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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Saleh al-Ali<br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صالح العلي</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saleh_al-Ali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Saleh_al-Ali.jpg/250px-Saleh_al-Ali.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Saleh_al-Ali.jpg/375px-Saleh_al-Ali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Saleh_al-Ali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="452" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Saleh al-Ali during the rebellion of 1919</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Saleh Ahmad al-Ali</div><br />1883<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Badr" title="Al-Shaykh Badr">Al-Shaykh Badr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 April 1950 (aged 65–66)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic" title="First Syrian Republic">Syrian Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolt_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Revolt of 1919">Syrian Revolt of 1919</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Saleh al-Ali</b> or <b>Shaykh Saleh Ahmad al-Ali</b> (1883 – 13 April 1950) was a <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrian</a> leader who commanded the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolt_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Revolt of 1919">Syrian Revolt of 1919</a>, one of the first rebellions against the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French mandate of Syria</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moubayed_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moubayed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saleh_al-Ali&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saleh al-Ali was born in 1883 to a family of Alawi notables from <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Badr" title="Al-Shaykh Badr">Al-Shaykh Badr</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Coastal_Mountain_Range" title="Syrian Coastal Mountain Range">Syrian Coastal Mountain Range</a> in northwest. He reportedly clashed with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> in 1918 before their withdrawal from Syria,<sup id="cite_ref-Moosa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moosa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killing two Ottoman soldiers who were harassing a wife of his father. This act gained him a local reputation as a rebel. After his father's death, he built a shrine for him and reportedly performed miracles at the site, according to local legend.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebellion_against_the_French">Rebellion against the French</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saleh_al-Ali&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rebellion against the French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolt_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Revolt of 1919">Syrian Revolt of 1919</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Start_of_the_rebellion">Start of the rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saleh_al-Ali&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Start of the rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></div> <p>In 1918 the French occupied the Syrian coast and began to move into the interior. On 15 December 1918, Saleh al-Ali called for a meeting of prominent Alawi notables in the town of Sheikh Badr. Al-Ali alerted the attendees that the French had occupied the Syrian coast with the intention of separating the region from the rest of the country, and urged them to revolt and expel the French from Syria. When the French authorities heard of the meeting, they sent a force from <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadmus" title="Al-Qadmus">Al-Qadmus</a> to the town of Sheikh Badr in order to arrest Saleh al-Ali. Al-Ali and his men ambushed the force at the village of Niha, west of <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Oyoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi al-Oyoun">Wadi al-Oyoun</a>. The French forces were defeated and suffered more than 35 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Moosa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moosa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizing_the_rebellion">Organizing the rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saleh_al-Ali&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organizing the rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_nationalists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Syrian_nationalists.jpg/220px-Syrian_nationalists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Syrian_nationalists.jpg/330px-Syrian_nationalists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Syrian_nationalists.jpg/440px-Syrian_nationalists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Seated from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">Shukri al-Quwatli</a> (future president), <a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri">Saadallah al-Jabiri</a> (future prime minister), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rida_al-Shurbaji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rida al-Shurbaji (page does not exist)">Rida al-Shurbaji</a> (co-founder of the National Bloc), Sheikh Saleh al-Ali, commander of the Syrian Coastal Revolt of 1919. Standing are Hajj <a href="/wiki/Adib_Kheir" title="Adib Kheir">Adib Kheir</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Revolt">Aleppo Revolt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the initial victory, al-Ali started to organize his rebels into a disciplined force, with its own general command and military ranks. The army was supported by the local population, and some women supplied water and food and replaced the men at work in the fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Moosa_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moosa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Ali also allied himself with the <a href="/wiki/Hananu_Revolt" title="Hananu Revolt">rebellion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a> in Aleppo, the uprising in <a href="/wiki/Talkalakh" title="Talkalakh">Talkalakh</a> by the Dandashi tribe and the revolt in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> by <a href="/wiki/Subhi_Barakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhi Barakat">Subhi Barakat</a>. He also received funds and arms from <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Kemal Atatürk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> which was also at <a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">war with France</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Moubayed_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moubayed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1919, in retaliation to French attacks against rebel positions, al-Ali attacked and occupied several <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> villages that were allied to the French. A truce was concluded between the two, but the French violated it by occupying and burning the village of Kaf al-Jaz. Al-Ali retaliated by attacking and occupying al-Qadmus from which the French conducted their military operations against him.<sup id="cite_ref-Moosa_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moosa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_stages">Final stages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saleh_al-Ali&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Final stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The balance of power began to shift in favor of the French after they conquered <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, defeating a makeshift army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun" title="Battle of Maysalun">Battle of Maysalun</a> on 24 July 1920. Around this time al-Ali began collaborating, through <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a>'s meditation, with Turkish <a href="/wiki/Kemalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemalist">Kemalist</a> forces fighting the French occupation in southern Anatolia. A letter addressed directly to <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal">Mustafa Kemal</a> in January 1921 asking for weapons for their common "jihad" against the French is preserved in the Turkish ATASE military archives in Ankara.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1920, General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(French_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (French Army officer)">Henri Gouraud</a> mounted a full-fledged campaign against Saleh al-Ali's forces in the <a href="/wiki/An-Nusayriyah_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nusayriyah Mountains">An-Nusayriyah Mountains</a>. They entered al-Ali's village of Ash-Shaykh Badr and arrested many Alawi notables. Al-Ali fled to the north, but a large French force overran his positions and al-Ali went into hiding.<sup id="cite_ref-Moosa_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moosa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A French <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> convened in <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> and sentenced him to death <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia"><i>in absentia</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moubayed_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moubayed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saleh_al-Ali&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Saleh_al-Ali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sheikh_Saleh_al-Ali.jpg/170px-Sheikh_Saleh_al-Ali.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Sheikh_Saleh_al-Ali.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> Saleh al-Ali</figcaption></figure> <p>Al-Ali remained in hiding until General Gouraud issued a general amnesty in 1922. He returned to his home and abstained from all political activity until his death on 13 April 1950 in <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moubayed_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moubayed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saleh_al-Ali&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saleh Al-Ali became a celebrated figure after the Syria's independence. Al-Ali, in his first public appearance since 1922, was a guest of honor of president <a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">Shukri al-Quwatli</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Syria)" title="Evacuation Day (Syria)">Evacuation Day</a> celebrations on 17 April 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Moubayed_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moubayed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saleh_al-Ali&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Moubayed-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moubayed_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moubayed_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moubayed_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moubayed_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moubayed_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoubayed2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sami_Moubayed" title="Sami Moubayed">Moubayed, Sami M.</a> (2006). <i>Steel & Silk: Men & Women Who Shaped Syria 1900–2000</i>. Cune Press. pp. 363–364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885942-41-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-885942-41-9"><bdi>1-885942-41-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steel+%26+Silk%3A+Men+%26+Women+Who+Shaped+Syria+1900%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=363-364&rft.pub=Cune+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-885942-41-9&rft.aulast=Moubayed&rft.aufirst=Sami+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaleh+al-Ali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moosa-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moosa_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moosa_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moosa_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moosa_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moosa_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosa1987" class="citation book cs1">Moosa, Matti (1987). <i>Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects</i>. Syracuse University Press. pp. 282–283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2411-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2411-5"><bdi>0-8156-2411-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremist+Shiites%3A+The+Ghulat+Sects&rft.pages=282-283&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8156-2411-5&rft.aulast=Moosa&rft.aufirst=Matti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaleh+al-Ali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouwes2011" class="citation book cs1">Douwes, Dick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sf9fAwAAQBAJ&q=Ismaili+villages+Akkar&pg=PT48">"Modern History of the Nizari Ismailis of Syria"</a>. In Farhad Daftary (ed.). <i>A Modern History of the Ismailis: Continuity and Change in a Muslim Community</i>. I. B. Tauris. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857735263" title="Special:BookSources/9780857735263"><bdi>9780857735263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modern+History+of+the+Nizari+Ismailis+of+Syria&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+the+Ismailis%3A+Continuity+and+Change+in+a+Muslim+Community&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780857735263&rft.aulast=Douwes&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsf9fAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIsmaili%2Bvillages%2BAkkar%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaleh+al-Ali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2016" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Stefan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691173894/a-history-of-the-alawis"><i>A History of the 'Alawis: From Medieval Syria to the Turkish Republic</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691173894" title="Special:BookSources/9780691173894"><bdi>9780691173894</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128152806/https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691173894/a-history-of-the-alawis">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+%27Alawis%3A+From+Medieval+Syria+to+the+Turkish+Republic&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780691173894&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fbooks%2Fpaperback%2F9780691173894%2Fa-history-of-the-alawis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaleh+al-Ali" class="Z3988"></span>pp. 244-254</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4165808#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000055562191">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24357670">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1650066/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxWYf88fgmxtJhck6dhHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/136159869">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006077743">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/263098">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Mandate_of_Syria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Template:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Template talk:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Mandate_of_Syria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">State of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_Province" title="Al-Jazira Province">Al-Jazira Province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon"><img alt="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/120px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/180px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/240px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_revolt_of_1919" title="Alawite revolt of 1919">1919 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun" title="Battle of Maysalun">Battle of Maysalun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus_(1920)" title="Capture of Damascus (1920)">Capture of Damascus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hananu_Revolt" title="Hananu Revolt">Hananu Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">1925–1927 revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ain_Albu_Gomaa" title="Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa">Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Salkhad" title="Capture of Salkhad">Capture of Salkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Kafr" title="Battle of al-Kafr">Battle of al-Kafr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Mazraa" title="Battle of al-Mazraa">Battle of al-Mazraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Musayfirah" title="Battle of al-Musayfirah">Battle of al-Musayfirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Hama_uprising" title="1925 Hama uprising">1925 Hama uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Syrian_general_strike" title="1936 Syrian general strike">1936 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Crisis" title="Levant Crisis">Levant Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet%E2%80%93Newcombe_Agreement" title="Paulet–Newcombe Agreement">Paulet–Newcombe Agreement</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_Treaty_of_Independence" title="Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence">Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence</a> (1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma" title="Yusuf al-Azma">Yusuf al-Azma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saleh al-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">Hashim al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bey_Barmada" title="Mustafa Bey Barmada">Mustafa Bey Barmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">Shukri al-Quwatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">Khalid al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%27i_Pasha_al-Mallah" title="Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah">Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Mardam_Bey" title="Jamil Mardam Bey">Jamil Mardam Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Pasha_al-Qudsi" title="Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi">Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri">Saadallah al-Jabiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqqi_al-Azm" title="Haqqi al-Azm">Haqqi al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar" title="Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar">Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Levant" title="High Commissioner of the Levant">French High Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">Henri Gouraud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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