatory laws and public attitudes. The penal code contains some general provisions against <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/debauchery" class="extiw" title="wikt:debauchery">debauchery</a> and immorality that can be used to punish LGBT people. <ul><li>Article 193 of the Penal Code punishes "consensual intercourse between men of full age (from the age of 21)" with a term of imprisonment of up to seven years.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>Article 198 prohibits public immorality. In 2008, the law was expanded to also outlaw "imitating the appearance of a member of the opposite sex" with fines and or imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li></ul> Foreign nationals infected with AIDS/HIV are deported.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_freedom">Media freedom</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Media freedom">edit</a>]</div> Voice over Internet Protocol is legal in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> According to a 2009 report from the <a href="/wiki/Reporters_without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters without Borders">Reporters without Borders</a>, Kuwait is engaged in pervasive Internet filtering and selective filtering in security areas. The primary target of Internet filtering is pornography. The Kuwait Ministry of Communication regulates ISPs, making them block pornography and anti-security websites.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Politics of Kuwait">Politics of Kuwait</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-unitednations-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unitednations_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unitednations_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unitednations_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unitednations_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unitednations_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unitednations_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unitednations_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unitednations_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unitednations_1-8">i</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804164852/https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/A/HRC/46/NGO/33">"Human Rights Council, Forty-sixth session, 22 February–19 March 2021, Agenda item 3, Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240927190134/https://www.alraimedia.com/article/1702535/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%B6-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-27.</cite><span 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Bloomsbury. pp. 100–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781838605063" title="Special:BookSources/9781838605063"><bdi>9781838605063</bdi></a>. <q>Political naturalizations of tribesmen</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuwait+and+Al-Sabah%3A+Tribal+Politics+and+Power+in+an+Oil+State&rft.pages=100-110&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781838605063&rft.au=Rivka+Azoulay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgurvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-extralegal-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extralegal_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extralegal_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extralegal_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extralegal_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extralegal_43-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extralegal_43-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extralegal_43-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaire_Beaugrand" class="citation web cs1">Claire Beaugrand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46519156.pdf">"Statelessness and Transnationalism in Northern Arabia: Biduns and State Building in Kuwait, 1959-2009"</a> (PDF). p. 137. <q>Extra-Legal Naturalisations and Population Statistics</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statelessness+and+Transnationalism+in+Northern+Arabia%3A+Biduns+and+State+Building+in+Kuwait%2C+1959-2009&rft.pages=137&rft.au=Claire+Beaugrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F46519156.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-naturalize-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naturalize_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naturalize_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naturalize_44-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederic_Wehrey2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Wehrey" title="Frederic Wehrey">Frederic Wehrey</a>, ed. (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5NODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186">Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190911195" title="Special:BookSources/9780190911195"><bdi>9780190911195</bdi></a>. <q>To counter the strong influence of Arab nationalism in the decades after independence in 1961, Kuwait naturalized more than 200,000 Bedouin tribesmen to serve as a reliable pro-government bloc in parliament.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Sunni+and+Shia%3A+The+Roots+of+Sectarianism+in+a+Changing+Middle+East&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-02&rft.isbn=9780190911195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5NODwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rivka-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rivka_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivka_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivka_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivka_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivka_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivka_45-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivka_45-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivka_Azoulay2020" class="citation book cs1">Rivka Azoulay (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gurvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">Kuwait and Al-Sabah: Tribal Politics and Power in an Oil State</a>. Bloomsbury. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781838605063" title="Special:BookSources/9781838605063"><bdi>9781838605063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuwait+and+Al-Sabah%3A+Tribal+Politics+and+Power+in+an+Oil+State&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781838605063&rft.au=Rivka+Azoulay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgurvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-herb-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herb_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-herb_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-herb_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-herb_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Herb2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Herb" title="Michael Herb">Michael Herb</a> (18 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=laODBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT59">The Wages of Oil: Parliaments and Economic Development in Kuwait and the UAE</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801454684" title="Special:BookSources/9780801454684"><bdi>9780801454684</bdi></a>. <q>How then do we explain the naturalizations that have occurred in the Gulf states in the past, such as the granting of citizenship to thousands of bedu (bedouin) by Kuwait in the 1960s and 1970s? Typically these naturalizations were imposed by the ruling families and were designed to alter the demographic makeup of the citizen society in a way that made the power of the ruling families more secure</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Oil%3A+Parliaments+and+Economic+Development+in+Kuwait+and+the+UAE&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.isbn=9780801454684&rft.au=Michael+Herb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlaODBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foreignpolicy-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwenn_Okruhlik2012" class="citation web cs1">Gwenn Okruhlik (February 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/08/the-identity-politics-of-kuwaits-election/">"The identity politics of Kuwait's election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+identity+politics+of+Kuwait%27s+election&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft.au=Gwenn+Okruhlik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2012%2F02%2F08%2Fthe-identity-politics-of-kuwaits-election%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-carn-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carn_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carn_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carn_48-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Gengler2016" class="citation web cs1">Justin Gengler (August 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/08/29/political-economy-of-sectarianism-in-gulf-pub-64410">"The Political Economy of Sectarianism in the Gulf"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Sectarianism+in+the+Gulf&rft.date=2016-08-29&rft.au=Justin+Gengler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2F2016%2F08%2F29%2Fpolitical-economy-of-sectarianism-in-gulf-pub-64410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jadaliyya-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jadaliyya_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jadaliyya_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jadaliyya_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jadaliyya_49-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Warner2013" class="citation web cs1">John Warner (April 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/28458/Questioning-Sectarianism-in-Bahrain-and-Beyond-An-Interview-with-Justin-Gengler">"Questioning Sectarianism in Bahrain and Beyond: An Interview with Justin Gengler"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jadaliyya" title="Jadaliyya">Jadaliyya</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questioning+Sectarianism+in+Bahrain+and+Beyond%3A+An+Interview+with+Justin+Gengler&rft.pub=Jadaliyya&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.au=John+Warner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jadaliyya.com%2FDetails%2F28458%2FQuestioning-Sectarianism-in-Bahrain-and-Beyond-An-Interview-with-Justin-Gengler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pl-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pl_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pl_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pl_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pl_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pl_50-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pl_50-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrzej_Kapiszewski2005" class="citation web cs1">Andrzej Kapiszewski (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/214930677.pdf">"Non-indigenous citizens and "stateless" residents in the Gulf monarchies. The Kuwaiti bidun"</a> (PDF). p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Non-indigenous+citizens+and+%22stateless%22+residents+in+the+Gulf+monarchies.+The+Kuwaiti+bidun.&rft.pages=70&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Andrzej+Kapiszewski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F214930677.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alshahed-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alshahed_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alshahed_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alshahed_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alshahed_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alshahed_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alshahed_51-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheikh_Sabah_Al-Mohammad_Al-Sabah2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sheikh Sabah Al-Mohammad Al-Sabah (February 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alshahedkw.com/182290">"اتقوا الله وجنِّسوا الكويتيين البدون"</a>. Al-Shahed Newspaper (in Arabic).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Shahed+Newspaper&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%90%D9%91%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86&rft.date=2018-02-10&rft.au=Sheikh+Sabah+Al-Mohammad+Al-Sabah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falshahedkw.com%2F182290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sect-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sect_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sect_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribunalsdecisions.service.gov.uk/utiac/38287">"Government of United Kingdom"</a>. <q>"The Kuwaiti Bedoon`s continued exclusion from nationality can only be understood in the light of the power struggle in a system which was largely based on <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a> and tribalism within newly emerging emirates striving to assert their legitimacy and authority. The majority of the Bedoon are in fact an extended branch of tribes across the borders between Iraq, Iran, Syria and Saudi Arabia and are largely of the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Muslim Shi'ite faith</a>".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribunalsdecisions.service.gov.uk%2Futiac%2F38287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sha-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sha_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sha_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612890/index.pdf">"State formation of Kuwait"</a> (PDF). p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+formation+of+Kuwait&rft.pages=83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.lib.metu.edu.tr%2Fupload%2F12612890%2Findex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shia-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shia_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shia_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126175520/https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/assets/hull:16877a/content">"Exploring the perceptions of informed individuals about the education provisions of Bidoun in Kuwait"</a>. p. 13. 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Retrieved 2019-06-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Cross-dressers%27+heads+shaved+in+Kuwait&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fgulf%2Fkuwait%2Fcross-dressers-heads-shaved-in-kuwait-1.1880480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalinvestment.net/internationalinvestment/news/3503948/kuwait-deports-foreigners-months">"Kuwait deports 13,000 foreigners in just nine months"</a>. www.internationalinvestment.net. 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2020-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.internationalinvestment.net&rft.atitle=Kuwait+deports+13%2C000+foreigners+in+just+nine+months&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalinvestment.net%2Finternationalinvestment%2Fnews%2F3503948%2Fkuwait-deports-foreigners-months&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prweb.com/releases/nokia_networks_zain_make_kuwait_s_first_high_definition_voice_call_in_live_lte_network/prweb11976936.htm">"Nokia Networks' Zain Make Kuwait's First High-definition Voice Call in Live LTE Network"</a>. Retrieved 2014-07-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nokia+Networks%27+Zain+Make+Kuwait%27s+First+High-definition+Voice+Call+in+Live+LTE+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prweb.com%2Freleases%2Fnokia_networks_zain_make_kuwait_s_first_high_definition_voice_call_in_live_lte_network%2Fprweb11976936.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Kuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.menassat.com/?q=en/media-landscape/state-media-5">"Kuwait: State of the media"</a>, Menassat </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Kuwait&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202223656/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/225/">Press in Kuwait</a> - <a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_of_Expression_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="International Freedom of Expression Exchange">IFEX</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070527162118/http://www.q8health.org/">Kuwait Health - Promoting health reform</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iv-university.org/human-rights-court-protects-foreign-workers-in-kuwait/">Human Rights Court Protects Foreign Workers in Kuwait</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320172616/https://www.iv-university.org/human-rights-court-protects-foreign-workers-in-kuwait/">Archived</a> 2020-03-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kuwait-related_articles" title="Index of Kuwait-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chains" title="Battle of Chains">Battle of Chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Sheikhdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait-Najd_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait-Najd War">Kuwait-Najd War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kuwait_City" title="Timeline of Kuwait City">Timeline of Kuwait City</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kuwait" title="Coat of arms of Kuwait"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="570" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kuwait" title="Geography of Kuwait">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Kuwait">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Kuwait" title="Cabinet of Kuwait">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait" title="Constitution of Kuwait">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Kuwait" title="Crown Prince of Kuwait">Crown Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emirs_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="List of emirs of Kuwait">Emir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kuwait" title="Elections in Kuwait">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kuwait" title="Foreign relations of Kuwait">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kuwait" title="Government of Kuwait">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Kuwait" title="List of prime ministers of Kuwait">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kuwait">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kuwait)" title="National Assembly (Kuwait)">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Military_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait Military Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kuwait" title="List of political parties in Kuwait">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Kuwait" title="Visa policy of Kuwait">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Kuwait" title="List of banks in Kuwait">Banks in Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kuwait" title="Central Bank of Kuwait">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_dinar" title="Kuwaiti dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kuwait" title="Health in Kuwait">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boursa_Kuwait" title="Boursa Kuwait">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kuwait" title="Telecommunications in Kuwait">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kuwait" title="Transport in Kuwait">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kuwait" title="Culture of Kuwait">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Kuwait" title="List of museums in Kuwait">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kuwait" title="Art of Kuwait">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_National_Cultural_District" title="Kuwait National Cultural District">Kuwait National Cultural District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kuwait" title="Cinema of Kuwait">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Kuwait" title="Television in Kuwait">Kuwaiti television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kuwait" title="Demographics of Kuwait">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kuwait">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kuwait" title="Public holidays in Kuwait">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kuwait" title="Sport in Kuwait">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kuwait" title="Outline of Kuwait">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kuwait-related_articles" title="Index of Kuwait-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kuwait" title="Category:Kuwait">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kuwait" title="Portal:Kuwait">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template 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Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bhutan" title="Human rights in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brunei" title="Human rights in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cambodia" title="Human rights in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_East_Timor" title="Human rights in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan" title="Human rights in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Korea" title="Human rights in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Human rights in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Laos" title="Human rights in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Human rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Maldives" title="Human rights in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mongolia" title="Human rights in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Myanmar" title="Human rights in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman" title="Human rights in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tajikistan" title="Human rights in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan" title="Human rights in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human rights in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uzbekistan" title="Human rights in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Vietnam" title="Human rights in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Abkhazia" title="Human rights in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Human rights in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Ossetia" title="Human rights in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Taiwan" title="Human rights in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Macau" title="Human rights in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template talk:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights in the Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Imperial_State_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">Pre-Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'ath era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">Post-Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kurdistan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">Palestinians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan" title="Human rights in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman" title="Human rights in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Human rights in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human rights in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Dubai" title="Human rights in Dubai">Dubai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Yemen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom_in_the_Middle_East" title="Academic freedom in the Middle East">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Middle_East" title="Capital punishment in the Middle East">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in the Middle East">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in the Middle East">Freedom of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Middle East">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the Middle East">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Arab_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Arab societies">Status of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Women's suffrage, timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_anti_male-guardianship_campaign" title="Saudi anti male-guardianship campaign">Male guardianship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisation">NGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pan-Arab" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Network_for_Human_Rights_Information" title="Arabic Network for Human Rights Information">Arabic Network for Human Rights Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Commission_for_Human_Rights" title="Arab Commission for Human Rights">Arab Commission for Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Human_Rights_Project" title="Kurdish Human Rights Project">Kurdish Human Rights Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Initiative_for_Personal_Rights" title="Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights">Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_Human_Rights_Center" title="Defenders of Human Rights Center">Defenders of Human Rights Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mezan_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Al Mezan Center for Human Rights">Al Mezan Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_Najdeh" title="Association Najdeh">Association Najdeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Marsad" title="Al-Marsad">al-Marsad</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_First_Society" title="Human Rights First Society">HRFS (founded 2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Defense_of_Women%27s_Rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Association for the Protection and Defense of Women's Rights in Saudi Arabia">APDWRSA (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Civil_and_Political_Rights_Association" title="Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association">ACPRA (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Development_and_Change" title="Society for Development and Change">SDC (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Saudi_Organisation_for_Human_Rights" title="European Saudi Organisation for Human Rights">ESOHR (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALQST" title="ALQST">ALQST (2014)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government-organized_non-governmental_organization" title="Government-organized non-governmental organization">GONGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_Human_Rights" title="National Society for Human Rights">NSHR (2004)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)">Humanitarian crisis in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Human rights in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Muslim-majority_countries" title="Human rights in Muslim-majority countries">Human rights in Muslim-majority countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel and apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Association_of_Victims_of_Grave_Human_Rights_Violations_Committed_by_the_Moroccan_State" title="Sahrawi Association of Victims of Grave Human Rights Violations Committed by the Moroccan State">Sahrawi Association of Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_Marocaine_des_Droits_Humaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine">Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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