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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Emperor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constantine VIII</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantyn_VIII_van_Bisantium" title="Konstantyn VIII van Bisantium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Konstantyn VIII van Bisantium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="قسطنطين الثامن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قسطنطين الثامن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%C3%ADn_VIII" title="Constantín VIII – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Constantín VIII" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%C3%ADn_VIII" title="Constantín VIII – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Constantín VIII" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Konstantin" title="VIII Konstantin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="VIII Konstantin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سککیزینجی کونستانتین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سککیزینجی کونستانتین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_VIII" title="Канстанцін VIII – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстанцін VIII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_VIII" title="Константин VIII – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Константин VIII" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%C3%AD_VIII" title="Constantí VIII – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constantí VIII" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_VIII." title="Konstantin VIII. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konstantin VIII." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_VIII." title="Konstantin VIII. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konstantin VIII." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_VIII" title="Konstantinos VIII – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konstantinos VIII" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%97%CE%84" title="Κωνσταντίνος Η΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κωνσταντίνος Η΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_VIII" title="Constantino VIII – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constantino VIII" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanteno_la_8-a" title="Konstanteno la 8-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstanteno la 8-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantino_VIII.a" title="Konstantino VIII.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konstantino VIII.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%85" title="کنستانتین هشتم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنستانتین هشتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_VIII" title="Constantin VIII – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constantin VIII" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_VIII" title="Constantino VIII – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Constantino VIII" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%ED%8B%B0%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4_8%EC%84%B8" title="콘스탄티노스 8세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘스탄티노스 8세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6_VIII" title="Կոստանդին VIII – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոստանդին VIII" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_VIII." title="Konstantin VIII. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konstantin VIII." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dnstantinos_VIII" title="Kōnstantinos VIII – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kōnstantinos VIII" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costantino_VIII" title="Costantino VIII – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costantino VIII" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קונסטנטינוס השמיני, קיסר האימפריה הביזנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונסטנטינוס השמיני, קיסר האימפריה הביזנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_VIII" title="კონსტანტინე VIII – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონსტანტინე VIII" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinus_VIII" title="Constantinus VIII – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Constantinus VIII" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII._K%C3%B3nsztantinosz_biz%C3%A1nci_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="VIII. Kónsztantinosz bizánci császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="VIII. Kónsztantinosz bizánci császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_VIII" title="Константин VIII – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Константин VIII" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="قسطنطين التامن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قسطنطين التامن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantijn_VIII" title="Constantijn VIII – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Constantijn VIII" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B98%E4%B8%96" title="コンスタンティノス8世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンスタンティノス8世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_VIII" title="Konstantin VIII – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konstantin VIII" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantyn_VIII" title="Konstantyn VIII – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstantyn VIII" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantino_VIII" title="Constantino VIII – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constantino VIII" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_al_VIII-lea_Porfirogenetul" title="Constantin al VIII-lea Porfirogenetul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Constantin al VIII-lea Porfirogenetul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_VIII" title="Константин VIII – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Константин VIII" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C5%A1tant%C3%ADn_VIII." title="Konštantín VIII. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konštantín VIII." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_VIII." title="Konstantin VIII. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konstantin VIII." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_VIII" title="Константин VIII – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Константин VIII" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_VIII" title="Konstantin VIII – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konstantin VIII" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine emperor from 962 to 1028</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Constantine VIII</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Constantine_VIII_in_the_Exultet_roll_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Contemporary miniature of Constantine VIII, from a <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> <a href="/wiki/Exultet_roll" title="Exultet roll">Exultet roll</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandCutler1991503–504_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandCutler1991503–504-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpatharakis197691–95_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpatharakis197691–95-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">15 December 1025 – <br />11 November 1028<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 March 962</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">960</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11/12 November 1028<br />(aged 67–68)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helena,_daughter_of_Alypius" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena, daughter of Alypius">Helena</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eudokia_Porphyrogenita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eudokia Porphyrogenita (page does not exist)">Eudokia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Theophano</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Constantine VIII</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Κωνσταντῖνος</span>, <i>Kōnstantinos</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 960 – 11/12 November 1028) was <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> from 962 until his death. He was the younger son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a> and Empress <a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Theophano</a>. He was nominal co-emperor since 962, successively with his father; stepfather, <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a>; uncle, <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a>; and brother, <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a>. Basil's death in 1025 left Constantine as the sole emperor. He occupied the throne for 66 years in total, making him <i>de jure</i> the longest-reigning amongst <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">all Roman emperors</a> since <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. </p><p>Constantine displayed a lifelong lack of interest in politics, statecraft and the military, and during his brief sole reign the government of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> suffered from mismanagement and neglect. He had no sons and was instead succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Romanos_Argyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos Argyros">Romanos Argyros</a>, husband of his daughter <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanos_et_Eudoxie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Romanos_et_Eudoxie.JPG/170px-Romanos_et_Eudoxie.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Romanos_et_Eudoxie.JPG/255px-Romanos_et_Eudoxie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Romanos_et_Eudoxie.JPG/340px-Romanos_et_Eudoxie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>Constantine VIII's father (left) in the <a href="/wiki/Romanos_Ivory" title="Romanos Ivory">Romanos Ivory</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Constantine was born in 960, two years after his brother <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil</a>. Their parents were <a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a>, the sixth Byzantine emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian dynasty</a>, and his second wife <a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Theophano</a>, an innkeeper's daughter described by contemporaries as ambitious and amoral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991174_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991174-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aged eight, Constantine was engaged to a daughter of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Boris_II_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris II of Bulgaria">Boris II of Bulgaria</a> but in the end, he married a Byzantine aristocrat, <a href="/wiki/Helena,_daughter_of_Alypius" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena, daughter of Alypius">Helena, daughter of Alypius</a>. Of their three daughters, Eudokia became a nun after contracting <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a> was empress for 22 years, and <a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita_(11th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita (11th century)">Theodora</a> reigned for 18 months as the last monarch of the Macedonian line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999165–66_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999165–66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_VII_and_Romanos_II_solidus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Constantine_VII_and_Romanos_II_solidus.jpg/220px-Constantine_VII_and_Romanos_II_solidus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Constantine_VII_and_Romanos_II_solidus.jpg/330px-Constantine_VII_and_Romanos_II_solidus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Constantine_VII_and_Romanos_II_solidus.jpg/440px-Constantine_VII_and_Romanos_II_solidus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="233" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Gold <i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a>'s father <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a> (left) and Romanos II (right), with a <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">haloed</a> Christ on reverse.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histamenon_nomisma-Nicephorus_II_and_Basil_II-sb1776.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Histamenon_nomisma-Nicephorus_II_and_Basil_II-sb1776.jpg/220px-Histamenon_nomisma-Nicephorus_II_and_Basil_II-sb1776.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Histamenon_nomisma-Nicephorus_II_and_Basil_II-sb1776.jpg/330px-Histamenon_nomisma-Nicephorus_II_and_Basil_II-sb1776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Histamenon_nomisma-Nicephorus_II_and_Basil_II-sb1776.jpg/440px-Histamenon_nomisma-Nicephorus_II_and_Basil_II-sb1776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Histamenon" title="Histamenon">Histamenon</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikephoros II">Nikephoros II</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> (right)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histamenon_nomisma-John_I-sb1776.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Histamenon_nomisma-John_I-sb1776.jpg/220px-Histamenon_nomisma-John_I-sb1776.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Histamenon_nomisma-John_I-sb1776.jpg/330px-Histamenon_nomisma-John_I-sb1776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Histamenon_nomisma-John_I-sb1776.jpg/440px-Histamenon_nomisma-John_I-sb1776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="239" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Histamenon</i> of <a href="/wiki/John_Tzimiskes" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tzimiskes">John Tzimiskes</a> crowned by the Virgin Mary</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romanos died suddenly in 963. Although Constantine was only three years old, he had already been crowned co-emperor in the preceding year, probably on 30 March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandCutler1991503–504_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandCutler1991503–504-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widowed Theophano installed herself as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> for her sons and stocked the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">imperial government</a> with supporters, but she faced competition for power with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bringas" title="Joseph Bringas">Joseph Bringas</a>, a former advisor of Romanos. Theophano allied with <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikephoros II">Nikephoros Phokas</a>, a celebrated general and opponent of Bringas. In return for her hand, the childless Nikephoros gave his sacred pledge to protect her children and their interests. Three months after Romanos' death, supporters of Nikephoros ousted Bringas from power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957284_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957284-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nikephoros was crowned emperor in the presence of his nominal co-emperors, Constantine and Basil. A month later he married their mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991174–75,_183–190_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991174–75,_183–190-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six years later, Nikephoros was murdered at Theophano's instigation and her lover and co-conspirator <a href="/wiki/John_Tzimiskes" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tzimiskes">John Tzimiskes</a> was acclaimed emperor. Fearing that the empress' many enemies would damage his political prospects, Tzimiskes turned against Theophano and sent her into exile. Constantine and Basil stayed in the capital and retained their status as co-emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsh1995248_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsh1995248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991240_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991240-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adulthood">Adulthood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Adulthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tzimiskes died in January 976, when Constantine was sixteen years old. Basil and Constantine became the new heads of state; nominally the brothers were equals, but Basil devoted himself to the responsibilities of his office and emerged as the senior <i>Basileus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957264_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957264-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine had no comparable interest in state business, and never developed any.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991231_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991231-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from participating in a military campaign in 989, which ended without any combat,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991242–43_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991242–43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he occupied his years as Basil's colleague with private interests. </p><p>In his youth Constantine was tall, graceful, and athletic, with an excellent speaking voice and a good grasp of rhetoric. He participated in wrestling competitions— which he brought back into fashion— and in the training and riding of horses. Alongside these active pursuits he was a gourmet and a gourmand,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991267,_269_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991267,_269-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading in later years to chronic <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> which impaired his ability to walk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emperor">Emperor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histamenon_of_Basil_II_%26_Constantine_VIII.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Histamenon_of_Basil_II_%26_Constantine_VIII.png/170px-Histamenon_of_Basil_II_%26_Constantine_VIII.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Histamenon_of_Basil_II_%26_Constantine_VIII.png/255px-Histamenon_of_Basil_II_%26_Constantine_VIII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Histamenon_of_Basil_II_%26_Constantine_VIII.png/340px-Histamenon_of_Basil_II_%26_Constantine_VIII.png 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1617" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Histamenon" title="Histamenon">Histamenon</a></i> of Constantine VIII and Basil II</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histamenon_of_Constantine_VIII.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Histamenon_of_Constantine_VIII.png/170px-Histamenon_of_Constantine_VIII.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Histamenon_of_Constantine_VIII.png/255px-Histamenon_of_Constantine_VIII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Histamenon_of_Constantine_VIII.png/340px-Histamenon_of_Constantine_VIII.png 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1636" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Histamenon</i> of Constantine VIII as sole emperor.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Basil II had an illustrious reign, pursuing both government reforms and a series of successful wars. He died childless on 15 December 1025 and Constantine, a sixty-five-year-old widower, became the sole emperor as Constantine VIII. During his long term as co-emperor, he had been content to enjoy the privileges of imperial status, without concerning himself with state affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandCutler1991503–504_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandCutler1991503–504-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sole rulership did not fundamentally alter this desire "to pass his life wallowing in extravagant pleasures".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957265_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957265-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appointment_of_Alexios_Stoudites_as_patriarch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Appointment_of_Alexios_Stoudites_as_patriarch.png/220px-Appointment_of_Alexios_Stoudites_as_patriarch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Appointment_of_Alexios_Stoudites_as_patriarch.png/330px-Appointment_of_Alexios_Stoudites_as_patriarch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Appointment_of_Alexios_Stoudites_as_patriarch.png/440px-Appointment_of_Alexios_Stoudites_as_patriarch.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Appointment of <a href="/wiki/Alexius_of_Constantinople" title="Alexius of Constantinople">Alexius Stoudites</a> as patriarch (top) by Emperor Constantine VIII.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Byzantine aristocracy had been rigorously controlled by Basil II. By comparison, they judged Constantine to be "[d]evoid of any semblance of moral fibre", and worked steadily to extract concessions from him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991268_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991268-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unqualified men received senior government posts, and Basil's land laws were dropped under pressure from the aristocracy of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. These interactions with Constantine were not without risk; when challenged, or led to suspect conspiracies, the emperor responded with impulsive cruelty. Condemned members of the elite suffered torture or were sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">blinding</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Constantine_VIII_orders_the_blinding_of_Nikephoros_Komnenos.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Emperor_Constantine_VIII_orders_the_blinding_of_Nikephoros_Komnenos.png/220px-Emperor_Constantine_VIII_orders_the_blinding_of_Nikephoros_Komnenos.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Emperor_Constantine_VIII_orders_the_blinding_of_Nikephoros_Komnenos.png/330px-Emperor_Constantine_VIII_orders_the_blinding_of_Nikephoros_Komnenos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Emperor_Constantine_VIII_orders_the_blinding_of_Nikephoros_Komnenos.png/440px-Emperor_Constantine_VIII_orders_the_blinding_of_Nikephoros_Komnenos.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Constantine VIII (left) orders the blinding of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Komnenos" title="Nikephoros Komnenos">Nikephoros Komnenos</a>,miniature from the <i><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957283_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957283-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign has been described as "an unmitigated disaster", "a break up of the system" and the cause of "a collapse of the military power of the Empire".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991283,_268_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991283,_268-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957264_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957264-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He ruled for less than three years before his death, on 11 or 12 November 1028.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his deathbed and without a male heir, Constantine named as successor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Dalassenos_(duke_of_Antioch)" title="Constantine Dalassenos (duke of Antioch)">Constantine Dalessenos, Duke of Antioch</a>, a senior aristocrat and member of one of the few powerful patrician families who had been unswervingly loyal to the Macedonian dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991269_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991269-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine Dalassenos was summoned from his estates in the <a href="/wiki/Armeniac_Theme" title="Armeniac Theme">Armeniac Theme</a>, with the intention that he should certify his position as successor by marrying the emperor's daughter Zoe. Before Dalassenos completed his journey to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the situation had changed. The emperor's advisors preferred a different candidate, <a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos Argyros</a>, who showed promise of being a weak ruler whom they could control. Characteristically, Constantine acquiesced to this preference. Romanos was named as the new imperial heir, and compelled to divorce his wife and marry Zoe. The wedding took place on 12 November and Romanos was crowned four days later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957322_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957322-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Constantine VIII</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI the Wise</a><sup id="cite_ref-ODB-Genealogy_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-Genealogy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a><sup id="cite_ref-ODB-Genealogy_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-Genealogy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Carbonopsina" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoe Carbonopsina">Zoe Carbonopsina</a><sup id="cite_ref-ODB-Genealogy_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-Genealogy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a><sup id="cite_ref-ODB-Genealogy_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-Genealogy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a><sup id="cite_ref-ODB-Genealogy_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-Genealogy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Helena_Lekapene" title="Helena Lekapene">Helena Lekapene</a><sup id="cite_ref-ODB-Genealogy_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-Genealogy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODB-Lekapenos_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-Lekapenos-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Theodora,_wife_of_Romanos_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora, wife of Romanos I">Theodora</a><sup id="cite_ref-ODB-Lekapenos_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-Lekapenos-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Constantine VIII</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="16" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. Krateros (a tavern keeper)<sup id="cite_ref-Theophano_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theophano-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Theophano</a><sup id="cite_ref-Theophano_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theophano-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODB-Genealogy_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-Genealogy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/28px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/42px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/56px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">List of Byzantine emperors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Co-Emperor with <a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a> (962–963), <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a> (963–969), <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a> (969–976) and <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> (962–1025)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also called <b><a href="/wiki/Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyrogenitus">Porphyrogenitus</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Πορφυρογέννητος</span>, <i>Porphyrogénnetos</i>), although the epithet is almost exclusively used for <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources do not agree on the exact date of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandCutler1991503–504-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandCutler1991503–504_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandCutler1991503–504_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandCutler1991503–504_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandCutler1991">Brand & Cutler 1991</a>, pp. 503–504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpatharakis197691–95-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpatharakis197691–95_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpatharakis1976">Spatharakis 1976</a>, pp. 91–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991174-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991174_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1991">Norwich 1991</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland1999165–66-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland1999165–66_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 165–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957284-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957284_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1957">Ostrogorsky 1957</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991174–75,_183–190-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991174–75,_183–190_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1991">Norwich 1991</a>, pp. 174–75, 183–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsh1995248-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsh1995248_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsh1995">Ash 1995</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991240-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991240_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1991">Norwich 1991</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957264-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957264_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957264_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1957">Ostrogorsky 1957</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991231-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991231_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1991">Norwich 1991</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991242–43-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991242–43_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1991">Norwich 1991</a>, pp. 242–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991267,_269-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991267,_269_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1991">Norwich 1991</a>, pp. 267, 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957265-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957265_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1957">Ostrogorsky 1957</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991268-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991268_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1991">Norwich 1991</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957283-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957283_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1957">Ostrogorsky 1957</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991283,_268-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991283,_268_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1991">Norwich 1991</a>, pp. 283, 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Lupus_Protospatharius" title="Lupus Protospatharius">Lupus Protospatharius</a></i>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/protospatarius.shtml">1029</a>: "mortuus est Constantinus Imperator in vigilia S. Martini." On the eve of <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Martin of Tours</a>', that is, the day before 12 November (unless it's referring to the very same day).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Georgius_Cedrenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgius Cedrenus">Georgius Cedrenus</a></i> − <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Scriptorum_Historiae_Byzantinae" title="Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae">CSHB</a></i> <b>9</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nbkVAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA484">484-5</a>: "Nona Novembris die, indictione 12, anno 6537, subito morbo correptus Constantinus... triduo post Constantinus vivendi finem fecit, cum vixisset annos." The Latin translation indicates that he fell ill on the 9th and died 3 days later. However, the text could also be interpreted as <i>the third day since</i> his illness, that is, 11 November.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">ODB</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yahya_of_Antioch" title="Yahya of Antioch">Yahya of Antioch</a> gives 12 November.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kleinchroniken1/page/n80/mode/1up">Chronicle 15/7</a> of the <i>Chronica byzantina breviora</i> gives 11 November, although it also gives Basil's death as 12 December.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1991269-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1991269_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorwich1991">Norwich 1991</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957322-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1957322_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrogorsky1957">Ostrogorsky 1957</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODB-Genealogy-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODB-Genealogy_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB-Genealogy_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB-Genealogy_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB-Genealogy_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB-Genealogy_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB-Genealogy_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB-Genealogy_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, "Macedonian dynasty" genealogical table, p. 1263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theophano-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theophano_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theophano_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland (1999)</a>, pp. 126, 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODB-Lekapenos-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODB-Lekapenos_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB-Lekapenos_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, "Lekapenos" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 1203–1204.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPsellus1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Psellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Psellus">Psellus, Michael</a> (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourteenbyzantin00psel"><i>Chronographia</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin classics">Penguin classics</a> (E.R.A. Sewter ed.). London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044169-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044169-7"><bdi>978-0-14-044169-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronographia&rft.place=London&rft.series=Penguin+classics&rft.edition=E.R.A.+Sewter&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044169-7&rft.aulast=Psellus&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourteenbyzantin00psel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+VIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkylitzes1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Skylitzes" title="John Skylitzes">Skylitzes, John</a> (1973) [1060]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scylitzae1973/mode/2up"><i>Synopsis historiarum</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Fontium_Historiae_Byzantinae" title="Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae">Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae</a> <b>V</b> (Hans Thurn ed.). Berlin-New York: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-002285-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-002285-8"><bdi>978-3-11-002285-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synopsis+historiarum&rft.place=Berlin-New+York&rft.series=Corpus+Fontium+Historiae+Byzantinae+%27%27%27V%27%27%27&rft.edition=Hans+Thurn&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-3-11-002285-8&rft.aulast=Skylitzes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscylitzae1973%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+VIII" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkylitzes2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Skylitzes" title="John Skylitzes">Skylitzes, John</a> (2010) [1060]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/skylitzes-2010"><i>A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057</i></a>. Translated by John Wortley. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76705-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76705-7"><bdi>978-0-521-76705-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Synopsis+of+Byzantine+History%2C+811%E2%80%931057&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76705-7&rft.aulast=Skylitzes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fskylitzes-2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+VIII" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsh1995" class="citation book cs1">Ash, John (1995). <i>A Byzantine Journey</i>. London: I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-015-5"><bdi>978-1-86064-015-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Byzantine+Journey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-015-5&rft.aulast=Ash&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+VIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandCutler1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brand, C. M.; Cutler, A. (1991). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521/page/503/mode/1up">"Constantine VIII"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 503–504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constantine+VIII&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=503-504&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rft.au=Cutler%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fodb_20210521%2Fpage%2F503%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+VIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharanis1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Charanis" title="Peter Charanis">Charanis, Peter</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/armenian/chartoc.html"><i>The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire</i></a>. Lisbon: <a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian_Foundation" title="Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation">Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian</a> Armenian Library. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17186882">17186882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians+in+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Calouste+Gulbenkian+Armenian+Library&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17186882&rft.aulast=Charanis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attalus.org%2Farmenian%2Fchartoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+VIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarland1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Garland, Lynda</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6JY2fpMTkKwC"><i>Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14688-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14688-3"><bdi>978-0-415-14688-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Empresses%3A+Women+and+Power+in+Byzantium%2C+AD+527%E2%80%931204&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14688-3&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Lynda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6JY2fpMTkKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+VIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFODB" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+VIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (1991). <i>Byzantium: the Apogee</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-80252-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-80252-4"><bdi>978-0-670-80252-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+the+Apogee&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-670-80252-4&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+VIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr"><i>History of The Byzantine State</i></a>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/422217218">422217218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+The+Byzantine+State&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F422217218&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbyzanti00ostr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+VIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpatharakis1976" class="citation book cs1">Spatharakis, Ioannis (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AQ4VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA91"><i>The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004047839" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004047839"><bdi>978-9004047839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portrait+in+Byzantine+Illuminated+Manuscripts&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-9004047839&rft.aulast=Spatharakis&rft.aufirst=Ioannis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAQ4VAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+VIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatlagean2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89velyne_Patlagean" title="Évelyne Patlagean">Patlagean, Évelyne</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVloAAAAMAAJ"><i>Un Moyen Âge Grec: Byzance, IXe–XVe siècle</i></a> (in French). Paris, France: Albin Michel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-226-17110-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-226-17110-8"><bdi>978-2-226-17110-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+Moyen+%C3%82ge+Grec%3A+Byzance%2C+IXe%E2%80%93XVe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-226-17110-8&rft.aulast=Patlagean&rft.aufirst=%C3%89velyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVloAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+VIII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2"><bdi>0-8047-2630-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8047-2630-2&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYbnr5XVbzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstantine+VIII" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Konstantinos_VIII" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Konstantinos VIII">Konstantinos VIII</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/byz/constantine_VIII/t.html">Constantine VIII coinage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ25889/html">Constantine VIII profile</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_the_Byzantine_World" title="Prosopography of the Byzantine World">Prosopography of the Byzantine World</a></i>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Constantine VIII </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 960</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 11 November 1028</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperor</a> </b><br />962–1028<br />with <a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a> (962–963)<br />with <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a> (963–969)<br />with <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a> (969–976)<br />with <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> (962–1025) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos III">Romanos III</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41663#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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