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id="toc-Relationship_with_Margaret_Mead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Postwar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patterns_of_Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterns_of_Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Patterns of Culture</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patterns_of_Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Races_of_Mankind"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Races_of_Mankind""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>"The Races of Mankind"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Races_of_Mankind"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Chrysanthemum_and_the_Sword" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Chrysanthemum_and_the_Sword"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>The Chrysanthemum and the Sword</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Chrysanthemum_and_the_Sword-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruth Benedict</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA" title="روث بندكت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روث بندكت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut_Benedikt" title="Rut Benedikt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rut Benedikt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Рут Бенедыкт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рут Бенедыкт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Рут Бенедикт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рут Бенедикт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedictov%C3%A1" title="Ruth Benedictová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruth Benedictová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84" title="Ρουθ Μπένεντικτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρουθ Μπένεντικτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="روث بندیکت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روث بندیکت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B2%A0%EB%8B%88%EB%94%95%ED%8A%B8" title="루스 베니딕트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루스 베니딕트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BF" title="Ռութ Բենեդիկտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռութ Բենեդիկտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Fulton_Benedict" title="Ruth Fulton Benedict – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ruth Fulton Benedict" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98" title="רות בנדיקט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רות בנדיקט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რუთ ბენედიქტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუთ ბენედიქტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Рут Бенедикт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рут Бенедикт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="രൂത്ത് ബെനഡിക്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രൂത്ത് ബെനഡിക്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA" title="روث بندكت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روث بندكت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%8D%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88" title="ルース・ベネディクト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルース・ベネディクト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A5_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F" title="ਰੁਥ ਬੈਨੇਡਿਕਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੁਥ ਬੈਨੇਡਿਕਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бенедикт, Рут – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенедикт, Рут" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedictov%C3%A1" title="Ruth Benedictová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ruth Benedictová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut_Benedikt" title="Rut Benedikt – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rut Benedikt" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="ரூத் பெனடிக்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரூத் பெனடிக்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%98_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="รูธ เบเนดิกต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รูธ เบเนดิกต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ruth Benedict" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Рут Бенедикт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рут Бенедикт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%DA%A9%D9%B9" title="روتھ بینیڈکٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روتھ 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American anthropologist and folklorologist (1887–1948)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American anti-war activist, researcher and journalist, see <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Sarles_Benedict" title="Ruth Sarles Benedict">Ruth Sarles Benedict</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ruth Benedict</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Benedict.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ruth_Benedict.jpg/220px-Ruth_Benedict.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ruth_Benedict.jpg/330px-Ruth_Benedict.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ruth_Benedict.jpg/440px-Ruth_Benedict.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="2636" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Benedict in 1937</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ruth Fulton</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1887-06-05</span>)</span>June 5, 1887<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 17, 1948<span style="display:none">(1948-09-17)</span> (aged 61)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_School_of_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="New School of Social Research">New School of Social Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">Anthropologist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rossiter_Benedict" title="Stanley Rossiter Benedict">Stanley Rossiter Benedict</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropology" title="Category:Anthropology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/100px-Queue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/150px-Queue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/200px-Queue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anthropology" title="Outline of anthropology">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anthropology" title="History of anthropology">History</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.75em;padding-right:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" title="Linguistic anthropology">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_archaeology" title="Aviation archaeology">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_archaeology" title="Battlefield archaeology">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_archaeology" title="Environmental archaeology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">Experiential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">Paleoethnobotanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_anthropology" title="Molecular anthropology">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanthropology" title="Neuroanthropology"> Neurological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_anthropology" title="Nutritional anthropology">Nutritional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_anthropology" title="Applied anthropology">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_art" title="Anthropology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_anthropology" title="Cognitive anthropology">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology"><span class="wrap">Political economy</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_food" title="Anthropology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_institutions" title="Anthropology of institutions">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_media" title="Anthropology of media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_anthropology" title="Psychological anthropology">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_anthropology" title="Public anthropology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpersonal_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpersonal anthropology">Transpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_anthropology" title="Urban anthropology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Visual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" title="Linguistic anthropology">Linguistic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_ideology" title="Language ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_anthropology" title="Semiotic anthropology">Semiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology#Methods" title="Cultural anthropology">Research framework</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">Anthropometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-ethnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-ethnography">cyber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_cross-cultural_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard cross-cultural sample">Cross-cultural comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism_in_science" title="Holism in science">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">Reflexivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick_description" title="Thick description">Thick description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emic_and_etic" title="Emic and etic">Emic and etic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_anthropology" title="Development anthropology">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">sociocultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship and descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_value" title="Anthropological theories of value">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Key theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93network_theory" title="Actor–network theory">Actor–network theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_materialism_(anthropology)" title="Cultural materialism (anthropology)">Cultural materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Diffusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_particularism" title="Historical particularism">Historical particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boasian_anthropology" title="Boasian anthropology">Boasian anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_studies" title="Performance studies">Performance studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_theory" title="Practice theory">Practice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_anthropology" title="Structural anthropology">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropologists_by_nationality" title="Category:Anthropologists by nationality">Anthropologists by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_anthropology" title="List of years in anthropology">Anthropology by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_anthropology" title="Bibliography of anthropology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropology_journals" title="List of anthropology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">List of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropology_organizations" title="Category:Anthropology organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology" title="Template:Anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology" title="Template talk:Anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ruth Fulton Benedict</b> (June 5, 1887 – September 17, 1948) was an American <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folkloristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloristics">folklorist</a>. </p><p>She was born in New York City, attended <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a>, and graduated in 1909. After studying anthropology at the <a href="/wiki/New_School_of_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="New School of Social Research">New School of Social Research</a> under <a href="/wiki/Elsie_Clews_Parsons" title="Elsie Clews Parsons">Elsie Clews Parsons</a>, she entered graduate studies at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1921, where she studied under <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>. She received her <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> and joined the faculty in 1923. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a>, with whom she shared a romantic relationship,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Opler" title="Marvin Opler">Marvin Opler</a> were among her students and colleagues. </p><p>Benedict was president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a> and also a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Folklore_Society" title="American Folklore Society">American Folklore Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She became the first woman to be recognized as a prominent leader of a learned profession.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She can be viewed as a transitional figure in her field by redirecting both anthropology and folklore away from the limited confines of culture-trait diffusion studies and towards theories of performance as integral to the interpretation of culture. She studied the relationships between personality, art, language, and culture and insisted that no trait existed in isolation or self-sufficiency, a theory that she championed in her 1934 book <i>Patterns of Culture</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_biography">Early biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benedict was born Ruth Fulton in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> on June 5, 1887, to Beatrice (Shattuck) and Frederick Fulton.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caffrey_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caffrey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mother worked in the city as a school teacher, and her father was a <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy"> homeopathic</a> doctor and surgeon.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mr. Fulton loved his work and research, but they eventually led to his premature death, as he acquired an unknown disease during one of his surgeries in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedictsto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedictsto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His illness caused the family to move back to <a href="/wiki/Norwich,_New_York" title="Norwich, New York">Norwich</a>, New York, to the farm of Ruth's maternal grandparents, the Shattucks.<sup id="cite_ref-Caffrey_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caffrey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, he died ten days after he had returned from a trip to <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> to search for a cure.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedictsto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedictsto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mrs. Fulton was deeply affected by her husband's passing. Any mention of him overwhelmed her with grief; every March, she cried at church and in bed.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedictsto_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedictsto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruth hated her mother's sorrow and viewed it as a weakness. For Ruth, the greatest taboos were crying in front of people and showing expressions of pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedictsto_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedictsto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She reminisced, "I did not love my mother; I resented her cult of grief."<sup id="cite_ref-Benedictsto_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedictsto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The psychological effects on her childhood were thus profound, since "in one stroke she [Ruth] experienced the loss of the two most nourishing and protective people around her—the loss of her father at death and her mother to grief".<sup id="cite_ref-Caffrey_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caffrey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a toddler, she contracted <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, which left her <a href="/wiki/Partial_deafness" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial deafness"> partially deaf</a>; that was not discovered until she began school.<sup id="cite_ref-mead_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mead-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruth had a fascination with death as a young child. When she was four years old, her grandmother took her to see an infant that had recently died. Upon seeing the dead child's face, Ruth claimed that it was the most beautiful thing she had ever seen.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedictsto_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedictsto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At seven, Ruth began to write short verses and to read any book that she could get her hands on. Her favorite author was <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ingelow" title="Jean Ingelow">Jean Ingelow</a>, and her favorite readings were <i>A Legend of Bregenz</i> and <i>The Judas Tree</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedictsto_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedictsto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through writing, she gained approval from her family. Writing was her outlet, and she wrote with an insightful perception about human reality. For example, in her senior year of high school, she wrote a piece, "Lulu's Wedding (A True Story)", in which she recalled the wedding of a family serving-girl. Instead of romanticizing the event, she revealed the true unromantic arranged marriage that Lulu went through because the man would take her even though he was much older.<sup id="cite_ref-Caffrey_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caffrey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although her fascination with death started at an early age, she continued to study how death affected people throughout her career. In her book <i>Patterns of Culture</i>, Benedict shows how the <a href="/wiki/Puebloan_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloan peoples">Pueblo</a> culture dealt with grieving and death. She describes in the book that individuals may deal with reactions to death, such as frustration and grief, differently from one another. Societies all have social norms that they follow; some allow more expression in dealing with death, such as mourning, but other societies do not permit its acknowledgement.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_2005_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College_and_marriage">College and marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: College and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After high school, Ruth and her sister entered St Margaret's School for Girls, a college preparatory school, with the help from a full-time scholarship. The girls were successful in school and entered <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a> in September 1905, where Ruth thrived in an all-female atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Caffrey_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caffrey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories were then circulating that going to college led girls to become childless and remain unmarried. Nevertheless, Ruth explored her interests in college and found writing as her way of expressing herself as an "intellectual radical" - as her classmates sometimes labelled her.<sup id="cite_ref-Caffrey_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caffrey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Walter Pater</a> (1839-1894) influenced her greatly during this time as she strove to be like him and to live a well-lived life. She graduated with her sister in 1909 with a major in English Literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Caffrey_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caffrey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsure of what to do after college, she received an invitation from a wealthy trustee of the college to go on an all-expense-paid tour around <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Accompanied by two girls from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> whom she had never met, Katherine Norton and Elizabeth Atsatt, she traveled through <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"> Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> for one year with the opportunity of various home-stays throughout the trip.<sup id="cite_ref-Caffrey_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caffrey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next few years, Ruth took up many different jobs. She first tried paid social-work for the Charity Organization Society; later she accepted a job as a teacher at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Westlake_School" title="Harvard-Westlake School"> Westlake School for Girls</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. While working there, she gained an interest in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> that would later affect her choice of fieldwork as a working anthropologist. However, she was unhappy with that job as well and, after one year, left to teach English in <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Orton%27s_Classical_School_for_Girls" title="Miss Orton's Classical School for Girls"> Orton School for Girls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Caffrey_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caffrey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those years were difficult, and she experienced depression and severe loneliness.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedictjou_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedictjou-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, through reading authors like <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Jefferies" title="Richard Jefferies">Richard Jefferies</a>, who stressed a worth, importance, and enthusiasm for life, she held onto hope for a better future.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedictjou_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedictjou-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The summer after her first year teaching at the Orton School, she returned home to the Shattucks' farm to spend some time in thought and peace. There, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rossiter_Benedict" title="Stanley Rossiter Benedict">Stanley Rossiter Benedict</a>, an engineer at <a href="/wiki/Weill_Cornell_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Weill Cornell Medical College">Cornell Medical College</a>, began to visit her at the farm. She had met him by chance in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York"> Buffalo</a>, New York around 1910. That summer, Ruth fell deeply in love with Stanley as he began to visit her more, and she accepted his proposal for marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Caffrey_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caffrey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invigorated by love, she undertook several writing projects to keep busy besides the everyday housework chores in her new life with Stanley. She began to publish poems under different pseudonyms: Ruth Stanhope, Edgar Stanhope, and Anne Singleton.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedictdia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedictdia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also began work on writing a biography of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> and other lesser-known women who (she felt) deserved more acknowledgement for their work and contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-Caffrey_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caffrey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1918, the couple had begun to drift apart. Stanley suffered an injury that made him want to spend more time away from the city, and Ruth was not happy when the couple moved to <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Hills,_New_York" title="Bedford Hills, New York"> Bedford Hills</a>, far away from the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_in_anthropology">Career in anthropology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career in anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_early_career">Education and early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education and early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In her search for a career, she decided to attend some lectures at the <a href="/wiki/New_School_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="New School for Social Research">New School for Social Research</a> while looking into the possibility of becoming an educational philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-Caffrey_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caffrey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at the school, she took a class called "Sex in Ethnology" taught by <a href="/wiki/Elsie_Clews_Parsons" title="Elsie Clews Parsons">Elsie Clews Parsons</a>. She enjoyed the class and took another anthropology course with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goldenweiser_(anthropologist)" title="Alexander Goldenweiser (anthropologist)">Alexander Goldenweiser</a>, a student of noted anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>. With Goldenweiser as her teacher, Ruth's love for anthropology steadily grew.<sup id="cite_ref-Caffrey_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caffrey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As close friend <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> explained, "Anthropology made the first 'sense' that any ordered approach to life had ever made to Ruth Benedict."<sup id="cite_ref-Meadsea_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meadsea-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After working with Goldenweiser for a year, he sent her to work as a graduate student with Franz Boas at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1921. She developed a close friendship with Boas, who took on a role as a kind of father figure in her life. Benedict lovingly referred to him as "Papa Franz."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boas gave her graduate credit for the courses that she had completed at the New School for Social Research. Benedict wrote her dissertation, "The Concept of the Guardian Spirit in North America," and received the PhD in anthropology in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_2005_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict also started a friendship with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>, who encouraged her to continue the study of the relations between individual creativity and cultural patterns. Sapir and Benedict shared an interest in poetry and read and critiqued each other's work; both submitted to the same publishers and both were rejected. Both also were interested in psychology and the relation between individual personalities and cultural patterns, and in their correspondences, they frequently <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalyzed</a> each other. However, Sapir showed little understanding for Benedict's private thoughts and feelings. In particular, his conservative gender ideology jarred with Benedict's struggle for emancipation. While they were very close friends for a while, the differences in worldview and personality ultimately led their friendship to strain.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benedict taught her first anthropology course at Barnard College in 1922 and among the students was Margaret Mead. Benedict was a significant influence on Mead.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boas regarded Benedict as an asset to the anthropology department, and in 1931, he appointed her as assistant professor in anthropology, something that was impossible until her divorce from Stanley Benedict that same year. </p><p>One student who felt especially fond of Ruth Benedict was <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Landes" title="Ruth Landes">Ruth Landes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cole,_Sally_2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole,_Sally_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Letters that Landes sent to Benedict state that she was enthralled by the way in which Benedict taught her classes and with the way that she forced the students to think in an unconventional way.<sup id="cite_ref-Cole,_Sally_2002_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole,_Sally_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Boas retired in 1937, most of his students considered Ruth Benedict to be the obvious choice for the head of the anthropology department. However, the administration of Columbia was not as progressive in its attitude towards female professionals as Boas had been, and the university president, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a>, was eager to curb the influence of the Boasians whom he considered to be <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">political radicals</a>. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Linton" title="Ralph Linton">Ralph Linton</a>, one of Boas's former students, a <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> veteran and a fierce critic of Benedict's "Culture and Personality" approach, was named head of the department.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict was understandably insulted by Linton's appointment, and the Columbia department was divided between the two rival figures of Linton and Benedict, both accomplished anthropologists with influential publications, neither of whom ever mentioned the work of the other.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Margaret_Mead">Relationship with Margaret Mead</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship with Margaret Mead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict were two of the most influential and famous anthropologists of their time. Both got along well with their shared passion for each other's work and the sense of pride that they felt in being successful working women while that was still uncommon.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were frequently known to critique each other's work; they entered into a companionship that began through their work, but during its early period, it also had an erotic character.<sup id="cite_ref-MCBateson_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCBateson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maksel_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maksel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Benedict and Mead wanted to dislodge stereotypes about women that were widely believed during their time and to show people that working women could also be successful even though working society was seen as a man's world.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her memoir about her parents, <i>With a Daughter's Eye</i>, Mead's daughter strongly implies that the relationship between Benedict and Mead was partly sexual. </p><p>In 1946, Benedict received the Achievement Award from the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women" title="American Association of University Women">American Association of University Women</a>. After Benedict died of a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> in 1948, Mead kept the legacy of Benedict's work going by supervising projects that Benedict would have looked after and by editing and publishing notes from studies that Benedict had collected throughout her life.<sup id="cite_ref-maksel_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maksel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar">Postwar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> began, Benedict had been giving lectures at the <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr College</a> for the Anna Howard Shaw Memorial Lectureship. The lectures were focused around the idea of <a href="/wiki/Synergy" title="Synergy">synergy</a>. However, World War II made her focus on other areas of concentration of anthropology, and the lectures were never presented in their entirety.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, she focused on finishing her book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chrysanthemum_and_the_Sword" title="The Chrysanthemum and the Sword">The Chrysanthemum and the Sword</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her original notes for the synergy lecture were never found after her death.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She continued her teaching after the war and advanced to the rank of full professor only two months before her death in New York on September 17, 1948. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patterns_of_Culture"><i>Patterns of Culture</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Patterns of Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benedict's <i>Patterns of Culture</i> (1934) was translated into fourteen languages and was for years published in many editions and used as standard reading material for anthropology courses in American universities. </p><p>The essential idea in <i>Patterns of Culture</i> is, according to the foreword by Margaret Mead, "her view that human cultures are 'personality writ large.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" As Benedict wrote in that book, "A culture, like an individual, is a more or less consistent pattern of thought and action" (46). Each culture, she held, chooses from "the great arc of human potentialities" only a few characteristics, which become the leading personality traits of the persons living in that culture. Those traits comprise an interdependent constellation of aesthetics and values in each culture which together add up to a unique <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gestalt" class="extiw" title="wikt:gestalt">gestalt</a>. </p><p>For example, she described the emphasis on restraint in <a href="/wiki/Puebloan_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloan peoples">Pueblo</a> cultures of the <a href="/wiki/American_Southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Southwest">American Southwest</a> and the emphasis on abandon in the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>. She used the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzschean</a> opposites of <a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">"Apollonian" and "Dionysian"</a> as the stimulus for her thought about these Native American cultures. She describes how in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> the worshipers of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> emphasized order and calm in their celebrations. </p><p>In contrast, the worshipers of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, the god of <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, emphasized wildness, abandon, and letting go, like Native Americans. She described in detail the contrasts between rituals, beliefs, and personal preferences among people of diverse cultures to show how each culture had a "personality," which was encouraged in each individual. </p><p>Other anthropologists of the <a href="/wiki/Psychological_anthropology#Configurationalist_approach" title="Psychological anthropology">culture and personality school</a> also developed those ideas, notably Margaret Mead in her <i><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa" title="Coming of Age in Samoa">Coming of Age in Samoa</a></i> (published before "Patterns of Culture") and <i>Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies</i> (published just after Benedict's book came out). Benedict was a senior student of Franz Boas when Mead began to study with them, and they had extensive and reciprocal influence on each other's work. <a href="/wiki/Abram_Kardiner" title="Abram Kardiner">Abram Kardiner</a> was also affected by these ideas, and in time, the concept of "modal personality" was born: the cluster of traits most commonly thought to be observed in people of any given culture. </p><p>Benedict in <i>Patterns of Culture</i>, expresses her belief in <a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">cultural relativism</a>. She desired to show that each culture has its own moral imperatives that can be understood only if one studies that culture as a whole. It was wrong, she felt, to disparage the customs or values of a culture different from one's own. Those customs had a meaning to the people who lived them that should not be dismissed or trivialized. Others should not try to evaluate people by their standards alone. <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a>, she argued, was <i>relative</i> to the values of the culture in which one operated. </p><p>As she described the <a href="/wiki/Kwakiutl" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwakiutl">Kwakiutl</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> (based on the fieldwork of her mentor Boas), the Pueblo of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> (among whom she had direct experience), the nations of the Great Plains, and the <a href="/wiki/Dobu_Island" title="Dobu Island">Dobu</a> culture of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> (regarding whom she relied upon Mead and <a href="/wiki/Reo_Fortune" title="Reo Fortune">Reo Fortune</a>'s fieldwork), she gave evidence that their values, even where they may seem strange, are intelligible in terms of their own coherent cultural systems and should be understood and respected. That also formed a central argument in her later work on the Japanese following World War II. </p><p>Critics have objected to the degree of abstraction and generalization inherent in the "culture and personality" approach. Some have argued that particular patterns that she found may be only a part or a subset of the whole cultures. For example, David Friend Aberle writes that the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo people">Pueblo people</a> may be calm, gentle, and much given to ritual in one mood or set of circumstances, but they may be suspicious, retaliatory, and warlike in other circumstances. </p><p>In 1936, she was appointed an <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">associate professor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. However, Benedict had already assisted in the training and guidance of several Columbia students of anthropology including <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Landes" title="Ruth Landes">Ruth Landes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benedict was among the leading <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropologists</a> who were recruited by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US government</a> for war-related research and consultation after the US entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_Races_of_Mankind""><span id=".22The_Races_of_Mankind.22"></span>"The Races of Mankind"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "The Races of Mankind""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Benedict's lesser-known works was a pamphlet "The Races of Mankind," which she wrote with her colleague at the Columbia University Department of Anthropology, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Weltfish" title="Gene Weltfish">Gene Weltfish</a>. The pamphlet was intended for American troops and set forth in simple language with cartoon illustrations the scientific case against racist beliefs. </p><p>"The world is shrinking," begin Benedict and Weltfish. "Thirty-four nations are now united in a common cause—victory over <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis</a> aggression, the military destruction of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>" (p. 1). </p><p>The nations united against <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, they continue, include "the most different physical types of men." </p><p>The writers explicate, in section after section, their best evidence for human equality. They want to encourage all types of people to join and not fight among themselves. "[A]ll the peoples of the earth," they point out, "are a single family and have a common origin." We all have just so many teeth, so many molars, just so many little bones and muscles, and so we can have come from only one set of ancestors, no matter what our color, the shape of our head, the texture of our hair. "The races of mankind are what the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> says they are—brothers. In their bodies is the record of their brotherhood."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Chrysanthemum_and_the_Sword"><i>The Chrysanthemum and the Sword</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Chrysanthemum and the Sword"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Chrysanthemum_and_the_Sword" title="The Chrysanthemum and the Sword">The Chrysanthemum and the Sword</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Guilt-Shame-Fear_spectrum_of_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilt-Shame-Fear spectrum of cultures">Guilt-Shame-Fear spectrum of cultures</a></div> <p>Benedict is known not only for her earlier <i>Patterns of Culture</i> but also for her later book <i>The Chrysanthemum and the Sword</i>, the study of the society and culture of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> that she published in 1946, incorporating results of her wartime research. </p><p>This book is an instance of <i>anthropology at a distance</i>. The study of a culture through its <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, newspaper clippings, films and recordings, etc. was necessary when anthropologists aided the United States and its <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allies</a> during World War II. Unable to visit <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> or Japan under <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a>, anthropologists used the cultural materials to produce studies at a distance. They attempted to understand the cultural patterns that might be driving their aggression and hoped to find possible weaknesses or means of <a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">persuasion</a> that had been missed. </p><p>Benedict's war work included a major study, largely completed in 1944, aimed at understanding <a href="/wiki/Japanese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese culture">Japanese culture</a>, which had matters that Americans found themselves unable to comprehend. For instance, Americans considered it quite natural for American <a href="/wiki/Prisoners-of-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners-of-war">prisoners-of-war</a> to want their families to know they were alive and to keep quiet when asked for information about troop movements, etc. However, Japanese prisoners-of-war apparently gave information freely and did not try to contact their families. Why was that? Why, too, did Asian peoples neither treat the Japanese as their liberators from Western <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> nor accept their own supposedly-just place in a hierarchy that had Japanese at the top? </p><p>Benedict played a major role in grasping the place of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_popular_culture" title="Japanese popular culture">Japanese popular culture</a>, and formulating the recommendation to US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> that permitting continuation of the Emperor's reign had to be part of the eventual surrender offer. </p><p>Other Japanese who have read this work, according to Margaret Mead, found it on the whole accurate but somewhat "moralistic." Sections of the book were mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Doi" title="Takeo Doi">Takeo Doi</a>'s book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Dependence" title="The Anatomy of Dependence">The Anatomy of Dependence</a></i>, but Doi is highly critical of Benedict's concept that Japan has a <a href="/wiki/Guilt-Shame-Fear_spectrum_of_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilt-Shame-Fear spectrum of cultures">"shame" culture</a>, whose emphasis is on how one's moral conduct appears to outsiders in contradistinction to the Christian American "guilt" culture in which the emphasis is on the individual's internal conscience. Doi considered that claim to imply clearly that the former value system is inferior to the latter one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American Anthropology Association awards an annual prize named after Benedict. The Ruth Benedict Prize has two categories, one for monographs by one writer and one for edited volumes. The prize recognizes "excellence in a scholarly book written from an anthropological perspective about a lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender topic."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 46¢ <a href="/wiki/Great_Americans_series" title="Great Americans series">Great Americans series</a> <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> in her honor was issued on October 20, 1995. </p><p>Benedict College in Stony Brook University is named after her. </p><p>In 2005, Benedict was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Seligmann" title="Herbert J. Seligmann">Herbert J. Seligmann</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modell 1984: 145–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBailey1994" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Martha J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanwomenins00bail_0"><i>American Women in Science:A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. ABC-CLIO, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-740-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-740-9"><bdi>978-0-87436-740-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Women+in+Science%3AA+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-740-9&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Martha+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanwomenins00bail_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young_2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young_2005_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_2005_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_2005_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_2005_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caffrey-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caffrey_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caffrey_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caffrey_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caffrey_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caffrey_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caffrey_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caffrey_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caffrey_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caffrey_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caffrey_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caffrey_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caffrey_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caffrey_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Caffrey 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/benedict-ruth-1887-1948">"Ruth Benedict 1887-1948"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ruth+Benedict+1887-1948&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fwomen%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fbenedict-ruth-1887-1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benedictsto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benedictsto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benedictsto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benedictsto_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benedictsto_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benedictsto_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benedictsto_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benedictsto_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benedict 1959: 97–112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mead-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mead_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Mead, Margaret</a> (1977). <i>An anthropologist at work: writings of Ruth Benedict</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-9576-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-9576-6"><bdi>978-0-8371-9576-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+anthropologist+at+work%3A+writings+of+Ruth+Benedict&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-9576-6&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benedictjou-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benedictjou_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benedictjou_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benedict 1959: 118–155. "In spite of myself bitterness at having lived at all obsessed me; it seemed cruel that I had been born, cruel that, as my family taught me, I must go on living forever.... I am not afraid of pain, nor of sorrow. But this loneliness, this futility, this emptiness—I dare not face them."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benedictdia-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benedictdia_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benedict 1959: 55–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meadsea-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meadsea_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead, in Benedict 1959: 3–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106002751/http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/ruthbenedict.html">"Ruth Benedict"</a>. Webster.edu. 17 September 1948. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/ruthbenedict.html">the original</a> on 6 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruth+Benedict&rft.pub=Webster.edu&rft.date=1948-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webster.edu%2F~woolflm%2Fruthbenedict.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarnell1989" class="citation book cs1">Darnell, Regna (1989). <i>Edward Sapir: linguist, anthropologist, humanist</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 172–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06678-6"><bdi>978-0-520-06678-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Sapir%3A+linguist%2C+anthropologist%2C+humanist&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=172-183&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06678-6&rft.aulast=Darnell&rft.aufirst=Regna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTozer2010" class="citation book cs1">Tozer, Steven E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iwp3UEKofi8C"><i>Handbook of Research in The Social Foundations of Education</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87483-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87483-7"><bdi>978-0-203-87483-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Research+in+The+Social+Foundations+of+Education&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-203-87483-7&rft.aulast=Tozer&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIwp3UEKofi8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole,_Sally_2002-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cole,_Sally_2002_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole,_Sally_2002_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole, Sally. "Mrs Landes Meet Mrs. Benedict." American Anthropologist 104.2 (2002): 533–543. Web. 12 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sydel Silverman. 2004. Totems and Teachers: Key Figures in the History of Anthropology. Rowman Altamira p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernestine Friedl. 1995. The Life of an Academic: A Personal Record of a Teacher, Administrator, and Anthropologist Annual Review of Anthropology. Vol. 24: 1–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banner 2003:  1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCBateson-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCBateson_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bateson 1984;<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117–118">: 117–118 </span></sup> Lapsley 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutkehaus 2008: 41, 79–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janiewski and Banner 2004: ix-xiiix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maksel-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maksel_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maksel_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maksel 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bateson 1984:117–118; Lapsley 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maslow, <i>et al.</i> 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benedict 1989: 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benedict 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+B&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology. Guide to the National Anthropological Archives and Human Studies Film Archives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedictWeltfish1943" class="citation book cs1">Benedict, Ruth; Weltfish, Gene (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27VflLFp0rwC"><i>The Races of Mankind</i></a>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Races+of+Mankind&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Weltfish%2C+Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27VflLFp0rwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americananthro.org/ConnectWithAAA/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2580">"AAA Section Awards"</a>. American Anthropology Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAA+Section+Awards&rft.pub=American+Anthropology+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americananthro.org%2FConnectWithAAA%2FContent.aspx%3FItemNumber%3D2580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://queeranthro.org/awards/the-ruth-benedict-prize/">"The Ruth Benedict Prize"</a>. The Association for Queer Anthropology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ruth+Benedict+Prize&rft.pub=The+Association+for+Queer+Anthropology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqueeranthro.org%2Fawards%2Fthe-ruth-benedict-prize%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/ruth-fulton-benedict/">"National Women's Hall of Fame, Ruth Fulton Benedict"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Women%27s+Hall+of+Fame%2C+Ruth+Fulton+Benedict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenofthehall.org%2Finductee%2Fruth-fulton-benedict%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: General bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AAAS (American Academy of Arts and Sciences). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Banner" title="Lois Banner">Banner, Lois W</a>. 2003. <i>Intertwined Lives: Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Their Circle</i>. Vintage. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-77612-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-77612-3">978-0-679-77612-3</a>.</li> <li>Benedict, Ruth. 1905–1948. <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/3210081">"Ruth Fulton Benedict Papers"</a>. Alexander Street.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruth+Fulton+Benedict+Papers&rft.pub=Alexander+Street&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.alexanderstreet.com%2Fview%2Fwork%2F3210081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></i> Vassar College. Archives and Special Collections Library</li> <li>Benedict, Ruth. 1931. <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_Cochiti_Indians" title="Tales of the Cochiti Indians">Tales of the Cochiti Indians</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_American_Ethnology" title="Bureau of American Ethnology">Bureau of American Ethnology</a>.</li> <li>Benedict, Ruth. 1959. <i>An Anthropologist at Work: Writings of Ruth Benedict</i>. Ed. Margaret Mead. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin Company">Houghton Mifflin Company</a>.</li> <li>Benedict, Ruth. 1989. <i>The chrysanthemum and the sword: patterns of Japanese culture</i>. With a foreword by Ezra F. Vogel. Houghton Mifflin.</li> <li>Benedict, Ruth. 1989. <i>Patterns of Culture</i>. Preface by Margaret Mead; foreword by Mary Catherine Bateson. Houghton Mifflin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-50088-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-50088-0">978-0-395-50088-0</a>.</li> <li>Caffrey, Margaret M. <i>Ruth Benedict: Stranger in this Land</i>. 1989. Austin: University of Texas Press.</li> <li>Janiewski, Dolores E. & Lois W. Banner (eds.). 2004. <i>Reading Benedict/reading Mead: feminism, race, and imperial visions – New studies in American intellectual and cultural history</i>. JHU Press.</li> <li>Lutkehaus, Nancy. 2008. <i>Margaret Mead: the making of an American icon</i>. Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Maksel, Rebecca. 2004. [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4024373">Review of <i>Intertwined Lives: Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and their circle</i></a>]. Women's Review of Books January 1, 2004, 21(4):15–16</li> <li>Maslow, Abraham H., Honigmann, John J., and Mead, Margaret. 1970. Synergy: Some Notes of Ruth Benedict. <i>American Anthropologist</i>, 72(2): 320–333. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1970.72.2.02a00060">10.1525/aa.1970.72.2.02a00060</a></li> <li>Mead, Margaret. 1959. Preface to Ruth Benedict's <i>Patterns of Culture</i> in Benedict 1959 (above).</li> <li>Mead, Margaret. 1959. "Search: 1920–1930". In Benedict 1959 (<i>An Anthropologist at Work: Writings of Ruth Benedict</i>, above).</li> <li>Modell, Judith Schachter. 1983. <i>Ruth Benedict: Patterns of a Life</i> University of Pennsylvania Press.</li> <li>Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206212947/http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/guide/_l1.htm">Guide to the Collections of the National Anthropological Archives (#L1)</a>.</li> <li>Young, Virginia Heyer. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.aaas.org/docs/resolutions.php?doc_id=409"><i>Ruth Benedict : Beyond Relativity, Beyond Pattern</i></a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4919-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4919-6">978-0-8032-4919-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Babcock, Barbara. 1995. "Not in the First Person Singular" (reprinted in) Behar, Ruth and Deborah A. Gordon (eds.). <i>Women Writing Culture</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Catherine_Bateson" title="Mary Catherine Bateson">Bateson, Mary Catherine</a>. 1984. <i>With a Daughter's Eye: A Memoir of Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson</i>. New York: William Morrow. Memoir of Margaret Mead by her daughter, documenting the relationship between Mead and Benedict.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Geertz, Clifford</a>. 1988. <i> Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author</i>. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>.</li> <li>Handler, Richard. 1986. "Vigorous Male and Aspiring Female: Poetry, Personality, and Culture in Edward Sapir and Ruth Benedict" in Stocking, George (ed.). <i>Malinowski, Rivers Benedict and Others: Essays on Culture and Personality</i>. Madison, WI: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>.</li> <li>Handler, Richard. 1990. "Ruth Benedict and the Modernist Sensibility", in Manganaro, Marc (ed.). <i>Modernist Anthropology: From Fieldwork to Text</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 163–180.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1995" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Harry G (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deafpersonsinart00lang"><i>Deaf persons in the arts and sciences: a biographical dictionary</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29170-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29170-8"><bdi>978-0-313-29170-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deaf+persons+in+the+arts+and+sciences%3A+a+biographical+dictionary&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29170-8&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Harry+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeafpersonsinart00lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Lapsley" title="Hilary Lapsley">Lapsley, Hilary</a>. 1999. <i>Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict: The Kinship of Women</i>. Amherst, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-181-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-181-6">978-1-55849-181-6</a>.</li> <li>Salamone, Frank A., 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berose.fr/?Life-affirming-versus-Life-denying-Cultures-Ruth-Benedict-and-Social-Synergy">"Life-affirming versus Life-denying Cultures: Ruth Benedict and Social Synergy"</a> in Bérose, <i>Encyclopédie internationale des histoires de l'anthropologie</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStassinos1997" class="citation journal cs1">Stassinos, Elizabeth (1997). "Marriage as Mystery Writ Symbiotically: The Benedicts' Unpublished 'Chemical Detective Story' of 'The Bo-Cu Plant'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>History of Anthropology Newsletter</i>. <b>XXIV</b> (1): 3–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Anthropology+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Marriage+as+Mystery+Writ+Symbiotically%3A+The+Benedicts%27+Unpublished+%27Chemical+Detective+Story%27+of+%27The+Bo-Cu+Plant%27&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-10&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Stassinos&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stassinos, Elizabeth. 2007. "Culture and Personality In Henry's Backyard: Boasian War Allegories in Children's Science Writ Large Stories" in Darnell, Regna and Frederic W. Gleach (eds.). <i>Histories of Anthropology Annual</i>, vol. 2. University of Nebraska Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6663-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6663-6">978-0-8032-6663-6</a>.</li> <li>Stassinos, Elizabeth. 2009. "An Early Case of Personality: Ruth Benedict's Autobiographical Fragment and the Case of the Biblical 'Boaz<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" in Darnell, Regna and Frederic W. Gleach (eds.). <i>Histories of Anthropology</i> vol. 5. University of Nebraska Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1557-637X">1557-637X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazard2020" class="citation book cs1">Hazard, Anthony Q. (2020). "Ruth Benedict: The "Darker Side of America" and Scientific Absurdities". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-40882-4_6"><i>Boasians at War: Anthropology, Race, and World War II</i></a>. Springer International Publishing. pp. 175–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-40882-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-40882-4"><bdi>978-3-030-40882-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ruth+Benedict%3A+The+%E2%80%9CDarker+Side+of+America%E2%80%9D+and+Scientific+Absurdities&rft.btitle=Boasians+at+War%3A+Anthropology%2C+Race%2C+and+World+War+II&rft.pages=175-223&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-40882-4&rft.aulast=Hazard&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-40882-4_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Benedict&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Benedict%2C%20Ruth">Works by Ruth Benedict</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL954509A">Works by Ruth Benedict</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead1949" class="citation journal cs1">Mead, Margaret (July 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101022140644/http://www.americanethnography.com/article.php?id=7">"Ruth Benedict's obituary"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 457–468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1949.51.3.02a00080">10.1525/aa.1949.51.3.02a00080</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanethnography.com/article.php?id=7">the original</a> on 2010-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Ruth+Benedict%27s+obituary&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=457-468&rft.date=1949-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1949.51.3.02a00080&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanethnography.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Benedict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/alumni/ruth-benedict.html">Ruth Benedict</a> in the <i>Vassar Encyclopedia</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheRacesOfMankind">The Races of Mankind</a></li> <li>Resources related to research: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berose.fr/">BEROSE - International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berose.fr/rubrique559.html">"Benedict, Ruth (1887–1948)"</a>, Paris, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2648-2770">2648-2770</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Anthropological_Association_presidents" title="Template:American Anthropological Association presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Anthropological_Association_presidents" title="Template talk:American Anthropological Association presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Anthropological_Association_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Anthropological Association presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Anthropological_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1902–1924</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_John_McGee" title="William John McGee">William John McGee</a> (1902–1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Ward_Putnam" title="Frederic Ward Putnam">Frederic Ward Putnam</a> (1905–1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> (1907–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Holmes" title="William Henry Holmes">William Henry Holmes</a> (1909–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Walter_Fewkes" title="Jesse Walter Fewkes">Jesse Walter Fewkes</a> (1911–1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Burrage_Dixon" title="Roland Burrage Dixon">Roland Burrage Dixon</a> (1913–1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Webb_Hodge" title="Frederick Webb Hodge">F. W. Hodge</a> (1915–1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kroeber" title="Alfred Kroeber">Alfred Kroeber</a> (1917–1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clark_Wissler" title="Clark Wissler">Clark Wissler</a> (1919–1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Curtis_Farabee" title="William Curtis Farabee">William Curtis Farabee</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hough" title="Walter Hough">Walter Hough</a> (1923–1924)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1925–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Hrdli%C4%8Dka" title="Aleš Hrdlička">Aleš Hrdlička</a> (1925–1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Howard_Saville" title="Marshall Howard Saville">Marshall Howard Saville</a> (1927–1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tozzer" title="Alfred Tozzer">Alfred Tozzer</a> (1929–1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_MacCurdy" title="George Grant MacCurdy">George Grant MacCurdy</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Swanton" title="John R. Swanton">John R. Swanton</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fay-Cooper_Cole" title="Fay-Cooper Cole">Fay-Cooper Cole</a> (1933–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowie" title="Robert Lowie">Robert Lowie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spinden" title="Herbert Spinden">Herbert Spinden</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nels_C._Nelson" title="Nels C. Nelson">Nels C. Nelson</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jenness" title="Diamond Jenness">Diamond Jenness</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Montgomery_Cooper" title="John Montgomery Cooper">John Montgomery Cooper</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Clews_Parsons" title="Elsie Clews Parsons">Elsie Clews Parsons</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Kidder" title="Alfred V. Kidder">Alfred V. Kidder</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Spier" title="Leslie Spier">Leslie Spier</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redfield" title="Robert Redfield">Robert Redfield</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Judd" title="Neil Judd">Neil Judd</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Linton" title="Ralph Linton">Ralph Linton</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ruth Benedict</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kluckhohn" title="Clyde Kluckhohn">Clyde Kluckhohn</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Shapiro" title="Harry L. Shapiro">Harry L. Shapiro</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Irving_Hallowell" title="Alfred Irving Hallowell">Alfred Irving Hallowell</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Beals" title="Ralph Beals">Ralph L. Beals</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Howells" title="William W. Howells">William W. Howells</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_C._Bennett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendell C. Bennett (page does not exist)">Wendell C. Bennett</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Eggan" title="Fred Eggan">Fred Eggan</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Otis_Brew" title="John Otis Brew">John Otis Brew</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Murdock" title="George Murdock">George Murdock</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Haury" title="Emil Haury">Emil Haury</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._Adamson_Hoebel" title="E. Adamson Hoebel">E. Adamson Hoebel</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hoijer" title="Harry Hoijer">Harry Hoijer</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sol_Tax" title="Sol Tax">Sol Tax</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Willey" title="Gordon Willey">Gordon Willey</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Washburn" title="Sherwood Washburn">Sherwood Washburn</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Edward_Opler" title="Morris Edward Opler">Morris Edward Opler</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_White" title="Leslie White">Leslie White</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spoehr" title="Alexander Spoehr">Alexander Spoehr</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_P._Gillin" title="John P. Gillin">John P. Gillin</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederica_de_Laguna" title="Frederica de Laguna">Frederica de Laguna</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Rouse" title="Irving Rouse">Irving Rouse</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cora_Du_Bois" title="Cora Du Bois">Cora Du Bois</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_M._Foster_(anthropologist)" title="George M. Foster (anthropologist)">George M. Foster</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wagley" title="Charles Wagley">Charles Wagley</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Casagrande" title="Joseph B. Casagrande">Joseph B. Casagrande</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Spicer" title="Edward H. Spicer">Edward H. Spicer</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Friedl" title="Ernestine Friedl">Ernestine Friedl</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Goldschmidt" title="Walter Goldschmidt">Walter Goldschmidt</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Newbold_Adams" title="Richard Newbold Adams">Richard N. Adams</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_L._K._Hsu" title="Francis L. K. Hsu">Francis L. K. Hsu</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bohannan" title="Paul Bohannan">Paul Bohannan</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_M._Arensberg" title="Conrad M. Arensberg">Conrad M. Arensberg</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Sturtevant" title="William C. Sturtevant">William C. Sturtevant</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M._Margaret_Clark" title="M. Margaret Clark">M. Margaret Clark</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dell_Hymes" title="Dell Hymes">Dell Hymes</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Oestreich_Lurie" title="Nancy Oestreich Lurie">Nancy Oestreich Lurie</a> (1984–1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Helm" title="June Helm">June Helm</a> (1986–1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a> (1988–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_E._Buikstra" title="Jane E. Buikstra">Jane E. Buikstra</a> (1989–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Annette_Weiner" title="Annette Weiner">Annette Weiner</a> (1991–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Peacock_(anthropologist)" title="James Peacock (anthropologist)">James Peacock</a> (1993–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_T._Moses" title="Yolanda T. Moses">Yolanda T. Moses</a> (1995–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_H._Hill" title="Jane H. Hill">Jane H. Hill</a> (1997–1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lamphere" title="Louise Lamphere">Louise Lamphere</a> (1999–2001)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Don_Brenneis" title="Don Brenneis">Don Brenneis</a> (2001–2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Brumfiel" title="Elizabeth Brumfiel">Elizabeth Brumfiel</a> (2003–2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_H._Goodman" title="Alan H. Goodman">Alan H. Goodman</a> (2005–2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Setha_Low" title="Setha Low">Setha Low</a> (2007–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_R._Dom%C3%ADnguez" title="Virginia R. Domínguez">Virginia R. Domínguez</a> (2009–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leith_Mullings" title="Leith Mullings">Leith Mullings</a> (2011–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monica_Heller" title="Monica Heller">Monica Heller</a> (2013–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alisse_Waterston" title="Alisse Waterston">Alisse Waterston</a> (2015–2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_Barker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Barker (page does not exist)">Alex Barker</a> (2017–2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Gupta" title="Akhil Gupta">Akhil Gupta</a> (2019–2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramona_Perez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramona Perez (page does not exist)">Ramona Perez</a> (2021–23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Battle-Baptiste" title="Whitney Battle-Baptiste">Whitney Battle-Baptiste</a> (2023- )</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228822#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228822#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228822#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121450711">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100168390">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/50673478">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/9969/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHHkFwk4fwGQbGjCBMfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118658158">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50029994">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12057528x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12057528x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00432873">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Benedict, Ruth"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV015835">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36305511">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002103616&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1070069">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/205640">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068299168">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90054318">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000006459&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000026453&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=127780">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199602147">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prrftw3nqplqg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810632120005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/6918">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258433505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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