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class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv" class=""><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=L%C3%A4ndkota&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt" class=""><span>Skapa konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logga in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fler alternativ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personliga verktyg" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personliga verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Användarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv"><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=L%C3%A4ndkota&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skapa konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=L%C3%A4ndkota&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Visa källa för Ländkota</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Den här artikeln finns bara på det här språket. Lägg till artikeln på andra språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lägg till språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. </p> Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>Du kan se och kopiera denna sidas källtext. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="sv" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">[[Bild:Gray93.png|miniatyr|En ländkota sedd snett ovanifrån och bakifrån.<br />Illustration: [[Gray's Anatomy]], 1918. ([[Public Domain|PD]])]] [[Bild:Gray92.png|miniatyr|Lateral vy av en ländkota.<br />Illustration: [[Gray's Anatomy]], 1918. ([[Public Domain|PD]])]] [[Bild:Gray83.png|miniatyr|Sagittalsektion genom en ländkota.<br />Illustration: [[Gray's Anatomy]], 1918. ([[Public Domain|PD]])]] '''Ländkota''', '''lumbalkota''' ([[latin]]: ''vertebra lumbalis'', [[pluralis]]: ''vertebrae lumbales'' L1-L5) är de [[ryggkota|ryggkotor]] (''[[vertebrae]]'') som bildar [[ryggrad]]ens (''[[columna vertebralis]]'') lumbal[[kyfos]] mellan [[bröstkorg]]en (''[[thorax]]'') och [[bäcken]]et (''[[pelvis]]''). Hos [[människans anatomi|människan]] finns fem ländkotor, hos [[hovdjur]] vanligen sex och hos [[rovdjur]] sju. Ländkotorna utgör den presakrala ryggradens största segment och kan identifieras genom avsaknaden av hål i [[tvärutskott]]en (''[[foramen processus transversi]]'') samt ledfasetter för [[revben]] (''[[costae]]'') i [[kotkropp]]ens (''[[corpus vertebrae|corpus]]'') [[lateral]]a sidor. [[Kotbåge]]n (''[[arcus vertebrae|arcus]]'') som består av ett par [[kotrot|kotrötter]] (''[[pediculus vertebrae|pediculus]]'') och ett par [[kotplatta|kotplattor]] (''[[lamina vertebrae|laminae]]''), omsluter [[kothål]]et (''[[foramen vertebrae|foramen]]'') och bär sju utskott. Smärta i ländryggen kallas '''lumbago'''. == Kotkroppen == Ländkotornas kotkropp är något bredare lateralt än [[sagittal]]t, tjockare framtill än baktill och [[dorsal]]t [[konkav]]. Ovan- och undersidorna är platta eller lätt konkava. Sidorna är konkava fram- och baktill. == Kotbågen == De kraftiga kotrötterna på kotkroppens ovansida är riktade bakåt vilket gör de underliggande håligheterna djupa. Rötternas sagittala bredd ökar från 9&nbsp;mm till omkring 18&nbsp;mm hos L5. Kotplattorna är breda, korta och kraftiga. De bildar kothålets bakre vägg, kotbågens bakre parti och utgör [[taggutskott]]ens (''[[processus spinosus]]'') bas. Hos de översta ländkotorna överstiger plattornas höjd bredden medan motsatta proportioner gäller för de nedre ländkotorna. Kothålet är triangulärt, större än [[bröstkota|bröstkotornas]] men mindre än [[halskota|halskotornas]]. == Utskotten == Taggutskottet är tjock, brett och ungefär kvadratiskt. Utskottet utmynnar i en skrovlig, ojämn kant som ibland är urgröpt i den tjockare nedre delen. [[Ledtapp]]arna (''[[processus articulares]] superior/inferior'') sitter i övergången mellan kotkroppen och kotbågen. De är tydligt markerade. De övre är riktade uppåt med konkava fasetter som är riktade bakåt och [[medial]]t. De nedre är riktade nedåt med sina konvexa fasetter riktade framåt och [[lateral]]t. De nedre tapparna omsluts av de övre på underliggande kota och avståndet är därför större mellan de övre än de lägre tapparna. Ländkotornas tvärutskott är långa och smala. De är [[homologi (biologi)|homologa]] med bröstkotornas revben och alltså placerade framför ledtapparna istället för bakom som hos bröstkotorna. På de tre översta ländkotorna är tvärutskotten placerade mellan rot och platta och riktade horisontellt. På de två nedre ländkotorna sitter de längre fram mellan rot och kropp och riktade lätt uppåt. == Femte ländkotan == [[Bild:Gray94.png|miniatyr|Den femte ländkotan sedd ovanifrån.<br />Illustration: [[Gray's Anatomy]], 1918. ([[Public Domain|PD]])]] Vissa individer har fyra ländkotor, andra sex. Symtom som normalt påverkar L5 verkar hos dessa individer istället på L4 eller L6. Den femte ländkotans kropp är betydligt tjockare framtill än baktill, vilket hänger samman med utformningen på [[korsben]]ets (''[[os sacrum]]'') ledyta. Taggutskottet är mindre men tvärutskotten, som är placerade både på kroppen och plattan, är tjockare. == Se även == * [[Rygg]] * [[Nacke]] * [[Människans skelett]] * [[Människans anatomi]] == Referenser == * ''Rörelseapparatens anatomi'', Finn Bojsen-Møller, Liber, {{ISBN|91-47-04884-0}} * [[Gray's Anatomy]]: [http://www.bartleby.com/107/23.html ''The Lumbar Vertebræ''] {{Auktoritetsdata}} [[Kategori:Skelettet]] [[Kategori:ryggen]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Mallar som används på den här sidan: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Mall:Auktoritetsdata" title="Mall:Auktoritetsdata">Mall:Auktoritetsdata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mall:Auktoritetsdata&action=edit" title="Mall:Auktoritetsdata">visa wikitext</a>) (delvis skyddad)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mall:ISBN" title="Mall:ISBN">Mall:ISBN</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mall:ISBN&action=edit" title="Mall:ISBN">visa wikitext</a>) (delvis skyddad)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mall:Navbox/styles.css" title="Mall:Navbox/styles.css">Mall:Navbox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mall:Navbox/styles.css&action=edit" title="Mall:Navbox/styles.css">visa wikitext</a>) (endast etablerade användare)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:Auktoritetsdata" title="Modul:Auktoritetsdata">Modul:Auktoritetsdata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:Auktoritetsdata&action=edit" title="Modul:Auktoritetsdata">visa wikitext</a>) (delvis skyddad)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:HtmlBuilder" title="Modul:HtmlBuilder">Modul:HtmlBuilder</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:HtmlBuilder&action=edit" title="Modul:HtmlBuilder">visa wikitext</a>) (delvis skyddad)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:ISBN" title="Modul:ISBN">Modul:ISBN</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:ISBN&action=edit" title="Modul:ISBN">visa wikitext</a>) (delvis skyddad)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:Navbar" title="Modul:Navbar">Modul:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:Navbar&action=edit" title="Modul:Navbar">visa wikitext</a>) (delvis skyddad)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:Navbox" title="Modul:Navbox">Modul:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:Navbox&action=edit" title="Modul:Navbox">visa wikitext</a>) (delvis skyddad)</li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Tillbaka till <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4ndkota" title="Ländkota">Ländkota</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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