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<span>Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Expedition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expedition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Expedition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_skirmish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_skirmish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The skirmish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_skirmish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_way_to_Baku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_way_to_Baku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>On the way to Baku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_way_to_Baku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Memoirs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="الحملة الألمانية في القوقاز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحملة الألمانية في القوقاز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniyan%C4%B1n_Qafqaz_ekspedisiyas%C4%B1" title="Almaniyanın Qafqaz ekspedisiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniyanın Qafqaz ekspedisiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3_alemanya_al_Caucas" title="Expedició alemanya al Caucas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Expedició alemanya al Caucas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Kaukasusexpedition" title="Deutsche Kaukasusexpedition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche Kaukasusexpedition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_alemana_cauc%C3%A1sica" title="Expedición alemana caucásica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Expedición alemana caucásica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_Ka%C5%ADkaza_Ekspedicio" title="Germana Kaŭkaza Ekspedicio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germana Kaŭkaza Ekspedicio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_allemande_dans_le_Caucase" title="Expédition allemande dans le Caucase – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expédition allemande dans le Caucase" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A8_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Գերմանիայի արշավանքը Կովկաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիայի արշավանքը Կովկաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spedizione_tedesca_nel_Caucaso" title="Spedizione tedesca nel Caucaso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spedizione tedesca nel Caucaso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%96" title="חיל המשלוח הגרמני לקווקז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיל המשלוח הגרמני לקווקז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანიის კავკასიური ექსპედიცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის კავკასიური ექსპედიცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cijas_Kauk%C4%81za_eksped%C4%ABcija" title="Vācijas Kaukāza ekspedīcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācijas Kaukāza ekspedīcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitse_Kaukasusexpeditie" title="Duitse Kaukasusexpeditie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitse Kaukasusexpeditie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Германо-турецкая интервенция в Закавказье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германо-турецкая интервенция в Закавказье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Expedition in the Caucasus by Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">German Caucasus Expeditions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus Campaign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre of World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:History.gbatlasGerman_Caucasus_Expedition,_Grosser_Bilderatlas_des_Weltkrieges,_Bruckmann,_1919._p._317.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/History.gbatlasGerman_Caucasus_Expedition%2C_Grosser_Bilderatlas_des_Weltkrieges%2C_Bruckmann%2C_1919._p._317.jpg/200px-History.gbatlasGerman_Caucasus_Expedition%2C_Grosser_Bilderatlas_des_Weltkrieges%2C_Bruckmann%2C_1919._p._317.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/History.gbatlasGerman_Caucasus_Expedition%2C_Grosser_Bilderatlas_des_Weltkrieges%2C_Bruckmann%2C_1919._p._317.jpg/300px-History.gbatlasGerman_Caucasus_Expedition%2C_Grosser_Bilderatlas_des_Weltkrieges%2C_Bruckmann%2C_1919._p._317.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/History.gbatlasGerman_Caucasus_Expedition%2C_Grosser_Bilderatlas_des_Weltkrieges%2C_Bruckmann%2C_1919._p._317.jpg/400px-History.gbatlasGerman_Caucasus_Expedition%2C_Grosser_Bilderatlas_des_Weltkrieges%2C_Bruckmann%2C_1919._p._317.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7857" data-file-height="6351" /></a></span><br />Turkish Georgian Wars</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>8 June – October 1918</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Ottoman-German withdrew</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Turkish advance Into the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a> stalled temporarily.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia"><img alt="Democratic Republic of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Georgia</a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wehib_Pasha" title="Wehib Pasha">Wehib Pasha</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_Kress_von_Kressenstein" title="Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein">F. K. von Kressenstein</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia"><img alt="Democratic Republic of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Kvinitadze" title="Giorgi Kvinitadze">Giorgi Kvinitadze</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia"><img alt="Democratic Republic of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ilia_Odishelidze" title="Ilia Odishelidze">Ilia Odishelidze</a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Third Army (Ottoman Empire)">Third Army</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 3,000</td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> 22,000</td></tr></tbody></table> <div 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href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Koprukoy" title="Battle of Koprukoy">Koprukoy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Campaign" title="Trebizond Campaign">1st Trebizond</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitlis" title="Battle of Bitlis">1st Bitlis</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%C5%9F" title="Battle of Muş">Muş</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%87apak%C3%A7ur" title="Battle of Çapakçur">Çapakçur</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erzincan" title="Battle of Erzincan">Erzincan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Trabzon_(1918)" title="Capture of Trabzon (1918)">2nd Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Choloki_(1918)" title="Battle of Choloki (1918)">Choloki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German expedition</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad" title="Battle of Sardarabad">Sardarabad</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abaran" title="Battle of Abaran">Abaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karakilisa" title="Battle of Karakilisa">Karakilisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mastara" title="Battle of Mastara">Mastara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay#Shamakhi,_Aghsu_and_Ismailly" title="Battle of Goychay">Aghsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurdamir" title="Battle of Kurdamir">Kurdamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binagadi" title="Battle of Binagadi">Binagadi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Baku</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagestan_Campaign_(1918)" title="Dagestan Campaign (1918)">Dagestan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Associated articles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunsterforce" title="Dunsterforce">Dunsterforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Persia_Force" title="North Persia Force">Norperforce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_Frontof_the_Russian_Civil_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Southern Front of the Russian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Southern Front of the Russian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Southern Front of the Russian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_Frontof_the_Russian_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Southern Front of the Russian Civil War">Southern Front<br />of the Russian Civil War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1917</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Kharkiv_(1917)" title="Occupation of Kharkiv (1917)">1st Kharkiv</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1918</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughan_clashes" title="Mughan clashes">Mughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamkhor_massacre" title="Shamkhor massacre">Shamkhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas-Don_operation" title="Donbas-Don operation">Donbas-Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1918)" title="Battle of Kiev (1918)">1st Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_March" title="Ice March">Ice March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_March" title="Steppe March">Steppe March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i%E2%80%93Don_March" title="Iași–Don March">Iași–Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Days" title="March Days">March Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Operation_(1918)" title="Crimea Operation (1918)">1st Crimea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transcaucasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Offensive" title="Kuban Offensive">Kuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsaritsyn" title="Battle of Tsaritsyn">Tsaritsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurdamir" title="Battle of Kurdamir">Kurdamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livny_Uprising" title="Livny Uprising">Livny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibrivka" title="Battle of Dibrivka">Dibrivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia_intervention" title="Southern Russia intervention">Allied intervention</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1919</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh%E2%80%93Povorino_Operation" title="Voronezh–Povorino Operation">Voronezh–Povorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katerynoslav_March" title="Katerynoslav March">Katerynoslav March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Caucasus_Operation_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Northern Caucasus Operation (1918–1919)">Northern Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(January_1919)" title="Battle of Kiev (January 1919)">2nd Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotyn_Uprising" title="Khotyn Uprising">Khotyn Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_Donbas_(1919)" title="Battle for the Donbas (1919)">1st Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hryhoriv_Uprising" title="Hryhoriv Uprising">Hryhoriv Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binagadi" title="Battle of Binagadi">Binagadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapan_rebellion" title="Chapan rebellion">Chapan rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyoshenskaya_Uprising" title="Vyoshenskaya Uprising">Vyoshenskaya Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandrovsky_Fort" title="Battle of Alexandrovsky Fort">Alexandrovsky Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bender_Uprising" title="Bender Uprising">Bender Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Operation_(1919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa Operation (1919)">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Operation_(June_1919)" title="Kharkiv Operation (June 1919)">2nd Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamontov_Raid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamontov Raid (page does not exist)">Mamontov Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_counteroffensive" title="Southern Front counteroffensive">Southern Front counteroffensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kiev_by_the_White_Army" title="Capture of Kiev by the White Army">3rd Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perehonivka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Perehonivka">Perehonivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advance_on_Moscow_(1919)" title="Advance on Moscow (1919)">Advance on Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhyn%E2%80%93Poltava_Operation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizhyn–Poltava Operation (page does not exist)">Nizhyn–Poltava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orel%E2%80%93Kursk_operation" title="Orel–Kursk operation">Orel–Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh%E2%80%93Kastornoye_operation_(1919)" title="Voronezh–Kastornoye operation (1919)">Voronezh–Kastornoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khopyor%E2%80%93Don_Operation" title="Khopyor–Don Operation">Khopyor–Don</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavlohrad%E2%80%93Katerynoslav_Operation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavlohrad–Katerynoslav Operation (page does not exist)">Pavlohrad–Katerynoslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Operation_(December_1919)" title="Kharkiv Operation (December 1919)">3rd Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(December_1919)" title="Battle of Kiev (December 1919)">4th Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_operation_(1919)" title="Donbas operation (1919)">2nd Donbas</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1920</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostov%E2%80%93Novocherkassk_Operation" title="Rostov–Novocherkassk Operation">Rostov–Novocherkassk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Operation_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Odesa Operation (1920)">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Operation_(1920)" title="North Caucasus Operation (1920)">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_Novorossiysk_(1920)" title="Evacuation of Novorossiysk (1920)">Novorossiysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yalama" title="Battle of Yalama">Yalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarvan" title="Battle of Sarvan">Sarvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Ganja_revolt" title="1920 Ganja revolt">Ganja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_May_1920" title="Action of 3 May 1920">Ochakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzali_Operation" title="Anzali Operation">Anzali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankaran_Uprisings" title="Lankaran Uprisings">Lankaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulagay%27s_Landing" title="Ulagay's Landing">Ulagay's Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Obytichnyi_Spit" title="Battle of Obytichnyi Spit">Obytichnyi Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Taurida_Operation" title="Northern Taurida Operation">Northern Taurida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagestan_uprising" title="Dagestan uprising">Dagestan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Perekop_(1920)" title="Siege of Perekop (1920)">Perekop–Chonhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Crimea" title="Evacuation of the Crimea">2nd Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik%E2%80%93Makhnovist_conflict" title="Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict">Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1921</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_January_1921" title="Action of 9 January 1921">Anapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Uprising" title="February Uprising">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_over_Mountainous_Armenia" title="War over Mountainous Armenia">Mountainous Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transcaucacus_Railway_1916.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Transcaucacus_Railway_1916.PNG/300px-Transcaucacus_Railway_1916.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Transcaucacus_Railway_1916.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasus_Railway" title="Transcaucasus Railway">Transcaucasus Railway</a> in 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>German Caucasus expedition</b> was a military expedition sent in late May 1918, by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> to the formerly <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus Campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Its prime aim was to stabilize the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Poti" title="Treaty of Poti">pro-German</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a> and to secure oil supplies for Germany by preventing the Ottoman Empire from gaining access to the oil reserves near Baku on the <a href="/wiki/Absheron_Peninsula" title="Absheron Peninsula">Absheron Peninsula</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Caucasus_expedition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus Campaign</a></div> <p>On December 5, 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Erzincan" title="Armistice of Erzincan">Armistice of Erzincan</a> was signed by Russians and Ottomans, ending the armed conflicts between Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus Campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre of World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> moved to win the friendship of the Bolsheviks with the signing of the Ottoman-Russian friendship treaty (January 1, 1918). On January 11, 1918, the special decree <i>On Armenia</i> was signed by Lenin and Stalin which armed and repatriated over 100,000 Armenians from the former Tsar's Army to be sent to the Caucasus for operations against Ottoman interests.<sup id="cite_ref-McMeekin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMeekin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 20, 1918, <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a> entered an official protest against the Bolsheviks arming Armenian army legions and replied, "<i>the Russian leopard had not changed its spots</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-McMeekin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMeekin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolsheviks and Armenians would take the place of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Russian_Caucasus_Army_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Caucasus Army (World War I)">Russian Caucasus Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Endgame_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endgame-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 3, 1918, the Armistice of Erzincan was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> marking Russia's exit from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Between March 14 - April 1918 the <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_peace_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Trabzon peace conference">Trabzon peace conference</a> was held between the Ottoman Empire and the delegation of the Transcaucasian Diet (<a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian Sejm">Transcaucasian Sejm</a>). <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> offered to surrender all Turkish ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman reacquisition of the east Anatolian provinces at Brest-Litovsk at the end of the negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-ottoman1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ottoman1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk provided some relief to <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> who were tied up in fighting the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">civil war</a>. However, the oil fields of Baku were not under control of the Russians and Germany had a high demand for oil. During March 30 to April 2 in 1918, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani people">Azeris</a> and other Muslims in the city of <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> and adjacent areas of the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Governorate" title="Baku Governorate">Baku Governorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a> were massacred by <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Dashnaks</a> with strong support from Bolshevik Soviets. This event is known as the <a href="/wiki/March_Days" title="March Days">March Days or March Events</a>. </p><p>On April 5, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation <a href="/wiki/Akaki_Chkhenkeli" title="Akaki Chkhenkeli">Akaki Chkhenkeli</a> accepted the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> as a basis for further negotiations and wired the governing bodies urging them to accept this position.<sup id="cite_ref-ric_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ric-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mood prevailing in <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a> was very different. The Armenians pressured the Republic to refuse. They acknowledged the existence of a state of war between themselves and the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-ric_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ric-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hostilities resumed and <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Third Army (Ottoman Empire)">Ottoman troops</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vehip_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehip Pasha">Vehip Pasha</a> overran new lands to the east, reaching pre-war frontiers. </p><p>On May 11, a new peace conference opened at <a href="/wiki/Batum" class="mw-redirect" title="Batum">Batum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ottoman1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ottoman1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this conference the Ottomans extended their demands to include Tiflis as well as <a href="/wiki/Alexandropol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Echmiadzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Echmiadzin">Echmiadzin</a>; they also wanted a railroad to be built to connect <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julfa,_Azerbaijan_(city)" title="Julfa, Azerbaijan (city)">Julfa</a> with <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>. The Armenian and Georgian members of the Republic's delegation began to stall. Beginning on May 21, the Ottoman army moved ahead once again. The ensuing conflict led to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarapat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sardarapat">Battle of Sardarapat</a> (May 21–29), the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kara_Killisse_(1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kara Killisse (1918)">Battle of Kara Killisse (1918)</a> (May 24–28), and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bash_Abaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bash Abaran">Battle of Bash Abaran</a> (May 21–24). On May 28, 1918, Georgia, signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Poti" title="Treaty of Poti">Treaty of Poti</a> with Germany, and welcomed the prospect of a German expedition, seeing the Germans as protectors against the post-<a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution</a> havoc and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">military advances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LANG_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANG-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forces">Forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Caucasus_expedition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The expedition was composed almost exclusively of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavarian</a> troops and included the 7th Bavarian Cavalry Brigade, reinforced by the 29th Bavarian Infantry Regiment (7th and 9th <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jäger (military)">Jäger</a> Battalions), the 10th Sturm Battalion, 1 machine-gun detachment, and the 176th Mortar Company.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was 3,000 strong and commanded by <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_Kress_von_Kressenstein" title="Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein">Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a> was also involved in supervision and organizing the expedition; he met Georgian representatives in Berlin, accompanying them to see Kaiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a>. Besides the Georgians of the Caucasus, there were Georgians who served in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Legion_(1914%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Legion (1914–1918)">Georgian Legion</a> of the Imperial German Army.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these officers and soldiers were awarded by the Georgian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Queen_Tamara_(1918)" title="Order of Queen Tamara (1918)">Order of Queen Tamar</a>, issued specifically for the German military personnel. This force was transported by sea from the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> to the Georgian <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a> where it landed on June 8, 1918, and was later reinforced by the German troops recalled from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> for service in Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_2000,_p._186_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson_2000,_p._186-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottoman Empire had the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Third Army (Ottoman Empire)">Third Army</a> in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expedition">Expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Caucasus_expedition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude">Prelude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Caucasus_expedition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 4, under direct threat of the Ottoman 3rd Army, which had advanced to within 7 km of <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> and 10 km of <a href="/wiki/Echmiadzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Echmiadzin">Echmiadzin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Treaty of Batum</a>. </p><p>On June 10, the German force arrived at <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a>, the capital of Georgia, and held a joint German-Georgian military parade in the city's <a href="/wiki/Rustavelis_Gamziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustavelis Gamziri">main thoroughfare</a>. The German expedition was soon joined by the former German <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> in Russia and the mobilized <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a> colonists who had settled in Georgia in the mid-19th century. Combined German-Georgian garrisons were stationed in various regions of Georgia, including <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ochamchire" title="Ochamchire">Ochamchire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marneuli" title="Marneuli">Borchalo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_skirmish">The skirmish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Caucasus_expedition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The skirmish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arrival of the German troops in Georgia coincided with the growing German-Turkish rivalry for Caucasian influence and resources, notably the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">oil fields</a> near <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan">Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> and the associated rail and pipeline connection to <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> on the Black Sea (<a href="/wiki/Baku-Batumi_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku-Batumi pipeline">Baku-Batumi pipeline</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in June 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Third Army (Ottoman Empire)">Ottoman 3rd Army</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vehip_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehip Pasha">Vehip Pasha</a> renewed its offensive on the main road to Tiflis, and confronted a joint German-Georgian force. </p><p>On June 10, the Turks attacked and took many prisoners, leading to an official threat from <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to withdraw its support and troops from the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_2000,_p._186_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson_2000,_p._186-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Seeckt" title="Hans von Seeckt">Hans von Seeckt</a> was dispatched to Georgia and met with Enver Pasha at Batumi.<sup id="cite_ref-McMeekin_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMeekin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman government had to concede to German pressure by sacking Vehip Pasha and halting its drive, for the moment, and further advance into Georgia for the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasus_Railway" title="Transcaucasus Railway">Batumi-Tiflis-Baku railway</a> and associated pipeline. The Ottomans reoriented their strategic direction towards Azerbaijan with a blocking action against British forces in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">northwestern Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McMeekin_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMeekin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuri Pasha">Nuri Pasha</a> led the drive under the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Army_of_the_Caucasus" title="Islamic Army of the Caucasus">Islamic Army of the Caucasus</a> also known as the Ottoman Army of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-McMeekin_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMeekin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buffers_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buffers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_the_way_to_Baku">On the way to Baku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Caucasus_expedition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: On the way to Baku"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simultaneously, two additional German divisions were moved from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and Ukraine to advance on Baku. At the same time, Germany provided financial assistance to the Bolshevik government in Moscow and offered to stop the Ottoman Army of Islam in return for guaranteed access to Baku's oil. According to the August 27 agreement between the Bolshevik government in Moscow and Germany, the latter was to receive a quarter of Baku's oil production which was sent through the Caspian Sea and up the lower Volga to German supported forces in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Peoples_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Peoples Republic">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McMeekin_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMeekin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buffers_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buffers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German government requested from the Ottoman Empire to stall an offensive into Azerbaijan. <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> ignored this request. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Battle of Baku</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army of Islam">Ottoman Army of Islam</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuri Pasha">Nuri Pasha</a>, on the heels of the evacuating Soviet forces, captured the city on September 15, 1918. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Bicherakhov" title="Lazar Bicherakhov">Bicherakhov</a> detachment and the German Caucasus Expedition led by Colonel Friedrich von der Holtz met on 17 September, along with the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku Commune">Baku Commune</a> who were leaving the city. <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Korganov" title="Grigory Korganov">Grigory Korganov</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Georgian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian people">Georgian</a> <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> activist participating in the Battle of Baku, one of the <a href="/wiki/26_Baku_Commissars" title="26 Baku Commissars">26 Baku Commissars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Party">Bolshevik Party</a> leaders in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution</a>. However, a severe political crisis in Germany, which started later that month, rendered the Caucasus expedition abortive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Caucasus_expedition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 21, the German government ordered the withdrawal of all troops from the region. The last ship with German soldiers aboard departed from Poti, Georgia, on December 13, 1918. Thus, in April 1919 it became the last German military formation to return home from active service in World War I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memoirs">Memoirs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Caucasus_expedition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Memoirs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The memoirs of General of Artillery Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein were published in 2001 in the German language in Tbilisi, Georgia – Editor Dr. David Paitschadse, publishing house Samschoblo, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99928-26-62-2" title="Special:BookSources/99928-26-62-2">99928-26-62-2</a>, online version can be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidpaitschadse.blogspot.com/2010/08/meine-mission-im-kaukasus-general-der.html">here</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Caucasus_expedition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski" title="Tadeusz Swietochowski">Tadeusz Swietochowski</a>, <i>Russian Azerbaijan 1905-1920</i>, page 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McMeekin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McMeekin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMeekin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMeekin_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMeekin_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMeekin_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMeekin_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2010" class="citation book cs1">McMeekin, Sean (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berlinbaghdadexp00sean"><i>The Berlin-Baghdad Express: Ottoman Empire and Germany's bid for World Power</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674057395" title="Special:BookSources/9780674057395"><bdi>9780674057395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berlin-Baghdad+Express%3A+Ottoman+Empire+and+Germany%27s+bid+for+World+Power&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+the+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780674057395&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberlinbaghdadexp00sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Caucasus+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endgame-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Endgame_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2015" class="citation book cs1">McMeekin, Sean (October 13, 2015). <i>The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution, and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908 – 1923</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780698410060" title="Special:BookSources/9780698410060"><bdi>9780698410060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Endgame%3A+War%2C+Revolution%2C+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Middle+East%2C+1908+%E2%80%93+1923&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft.isbn=9780698410060&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Caucasus+expedition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ottoman1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ottoman1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ottoman1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ezel Kural Shaw History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Page 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ric-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ric_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ric_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Hovannisian "The Armenian people from ancient to modern times" Pages 292-293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LANG-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LANG_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_Lang" title="David Marshall Lang">Lang, David Marshall</a> (1962). <i>A Modern History of Georgia</i>, p. 207-8. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson, Edward J. (2000) <i><a href="/wiki/Ordered_to_Die:_a_history_of_the_Ottoman_army_in_the_first_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordered to Die: a history of the Ottoman army in the first World War">Ordered to Die: a history of the Ottoman army in the first World War</a></i>, p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lang (1962), p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson_2000,_p._186-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_2000,_p._186_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_2000,_p._186_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson (2000), p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briton Cooper. Busch (1976), <i>Mudros to Lausanne: Britain’s Frontier in West Asia, 1918-1923</i>, page 22. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-265-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-265-0">0-87395-265-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson (2000), p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buffers-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buffers_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buffers_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, Michael A. (May 2009). "Buffers, not Brethren: Young Turk Military Policy in the First World War and the Myth of Panturanism". <b>2003</b>. <a href="/wiki/Past_%26_Present_(journal)" title="Past & Present (journal)">Past and Present</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Buffers%2C+not+Brethren%3A+Young+Turk+Military+Policy+in+the+First+World+War+and+the+Myth+of+Panturanism&rft.volume=2003&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Caucasus+expedition" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" title="Template:Ottoman battles in the 20th century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" title="Template talk:Ottoman battles in the 20th century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman battles in the 20th century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Ottoman battles in the 20th century</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–1912)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_(1911)" title="Battle of Preveza (1911)">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tobruk_(1911)" title="Battle of Tobruk (1911)">Tobruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benghazi_(1911)" title="Battle of Benghazi (1911)">Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunfuda_Bay" title="Battle of Kunfuda Bay">Kunfuda Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derna_(1912)" title="Battle of Derna (1912)">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1912)" title="Battle of Beirut (1912)">Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhodes_(1912)" title="Battle of Rhodes (1912)">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Zanzur_(1912)" title="Battles of Zanzur (1912)">Zanzur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kırcalı (Kardzhali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Beşpınar (Pente Pigadia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">İşkodra (Scutari)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lüleburgaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">1st Edirne (Adrianople)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">1st Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Varna (Kaliakra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">İmroz (Elli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1913)">2nd Edirne (Adrianople)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair"> Bolayır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">2nd Çatalca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> (1914–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergmann_Offensive" title="Bergmann Offensive">Köprüköy (Bergmann) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ardahan" title="Battle of Ardahan">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_the_Suez_Canal" title="Raid on the Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_operations_in_the_Dardanelles_campaign" title="Naval operations in the Dardanelles campaign">Naval operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Katia" title="Battle of Katia">Katya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Cape_Helles" title="Landing at Cape Helles">Seddülbayır (Cape Helles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumkale" title="Battle of Kumkale">Kumkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove" title="Landing at Anzac Cove">1st Arıburnu (Anzac Cove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Baby_700" title="Battle for Baby 700">Baby 700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Krithia" title="First Battle of Krithia">1st Kirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dilman" title="Battle of Dilman">Battle of Dilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_attack_on_Anzac_Cove" title="Second attack on Anzac Cove">2nd Arıburnu (2nd Anzac Cove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Krithia" title="Second Battle of Krithia">2nd Kirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_No.3_Post" title="Battle for No.3 Post">No.3 Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_attack_on_Anzac_Cove" title="Third attack on Anzac Cove">3rd Arıburnu (3rd Anzac Cove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Krithia" title="Third Battle of Krithia">3rd Kirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gully_Ravine" title="Battle of Gully Ravine">Zığındere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert_(1915)" title="Battle of Manzikert (1915)">Manzikert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kara_Killisse_(1915)" title="Battle of Kara Killisse (1915)">Kara Killisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krithia_Vineyard" title="Battle of Krithia Vineyard">Kirte Bağları (Krithia Vineyard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lone_Pine" title="Battle of Lone Pine">Kanlısırt (Lone Pine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Suvla_Bay" title="Landing at Suvla Bay">Anafartalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair" title="Battle of Chunuk Bair">Conkbayır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sari_Bair" title="Battle of Sari Bair">Sarıbayır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nek" title="Battle of the Nek">Kılıçbayır (The Nek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_60_(Gallipoli)" title="Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)">Hill 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scimitar_Hill" title="Battle of Scimitar Hill">Yusufçuktepe (Scimitar Hill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(1915)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)">Selman’ı Pak (Ctesiphon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">1st Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sheikh_Sa%27ad" title="Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad">Sağ Sahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_(1916)" title="Battle of Wadi (1916)">Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanna" title="Battle of Hanna">Felahiye (Hanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dujaila" title="Battle of Dujaila">Sabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Campaign" title="Trebizond Campaign">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mecca_(1916)" title="Battle of Mecca (1916)">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erzincan" title="Battle of Erzincan">Erzincan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba" title="Battle of Aqaba">Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitlis" title="Battle of Bitlis">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_el_Abd" title="Battle of Bir el Abd">Bir el Abd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Yanbu" title="Capture of Yanbu">Yanbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magdhaba" title="Battle of Magdhaba">Magdhaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafa" title="Battle of Rafa">Rafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Nekhl" title="Raid on Nekhl">Nekhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Bir_el_Hassana" title="Raid on Bir el Hassana">Bir el Hassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kut" title="Second Battle of Kut">2nd Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_offensive" title="Samarra offensive">Samarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Hamrin" title="Battle of Mount Hamrin">Jebel Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza" title="First Battle of Gaza">1st Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Second Battle of Gaza">2nd Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Istabulat" title="Battle of Istabulat">Istabulat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba" title="Battle of Aqaba">Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Ramadi_(1917)" title="Battles of Ramadi (1917)">Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_Musa" title="Battle of Wadi Musa">Wadi Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_el_Khuweilfe" title="Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe">Khuweilfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Third Battle of Gaza">3rd Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hareira_and_Sheria" title="Battle of Hareira and Sheria">Hareira and Sheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Wadi_el_Hesi" title="Capture of Wadi el Hesi">Wadi el Hesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Huj" title="Charge at Huj">Huj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mughar_Ridge" title="Battle of Mughar Ridge">Mughar Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayun_Kara" title="Battle of Ayun Kara">Ayun Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1917)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1917)">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jericho" title="Capture of Jericho">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_%27Asur" title="Battle of Tell 'Asur">Tell 'Asur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Khan_Baghdadi" title="Action of Khan Baghdadi">Khan Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hijla" title="Battle of Hijla">Hijla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Amman" title="First Battle of Amman">1st Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Jordan#Prelude" title="Second Battle of the Jordan">Berukin and 1st Arara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Jordan" title="Second Battle of the Jordan">2nd Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abaran" title="Battle of Abaran">Abaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad" title="Battle of Sardarabad">Sardarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karakilisa" title="Battle of Karakilisa">Karakilisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay#Shamakhi,_Aghsu_and_Ismailly" title="Battle of Goychay">Aghsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurdamir" title="Battle of Kurdamir">Kurdamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Binagadi" title="Battle of Binagadi">Binagadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Arsuf" title="Action of Arsuf">Arsuf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu_Tellul" title="Battle of Abu Tellul">Abu Tellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arara" title="Battle of Arara">2nd Arara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabsor" title="Battle of Tabsor">Tabsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tulkarm" title="Battle of Tulkarm">Tulkarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Afulah_and_Beisan" title="Capture of Afulah and Beisan">Afulah and Beisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nazareth" title="Battle of Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jenin" title="Capture of Jenin">Jenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1918)" title="Battle of Haifa (1918)">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samakh" title="Battle of Samakh">Samakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tiberias_(1918)" title="Capture of Tiberias (1918)">Tiberias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Irbid" title="Charge at Irbid">Irbid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jisr_Benat_Yakub" title="Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub">Jisr Benat Yakub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Kaukab" title="Charge at Kaukab">Kaukab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus" title="Capture of Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Kiswe" title="Charge at Kiswe">Kiswe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jisr_ed_Damieh" title="Capture of Jisr ed Damieh">Jisr ed Damieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sharqat" title="Battle of Sharqat">Sharqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(1918)" title="Battle of Aleppo (1918)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Khan_Ayash" title="Charge at Khan Ayash">Khan Ayash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Amman" title="Second Battle of Amman">2nd Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Haritan" title="Charge at Haritan">Haritan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>For the battles before 1900 <i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire">List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Caucasus_expedition&oldid=1231296029">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Caucasus_expedition&oldid=1231296029</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Campaigns_and_theatres_of_World_War_I" title="Category:Campaigns and theatres of World War I">Campaigns and theatres of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_World_War_I_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Military operations of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire">Military operations of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_World_War_I_involving_Germany" title="Category:Military operations of World War I involving Germany">Military operations of World War I involving Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1918_in_Azerbaijan" title="Category:1918 in Azerbaijan">1918 in Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1918_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:1918 in Georgia (country)">1918 in Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Category:Georgia (country) in the Russian Civil War">Georgia (country) in the Russian Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Central_Powers_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Category:Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War">Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_involvement_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Category:German involvement in the Russian Civil War">German involvement in the Russian Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Expeditions_from_Germany" title="Category:Expeditions from Germany">Expeditions from Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Campaigns_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Category:Campaigns of the Russian Civil War">Campaigns of the Russian Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_Soviet_Russia_(1917%E2%80%931922)" title="Category:Battles involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)">Battles involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div 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