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Vega-Lite (bottom)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a>, Arvind Satyanarayan, Dominik Moritz, Kanit Wongsuphasawat, and community</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">2 April 2013<span class="noprint">; 11 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2013-04-02</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">5.25.0 / 27 April 2023<span class="noprint">; 18 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-04-27</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_library" title="JavaScript library">JavaScript library</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vega.github.io/">vega<wbr />.github<wbr />.io</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <p><b>Vega</b> and <b>Vega-Lite</b> are <a href="/wiki/Data_and_information_visualization" title="Data and information visualization">visualization</a> tools implementing a grammar of graphics, similar to <a href="/wiki/Ggplot2" title="Ggplot2">ggplot2</a>. The Vega and Vega-Lite grammars extend <a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a>'s Grammar of Graphics<sup id="cite_ref-WilkinsonLeland1999Tgog_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilkinsonLeland1999Tgog-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by adding a novel grammar of interactivity to assist in the exploration of complex datasets. </p><p>Vega acts as a low-level language suited to explanatory figures (the same use case as <a href="/wiki/D3.js" title="D3.js">D3.js</a>), while Vega-Lite is a higher-level language suited to rapidly exploring data.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vega is used in the back end of several data visualization systems, for example Voyager.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chart specifications are written in <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> and rendered in a browser or exported to either vector or bitmap images. Bindings for Vega-Lite have been written in several programming languages, such as the Python package Altair,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to make it easier to use. The grammars and associated tools are open source projects led by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> Interactive Data Lab and released under a BSD-3 license.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_and_Vega-Lite_visualisation_grammars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/vega/vega/releases">"vega Releases"</a>. <i>Github.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Github.com&rft.atitle=vega+Releases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fvega%2Fvega%2Freleases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega+and+Vega-Lite+visualisation+grammars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilkinsonLeland1999Tgog-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WilkinsonLeland1999Tgog_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1999" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Leland (1999). <i>The Grammar of Graphics</i>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387987743" title="Special:BookSources/9780387987743"><bdi>9780387987743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grammar+of+Graphics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780387987743&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Leland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega+and+Vega-Lite+visualisation+grammars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatyanarayanMoritzWongsuphasawatHeer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Satyanarayan, Arvind; Moritz, Dominik; Wongsuphasawat, Kanit; Heer, Jeffrey (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2016.2599030">"Vega-Lite: A Grammar of Interactive Graphics"</a>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 341–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTVCG.2016.2599030">10.1109/TVCG.2016.2599030</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27875150">27875150</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206805969">206805969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Visualization+and+Computer+Graphics&rft.atitle=Vega-Lite%3A+A+Grammar+of+Interactive+Graphics&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=341-350&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206805969%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27875150&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTVCG.2016.2599030&rft.aulast=Satyanarayan&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rft.au=Moritz%2C+Dominik&rft.au=Wongsuphasawat%2C+Kanit&rft.au=Heer%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1109%2FTVCG.2016.2599030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega+and+Vega-Lite+visualisation+grammars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongsuphasawatMoritzAnandMacKinlay2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wongsuphasawat, Kanit; Moritz, Dominik; Anand, Anushka; MacKinlay, Jock; Howe, Bill; Heer, Jeffrey (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2015.2467191">"Voyager: Exploratory Analysis via Faceted Browsing of Visualization Recommendations"</a>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 649–658. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTVCG.2015.2467191">10.1109/TVCG.2015.2467191</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26390469">26390469</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2366653">2366653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Visualization+and+Computer+Graphics&rft.atitle=Voyager%3A+Exploratory+Analysis+via+Faceted+Browsing+of+Visualization+Recommendations&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=649-658&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2366653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26390469&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTVCG.2015.2467191&rft.aulast=Wongsuphasawat&rft.aufirst=Kanit&rft.au=Moritz%2C+Dominik&rft.au=Anand%2C+Anushka&rft.au=MacKinlay%2C+Jock&rft.au=Howe%2C+Bill&rft.au=Heer%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1109%2FTVCG.2015.2467191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega+and+Vega-Lite+visualisation+grammars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongsuphasawatQuMoritzChang2017" class="citation book cs1">Wongsuphasawat, Kanit; 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