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1-.162.162.177.177 0 0 1-.092-.03l-1.057-.61a.519.519 0 0 0-.256-.074.509.509 0 0 0-.142.021 5.668 5.668 0 0 1-1.576.22ZM9.064 9.542a.647.647 0 1 0 .557-1 .645.645 0 0 0-.646.647.615.615 0 0 0 .09.353Zm3.232.001a.646.646 0 1 0 .546-1 .645.645 0 0 0-.644.644.627.627 0 0 0 .098.356Z"/> <path d="M0 6.826c0 1.455.781 2.765 2.001 3.656a.385.385 0 0 1 .143.439l-.161.6-.1.373a.499.499 0 0 0-.032.14.192.192 0 0 0 .193.193c.039 0 .077-.01.111-.029l1.268-.733a.622.622 0 0 1 .308-.088c.058 0 .116.009.171.025a6.83 6.83 0 0 0 1.625.26 4.45 4.45 0 0 1-.177-1.251c0-2.936 2.785-5.02 5.824-5.02.05 0 .1 0 .15.002C10.587 3.429 8.392 2 5.796 2 2.596 2 0 4.16 0 6.826Zm4.632-1.555a.77.77 0 1 1-1.54 0 .77.77 0 0 1 1.54 0Zm3.875 0a.77.77 0 1 1-1.54 0 .77.77 0 0 1 1.54 0Z"/> </svg> </a> </div> </div> <h1 class="mb-2 acquiesce-title">A Possible Reconstruction of Hominini Phylogeny</h1> <div class="affiliation mb-1"> <div class="affiliation_author"> <span class="mr-2"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hui Li" target="_blank">Hui Li</a> <sup>*</sup> <a href="mailto:LHCA@fudan.edu.cn"> <sup><i class="bi bi-envelope-fill"></i></sup> </a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="d-flex mb-1"> <div class="information-collapse mr-4"> Author Information </div>  </div> <div class="articledz"> <div class="affiliation_zt"> <div class="information-item affiliation_at collapse pl-2 pr-2 pb-2"> <div class="affiliation d-flex"> <div class="affiliation_nameno"> MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China </div> </div> <div class="affiliation d-flex"> <div class="affiliation_sup mr-2"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation_name flex-grow-1"> Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="mr-2 d-flex align-items-center"><span>Views:</span><b class="ml-2">1514</b></div> <div class="mr-2 d-flex align-items-center"><span>Downloads:</span><b class="ml-2">215</b></div> <a tabindex="0" class="mr-2 align-items-center cursor-pointer" style="display: none;" data-bind="popover1" data-container="body" data-toggle="popover" data-trigger="focus" data-placement="bottom"> <span>Citations:</span> <b class="ml-2">0</b> </a> </div> <div class="information-item pb-3"> <div class="articledoi"> <em>Nature Anthropology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>2</em> (1), 10002;  <a href="https://doi.org/10.35534/natanthropol.2024.10002" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.35534/natanthropol.2024.10002</a> </div> <p class="d-flex fal-title mb-0"> <i class="fal fa-calendar-alt"></i> <span class="mr-3">Received: 17 January 2024</span> <span class="mr-3">Accepted: 17 January 2024</span> <span class="mr-3">Published: 17 January 2024</span> </p> </div> <div class="articleneir pull-item d-flex"> <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" itemprop="license" rel="license" data-license="by" class="pull-left pt-1"> <img src="/style/image/iconby.png" alt="Creative Commons"> </a> <p class="flex-grow-1 ml-2"> © 2024 The authors. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>). </p> </div> <div class="meta-info text-break border-top border-dark pt-3 mt-3"> <div class="article-item pt-4"> <div class="link-introduction article-item-text pt-2">The phylogeny of Hominini is definitely the most important and interesting part of the Anthropological Halls in most of the natural history museums. Many visitors will stop in front of the fossils of <em>Australopithecus</em> and learn what our ancestors might look like. By this time, people will seldom question that <em>Australopithecus</em> was an ancestor of human, just like Chinese people used to trace their ancestry to Peking man for granted decades ago. However, sufficient genetic studies invalidated that preconception subsequently. Therefore, we may rethink that why <em>Australopithecus</em> must be the direct ancestors of human. Are there sufficient evidences? Or is there another possible that <em>Australopithecus</em> was just on a side branch away from the evolutionary trunk of human? In a way, to take <em>Australopithecus</em> as our ancestor for granted may result from the opinion of the single-line anagenesis, while there are few cases in the nature. When looking into the present version of the Hominini phylogeny (<a href='#Figure1' class='html-fig html-figpopup'>Figure 1</a>A), we find that there is an obvious trend to put most of the fossil genera on the main stem evolving to human. Besides <em>Orrorin</em> and <em>Australopithecus</em>, <em>Adipithecus</em> was also thought to be on the main stem by most of the paleoanthropologists, although it was distinctly similar to chimpanzees rather than to human. In the same mode of thinking, <em>Kenyanthropus</em> and <em>Paranthropus</em> were put on short side branches affiliated closely to the main stem, which made the evolutionary history of human quite ample. On another side, people always complain that the ancestor of chimpanzees was yet missing. The genus Pan seems to have appeared suddenly. This kind of imbalance can most likely be attributed to the misunderstanding of the fossil genera, such as regarding <em>Adipithecus</em> as human ancestor.<div class='html-fig-wrap'><div class='html-fig_img'><div class='html-figpopup html-figpopup-link' href='#Figure1'><img data-large='/uploads/2024/01/17/0bf70f1bb754b2cf621922b52b0a2d77.jpg' data-original='/uploads/2024/01/17/0bf70f1bb754b2cf621922b52b0a2d77.jpg' src='/uploads/2024/01/17/0bf70f1bb754b2cf621922b52b0a2d77.jpg'><a class='html-expand html-figpopup' href='#Figure1'></a></div></div><div class='html-fig_description'><b><a href='#Figure1' class='html-fig html-figpopup'>Figure 1</a>. </b>The present Hominini phylogeny (<b>A</b>) and a possible reconstruction (<b>B</b>).</div></div>The most robust phylogeny is that constructed with the genomic data, however, there were no DNA remained in any fossils older than one million years. Therefore, the Hominini phylogeny was not based on genomes but phenomes. Unfortunately, fossils of the Hominini genera are mostly incomplete or even fragmentary. That means not many phenotypes can be extracted from the fossils and there are still nondeterminacies for the divergences. One of the phenotypes, angle of femur neck which is related strongly to bipedalism, exhibits a strange atavism along the present phylogeny. The angle of <em>Orrorin</em> was much larger than that of <em>Australopithecus</em>, which indicates <em>Australopithecus</em> might not be as good at bipedalism as the <em>Orrorin</em> was. Then, why was Lucy our grand grandma while she died from fall out of tall tree [<a href='#B1' class='html-bibr' title='1'>1</a>]? More weird phenotypes of <em>Australopithecus</em> were pointed out in a letter [<a href='#B2' class='html-bibr' title='2'>2</a>] sent to Nature Anthropology recently. The most interesting phenotypes showing the contradiction are the skull feature and footprint. Both of the phenotypes of <em>Australopithecus</em> were more similar to Pan or even to Gorilla than to human. Although there was no statistical analysis, the suggestion of this letter, a possible reconstruction of the Hominini phylogeny to move <em>Australopithecus</em> to the branch of chimpanzee, is worth while and thoughtful (<a href='#Figure1' class='html-fig html-figpopup'>Figure 1</a>B). Besides the merits, some points of this letter may be excessive. For example, the authors suggested to put Gorilla onto the branch of <em>Australopithecus</em> and <em>Pan</em>, while that is inconsistent with the genomic phylogeny of the three existing species. The divergence time between human and <em>Pan</em> is seven million years, while that between human-<em>Pan</em> and <em>Gorilla</em> is ten million years [<a href='#B3' class='html-bibr' title='3'>3</a>,<a href='#B4' class='html-bibr' title='4'>4</a>]. If both <em>Pan</em> and <em>Gorilla</em> were evolved from Australopithecus, the divergence time will have to reduce by half. As a scientific consensus, we believe more in genomic phylogeny than in physical phylogeny. We have to consider other possible reasons caused the similarity between <em>Australopithecus</em> and <em>Gorilla</em>. <em>Nature Anthropology</em> is a highly integrated journal and we are open to receive all submissions on anthropological research, including opposing views that may spark some arguments. We encourage a broader body of academics to carry out conversations so as to cross-fertilize critical debates among anthropologists. Open discussion is always good for science. </div> <div class="link-materials-and-methods article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-theory-calculation article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-results article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-discussion article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-conclusions article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-supplementary-materials article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-appendix article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-appendix-b article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-acknowledgments article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-author-contributions article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-ethics-statement article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-informed-consent-statement article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-funding article-item-text"></div> <div class="link-declaration-competing-interest article-item-text"></div> <h2 class="border-bottom"> <a id="html-references_list" class="anchor-66"></a> References </h2> <div class="references_zt"> <div class="references_at"> <div class="references html-x" id='B1'> <div class="references_sup">1.</div> <div class="references_name"> Kappelman J, Ketcham RA, Pearce S, Todd L, Akins W, Colbert MW, et al. 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A Possible Reconstruction of Hominini Phylogeny. <i>Nature Anthropology</i> <b>2024</b>, <i>2</i>, 10002. https://doi.org/10.35534/natanthropol.2024.10002</p> <h6 class="mt-3 d-flex justify-content-between text-justify"> AMA Style </h6> <p class="modal-text2 text-justify">Li H. 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} const html_pics = node.querySelector('.html_pics') if (html_pics){ formula["Equation"+numMatch[0]]=html_pics.innerHTML; } return; } // Treatment textbooks if (node.nodeType === 3) { var lines = node.nodeValue.split(/\r?\n/); if (lines.length == 1){ // No change, it may be the content of the previous P tag if (node.nodeValue.trim().length > 0){ lastP.appendChild(node); } return; } lines.forEach((line, index)=> { if (index >0){ // Other changes may be the new P tag, the old P label is moved in if (lastP.childElementCount > 0 || lastP.textContent.trim().length > 0){ element.appendChild(lastP); lastP = document.createElement('p'); } } if (line.trim().length > 0){ lastP.appendChild(document.createTextNode(line)); } }); element.removeChild(node); return; } if (node.classList.contains('html-fig-wrap')){ if (lastP.childElementCount > 0 || lastP.textContent.trim().length > 0){ element.appendChild(lastP); lastP = document.createElement('p'); } } //Other situations are the content of the previous P tag lastP.appendChild(node); }); if (lastP.childElementCount > 0 || lastP.textContent.trim().length > 0){ element.appendChild(lastP); } if (element.childElementCount == 0 && element.textContent.trim().length == 0){ // Delete the empty node element.parentNode.removeChild(element); } function capitalizeFirstLetter(str) { return str.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + str.slice(1); } // Find the picture form formula without setting the A tag, and give a tag element.innerHTML = element.innerHTML.replace(/(?<!<a.+?>\s*|[a-zA-Z])(Figure|Table|Scheme|Equation)\s+($([A-Z]?\d+)$|([A-Z]?\d+))(?<!\s*<\/a>)/gi, function(match, $2,$3) { match = capitalizeFirstLetter(match); return '<a href="#'+ capitalizeFirstLetter($2) + $3.replace(/$|$/g,'') +'">'+ match +'</a>'; }); // Remove Markdown element.innerHTML = markdownReplace(element.innerHTML); // Find a super -text link without setting A tags, give a tagnk without setting A tags, give a tagnk without setting A tags, give a tag element.innerHTML = element.innerHTML.replace(/(?<!<a.+?>\s*)https?:\/\/[^\s\/]+(\/[^\s<.]*)*(?<!\s*<\/a>)/gi, function(match) { return '<a href="'+ match.replace(/[.,，。;\s]+$/, '') +'" target="_blank">'+ match +'</a>'; } ); // Add a box to the formula quotation element.querySelectorAll('a[href^="#Equation"]').forEach(auchor=>{ const id= auchor.getAttribute('href').slice(1); if (formula[id]){ $(auchor).tooltip({ html: true , delay: { "show": 200, "hide": 200 },title:$('<div class="formulaTip">').html(formula[id])}); } }); // Handling in -line formula renderMathInElement(element, { delimiters: [ {left: '$$', right: '$$', display: false}, ], throwOnError : false }); }); document.querySelectorAll("div.articleneir.abstract").forEach(element => { renderMathInElement(element, { delimiters: [ {left: '$$', right: '$$', display: false}, ], throwOnError : false }); }); // Processing reference document.querySelectorAll(".html-bibr").forEach(link => { link.removeAttribute('title'); const target = document.querySelector(link.getAttribute('href')+'.references > .references_name'); if (target){ $(link).tooltip({ html: true , delay: { "show": 200, "hide": 200 },title:target.innerHTML}); } }); document.querySelectorAll(".references").forEach(ref => { if (ref.id){ const a = document.createElement("a"); a.name=ref.id; a.classList.add("anchor-abs-66"); ref.removeAttribute("id"); ref.insertBefore(a, ref.firstChild); } }); // Treat the display area of the formula formula of the picture form, remove the A tag, set the anchor point document.querySelectorAll('.html-fig-wrap .html-fig_description,.html-fig-wrap .html-table_wrap_discription').forEach(element => { element.innerHTML = markdownReplace(element.innerHTML); const match = element.firstChild.textContent.match(/(Figure|Table|Scheme) [A-Z]?\d+/g); if (match){ element.firstChild.textContent = element.firstChild.textContent let id= match[0].replace(" ","") const target = document.createElement("a"); target.name=id; target.classList.add("anchor"); element.parentNode.insertBefore(target, element.parentNode.firstChild); document.querySelectorAll("a[href='#"+id+"']").forEach(auchor => { $(auchor).tooltip({ html: true , delay: { "show": 1000, "hide": 100 },title:$(element.parentNode).html()}); }); } }); // Processing keywords const keywordsContainer = document.querySelector('.keywords') if (keywordsContainer){ let title; while(child = keywordsContainer.firstChild){ // Take out the first non -empty element in Keywords if (child.textContent.trim().length>0){ title = child; title.appendChild(document.createTextNode(' ')); keywordsContainer.removeChild(child); break; } keywordsContainer.removeChild(child); } let listLinks = []; let link = document.createElement('a'); Array.from(keywordsContainer.childNodes).forEach(node=> { // Treatment text nodes if (node.nodeType === 3) { var ks = node.nodeValue.split(/(?<!&#(?:x[0-9a-fA-F]{1,5}|\d{1,6}))[;]|,/); if (ks.length == 1){ // There is no separatist, no new link is created if (link.lastChild && link.lastChild.nodeType === 3){ //Condented text nodes link.lastChild.nodeValue += ks[0]; }else{ link.appendChild(node); } return; }else{ ks.forEach((k, index)=> { if (index==0){ // In the first paragraph, do not create a new LINK, and the merger with the previous merger if (link.lastChild && link.lastChild.nodeType === 3){ //Condented text nodes link.lastChild.nodeValue += k; return; } }else{ // Means encounter; create a new link listLinks.push(link); link = document.createElement('a'); } link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(k.trim())); }); return; } }else{ link.appendChild(node); } }); if (link.innerText.trim().length>0){ listLinks.push(link); } keywordsContainer.innerHTML = ""; keywordsContainer.appendChild(title); listLinks.forEach((link, index, array)=> { link.href = "/index/search/index.html?search="+link.innerHTML.trim().replace(/ /g, '+');// TODO :Angle/lowering/small capitalization keywordsContainer.appendChild(link); if (index !== array.length - 1) { keywordsContainer.appendChild(document.createTextNode(', ')); } }); } // Treatment reference copy document.querySelectorAll('.cite-modal h6 ').forEach(h6 => { let a = document.createElement('a'); let h6Text = h6.textContent.trim(); h6.appendChild(a); a.href = "#"; a.textContent = "Copy"; a.onclick = function(e) { if (h6.nextElementSibling) { navigator.clipboard.writeText(h6.nextElementSibling.textContent.replace(/\r\n|\n|\r/g, '')).then(function() { $('#citeModal').modal('hide'); 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A Possible Reconstruction of Hominini Phylogeny - Nature Anthropology - Full-Text HTML - SCIEPublish