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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bingo,_casino_gaming,_hotels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bingo,_casino_gaming,_hotels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bingo, casino gaming, hotels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bingo,_casino_gaming,_hotels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_sports_wagering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_sports_wagering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Online sports wagering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_sports_wagering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other industries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revenue_and_employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenue_and_employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Revenue and employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenue_and_employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Citizenship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> 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State University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florida_State_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribal_chairmen_since_reorganization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_chairmen_since_reorganization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tribal chairmen since reorganization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal_chairmen_since_reorganization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Florida_Seminole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Florida_Seminole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable Florida Seminole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Florida_Seminole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Immokalee_Reservation&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Immokalee Reservation">Immokalee Reservation</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Native reservation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Florida Seminoles" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles" title="Florida State Seminoles">Florida State Seminoles</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Seminole Tribe of Florida</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">4,244 enrolled citizens<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker389_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker389-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in 2019)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">English, Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Mikasuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikasuki">Mikasuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Mvskoke</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Indigenous religion, Christianity</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation of Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miccosukee" title="Miccosukee">Miccosukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Muscogee people</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Seminole Tribe of Florida</b> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">federally recognized</a> <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> tribe based in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of Florida. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation of Oklahoma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Miccosukee_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida">Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida</a>, it is one of three federally recognized Seminole entities. It received that status in 1957. Today, it has six <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian reservations">Indian reservations</a> in Florida. </p><p>The Florida Seminole, along with the Miccosukee, speak the <a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki language</a>, also spelled Miccosukee. The language has been referred to as a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Hitchiti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitchiti language">Hitchiti</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, a dialect of Hitchiti, and another term for Hitchiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_J._B._Muskogean_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_J._B._Muskogean-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spanish_Loanwords_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Loanwords-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weisman_Nativism_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisman_Nativism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mikasuki_Native_Languages_of_the_Southeastern_United_States_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikasuki_Native_Languages_of_the_Southeastern_United_States-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some Florida Seminole communities speak a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Mvskoke_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mvskoke language">Mvskoke language</a> called <a href="/wiki/Florida_Seminole_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Seminole Creek">Florida Seminole Creek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahon201202_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon201202-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Southeastern_Languages_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southeastern_Languages-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, the Tribe established tax-free smoke shops and a high-stakes bingo operation that became one of the first tribal gaming endeavors in the United States. These ventures, particularly the gaming operation, have generated significant revenues for education, welfare and economic development. A 2005 tribal audit said it took in $1.1 billion in revenues that year.<sup id="cite_ref-revenue_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revenue-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seminole Tribe is also known widely for owning the <a href="/wiki/Hard_Rock_Cafe" title="Hard Rock Cafe">Hard Rock Cafe</a> as well as nearly all Hard Rock-branded properties including casinos, hotels, and resorts since 2006. The tribe requires members to have at least one-quarter Seminole <a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood quantum">blood quantum</a>. As of 2016, the estimated wealth of the tribe is near $12 billion USD.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> emerged in a process of <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> from various Native American groups who settled in Florida in the 18th century, primarily <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Muscogee</a> from what is now northern Florida, Georgia and Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They distanced themselves increasingly from other Muscogee groups, and expanded and prospered owing to their thriving trade network during Florida's <a href="/wiki/British_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="British Florida">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">second Spanish periods</a> (c. 1767–1821).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These settlers joined with the survivors of Florida's original Native American communities (<a href="/wiki/Tequesta" title="Tequesta">Tequesta</a>, etc.) in the interior of south Florida. While some scholars have thought that the <a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were also integrated into the Seminole tribes, there is no documentation to support that theory.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, the largely autonomous Native American villages developed alliances with African-American <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">maroons</a>, mostly self-emancipated former slaves from the South's Low Country and some free blacks from the Spanish period of rule. These people became known as <a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a>, establishing towns near Native American settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a> against the United States in the 19th century, however, particularly after the second war, most Seminole and Black Seminole were forced by the US to relocate west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>. A smaller group – possibly fewer than 500 – refused to leave Florida and moved deep into the <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a>, where they avoided settlers and thrived in pseudo-isolation. They fostered a culture of staunch independence. The modern Florida Seminole, about 17,233 at the 2010 census, Miccosukee and Traditionals descend from these survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahon201202_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon201202-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Florida Seminole re-established limited relations with the United States and Florida governments in the late 19th century, and by the early 20th century were concentrated in five camps in the Everglades. The portion who spoke more Muskogee consolidated in the northern part of the Everglades near the Cow Creek Camp, becoming known as the Cow Creek Seminole. The Miccosukee, who spoke the <a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki language</a>, were located to the south, in an area cut through by completion of the <a href="/wiki/Tamiami_Trail" title="Tamiami Trail">Tamiami Trail</a> in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Seminole_women_cooking_cane_syrup,_Seminole_Indian_Agency,_Florida,_1941_-_NARA_-_519171.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seminoles stirring a boiling cauldron." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Two_Seminole_women_cooking_cane_syrup%2C_Seminole_Indian_Agency%2C_Florida%2C_1941_-_NARA_-_519171.tif/lossy-page1-250px-Two_Seminole_women_cooking_cane_syrup%2C_Seminole_Indian_Agency%2C_Florida%2C_1941_-_NARA_-_519171.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Two_Seminole_women_cooking_cane_syrup%2C_Seminole_Indian_Agency%2C_Florida%2C_1941_-_NARA_-_519171.tif/lossy-page1-375px-Two_Seminole_women_cooking_cane_syrup%2C_Seminole_Indian_Agency%2C_Florida%2C_1941_-_NARA_-_519171.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Two_Seminole_women_cooking_cane_syrup%2C_Seminole_Indian_Agency%2C_Florida%2C_1941_-_NARA_-_519171.tif/lossy-page1-500px-Two_Seminole_women_cooking_cane_syrup%2C_Seminole_Indian_Agency%2C_Florida%2C_1941_-_NARA_-_519171.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2416" /></a><figcaption>Seminoles cooking <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> syrup, 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cow Creek Seminole eventually received 5,000 acres (20 km<sup>2</sup>) of reservation land in the 1930s, beginning with Brighton Reservation. At first, few Seminoles had any interest in relocating to reservations, preferring their traditional lifestyle to a more sedentary reservation life. Following the efforts of Creek Christian missionaries, more Seminole moved to reservations in the 1940s to form their own churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahon203204_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon203204-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors in the move include Florida's drainage of the wetlands and shift toward wide-scale agriculture. This contributed to the depletion of game and other resources by the state's expanding population, reducing the tribal people's ability to live in traditional ways.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribal_reorganization">Tribal reorganization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tribal reorganization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1920 to 1940, many changes took place in Seminole land and environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Covington_(1980)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settlers and developers wanting to convert wetlands to farms and residential communities had built drainage projects, which altered the wetlands ecosystem and damaged many species that it supported.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_History_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_History-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1916, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palm_State_Park" title="Royal Palm State Park">Royal Palm State Park</a>, which would be incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Everglades_National_Park" title="Everglades National Park">Everglades National Park</a> in 1947, was set aside as a conservation area.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_Royal_Palm_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_Royal_Palm-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tamiami_Trail" title="Tamiami Trail">Tamiami Trail</a> across the center of the <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Covington_(1980)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> projects from 1933 to 1934,<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the eventual opening of the National Park, all served to displace many Seminole families who had lived throughout the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Covington_(1980)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, the US government established a reservation at Brighton and tried to recruit Seminole to resettle there. The government fenced in the reservation and introduced cattle, which had been part of Seminole culture for three centuries. The first government shipment of cattle arrived from Arizona in 1934 and, by the late 1930s, the cattle business was a way of life for many Seminole.<sup id="cite_ref-Second-Jumper_(2011)_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Second-Jumper_(2011)-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, the US government supplied cattle to the Florida Seminoles with an understanding that the tribes would repay for the livestock in the coming years.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cattle_trustees">Cattle trustees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cattle trustees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unidentified_Seminole_cattleman-_Brighton_Reservation,_Florida_(8660675602).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Unidentified_Seminole_cattleman-_Brighton_Reservation%2C_Florida_%288660675602%29.jpg/220px-Unidentified_Seminole_cattleman-_Brighton_Reservation%2C_Florida_%288660675602%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Unidentified_Seminole_cattleman-_Brighton_Reservation%2C_Florida_%288660675602%29.jpg/330px-Unidentified_Seminole_cattleman-_Brighton_Reservation%2C_Florida_%288660675602%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Unidentified_Seminole_cattleman-_Brighton_Reservation%2C_Florida_%288660675602%29.jpg/440px-Unidentified_Seminole_cattleman-_Brighton_Reservation%2C_Florida_%288660675602%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>Seminole cattleman, Brighton Reservation, Florida, 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>With the introduction of cattle to Brighton, the Seminoles were introduced to democratic ideas and tribal organization. The trust agreement established by the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Indian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Indian Affairs">Commissioner of Indian Affairs</a>, on September 12, 1939, required that the tribe elect three trustees to transact the business of the cattle program. The first "election" was largely guided by the Florida Agricultural Extension Agent, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Montsdeoca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Montsdeoca (page does not exist)">Fred Montsdeoca</a>, and a local missionary. They promoted men who knew English and were good at White-Native cooperation, as opposed to allowing the tribe to select those most skilled in animal husbandry. Montsdeoca was extremely influential in making decisions regarding the cattle program and, next to the Indian Affairs official at the reservation, was the most important local White man for the Seminole.<sup id="cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Covington_(1980)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given their success at Brighton, in 1941, the Seminole acquired 150 head of cattle from Florida for the Big Cypress Reservation. By 1944, the Big Cypress Seminole wanted their own trustees and drafted an agreement with the government. Approved by the BIA commissioner on August 8, 1945, this agreement called for the establishment of the Brighton Agricultural and Livestock Enterprise and the Big Cypress Agricultural and Livestock Enterprise, each with their own three trustee cattle managers. The tribal trustees would be appointed, with each of the cattle trustee groups and the BIA agent appointing a tribal trustee. The three appointees on each reservation would also serve as tribal representatives. In essence, this requirement ensured that those adept at navigating between the Native American and non-Native worlds would gain the positions. According to Covington, men who were adept at developing consensus decisions and had converted to Christianity were most likely to be selected.<sup id="cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Covington_(1980)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although such tribal organization was relatively weak, the tribe used it as a basis for their team to file a land claim with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Commission" title="Indian Claims Commission">Indian Claims Commission</a>, seeking compensation for lands taken by the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Covington_(1980)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_claims">Land claims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Land claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1948, the two livestock associations met with the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> superintendent to discuss pursuing a land claim against the U.S. Government through the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Commission" title="Indian Claims Commission">Indian Claims Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Covington_(1980)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They contacted <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a> attorney Roger J. Waybright, who initially was reluctant to take the case because the tribe had limited funding and the government dictated the amounts the attorneys could charge. Waybright was soon persuaded of the merits of the case and agreed to represent the tribe,<sup id="cite_ref-FL_Historical_Quarterly_(1993)_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FL_Historical_Quarterly_(1993)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signing a contract with his partner John O. Jackson on October 15, 1949. The 12 representatives who made the claim were the six trustees for the livestock associations and the 6 tribal representatives: <a href="/wiki/Josie_Billie" title="Josie Billie">Josie Billie</a>, Jimmy Cypress, John Cypress, Junior Cypress, John Henry Gopher, Little Charlie Micco, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Osceola" title="Bill Osceola">Bill Osceola</a>, Frank Shore, Jack Smith, Morgan Smith, Ben Tommie, and Sammy Tommie.<sup id="cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Covington_(1980)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The claim was filed August 14, 1950, and represented land taken under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moultrie_Creek" title="Treaty of Moultrie Creek">Treaty of Moultrie Creek</a> in 1823, land taken under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Payne%27s_Landing" title="Treaty of Payne's Landing">Treaty of Payne's Landing</a> in 1832, land taken in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War#Macomb's_peace_and_the_Harney_Massacre" title="Second Seminole War">Macomb Treaty</a> of 1839, and land taken in 1944 for the <a href="/wiki/Everglades_National_Park" title="Everglades National Park">Everglades National Park</a> —– in all totaling nearly $48,000,000. In July 1951 the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation of Oklahoma</a> had also filed a petition before the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Commission" title="Indian Claims Commission">Indian Claims Commission</a> for claims involving their removal to Oklahoma and substantially the same land takings under Moultrie and Payne's Landing as the Florida Seminoles. Because of the overlapping of claims, the commission split the Florida claim into two cases, one sharing the Oklahoma claims in the treaties and the other, dealing with Florida's sole claim to land taken for the Everglades National Park.<sup id="cite_ref-FL_Historical_Quarterly_(1993)_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FL_Historical_Quarterly_(1993)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Government delays; tribal reorganization, which caused Waybright to resign from the case; resignation of the female replacement for Waybright, Effie Knowles, who felt the tribe would be happier with male representation; the hiring of Roy Struble of <a href="/wiki/Miami,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, Florida">Miami</a> and Charles Bragman of Washington, DC; and the death of attorney John Jackson all contributed to the claim dragging into the 1960s. Then in 1962, the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida organized their tribe and gained federal recognition. They sought to intervene in the case in 1968, but were not allowed. Finally on May 13, 1970, the Claims Commission awarded $12,262,780, which was promptly appealed by both the Oklahoma and Florida Seminoles. In 1975, in a compromise settlement to prevent further delays, the two groups agreed to $16,000,000 as a final settlement, but were required to have general meetings with their tribes to confirm the amount.<sup id="cite_ref-FL_Historical_Quarterly_(1993)_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FL_Historical_Quarterly_(1993)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1976, the Florida Seminole were presented with the terms of settlement; it was translated into both the <a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee language</a>. Only seven tribemembers opposed accepting the agreement. In March 1976, the unorganized Traditionals in Florida filed an injunction to stop the award. On March 11, 1977 the Traditionals' complaint was dismissed. On April 20, 1977 the Macomb claim was disallowed, but an additional $50,000 was awarded for land in the Everglades. With those final decisions the awards were completed, but it took another fourteen years before the funds were distributed. The Claims Commission gave no direction as to how the judgment was to be split between the tribes of Oklahoma and Florida Seminoles, the Miccosukee and Traditionals.<sup id="cite_ref-FL_Historical_Quarterly_(1993)_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FL_Historical_Quarterly_(1993)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The groups had to negotiate as to how the settlement would be apportioned, leading to the most contact among them in a century. During this period, the money was put in trust and earning interest. In 1990, the groups finally agreed to the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma receiving three-quarters of the settlement, based on early population records from 1906 to 1914, when members had blood quantum; and the Florida Seminole in total to receive one-quarter, based on reconstructed early 20th-century censuses. At the time of the settlement, the two Florida tribes and Traditionals had a higher percentage of full-bloods due to their <a href="/wiki/Endogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogamous">endogamous</a> marriage practices. They also had blood quantum requirements for tribal membership. By 1990, the total value of the trust had reached $46 million.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats_of_termination">Threats of termination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Threats of termination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1953, the Seminole were informed they were on the congressional list for <a href="/wiki/Indian_termination_policy" title="Indian termination policy">termination</a> of their tribal status and federal benefits, under the federal <a href="/wiki/Indian_termination_policy" title="Indian termination policy">Indian termination policy</a> to reduce costs and the determination that some tribes no longer needed any special relationship with the federal government. But termination would result in their eviction from the three existing reservations. Few of the Seminole at the time had gained formal education or graduated from high school, and they worried about being able to organize as a tribe in order to deal with the government. </p><p>The federal government persisted in classifying all the 918 Native Americans in the Florida agency area as Seminole, although the 305 Miccosukee and Traditionals closer to the <a href="/wiki/Tamiami_Trail" title="Tamiami Trail">Tamiami Trail</a> did not identify with the reservation Seminole. They had asserted their independence from the reservation group since the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-west_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seminole appealed to have federal supervision continued so they could better prepare to manage their affairs. </p><p>The superintendent of the Seminole Agency in Florida asked tribal leaders to elect representatives from the reservations to have people at hearings: Dania (now Hollywood) was represented by Sam Tommie and Laura Mae Osceola; Brighton by Billy Osceola and Toby Johns; Big Cypress by Josie Billie and Jimmie Cypress; and the Trail people by Henry Cypress and Curtis Osceola, as the founding representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-west_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mvskoke and Mikasuki language interpreters were appointed. Although the Traditionals or Trail people wanted to continue with their Tribal Council, the Seminole continued to develop an alternative form of government. </p><p>They went to Washington to testify to Congress, and solicited help from the women's groups who had formed to help the Seminole, such as The Friends of the Seminoles Florida Foundation, Inc., the Seminole Indian Association, Indian Welfare, and the Florida Federation of Women's Clubs. After that their officers also testified for the Seminole.<sup id="cite_ref-west_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women had developed organizations to aid the Seminole; for instance, they helped support children to go to boarding schools, lobbied to get Seminole admitted to local public schools, which were racially segregated and classified the Seminole as among "colored" to attend with African Americans; and loaned money to men trying to buy homes.<sup id="cite_ref-west_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Seminole consulted with other tribes and experts to help them develop their government structure. They wrote a constitution and corporate charter, modeled on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a> of 1934. The vote was opened in 1957 to the 448 reservation Seminole and any Trail Indians who wanted to participate; the Seminole approved the constitution and corporate charter on August 21, 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-west_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seminole Tribe of Florida received <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federal recognition</a> later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahon203204_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon203204-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This process had heightened the differences among the groups. The Trail peoples, who were Mikasuki-language speakers, formed their own government, receiving state recognition in 1957 and federal recognition as the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida in 1962. Some Traditionals refused to affiliate with either tribe, as they wanted to avoid relations with the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahon203204_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon203204-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Miccosukee had reservation land taken into trust for them by the federal government. In addition, the two tribes made a long-term lease arrangement in 1983 with the state of Florida for access and use of nearly 200,000 acres of <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a>. This access greatly expanded their ability to maintain traditional fishing and hunting practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker392_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker392-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_and_leadership">Governance and leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governance and leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Seminole Tribe of Florida is led by an elected tribal council with representatives from each of its reservations. It elects a chairman and vice-chairman as leaders. The tribal headquarters are located in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida" title="Hollywood, Florida">Hollywood, Florida</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_leaders">Notable leaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975 Howard Tommie was re-elected as chairman to a second term by a wide margin. He led the Tribe through 1979 in a number of important initiatives that created a new direction for the people, with the assertion of sovereignty, significant revenue generation, and accelerated economic development. He urged acceptance of the US land claims settlement in 1976; the Florida and Oklahoma Seminole negotiated for more than a decade before reaching their final agreement in 1990 as to distribution of trust funds. He initiated negotiations with the state of Florida over water rights at the Seminole reservations, winning legal standing and protecting their resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Kersey_1996,_pp._118-126_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kersey_1996,_pp._118-126-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jim_Billie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Billie">Jim Billie</a>, who was re-elected in 2011 with 58.4% of the council vote, after previously serving from 1979 to 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led the tribe through a dramatic expansion of operations, with development of new programs and facilities as it invested the revenues generated from gaming and related entertainment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_development">Economic development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Learning from operations on the <a href="/wiki/Colville_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colville (tribe)">Colville</a> reservation in Washington state, Chairman Tommie directed the establishment of a tax-free cigarette shop on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Reservation" title="Hollywood Reservation">Hollywood Reservation</a>, where the tribe started to generate more substantial income. Next, they pursued a high-stakes <a href="/wiki/Bingo_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bingo (U.S.)">bingo</a> operation on their reservation, which also started to generate substantial revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-Kersey_1996,_pp._118-126_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kersey_1996,_pp._118-126-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bingo,_casino_gaming,_hotels"><span id="Bingo.2C_casino_gaming.2C_hotels"></span>Bingo, casino gaming, hotels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bingo, casino gaming, hotels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jim Billie furthered the tribe's 1979 high-stakes bingo plan. Surviving multiple court challenges, the first major <a href="/wiki/Native_American_gaming" title="Native American gaming">Indian gaming</a> establishment in the United States was opened in 1981 by the Seminole. Subsequent changes in federal and state laws have paved the way for dozens of other tribes to increase their revenues through development of gambling casinos, resorts, and related hotels and retail outlets.<sup id="cite_ref-Fixico188_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fixico188-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All generate revenue as well for the states in which they are located, under compacts regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Gaming_Regulatory_Act" title="Indian Gaming Regulatory Act">Indian Gaming Regulatory Act</a> of 1988. </p><p>The Seminole tribe has six reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-reservations_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reservations-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have developed more extensive hotels and related resorts for gaming on some of their reservations. In 2007, the Tribe bought the <a href="/wiki/Hard_Rock_Cafe" title="Hard Rock Cafe">Hard Rock Cafe</a> franchise for $965 million, including 124 Hard Rock Cafes, four Hard Rock Hotels, two Hard Rock Hotels and Casino-Hotels, two Hard Rock Live concert venues, and stakes in three unbranded hotels.<sup id="cite_ref-seattlepi_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seattlepi-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, they established the Hard Rock Cafe brand in their hotels and casinos. They now have a total of six casinos.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_sports_wagering">Online sports wagering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Online sports wagering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, Florida Governor <a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">Ron DeSantis</a> signed a deal with the tribe to operate online <a href="/wiki/Sports_betting" title="Sports betting">sports betting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on November 23, 2021, D.C. District Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Dabney_L._Friedrich" title="Dabney L. Friedrich">Dabney L. Friedrich</a> held that the compact violated Federal Law, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Gaming_Regulatory_Act" title="Indian Gaming Regulatory Act">Indian Gaming Regulatory Act</a> (IGRA).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the heart of the matter was a Seminole plan to offer sports betting state-wide using servers housed on tribal lands. The compact violated IGRA because any state-sanctioned gambling must occur on tribal lands, unless state law allows online wagering from any location in the state. Since Florida law does not permit such activity, the agreement between Governor DeSantis and the tribe was declared void.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The judge further ordered the state of Florida to reinstate the 2010 compact previously agreed to by Seminole tribe. The tribe subsequently appealed the court's ruling on November 24, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 3, 2021, the District of Columbia appellate court denied the appeal because they failed to demonstrate any irreparable harm resulting from the loss of its state-wide sports betting operation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of Justice - which failed to follow the law when it initially approved the compact - also filed its appeal in late January 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online sports wagering resumed on November 7, 2023 for previous users of the Hard Rock Bet app.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_industries">Other industries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other significant parts of their economy are based on production of the citrus groves and cattle farming on the Brighton and Big Cypress reservations, and forestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker392_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker392-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with a small group of cattle brought from the West in the 1930s, the Seminole Tribe has developed the 12th-largest cattle operation in the country. It is located primarily on the <a href="/wiki/Big_Cypress_Reservation" title="Big Cypress Reservation">Big Cypress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Reservation" title="Brighton Reservation">Brighton</a> reservations. In a related development, since 2008 the Seminole Tribe has marketed its beef under the brand, Seminole Beef. They are featuring it in their Hard Rock Cafe and hotels, and intend to market it to other Native American tribes, military installations, restaurants, and grocery stores throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-barn_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barn-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tourism, both as related to the casinos and in terms of attracting people to the reservations for hunting, fishing, and guided tours, is also a part of their economy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revenue_and_employment">Revenue and employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Revenue and employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a tribal audit, in 2005 the tribe took in $1.1 billion in revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-revenue_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revenue-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They pay a dividend to tribal members on a monthly basis from a portion of the income to the tribe. In February 2012, the <i>Tampa Bay Times</i> reported that the Seminole Tribe employed a total of 12,000 people at its headquarters and six casino operations.<sup id="cite_ref-tampa_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tampa-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citizenship">Citizenship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early part of the 20th century, the Seminole were still mostly full-bloods and had prohibitions against members marrying outside the tribe. In a 1999 interview, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Mae_Tiger_Jumper" title="Betty Mae Tiger Jumper">Betty Mae Tiger Jumper</a>, chairwoman of the tribe from 1967 to 1971, said that in the late 1920s, Seminole <a href="/wiki/Medicine_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine men">medicine men</a> had threatened to kill her and her brother, then young children, because they were of mixed heritage with a White father. She heard that other people of mixed heritage had been killed. Her great-uncle moved her family to the Dania reservation for safety.<sup id="cite_ref-interview_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interview-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, former chairman <a href="/wiki/Jim_Billie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Billie">Jim Billie</a>, who also had a White father, recounted that, as an infant, he was threatened in 1944 by tribal men because he was of mixed ancestry; his mother and Betty Mae Tiger, then a young woman, saved his life.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tribe has since become more open to intermarriage. It also permits non-tribal spouses (including White or Black) to live on the reservations, unlike in earlier times. It requires tribal members to have a documented <a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood quantum">blood quantum</a> of at least one-quarter Seminole ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-clary_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clary-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2000 there were around 2,000 enrolled citizen in the tribe,<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker389_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker389-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with over 1,300 living on the reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker392_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker392-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tribe includes some <a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a>, including 50 living on Fort Pierce Reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-clary_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clary-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reservations">Reservations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reservations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Seminole Tribe currently has six <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian reservations">reservations</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-reservations_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reservations-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Cypress_Reservation" title="Big Cypress Reservation">Big Cypress Reservation</a>, the largest territory, including 81.972 sq mi (212.306 km²)<sup id="cite_ref-barn_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barn-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Reservation" title="Brighton Reservation">Brighton Reservation</a>, 57.090 sq mi (147.862 km²)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Reservation" title="Hollywood Reservation">Hollywood Reservation</a>, 497 acres (2.01 km<sup>2</sup>) <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immokalee_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Immokalee Reservation">Immokalee Reservation</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Immokalee,_Florida" title="Immokalee, Florida">Immokalee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collier_County,_Florida" title="Collier County, Florida">Collier County</a>, 594.45 acres (2.4057 km<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa_Reservation" title="Tampa Reservation">Tampa Reservation</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_Florida" title="Hillsborough County, Florida">Hillsborough County</a>, 38.67 acres (0.156 Km²)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pierce_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Pierce Reservation">Fort Pierce Reservation</a>, a 50 acres (0.20 km<sup>2</sup>) site in <a href="/wiki/St._Lucie_County" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucie County">St. Lucie County</a>, taken into trust for the tribe in 1995 by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of Interior</a>. The tribe has constructed a modern housing development, known as Chupco's Landing, and a community center for members.</li></ul> <p>Additionally, the tribe has purchased a 796-acre (322 ha) tract of land at the edge of the Green Swamp north of <a href="/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida" title="Lakeland, Florida">Lakeland, Florida</a>, known as the Lakeland Trust Lands, which it intends to turn into a 151-home tribal residential development with facilities for residents' social, cultural, and educational needs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bidding to construct the first phase of the development ended in October 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0225R_Big_Cypress_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Big Cypress Reservation"><img alt="Location of Big Cypress Reservation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/0225R_Big_Cypress_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/120px-0225R_Big_Cypress_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/0225R_Big_Cypress_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/180px-0225R_Big_Cypress_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/0225R_Big_Cypress_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/240px-0225R_Big_Cypress_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Location of Big Cypress Reservation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0360R_Brighton_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Brighton Reservation"><img alt="Location of Brighton Reservation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/0360R_Brighton_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/120px-0360R_Brighton_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/0360R_Brighton_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/180px-0360R_Brighton_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/0360R_Brighton_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/240px-0360R_Brighton_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Location of Brighton Reservation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1475R_Hollywood_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Hollywood Reservation"><img alt="Location of Hollywood Reservation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/1475R_Hollywood_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/120px-1475R_Hollywood_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/1475R_Hollywood_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/180px-1475R_Hollywood_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/1475R_Hollywood_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/240px-1475R_Hollywood_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Location of Hollywood Reservation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1555R_Immokalee_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Immokalee Reservation"><img alt="Location of Immokalee Reservation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/1555R_Immokalee_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/120px-1555R_Immokalee_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/1555R_Immokalee_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/180px-1555R_Immokalee_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/1555R_Immokalee_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/240px-1555R_Immokalee_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Location of Immokalee Reservation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4130R_Tampa_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Tampa Reservation"><img alt="Location of Tampa Reservation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/4130R_Tampa_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/120px-4130R_Tampa_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/4130R_Tampa_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/180px-4130R_Tampa_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/4130R_Tampa_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/240px-4130R_Tampa_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Location of Tampa Reservation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1260R_Fort_Pierce_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Fort Pierce Reservation"><img alt="Location of Fort Pierce Reservation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1260R_Fort_Pierce_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/120px-1260R_Fort_Pierce_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1260R_Fort_Pierce_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/180px-1260R_Fort_Pierce_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/1260R_Fort_Pierce_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/240px-1260R_Fort_Pierce_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Location of Fort Pierce Reservation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3665T_Seminole_(FL)_Trust_Land_Locator_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Lakeland Trust Lands"><img alt="Location of Lakeland Trust Lands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/3665T_Seminole_%28FL%29_Trust_Land_Locator_Map.svg/120px-3665T_Seminole_%28FL%29_Trust_Land_Locator_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/3665T_Seminole_%28FL%29_Trust_Land_Locator_Map.svg/180px-3665T_Seminole_%28FL%29_Trust_Land_Locator_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/3665T_Seminole_%28FL%29_Trust_Land_Locator_Map.svg/240px-3665T_Seminole_%28FL%29_Trust_Land_Locator_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Location of Lakeland Trust Lands</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most members of the Tribe are bilingual, speaking the <a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki language</a> (also spoken by the Miccosukee Tribe) and English. The language has been referred to as a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Hitchiti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitchiti language">Hitchiti</a>, a dialect of Hitchiti, and another term for Hitchiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_J._B._Muskogean_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_J._B._Muskogean-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spanish_Loanwords_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Loanwords-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weisman_Nativism_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisman_Nativism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mikasuki_Native_Languages_of_the_Southeastern_United_States_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikasuki_Native_Languages_of_the_Southeastern_United_States-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, all members of the Big Cypress Reservation and most Florida Seminole spoke Mikasuki.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Florida Seminole communities, notably those on the Brighton Reservation, speak the Florida Seminole Creek dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Mvskoke_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mvskoke language">Mvskoke language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Southeastern_Languages_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southeastern_Languages-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahon201202_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon201202-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of both <a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean languages</a> has declined among younger people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Indigenous language use declining among youth is common, so this is plausible. However, I can not find information relating to the Seminole Tribe of Florida specifically, and as per WP:SYNTH I can not cite a paper describing Indigenous languages as a whole to infer something unstated. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Seminole continue to observe traditional practices such as the <a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Corn Dance">Green Corn Dance</a>. They have two ceremonial grounds within the boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Cypress_National_Preserve" title="Big Cypress National Preserve">Big Cypress National Preserve</a>. </p><p>In addition, they have created some new celebrations: the Big Shootout at Big Cypress, celebrated since 1997. A few years ago, they added an historical re-enactment to the annual Big Shootout, in which re-enactors take the part of Seminole, Black Seminole and US forces.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Mae_Tiger_Jumper" title="Betty Mae Tiger Jumper">Betty Mae Tiger Jumper</a> (later to be elected as chairwoman of the tribe) and Alice Osceola established the first tribal newspaper, the <i>Seminole News</i>, which sold for 10 cents a copy. It was dropped after a while, but in 1972 the <i>Alligator Times</i> was established.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, it was renamed the <i>Seminole Tribune</i>, as it continues today. Betty Mae Tiger Jumper became the editor-in-chief. As the tribal storyteller, she contributed <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral history</a> and articles about Seminole culture. In 1989, the monthly <i>Seminole Tribune</i> became the first Native American newspaper to win a <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Journalism_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award">Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award</a> and was nominated for a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Journalists_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Journalists Association">Native American Journalists Association</a>, it earned five awards from that organization in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-about_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki_Museum_(Seminole)_P002_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki_Museum_%28Seminole%29_P002_crop.jpg/220px-Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki_Museum_%28Seminole%29_P002_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki_Museum_%28Seminole%29_P002_crop.jpg/330px-Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki_Museum_%28Seminole%29_P002_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki_Museum_%28Seminole%29_P002_crop.jpg/440px-Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki_Museum_%28Seminole%29_P002_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2298" /></a><figcaption>Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The Seminole tribal libraries include Billy Osceola Memorial Library in Brighton, Willie Frank Memorial Library in Big Cypress, Dorothy Scott Osceola Memorial Library in Hollywood, and Diane Yzaguirre Memorial Library in Immokalee.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The libraries are public, and emphasize material related to the Seminole Tribe and Florida. The libraries feature more than 23,000 titles, periodicals, videos, CD ROMS, photo archives, and tapes. It also includes four decades of news articles related to the Seminole Tribe including an archive of the <i>Seminole Tribune</i>. The Tribal Memorabilia Collection at <a href="/wiki/Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki_Seminole_Indian_Museum" title="Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Seminole Indian Museum">Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Seminole Indian Museum</a> is a continually growing collection of many kinds of objects that represent activities and events of the Seminole Tribe of Florida for more than 20 years. <sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The libraries are visited yearly by more than 20,000 people and feature summer programs. Tribal and nontribal individuals use the library as a research center. </p><p>The idea of a tribal library originated in the 1940s at the Brighton Day School by William Boehmer and his wife with a book collection at the school. This system was improved on in 1985 with the help of Director of Education Winnifred Tiger and her assistant Patricia Jagiel. A professional librarian by the name of Norman H. Tribbet was hired along with additional staff. The Libraries' collections were updated along with their furnishings. Recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the library has made efforts to modernize by updating and automating its systems. Their card catalogues have been automated and an Electric Library has been established where patrons can view thousands of books, magazines, and radio and television transcripts. The Dorothy Scott Osceola Memorial Library located at the Hollywood Reservation was temporarily relocated to other facilities during construction. Both this and the Billy Osceola Memorial Library were built in the late 1990s. After construction, the new building located at the Hollywood Reservation contained all Education programs. The addition at the Brighton Reservation doubled the size of the old library. All services were available at both sites during construction.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the libraries received a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki_Seminole_Indian_Museum" title="Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Seminole Indian Museum">Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Seminole Indian Museum</a> to decolonize historic narratives and make a historic newspaper collection more accessible to the museum's community.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Florida_State_University">Florida State University</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Florida State University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a> in Tallahassee uses the Seminole name and imagery for its athletics programs, the <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles" title="Florida State Seminoles">Florida State Seminoles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was adopted in 1947 after a fan vote; reportedly the new <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a> team preferred it so much that they stuffed the ballot box in its favor.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1978, a student portraying <a href="/wiki/Osceola_and_Renegade" title="Osceola and Renegade">Osceola</a> has been the official symbol at football games.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s and 1990s, when <a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">mascots based on Native Americans</a> were viewed as controversial, and considered by some to be racially problematic, many Native Americans and supporters protested their use. Florida State consulted with the Seminole Tribe of Florida, emphasizing that their use of the names and Osceola were not intended to be demeaning. Several representatives of the Seminole Tribe, including Chairman <a href="/wiki/James_E._Billie" title="James E. Billie">James E. Billie</a> and Council Member Max Osceola, have given FSU their blessing to use Osceola and Seminole imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USAToday_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAToday-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the matter remains controversial for other Florida Seminoles, as well as members of the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminole Tribe of Oklahoma">Seminole Tribe of Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-King145147_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King145147-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rosier_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosier-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, FSU was among the schools potentially facing <a href="/wiki/NCAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA">NCAA</a> sanctions for using "abusive and hostile " Native American mascots and names; after much deliberation, the NCAA gave FSU an exemption, citing the university's relationship with the Seminole Tribe of Florida as a major factor.<sup id="cite_ref-USAToday_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAToday-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, both FSU and the Tribe publicly praise their mutually agreeable relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, Carla Gopher was the first member of the Seminole tribe to graduate from FSU.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribal_chairmen_since_reorganization">Tribal chairmen since reorganization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tribal chairmen since reorganization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1957–1966:<sup id="cite_ref-Kersey_(1996)_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kersey_(1996)-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Billy_Osceola" title="Billy Osceola">Billy Osceola</a>, inaugural holder.<sup id="cite_ref-Seminole_Timeline_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seminole_Timeline-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1967–1971: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Mae_Tiger_Jumper" title="Betty Mae Tiger Jumper">Betty Mae Tiger Jumper</a>, first and only chairwoman of the tribe, editor-in-chief of the <i>Seminole Tribune,</i><sup id="cite_ref-about_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tribal communications director,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the last matriarch of the Snake clan. Jumper spoke English, Mikasuki, and Muskogee.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1971–1979: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Tommie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Tommie (page does not exist)">Howard Tommie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> political leader and two-term chairman of Seminole Tribal Council who initiated programs in the 1970s, including accepting the U.S. land claim settlement; successfully negotiated with the <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">State of Florida</a> for water rights for the Seminole reservations, and establishment of tax-free smoke shops and high-stakes bingo as revenue generators. Tommie speaks English, Mikasuki, and Muskogee.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1979–2003: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Billie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Billie">Jim Billie</a>, suspended in 2001, officially removed in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Testerman_(2003)_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Testerman_(2003)-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billie chaired during an expansion of Indian gaming and increase in tribal wealth and economic development.</li> <li>2003<sup id="cite_ref-Fogelson_(2004)_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fogelson_(2004)-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–2011:<sup id="cite_ref-Billie_Re-elected_(2011)_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billie_Re-elected_(2011)-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitchell_Cypress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitchell Cypress (page does not exist)">Mitchell Cypress</a></li> <li>2011–2016:<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Billie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Billie">Jim Billie</a>, re-elected and again removed by Seminole Tribal Council in a unanimous vote (4–0) on account of "various issues with policies and procedures of the Chairman's office."</li> <li>2016–present: Marcellus Osceola Jr.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Florida_Seminole">Notable Florida Seminole</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable Florida Seminole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiaka" title="Abiaka">Abiaka</a>, medicine chief and war chief of the Miccosukee during the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a> who successfully defied <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">attempts by the Jackson administration to extract native tribes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a> to present-day Oklahoma.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Billie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Billie">Jim Billie</a>, longest-serving chief.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Gopher" title="Louise Gopher">Louise Gopher</a>, first Seminole Tribe of Florida college graduate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Mae_Tiger_Jumper" title="Betty Mae Tiger Jumper">Betty Mae Tiger Jumper</a>, first female chief.</li> <li>Cheyenne Kippenberger, first Seminole woman to be crowned <a href="/wiki/Miss_Indian_World" title="Miss Indian World">Miss Indian World</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micanopy" title="Micanopy">Micanopy</a>, principal chief from 1825, through the <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a>, until his death in 1849 in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osceola" title="Osceola">Osceola</a>, born William Powell Jr., war chief during the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Shore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Shore (page does not exist)">Jim Shore</a>, first Florida Seminole to become a lawyer, now General Counsel of the Tribe,<sup id="cite_ref-tampa_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tampa-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took a major role in land claims negotiations in the late 20th century<sup id="cite_ref-kersey96_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kersey96-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoto_Tiger" title="Desoto Tiger">Desoto Tiger</a>, trapper, first Seminole murder victim whose White killer was convicted of murder, although no time was served.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Billie" title="Susie Billie">Susie Jim Billie</a>, traditional maker of medicine and grand matriarch of the Panther clan in her region</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɪʧəˌti/</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_J._B._Muskogean_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_J._B._Muskogean-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pritzker389-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker389_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker389_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker, page 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_J._B._Muskogean-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_J._B._Muskogean_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_J._B._Muskogean_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_J._B._Muskogean_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartin2017" class="citation cs2">Martin, Jack B. (May 24, 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-39">"Muskogean Languages"</a>, <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-39%3Frskey%3Dbq62pl">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-39?rskey=bq62pl</a> (inactive November 1, 2024), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muskogean+Languages&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.date=2017-05-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-39%3Frskey%3Dbq62pl&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jack+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Flinguistics%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199384655-e-39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanish_Loanwords-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_Loanwords_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_Loanwords_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Cecil H. 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(December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03377302">"Nativism, Resistance, and Ethnogenesis of the Florida Seminole Indian Identity"</a>. <i>Historical Archaeology</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 198–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf03377302">10.1007/bf03377302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0440-9213">0440-9213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53460080">53460080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Nativism%2C+Resistance%2C+and+Ethnogenesis+of+the+Florida+Seminole+Indian+Identity&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=198-212&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53460080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0440-9213&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf03377302&rft.aulast=Weisman&rft.aufirst=Brent+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fbf03377302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikasuki_Native_Languages_of_the_Southeastern_United_States-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mikasuki_Native_Languages_of_the_Southeastern_United_States_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikasuki_Native_Languages_of_the_Southeastern_United_States_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy, Heather & Janine Scancarelli. (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nd5o9juMePEC&q=Mikasuki">Native Languages of the Southeastern United States</a>,</i> Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 69-70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahon201202-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahon201202_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahon201202_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahon201202_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahon, pages 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southeastern_Languages-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southeastern_Languages_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southeastern_Languages_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Jack B. 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William Sturtevant, Smithsonian Institution, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campclankinamong331spoe">Alexander Spoehr, <i>Camp, Clan, and Kin among the Cow Creek Seminole of Florida</i></a>, Field Museum, Anthropological Series, Volume 33, Number 1 (August 2, 1941), pages 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahon203204-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahon203204_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahon203204_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahon203204_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahon, pages 203–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker, page 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Covington_(1980)-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Covington_(1980)_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCovington1980" class="citation web cs1">Covington, James W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Florida+Sun-Sentinel&rft.atitle=On+Fort+Pierce+Reservation%2C+black+Seminoles+complain+of+isolation&rft.date=2007-11-26&rft.au=Mike+Clary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sun-sentinel.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fsouthflorida%2Fsfl-semftpiercesbnov26%2C0%2C1843655%2Cfull.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/09/14/3002805/seminole-tribe-to-close-hollywood.html">Daniel Chang, "Seminole Tribe to Close Park Near Hollywood"</a>, <i>Miami Herald</i>, 14 September 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2011" class="citation news cs1">Palmer, Tom (February 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theledger.com/news/20110213/seminoles-pursue-new-reservation-in-polk">"Seminoles Pursue New Reservation in Polk"</a>. <i>The Ledger</i>. Lakeland, Florida<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ledger&rft.atitle=Seminoles+Pursue+New+Reservation+in+Polk&rft.date=2011-02-13&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theledger.com%2Fnews%2F20110213%2Fseminoles-pursue-new-reservation-in-polk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semtribe.com/Services/InvitationToBid/Projects/TribeWide/RFP%2099-2018%20Lakeland%20Trust%20Land%20Infrastructure%20Development/RFP%2099-2018%20Lakeland%20Trust%20Land%20Infrastructure%20Development%20Phase%201.pdf">"Seminole Tribe of Florida Request for Proposals: RFP 99-2018 Infrastructure Development Phase I, Lakeland Trust Lands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Seminole Tribe of Florida<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seminole+Tribe+of+Florida+Request+for+Proposals%3A+RFP+99-2018+Infrastructure+Development+Phase+I%2C+Lakeland+Trust+Lands&rft.pub=Seminole+Tribe+of+Florida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semtribe.com%2FServices%2FInvitationToBid%2FProjects%2FTribeWide%2FRFP%252099-2018%2520Lakeland%2520Trust%2520Land%2520Infrastructure%2520Development%2FRFP%252099-2018%2520Lakeland%2520Trust%2520Land%2520Infrastructure%2520Development%2520Phase%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kersey, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semtribe.com/SeminoleTribune/">Current issue</a>, <i>Seminole Tribune</i>, March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/91640874/">"About Alligator times. (Hollywood, Fla.) 1972–1983"</a>. <i>Chronicling America: Historical American Newspapers</i>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronicling+America%3A+Historical+American+Newspapers&rft.atitle=About+Alligator+times.+%28Hollywood%2C+Fla.%29+1972%E2%80%931983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2F91640874%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-about-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-about_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semtribe.com/SeminoleTribune/AboutUs.aspx">"About Us"</a>, <i>The Seminole Tribune</i>, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seminole Tribe of Florida.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semtribe.com/stof/services/tribal-library-program">Tribal Library Program</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahtahthiki.com/libraryarchives/">Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.usf.edu/SFS0000181/00001">"Seminole Tribal Library System"</a>. <i>Digital Collections</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Collections&rft.atitle=Seminole+Tribal+Library+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.usf.edu%2FSFS0000181%2F00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Institute of Museum and Library Services. Native American/Native Hawaiian Museum Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imls.gov/grants/awarded/mn-248954-oms-21">Seminole Tribe of Florida.</a> 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity" class="citation web cs1">University, Florida State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsu.edu/seminole-tribe/">"Florida State University"</a>. <i>www.fsu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fsu.edu&rft.atitle=Florida+State+University&rft.aulast=University&rft.aufirst=Florida+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsu.edu%2Fseminole-tribe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingCharles_Fruehling2001" class="citation book cs1">King, C. Richard; Charles Fruehling (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TG2s-lIldYC"><i>Team Spirits: The Native American Mascots Controversy</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803277984" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803277984"><bdi>978-0803277984</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Team+Spirits%3A+The+Native+American+Mascots+Controversy&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0803277984&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=C.+Richard&rft.au=Charles+Fruehling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TG2s-lIldYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingCharles_Fruehling2001" class="citation book cs1">King, C. Richard; Charles Fruehling (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TG2s-lIldYC"><i>Team Spirits: The Native American Mascots Controversy</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803277984" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803277984"><bdi>978-0803277984</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Team+Spirits%3A+The+Native+American+Mascots+Controversy&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0803277984&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=C.+Richard&rft.au=Charles+Fruehling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TG2s-lIldYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/sports/seminoles/2020/07/10/why-florida-state-seminole-tribe-stand-behind-the-seminoles-nickname/">"Why Florida State, Seminole Tribe stand behind the Seminoles nickname"</a>. <i>Tampa Bay Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Florida+State%2C+Seminole+Tribe+stand+behind+the+Seminoles+nickname&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fsports%2Fseminoles%2F2020%2F07%2F10%2Fwhy-florida-state-seminole-tribe-stand-behind-the-seminoles-nickname%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingCharles_Fruehling_Springwood2001" class="citation book cs1">King, C. Richard; Charles Fruehling Springwood (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TG2s-lIldYC"><i>Team Spirits: The Native American Mascots Controversy</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 143–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803277984" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803277984"><bdi>978-0803277984</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Team+Spirits%3A+The+Native+American+Mascots+Controversy&rft.pages=143-145&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0803277984&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=C.+Richard&rft.au=Charles+Fruehling+Springwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TG2s-lIldYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAToday-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USAToday_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAToday_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Wieberg2005" class="citation news cs1">Steve Wieberg (August 23, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/college/2005-08-23-fsu-mascot-approved_x.htm">"NCAA allowing Florida State to use its Seminole mascot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=NCAA+allowing+Florida+State+to+use+its+Seminole+mascot&rft.date=2005-08-23&rft.au=Steve+Wieberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fsports%2Fcollege%2F2005-08-23-fsu-mascot-approved_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King145147-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-King145147_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingCharles_Fruehling_Springwood2001" class="citation book cs1">King, C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Team+Spirits%3A+The+Native+American+Mascots+Controversy&rft.pages=145-147&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0803277984&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=C.+Richard&rft.au=Charles+Fruehling+Springwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TG2s-lIldYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosier-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rosier_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosier2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosier, Paul C. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanis0000rosi"><i>Native American Issues (Contemporary American Ethnic Issues)</i></a></span>. Greenwood. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanis0000rosi/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313320026" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313320026"><bdi>978-0313320026</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+Issues+%28Contemporary+American+Ethnic+Issues%29&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0313320026&rft.aulast=Rosier&rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativeamericanis0000rosi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/24/sports/24mascot.html?_r=0">"Florida State Can Keep Its Seminoles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. August 24, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Florida+State+Can+Keep+Its+Seminoles&rft.date=2005-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F24%2Fsports%2F24mascot.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuck2014" class="citation news cs1">Chuck, Culpepper (December 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/colleges/florida-states-unusual-bond-with-seminole-tribe-puts-mascot-debate-in-a-different-light/2014/12/29/5386841a-8eea-11e4-ba53-a477d66580ed_story.html?noredirect=on">"Florida State's unusual bond with Seminole Tribe puts mascot debate in a different light"</a>. <i>The Washingtonpost</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washingtonpost&rft.atitle=Florida+State%27s+unusual+bond+with+Seminole+Tribe+puts+mascot+debate+in+a+different+light&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft.aulast=Chuck&rft.aufirst=Culpepper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsports%2Fcolleges%2Fflorida-states-unusual-bond-with-seminole-tribe-puts-mascot-debate-in-a-different-light%2F2014%2F12%2F29%2F5386841a-8eea-11e4-ba53-a477d66580ed_story.html%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicomm.fsu.edu/messages/relationship-seminole-tribe-florida/">"Relationship with the Seminole Tribe of Florida | Messages | University Communications"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relationship+with+the+Seminole+Tribe+of+Florida+%26%23124%3B+Messages+%26%23124%3B+University+Communications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicomm.fsu.edu%2Fmessages%2Frelationship-seminole-tribe-florida%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity" class="citation web cs1">University, Florida State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsu.edu/seminole-tribe/know.html">"Florida State University"</a>. <i>www.fsu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fsu.edu&rft.atitle=Florida+State+University&rft.aulast=University&rft.aufirst=Florida+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsu.edu%2Fseminole-tribe%2Fknow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kersey_(1996)-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kersey_(1996)_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKersey1996" class="citation book cs1">Kersey, Harry A. (1996). <i>An assumption of sovereignty : social and political transformation among the Florida Seminoles, 1953–1979</i>. Lincoln [u.a.]: Univ. of Nebraska Press. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2728-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2728-6"><bdi>978-0-8032-2728-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+assumption+of+sovereignty+%3A+social+and+political+transformation+among+the+Florida+Seminoles%2C+1953%E2%80%931979&rft.place=Lincoln+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-2728-6&rft.aulast=Kersey&rft.aufirst=Harry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seminole_Timeline-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seminole_Timeline_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semtribe.com/History/TimelineText.aspx">"Seminole Timeline"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seminole+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semtribe.com%2FHistory%2FTimelineText.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Betty Mae Tiger-Jumper and Patsy West, <i>A Seminole Legend</i>, University Press of Florida, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kersey (1996), p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMai0byXnYC&dq=Howard+Tommie,+Seminole&pg=PA171">Harry A. Kersey, "Howard Tommie, Seminole"</a>, <i>The New Warriors: Native American Leaders Since 1900</i>, ed. R. Edmunds, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kersey (1996), pp. 120–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Testerman_(2003)-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Testerman_(2003)_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesterman2003" class="citation news cs1">Testerman, Jeff (March 19, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.com/2003/03/19/State/Seminoles_sack_chairm.shtml">"Seminoles sack chairman James Billie"</a>. St. Petersburg Times On Line<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Seminoles+sack+chairman+James+Billie&rft.date=2003-03-19&rft.aulast=Testerman&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sptimes.com%2F2003%2F03%2F19%2FState%2FSeminoles_sack_chairm.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fogelson_(2004)-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fogelson_(2004)_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogelsonSturtevant2004" class="citation book cs1">Fogelson, Raymond D.; Sturtevant, William C., eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JH-TPFjLk4C"><i>Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 14, Southeast</i></a>. Washington: Smithsonian Inst. p. 445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-072300-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-072300-1"><bdi>978-0-16-072300-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians%2C+Vol.+14%2C+Southeast&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=445&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Inst.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-16-072300-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3JH-TPFjLk4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Billie_Re-elected_(2011)-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Billie_Re-elected_(2011)_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miami.cbslocal.com/2011/05/11/james-billie-once-again-chairman-of-seminole-tribe/">"James Billie Once Again Chairman Of Seminole Tribe"</a>. CBS Local Media. Associated Press. May 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=James+Billie+Once+Again+Chairman+Of+Seminole+Tribe&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiami.cbslocal.com%2F2011%2F05%2F11%2Fjames-billie-once-again-chairman-of-seminole-tribe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney" class="citation news cs1">Sweeney, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-seminole-tribe-chairman-election-20161101-story.html">"Seminole Tribe elects new chairman"</a>. <i>Sun-Sentinel.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sun-Sentinel.com&rft.atitle=Seminole+Tribe+elects+new+chairman&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sun-sentinel.com%2Fnews%2Ffl-seminole-tribe-chairman-election-20161101-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kersey96-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kersey96_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMKEsMiieJQC&dq=1976+SEminole+land+claim+settlement&pg=PA142">Harry A. Kersey, <i>An Assumption of Sovereignty: Social and Political Transformation Among the Florida Seminoles, 1953–1979</i></a>, U of Nebraska Press, 1996, p. 148</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClary,_Mile2011" class="citation news cs1">Clary, Mile (May 10, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526093950/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2011-05-10/news/fl-seminole-billie-elected-20110510_1_mitchell-cypress-james-billie-hollywood-council-representative">"Once ousted, James Billie returns to lead Seminole Tribe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_Florida_Sun-Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="South Florida Sun-Sentinel">South Florida Sun-Sentinel</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2011-05-10/news/fl-seminole-billie-elected-20110510_1_mitchell-cypress-james-billie-hollywood-council-representative">the original</a> on May 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Florida+Sun-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Once+ousted%2C+James+Billie+returns+to+lead+Seminole+Tribe&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft.au=Clary%2C+Mile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.sun-sentinel.com%2F2011-05-10%2Fnews%2Ffl-seminole-billie-elected-20110510_1_mitchell-cypress-james-billie-hollywood-council-representative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fixico, Donald Lee (2006). <i>American Indians in a Modern World</i>. Rowman Altamira. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-1170-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-1170-7">0-7591-1170-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher,_Peter_B.2004" class="citation news cs1">Gallagher, Peter B. (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulfshorelife.com/ARTICLES/Past-Issues/2004/October-2004/The-Rise-and-Fall-of-Chief-Jim-Billie.aspx">"The Rise and Fall of Chief Jim Billie"</a>. <i>Gulfshore Life</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulfshore+Life&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Chief+Jim+Billie&rft.date=2004-10&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+Peter+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulfshorelife.com%2FARTICLES%2FPast-Issues%2F2004%2FOctober-2004%2FThe-Rise-and-Fall-of-Chief-Jim-Billie.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeminole+Tribe+of+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMKEsMiieJQC&dq=1976+SEminole+land+claim+settlement&pg=PA142">Kersey, Harry A. <i>An Assumption of Sovereignty: Social and Political Transformation Among the Florida Seminoles, 1953–1979</i></a>, University of Nebraska Press, 1996</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMai0byXnYC&q=Howard+Tommie,+Seminole">Kersey, Harry A., "Howard Tommie, Seminole"</a>, <i>The New Warriors: Native American Leaders Since 1900</i>, ed. R. Edmunds, University of Nebraska Press, 2004</li> <li>Mahon, John K.; Brent R. Weisman (1996). "Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Peoples". In Gannon, Michael (Ed.). <i>The New History of Florida</i>, pp. 183–206. University Press of Florida. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1415-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1415-8">0-8130-1415-8</a>.</li> <li>Mulroy, Kevin. "Seminole Maroons", <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast,</i> Vol. 14, ed. William Sturtevant, Smithsonian Institution, 2004</li> <li>Pritzker, Barry (2000) <i>A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513897-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513897-X">0-19-513897-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/bicy/miccosukee_seminole_indians.pdf">National Park Service, Goss, James A. <i>Usual and Customary Use by the Miccosukee and Seminole Indians in Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida</i></a>, National Park Service, 1995</li> <li>Garbarino, Merwyn S. (1972). <i>Big Cypress: A Changing Seminole Community</i>, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.</li> <li>Garbarino, Merwyn S. (1988). <i>The Seminole</i>, New York: Chelsea House.</li> <li>Hudson, Charles (1976). <i>The Southeastern Indians</i>, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.</li> <li>McReynolds, Edwin C. (1957). <i>The Seminoles</i>, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.</li> <li>Sturtevant, William C. (1971). "Creek into Seminole." In <i>North American Indians in Historical Perspective,</i> edited by Eleanor B. Leacock and Nancy O. Lurie, 92–128. New York: Random House.</li> <li>Sturtevant, William C. (1987). <i>A Seminole Source Book</i>, New York: Garland Publishing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Seminole Tribe of Florida">Seminole Tribe of Florida</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semtribe.com">Seminole Tribe of Florida</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030605081719/http://www.seminoletribe.com/tribune/40anniversary/history.shtml">Patricia R. 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seminole" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ccccff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seminole" title="Template:Seminole"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seminole" title="Template talk:Seminole"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seminole" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seminole"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seminole" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ccccff;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally recognized tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miccosukee_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida">Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation of Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seminole Tribe of Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ccccff;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian reservations">Reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Cypress_Reservation" title="Big Cypress Reservation">Big Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Reservation" title="Brighton Reservation">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pierce_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Pierce Reservation">Fort Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Reservation" title="Hollywood Reservation">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immokalee_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Immokalee Reservation">Immokalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miccosukee_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Miccosukee Reservation">Miccosukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa_Reservation" title="Tampa Reservation">Tampa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ccccff;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ccccff;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki_Seminole_Indian_Museum" title="Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Seminole Indian Museum">Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_wrestling" title="Alligator wrestling">Alligator wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickee" title="Chickee">Chickee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastachee" title="Fastachee">Fastachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_music" title="Seminole music">Seminole music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_dance" title="Stomp dance">Stomp dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ccccff;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Everglades_region" title="Indigenous people of the Everglades region">Indigenous people of the Everglades region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ccccff;;width:1%">Politics and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chiefs_of_the_Seminoles" title="List of chiefs of the Seminoles">List of chiefs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Tax_Commission_v._United_States" title="Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States">Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_v._United_States" title="Seminole Nation v. United States">Seminole Nation v. United States</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ccccff;;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahfachkee_School" title="Ahfachkee School">Ahfachkee School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miccosukee_Indian_School" title="Miccosukee Indian School">Miccosukee Indian School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449545#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449545#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449545#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406275945">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/266362491">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131025094">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1713301/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5195109-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Seminole Tribe of Florida"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015169270">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Seminole Tribe of Florida, Dania, Big Cypress, Brighton, Hollywood & Tampa Reservations"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr91024486">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Seminole Tribe of Florida, Dania, Big Cypress, Brighton, Hollywood & Tampa Reservations"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538283805171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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