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data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofkieslys</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" title="Besoek die Tuisblad [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Tuisblad</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-af.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Soek" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Soek</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Deursoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Deursoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Lyfland&returntoquery=section%3D2%26veaction%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Lyfland&returntoquery=section%3D2%26veaction%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Lyfland&returntoquery=section%3D2%26veaction%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Lyfland&returntoquery=section%3D2%26veaction%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Die_Middeleeue_en_die_vroeë_moderne_tyd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Middeleeue_en_die_vroeë_moderne_tyd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Die Middeleeue en die vroeë moderne tyd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Middeleeue_en_die_vroeë_moderne_tyd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Duitse_Heerskappy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duitse_Heerskappy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Duitse Heerskappy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duitse_Heerskappy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poolse,_Deense_en_Sweedse_oorheersing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poolse,_Deense_en_Sweedse_oorheersing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Poolse, Deense en Sweedse oorheersing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poolse,_Deense_en_Sweedse_oorheersing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russiese_Oossee_Provinsie_tussen_1721–1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russiese_Oossee_Provinsie_tussen_1721–1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Russiese Oossee Provinsie tussen 1721–1919</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russiese_Oossee_Provinsie_tussen_1721–1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Na_die_Eerste_Wêreldoorlog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Na_die_Eerste_Wêreldoorlog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Na die Eerste Wêreldoorlog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Na_die_Eerste_Wêreldoorlog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middeleeuse_stede_in_Lyfland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middeleeuse_stede_in_Lyfland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Middeleeuse stede in Lyfland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middeleeuse_stede_in_Lyfland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Middeleeuse stede in Lyfland subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middeleeuse_stede_in_Lyfland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vrye_Stad_Van_Riga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vrye_Stad_Van_Riga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vrye Stad Van Riga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vrye_Stad_Van_Riga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gebied_van_die_Orde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gebied_van_die_Orde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gebied van die Orde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gebied_van_die_Orde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Aarts-bisdom_van_Riga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Aarts-bisdom_van_Riga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Die Aarts-bisdom van Riga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Aarts-bisdom_van_Riga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prins-bisdom_van_Dorpat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prins-bisdom_van_Dorpat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Prins-bisdom van Dorpat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prins-bisdom_van_Dorpat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prins-bisdom_van_Oesel-Wiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prins-bisdom_van_Oesel-Wiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Prins-bisdom van Oesel-Wiek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prins-bisdom_van_Oesel-Wiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prins-bisdom_van_Koerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prins-bisdom_van_Koerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Prins-bisdom van Koerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prins-bisdom_van_Koerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_Stede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_Stede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Moderne Stede</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Moderne_Stede-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Moderne Stede subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Moderne_Stede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_vandag_se_Lettiese_deel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_vandag_se_Lettiese_deel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In vandag se Lettiese deel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_vandag_se_Lettiese_deel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_die_hedendaagse_Estiese_deel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_die_hedendaagse_Estiese_deel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In die hedendaagse Estiese deel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_die_hedendaagse_Estiese_deel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sien ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyfland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 57 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Livonia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ليفونيا – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليفونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Livonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livoniya" title="Livoniya – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Livoniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лівонія – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лівонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лівонія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лівонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ливония – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ливония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv%C3%B2nia" title="Livònia – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Livònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonsko" title="Livonsko – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Livonsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livland" title="Livland – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Livland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livland" title="Livland – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Livland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λιβονία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιβονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Livonia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonio" title="Livonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Livonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Livonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivimaa" title="Liivimaa – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liivimaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Livonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="لیوونی – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیوونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivinmaa" title="Liivinmaa – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liivinmaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonie" title="Livonie – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livonie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liifl%C3%A2n" title="Liiflân – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Liiflân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Livonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="ליבוניה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליבוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonija" title="Livonija – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Livonija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv%C3%B3nia" title="Livónia – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Livónia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Լիվոնիա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիվոնիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Livonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADfland" title="Lífland – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lífland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Livonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="リヴォニア – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リヴォニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლივონია – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლივონია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="리보니아 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리보니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEvonya" title="Lîvonya – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîvonya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ливония – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ливония" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Livonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonnia" title="Livonnia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Livonnia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonija" title="Livonija – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Livonija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonija" title="Livonija – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Livonija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijfland" title="Lijfland – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijfland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livland" title="Livland – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Livland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livland" title="Livland – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Livland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflanty" title="Inflanty – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inflanty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv%C3%B4nia" title="Livônia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Livonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ливония – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ливония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livl%C3%A1nda" title="Livlánda – Noord-Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Livlánda" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonija" title="Livonija – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Livonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv%C3%B3nsko" title="Livónsko – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Livónsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonija" title="Livonija – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Livonija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Livonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ливонија – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ливонија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livland" title="Livland – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Livland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonya" title="Livonya – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Livonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лівонія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лівонія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livoniya" title="Livoniya – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Livoniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="利沃尼亚 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="利沃尼亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E7%AA%9D%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="立窝尼亚 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="立窝尼亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183464#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lyfland" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Lyfland" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lyfland"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lyfland"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Lyfland" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Lyfland" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&oldid=2683662" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Lyfland&id=2683662&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLyfland%26section%3D2%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLyfland%26section%3D2%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Lyfland"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Lyfland&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Livonia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183464" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Livland_1260.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Livland_1260.png/220px-Livland_1260.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Livland_1260.png/330px-Livland_1260.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Livland_1260.png/440px-Livland_1260.png 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption>Die Lyflandse Konfederasie, 1260</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lyfland</b>, verouderd, <b>Liefland</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ook <i>Eifland</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latyn</a> <i>Livonia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pools" title="Pools">Pools</a> <i>Liwonia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lyfs" title="Lyfs">Lyfs</a> <i>Līvõmō</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lets" title="Lets">Lets</a> <i>Vidzeme</i>, <a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a> <i>Ливония (Liwonija)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Esties" title="Esties">Esties</a> <i>Liivimaa</i> is die naam van 'n historiese streek in die Baltikum. Die Naam is afgelei van die Fins-Oegriese stam van die Liv. </p><p>Lyfland beskryf in 'n breër sin, die gebied van die hedendaagse State <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a> in die voormalige Meesterdom Lyfland binne die staat van die <a href="/wiki/Duitse_Orde" title="Duitse Orde">Duitse Orde</a>. Lyfland, in die enger sin beskryf slegs die streek noord van <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> tot by die <a href="/wiki/Peipusmeer" title="Peipusmeer">Peipusmeer</a>, wat gebiedsgewys ooreenstem met die Lettiese streek van Vidzeme in die suidelike helfte van Estland. Deesdae word dikwels net Vidzeme met Lyfland vergelyk, wat nog 'n vernouing van die begrip tot gevolg het. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Livland_gross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Livland_gross.jpg/220px-Livland_gross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Livland_gross.jpg/330px-Livland_gross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Livland_gross.jpg/440px-Livland_gross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Die Meesterdom van Lyfland van die <a href="/wiki/Duitse_Orde" title="Duitse Orde">Duitse Orde</a> (grensen 1345–1561)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg/220px-LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg/330px-LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg/440px-LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption>Kaart van Lyfland deur Johannes Portantius, 1573</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1619).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%281619%29.png/220px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%281619%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%281619%29.png/330px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%281619%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%281619%29.png/440px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_%281619%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1957" data-file-height="1539" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pools-Litause_Gemenebes" title="Pools-Litause Gemenebes">Pole-Litaue</a> (1618) met vandag se grense</figcaption></figure> <p>Die eerste nedersettings op die gebied van vandag se Baltiese State <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">van Litaue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a> het hulle oorsprong in die tyd van die eerste eeu voor Christus. In die gebied het naas die Baltiese stamme van o.a. die Koere, Semigalliers, Selone, Lettgalle was daar ook die fins-Ugrianse Livs veral in die noorde. Om 1200 na Christus was hul nedersettingsgebied die <a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Dünamündung</a> om die huidige stad <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, en dan die gebied langs die kus van die Oossee in 'n noordelike en westelike rigting. Die bevolkte gebied het tot in die suide van die huidige Estland gestrek. Die getal lede van die Liviese stamme van hierdie tydperk word om 20,000 beraam.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Middeleeue_en_die_vroeë_moderne_tyd"><span id="Die_Middeleeue_en_die_vroe.C3.AB_moderne_tyd"></span>Die Middeleeue en die vroeë moderne tyd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Middeleeue en die vroeë moderne tyd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Die Middeleeue en die vroeë moderne tyd"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Duitse_Heerskappy">Duitse Heerskappy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Duitse Heerskappy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Duitse Heerskappy"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In die laat-middeleeue het die naam <i>Lyfland</i> (toe ook <i>Eifland</i>) die hele grondgebied van die Lyflandse orde (Schwertbrüderorden) beskryf, die huidige Letland en Estland (sonder die Deense deel in die Noorde van Estland). Die gebied is in die 13de eeu deur die Lyflandse orde onder die leierskap van die in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> gebore Biskop van Riga Albert I von Buxhöveden verower (en is Lyfland sodoende as 'n territoriale entiteit geskep); die Lyflandse orde het in 1237 deel van die <a href="/wiki/Duitse_Orde" title="Duitse Orde">Duitse orde</a> geword. Anders as in Pruise, kon die Duitse orde in Lyfland – ook na die <a href="/wiki/Slag_van_Tannenberg" title="Slag van Tannenberg">Slag van Tannenberg</a> (1410) – hulleself as belangrikse heersers in Lyfland seëvier. Hierdie prestasie is te veral te danke aan die landmeesters Johann Freytag von Loringhoven (1483–1494), en <a href="/wiki/Wolter_von_Plettenberg" title="Wolter von Plettenberg">Wolter von Plettenberg</a> (1494–1535). Onder Plettenberg, was as Duitse Meester self Katoliek gebly het, begin vanaf 1524 die <a href="/wiki/Protestantse_Hervorming" title="Protestantse Hervorming">Reformasie</a> in Lyfland, sonder dat daar enige geweld tussen Katolieke en Protestante. Na die ondergang van Oudlyfland in 1561 het dit duidelik geword dat die Protestantisme die belangrikste skakel tussen die Duitsers, Estlanders en Letlanders in Altlivlands geword het. Protestantse pastore het buitengewoon baie daartoe bygedra dat daar 'n groeiende konvergensie tussen hul volke ontstaan het, ook kultureel. In die verskeie staatsstrukture – en selfs in die tyd van die Letse en Estnies emansipasie – kon hierdie samehorigheid het nooit volhoubaar vernietig word nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poolse,_Deense_en_Sweedse_oorheersing"><span id="Poolse.2C_Deense_en_Sweedse_oorheersing"></span>Poolse, Deense en Sweedse oorheersing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Poolse, Deense en Sweedse oorheersing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Poolse, Deense en Sweedse oorheersing"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Op die Augsburgse Reichstag van 1530 is Lyfland, sonder enige praktiese gevolge – deel van die <a href="/wiki/Heilige_Romeinse_Ryk" title="Heilige Romeinse Ryk">Heilige Romeinse Ryk</a> verklaar. 1558 het die Lyflandse oorlog begin met die inval van Russiese troepe; sommige dele van die land het tot 1582 beset gebly. Om hulleself teen die Russiese bedreiging te beveilig, het Kurland en Lyfland, verteenwoordig deur hulle Ridders, hulleself in 1561 onder die <a href="/wiki/Pole_(volk)" title="Pole (volk)">Poolse</a> gesag gestel: Van Kurland het onder Poolse Lehnshoheit – die sekulêre Hertogdom Kurland en Semgale geword, onder die laaste landsmeester van die <a href="/wiki/Duitse_Orde" title="Duitse Orde">Duitse orde</a> in Lyfland, <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Kettler" title="Gotthard Kettler">Gotthard Kettler</a>, terwyl die werklike Lyfland direk aan Litaue oorgedra is. Later het Lyfland in die staat van <a href="/wiki/Pools-Litause_Gemenebes" title="Pools-Litause Gemenebes">Pole-Litaue</a> , 'n soort medeeiendom van die twee deelstate gevorm het. Estland en die eiland van <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Ösel (Saaremaa)</a> het vir dieselfde rede en ook verteenwoordig deur hulle ridders, hulle aan die Deense en Sweedse gesag onderwerp. As gevolg van hierdie onderdeling in verskillende gebiede het die betekenis van die Naam <i>van Lyfland verder vernou</i> op die gebiede noord van die <a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Düna-rivier</a> en na die gebiede suidwes van die Peipusmeer. </p><p>In 1629 het die grootste gedeelte van Livonia deur verowering <a href="/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf" title="Gustav II Adolf">deur Gustav II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf" title="Gustav II Adolf">Adolf</a> as provinsie Sweeds-Lyfland deel van <a href="/wiki/Swede" title="Swede">Swede</a> geword; slegs die gebied om <a href="/wiki/Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Dünaburg (Daugavpils)</a> sowel as Kurland pools gebly en is Pools-Lyfland genoem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russiese_Oossee_Provinsie_tussen_1721–1919"><span id="Russiese_Oossee_Provinsie_tussen_1721.E2.80.931919"></span>Russiese Oossee Provinsie tussen 1721–1919</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Russiese Oossee Provinsie tussen 1721–1919" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Russiese Oossee Provinsie tussen 1721–1919"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ducatuum_Livoniae_et_Curlandiae_Nova_Tabula,_1705.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ducatuum_Livoniae_et_Curlandiae_Nova_Tabula%2C_1705.jpg/220px-Ducatuum_Livoniae_et_Curlandiae_Nova_Tabula%2C_1705.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ducatuum_Livoniae_et_Curlandiae_Nova_Tabula%2C_1705.jpg/330px-Ducatuum_Livoniae_et_Curlandiae_Nova_Tabula%2C_1705.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ducatuum_Livoniae_et_Curlandiae_Nova_Tabula%2C_1705.jpg/440px-Ducatuum_Livoniae_et_Curlandiae_Nova_Tabula%2C_1705.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4089" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Kaart van die Baltiese State van die jaar 1705</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1721 word die streek deur <a href="/wiki/Pieter_I_van_Rusland" title="Pieter I van Rusland">Pieter die Grote</a> verower en word deel van Rusland. Saam met die destydse Estland (hedendaagse Noordelike deel van die Republiek van Estland) en Kurland (sedert 1795) het dit een van die drie Russiese Oossee provinsies gevorm, wat deur die <a href="/wiki/Baltiese_Duitsers" title="Baltiese Duitsers">Duits-Baltiese</a> adel, elk onafhanklik bestuur is. Die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Ryk" title="Russiese Ryk">Keiserlike Russiese</a> goevernement Lyfland wat van 1721 tot 1919 bestaan het, met sy hoofstad in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> (wat voorheen onder die afwisselende heersers 'n sekere mate van outonomie geniet het) en die Universiteitsstad van <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat</a> (<i>Tartu</i>), het uit ongeveer die hedendaagse suid-Estland (Tartu) en Noord-Oos Letland, tot die Düna-rivier bestaan. Die Letse gedeelte van hierdie woudryke gebied is (wat onder die plaaslike naam van <i>Vidzeme</i> bekend is), is een van die vier historiese provinsies van die land. Dit sluit die gebied van Valmiera (<i>Wolmar</i>), Sigulda (<i>Sigulda</i>) en Cēsis (<i>Wenden</i>), sowel as na die rivier Gauja (<i>Lyflandse Aa</i>) in. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Meyerbaltikum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Meyerbaltikum.jpg/220px-Meyerbaltikum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Meyerbaltikum.jpg/330px-Meyerbaltikum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Meyerbaltikum.jpg/440px-Meyerbaltikum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Die Russiese Oossee-provinsies; in die midde die provinsie van Lyfland (1721–1919)</figcaption></figure> <p>Die oorblywende gedeelte van Lyfland wat aan Pole toegeval het, is in 1772 tydens die Eerste verdeling van die Pole aan die Russiese Ryk toegeken en het deel geword van die provinsie van Vitebsk. Hierdie gebied is in 1919 aan Letland toegeken waar die streek as Letgallen (lett. <i>Latgale</i>). bekend gestaan het </p><p>Die groot landgoedere en stede van Lyfland (en dus die kerk en skole) was grotendeels deur die Duitssprekende bevolking beheer. </p><p>Tydens die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Eerste Wêreldoorlog">Eerste Wêreldoorlog</a> het die bevolking van die provinsie aan die kant van Rusland teen Duitsland geveg, wat veral 'n probleem vir die Duitssprekende bevolking geskep het, wat deur die Russe met wantroue bejeën is. Tydens die oorlog het Rusland 'n streng transformasieproses begin om die opvoedkundige en kultuurinstellings van die Duitssprekende minderheid te dwing om Russies as voertaal te gebruik. Bosjewistiese opstokers het ook gereelde aanslae op die eienaars van die afgeleë landgoedere geloods. </p><p>Na die Oktoberrevolusie in 1917 het die Bosjewieke die intelligentia van die Duitssprekende minderheid gevangegeneem en is honderde vooraanstaande burgers vermoor voordat die jeug van die Duissprekende minderheid (meestal ontslane soldate van die Russiese weermag) die Bolsjewieke tot voor St Petersburg kon verdryf in 1919. Soos die volkermoord op die Armeniërs in 1915 vir die wêreld onbekend sou gebly het as Franz Werfel nie die roman "Die vierzig Tage der Musa Dagh" sou gepubliseer het nie, so ook het die Roman-trilogie van Siegfried von Vegesack "Eine Baltische Tragödie", die volkemoord aan die Duitssprekende minderheid in Lyfland bekendgestel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Na_die_Eerste_Wêreldoorlog"><span id="Na_die_Eerste_W.C3.AAreldoorlog"></span>Na die Eerste Wêreldoorlog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Na die Eerste Wêreldoorlog" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Na die Eerste Wêreldoorlog"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Omdat Lyfland geen uniforme etniese bevolking gehad het, maar hoofsaaklik deur Estoniers en Lette met 'n Duitssprekende minderheid bewoon is, is dit na in1918 na die einde van die Eerste Wêreldoorlog in Estland en Letland verdeel. Die streek wat aan Estland toegeken is het geen eie naam gehad nie, terwyl die streek wat aan Lettland toegeken is <i>Vidzeme</i> (vertaalbaar met <i>die middelland</i>) genoem word – vandaar die verdere vernouing van die begrip Lyfland in die onlangse tyd, waar Lyfland en Vidzeme gelykgestel word. </p><p>Die groot landgoedere van die Duitssprekende adel is na die oorlog opgebreek en is die grond aan die Estniese en Lettiese meerderheid toegeken. Omdat die Duitssprekende minderheid daardeur 'n groot gedeelte van sy ekonomiese basis ontneem is, het 'n groot gedeelte van die minderheid wat oorleef het in daardie tyd Duitsland toe geëmigreer. Estnies en Letties is as amptelike tale van die onderskeie nuwe lande erken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middeleeuse_stede_in_Lyfland">Middeleeuse stede in Lyfland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Middeleeuse stede in Lyfland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Middeleeuse stede in Lyfland"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Om 1561 het die volgende stede (jaar van stadsreg) bestaan: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vrye_Stad_Van_Riga">Vrye Stad Van Riga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Vrye Stad Van Riga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Vrye Stad Van Riga"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Riga</i>, lets: <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, (in 1201) – die eerste en grootste stad van Livonia, 'n Vrye Hanse stad en die setel van die Aartsbiskop en die landmeester.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gebied_van_die_Orde">Gebied van die Orde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Gebied van die Orde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Gebied van die Orde"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Wenden</i> Cēsis (1224) – die setel van die meester.</li> <li><i>Reval</i> <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> (1248) – een van die drie grootste stede in Livonia.</li> <li><i>Pernau</i> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pärnu</a> (1265)</li> <li><i>Fellin</i> Viljandi (1283)</li> <li><i>Weissenstein</i> Paide (1291)</li> <li><i>Wesenberg</i> Rakvere (1302)</li> <li><i>Wolmar</i> , <a href="/wiki/Valmiera" title="Valmiera">Valmiera</a> (1323)</li> <li><i>Narva</i> <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a> (1345)</li> <li><i>Goldingen</i> <a href="/wiki/Kuld%C4%ABga" title="Kuldīga">Kuldīga</a> (1347)</li> <li><i>Mitau</i> <a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Jelgava</a> (1376)</li> <li><i>Ventspils</i> <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a> (1378)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Aarts-bisdom_van_Riga">Die Aarts-bisdom van Riga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Aarts-bisdom van Riga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Die Aarts-bisdom van Riga"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Kockenhausen</i> Koknese (1277)</li> <li><i>Roop</i> Straupe (1325)</li> <li><i>Lemsal</i> Limbaži (1368)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prins-bisdom_van_Dorpat">Prins-bisdom van Dorpat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Prins-bisdom van Dorpat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Prins-bisdom van Dorpat"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Dorpat</i> <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> (1230) – die belangrikste setel van die <i>Furstbischof van Dorpat</i>, een van die drie grootste stede in Lyfland.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prins-bisdom_van_Oesel-Wiek">Prins-bisdom van Oesel-Wiek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Prins-bisdom van Oesel-Wiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Prins-bisdom van Oesel-Wiek"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Haapsalu</i> Haapsalu (1279)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prins-bisdom_van_Koerland">Prins-bisdom van Koerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Prins-bisdom van Koerland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Prins-bisdom van Koerland"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Hasenpoth</i> Aizpute (1378)</li> <li><i>Pilten</i> Piltene (1557)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moderne_Stede">Moderne Stede</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Moderne Stede" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Moderne Stede"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_vandag_se_Lettiese_deel">In vandag se Lettiese deel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: In vandag se Lettiese deel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: In vandag se Lettiese deel"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> (<i>Riga</i>)</li> <li>Aizkraukle (<i>Ascheraden</i>)</li> <li>Ainaži (<i>Haynasch</i>)</li> <li>Aloja (<i>Allendorf</i>)</li> <li>Ape (<i>Hoppenhof</i>)</li> <li>Alūksne (<i>Marienburg</i>)</li> <li>Cēsis (<i>Wenden</i>)</li> <li>Cesvaine (<i>Seßwegen</i>)</li> <li>Gulbene (<i>Schwanenburg</i>)</li> <li>Koknese (<i>Kockenhusen</i>)</li> <li>Kegums (<i>Keggum</i>)</li> <li>Lielvārde (<i>Lenneward</i>)</li> <li>Līgatne (<i>Ligat</i>)</li> <li>Limbaži (<i>Lemsal</i>)</li> <li>Lubāna (<i>Luban</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madona" title="Madona">Madona</a> (<i>Madohn</i>)</li></ul> </td> <td width="25%" valign="top"> <ul><li>Mazsalaca (<i>Salisburg</i>)</li> <li>Ogre (<i>Oger</i>)</li> <li>Pļaviņas (<i>Stockmannshof</i>)</li> <li>Rūjiena (<i>Rujen</i>)</li> <li>Salacgrīva (<i>Salismünde</i>)</li> <li>Salaspils (<i>Kirchholm</i>)</li> <li>Saulkrasti (<i>Neubad</i>)</li> <li>Seda (<i>Sedde</i>)</li> <li>Sigulda (<i>Segewold</i>)</li> <li>Smiltene (<i>Smilten</i>)</li> <li>Staicele (<i>Staizel</i>)</li> <li>Straupe (<i>Roop</i>)</li> <li>Strenči (<i>Stackeln</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valka" title="Valka">Valka</a> (<i>Wandel</i>) (Estnies: <i>Valga</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiera" title="Valmiera">Valmiera</a> (<i>Wolmar</i>)</li> <li>Vangaži (<i>Wangasch</i>)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_die_hedendaagse_Estiese_deel">In die hedendaagse Estiese deel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: In die hedendaagse Estiese deel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: In die hedendaagse Estiese deel"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> (<i>Dorpat</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pärnu</a> (<i>Pernau</i>)</li> <li>Põlva, (<i>Pölwe</i>) tussen Võru en Tartu geleë</li></ul> </td> <td width="25%" valign="top"> <ul><li>Valga (<i>Wandel</i>) (Lets: <i>Valka</i>)</li> <li>Viljandi (<i>Fellin</i>)</li> <li>Võru (<i>Võru</i>)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyfs" title="Lyfs">Lyfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanse" title="Hanse">Hanse</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Literatuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small>in volgorde van voorkoms</small> </p> <ul><li>Friedrich Konrad Gadebusch: <i>Abhandlung von Livländischen Geschichtsschreibern</i>. Hartknoch, Riga 1773, 282 Seiten, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=QVgDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1">books.google.de</a></li> <li>Johann Bernhard von Fischer: <i>Versuch einer Naturgeschichte von Livland</i>, Friedrich Nicolovius, 2. Auflage, Königsberg 1791 (Anhang enthält u. a. unaufgeklapptes Faltbild der Stadt Narva), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=B8YZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1#PPR3,M1">books.google.de</a></li> <li>Johann Karl Bähr: <i>Die Gräber der Liven</i>. Rudolf Kuntze, Dresden 1850, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=DkYXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1#PPR3,M1">books.google.de</a></li> <li>Kurd von Schlözer: <i>Livland und die Anfänge deutschen Lebens im baltischen Norden</i>. Wilhelm Hertz, Berlin 1850, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=WZotAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1#PPP7,M1">books.google.de</a></li> <li>Wolfgang Bender: <i>Bernhard II. zur Lippe und die Mission in Livland</i>. In: Jutta Prieur (Hg.): <i>Lippe und Livland. Mittelalterliche Herrschaftsbildung im Zeichen der Rose</i>. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, Gütersloh 2008, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9783895347528" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-89534-752-8</a>, S. 147–168.</li> <li>Sonja Birli: <i>Livland, Liven.</i> In: <i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</i> (RGA). 2.Auflage. Band 18, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2001, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3110169509" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-11-016950-9</a>, S. 533–535.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Livonia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Livonia">Lyfland</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Latvia.htm">Fakten zu Lettland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/regents/baltic/livonia.htm">Fakten zu Livland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baltische-ritterschaften-de.de/ritterschaften/livland/">Die Livländische Ritterschaft auf der Internetseite des Verbandes der Baltischen Ritterschaften e.V.</a></li> <li>Uldis Balodis: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050217221045/http://homepage.mac.com/uldis/livonia/history.html"><i>Livonian History</i></a>(Mementovom 17.Februar 2005 im <i>Internet Archive</i>) <span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Knight: <i>Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Tuchtenhagen: <i>Geschichte der baltischen Länder.</i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183464&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183464&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183464" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036075-1">4036075-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81033313">n81033313</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Latvia">LNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000040497&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000040497</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129853&CON_LNG=ENG">ge129853</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000984109&local_base=nlx10">000984109</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_and_University_Library_in_Zagreb" class="mw-redirect" title="National and University Library in Zagreb">NSK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000584282&local_base=nsk10">000584282</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/136049044">136049044</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/136049044">136049044</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&oldid=2683662">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyfland&oldid=2683662</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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