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[{"id":77344200,"identifier":"Attachment_77344200","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":65975941,"created_at":"2021-12-25T15:45:10.161-08:00","from_world_paper_id":189108067,"updated_at":"2024-11-23T21:34:12.467-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Child labour occurs across many sectors of the Indian economy, including in those which are tightly integrated into global production networks (GPNs). On the basis of an original study of the Delhi garments sector, this paper explores the evolving relationship between the nature and functioning of GPNs, the incidence of highly exploitative social and labour relations (including those associated with child labour), and the production and reproduction of chronic poverty and vulnerability. Two questions frame the discussion: 1) to what extent, in what ways and under what circumstances does chronic poverty foster patterns of exploitative employment within GPNs for poor and vulnerable workers, including children? 2) to what extent, in what ways and under what circumstances can the incorporation of these workers into GPNs be said to produce or reproduce chronic poverty and vulnerability? Our arguments are rooted theoretically in the concept of \"adverse incorporation\", and developed by combining analysis of how accumulation occurs in contemporary GPNs with an exploration of the social processes in which these forms of accumulation are embedded. Child labour is simultaneously an outcome of these processes of adverse incorporation and itself a key mechanism through which they can be produced and reproduced.","publication_date":"2011,,","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"77344200"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Child Labour in Global Production Networks: Poverty, Vulnerability and 'Adverse Incorporation' in the Delhi Garments Sector","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [42096588]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":77344200,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Child Labour in Global Production Networks: Poverty, Vulnerability and 'Adverse Incorporation' in the Delhi Garments Sector”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/77344200/mini_magick20211225-27495-1m9i008.png?1640475957" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Child Labour in Global Production Networks: Poverty, Vulnerability and 'Adverse Incorporation' in the Delhi Garments Sector</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42096588" href="https://ihdindia.academia.edu/DevNathan"><img alt="Profile image of Dev Nathan" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/42096588/22449411/21652397/s65_dev.nathan.jpg" />Dev Nathan</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2011</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">37 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 65975941; 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translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="23899016" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23899016/Forced_labour_and_ethical_trade_in_the_Indian_garment_industry">Forced labour and ethical trade in the Indian garment industry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="213555" href="https://leetappz.academia.edu/AnnieDelaney">Annie Delaney</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article looks at modern forms of bonded and forced labour in the textile and garment sector in Tamil Nadu, India which supplies major retailers and brands in Europe and North America. Many thousands of young women and girls are employed in textile mills and garment factories under inhumane conditions which violate basic their rights. Local and international campaigns have highlighted these abuses and some retailers have developed their own initiatives or joined multilateral initiatives aiming to bring about change. Up to the present, however, only limited improvements have been made owing to a failure to develop collective forms of organisation at the workplace. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) has acknowledged a focus beyond the state, to the private sector as a major contributor to contemporary forms of forced labour. This can be partly attributed to the recognition of the increase in labour exploitation present in global production networks/chains (ILO, 2013). The chapter examines the case of Sumangali-camp workers in the textile garment industry in Tamil Nadu, South India. We explore how key actors, local and international labour rights non-government organisations (NGOs), and a multi stakeholder initiative engage in the issues of bonded and forced labour. Our analysis draws on field research conducted in India between 2011-2014 in the garment sector, as part of a broader research project exploring the effectiveness of non-judical redress mechanisms to human rights grievances. In the case of the garment and textile sector in Tamil Nadu, the power imbalance between the thousands of young women and child workers in garment and textile factories and the employers and global brands is significant. The case explores characteristics of local and international campaign mobilization and the impact on workers' sense of agency. Further we seek to understand the responses by corporations through the multi stakeholder initiative actions on forced labour. The garment industry has existed in this region for many years, and bonded, forced and child labour is not uncommon, particularly in the hand loom and weaving workshops (Carsons & DeNeve, 2013). More recently, the large scale textile mills and garment factories have sought to employ young women and children in line with a change from producing for national markets to an export focus. The feminisation of the workforce has coincided with the emergence of new forms of institutionalised exploitation (Narayanaswamy & Sachithanandam, 2010). The gendered nature of global production remains an important site of investigation; feminist scholars have shown that the feminisation of labour and the demand for cheap and productive labour has not receded (Pearson, 2007; Prieto-Carron, 2008).The global garment industry is notorious for its treatment of women and child workers, and numerous examples could be given of exploitative conditions of employment. Many UK retailers are selling t-shirts, sportswear, children's clothes and nightwear sourced from this region and we question the effectiveness of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) responses to forced labour and other labour exploitation in garment production. The nature of the contemporary global garment production is described here as a network, rather than a linear supply chain (Coe et al, 2008), This raises important questions around the</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Forced labour and ethical trade in the Indian garment industry","attachmentId":44288239,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23899016/Forced_labour_and_ethical_trade_in_the_Indian_garment_industry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23899016/Forced_labour_and_ethical_trade_in_the_Indian_garment_industry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="18744004" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18744004/Labour_regimes_in_the_Indian_garment_sector_capital_labour_relations_social_reproduction_and_labour_standards_in_the_National_Capital_Region">Labour regimes in the Indian garment sector: capital-labour relations, social reproduction and labour standards in the National Capital Region</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20352396" href="https://soas.academia.edu/AlessandraMezzadri">Alessandra Mezzadri</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Labour regimes in the Indian garment sector: capital-labour relations, social reproduction and labour standards in the National Capital Region","attachmentId":40231464,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18744004/Labour_regimes_in_the_Indian_garment_sector_capital_labour_relations_social_reproduction_and_labour_standards_in_the_National_Capital_Region","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18744004/Labour_regimes_in_the_Indian_garment_sector_capital_labour_relations_social_reproduction_and_labour_standards_in_the_National_Capital_Region"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="29727715" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29727715/The_Sweatshop_Regime_labouring_bodies_exploitation_and_garments_Made_in_India">The Sweatshop Regime: labouring bodies, exploitation and garments 'Made in India'</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20352396" href="https://soas.academia.edu/AlessandraMezzadri">Alessandra Mezzadri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This book explores the processes producing and reproducing the garment sweatshop in India. Drawing from Marxian and feminist insights, the book theorizes the sweatshop as a complex 'regime' of exploitation and oppression, jointly crafted by global, regional and local actors, and working across productive and reproductive realms. The analysis illustrates the links between the physical and social materiality of production, unveiling the distinct circuits of exploitation corresponding to different clothing items. As these circuits change across India, on the basis of regional patterns of product specialisation, so does the logic of the sweatshop, its composition, the social profile of the labouring poor engaged in garment work, and their working conditions. Through the eyes of sourcing actors, the whole country can be re-imagined as a giant department store, with different garment collections exhibited at different floors, and created through the sweat of different sets of labourers. Highlighting the great social differentiation of the garment workforce in factories, workshops and homes scattered across the Indian Subcontinent, the narrative also unveils the multiple patterns of unfreedom this workforce is subject to. These exceed narrow definitions of unfreedom mainly based on forced labour, which are becoming dominant in the debate on global labour standards and 'modern slavery'. By discussing interplays between productive and reproductive realms and processes of commodification and exploitation, on the contrary, the analysis highlights how social difference and unfreedom pre-exist the sweatshop and at the same time are also reproduced by it. It also highlights the role different actors – like global buyers, regional suppliers and retailers, and labour contractors – play in these processes. Indeed, the book depicts the sweatshop as a complex joint enterprise against the labouring poor, shaped and steered by multiple lords, and where production and circulation – of garments, processes and people – intertwine in manifold ways. It also shows how the labouring body is systematically and inexorably depleted and consumed by garment work, until it is finally ejected from the sweatshop. Finally, the book highlights how the study of India's sweatshop regime informs contemporary debates on industrial modernity, comparative advantage and cheap labour, modern slavery, and ethical consumerism. Alessandra Mezzadri teaches at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Her research interests focus on globalisation and processes of labour informalisation; materialist approaches to global commodity chain analysis and global industrial systems, labour standards and CSR; gender and feminist theory; and the political economy of India. She has investigated in depth the Indian garment industry over a span of ten years, and illustrated the different ways in which distinct regional sweatshops are formed and reproduced across the subcontinent. See the book launch at SOAS here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPPyhchfRdQ</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Sweatshop Regime: labouring bodies, exploitation and garments 'Made in India'","attachmentId":50183088,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29727715/The_Sweatshop_Regime_labouring_bodies_exploitation_and_garments_Made_in_India","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29727715/The_Sweatshop_Regime_labouring_bodies_exploitation_and_garments_Made_in_India"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="37169088" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37169088/The_Hidden_Workforce_A_Study_on_Child_Labour_in_the_Garment_Industry_in_Delhi">The Hidden Workforce: A Study on Child Labour in the Garment Industry in Delhi</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17387908" href="https://independent.academia.edu/harpreetbhullar">Harpreet Bhullar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Hidden Workforce: A Study on Child Labour in the Garment Industry in Delhi, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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data-entity-id="724634" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/724634/CHILD_LABOUR_IN_INDIA_PROBLEMS_IN_CONCEPUTALISATION">CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA: PROBLEMS IN CONCEPUTALISATION</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61248" href="https://jawaharlalanehrunewdelhiindia.academia.edu/DrSURESHBABUGS">Dr. SURESH BABU G.S</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">By deviating from the conventional assumptions of linking child labour with poverty questions, this paper examines the inherent contradictions of our tradition and market economy that tends to challenge our effort to eliminate the incidence of child labour.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="39477773" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39477773/Child_Labour_in_India_Causes_and_Consequences">Child Labour in India: Causes and Consequences</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3117329" href="https://kakatiya.academia.edu/BSureshLalPhD">B Suresh Lal, PhD</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Science and Research IJSR), 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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