CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.liebertpub.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e715772aff53f94',cH: 'RWHPzS3Mj5EJpa2JUNlbRClCzsWWXnxYdunBhubgSAg-1732366820-1.2.1.1-AUcELqd_AKYV0vlmofzwhYFHOIbUlmB6Unxs0J5SI.ICkvnKrkqgg1nzf6Ve1ry.',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/10.1089\/apc.2008.0076?__cf_chl_tk=HDUktH9FcyTp7MYY6jlLr70of7.gNLA0zkn1.v8Ab.k-1732366820-1.0.1.1-Z5KrEdBHhIhsGvaf5.l1SQ8fUOnWF.UMlGMM_kyCge8",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732366820',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/10.1089\/apc.2008.0076?__cf_chl_f_tk=HDUktH9FcyTp7MYY6jlLr70of7.gNLA0zkn1.v8Ab.k-1732366820-1.0.1.1-Z5KrEdBHhIhsGvaf5.l1SQ8fUOnWF.UMlGMM_kyCge8",md: "ZOu8oWALtUI9rqOuHvFDRMASqmIbJUbnKdVe4zioNPY-1732366820-1.2.1.1-FeWef8fd9OhbX9HfPACF_6HQTY1gnUbvNvzFDLZj4hymjYvowg1oGhxVyn8e72K7dn_G_Vc9YxxzvViq9oUcyJrX1yso8A8TXhJ12l9mrRbetw9oQGCleZtZHIF8hriJd0t256ZF8I9vjUhjx8yza9kQoDOTe3fE6qtFUaulBZ2z.wyR2eKeI_hpkaLR16T.xbH7RLoeDX2y1A0x8L521rnGX5EdCgOtufnlhLjLLxF9izPc5RqPnRdR3yRDKDiJK_8.IT0TtlS67GJILoOkKP0xqlQDgp_2FogQ9sm1nH0hko6CEVu0zZsZzMM6qyjmTY0Ew69Pfm1.0gp4tYFO1qhSwqJjBOhVF38O9PwHH3liiZI1SiecWcpRVt4qfbBiRGSjWCf92bnZSG1_1R3kx92cTVZOqSYgUAHlaBTCh42I38sGKHNC5dRGnfinRRCJBnMy1n3AsPtlpGWx5dsidoQXqkzXzKfu_2cfgZq13CxGaqNcwitSDEjV51BTDvdxXMQB5CXcFCMl3Sg78afrnL3H4VkolNTdlmqfASl4uj_AqLotOOvQCwsGeNJtrRWJ4fSE_4T2Axi.dr48shmoBLgNNvxx7Ldzr3siDGShuhvYuwg8pi9JD7BbSYdvh8Iux5gRrfrTdclDHb3wWVQJrRG8WjCF6Q_pL.9dVEzPryByrhHHe6vwytD3EZ6VxTXmanLywkudOOiTzxro0.mGg70KKIwWoflf3jrv15hg54VMwyXtuPLP59C.jwyKqfSfH_K8yB9bGY1ctQsFT1SlkblWKxlClNtA4SlIg.1IjKmc6QJi7q7_6PF4YQQuAVvcftLr0TZquJrkDAz3smyZotBiUwm2W5KN6QYHJWNsJElPGVdjxvf0sCAZ6qXdUIZwmVOcGjSVk1qEIP1JSfqS.tsBEY2pbntj6czC1jqHdb2RBeTSRgQkYBzLrmKTYVaMvo3xX7p2zgdr8YD25q6Sn1gsdOb9cTrAyBHE5zUeeFMSgVOruIHe8r4qfqVYhwXD1xQgV8x.u0jXJLcv7DzhATLaAxUgmVCnkhzxLq0hXWFvXBKgZjyVtkDLxJmtjGgAMZxuKFtgyO696CVKzShiKF1WaQDxBuhaowsLNt14jp0G5qxGXbtLNBmoL0IrqNH98o5HjZSJfX5Dxez4UmM2cAlx9bCzw2LOH3bRvHrbGZb1Nms7jz5DQQAk1dpcvdcByQXw3UdxjYFewOj7q.3.mNbr.bDtwZlPrxT2C5sDkN2979F8FWgWaoXud4vB_g0xtKQg2sNdpmm1zDmpKBAQ90Iff0fgd9V4iSK3qtI4vh0PMcCA9wgA7OqPfI4PwUROElXqat10M4uXFP4PhsQVIWlnwJefb6rGcKIfMS3_Wl6g69ihHbAgB.BZKWIe6YB.H1MDc7Ug48gSAVLZJstLrcIsbsC3JAqfaD0ecmW5QT0.2IRfAWS9f.T_r_EfK9kSE_pQQwhl05SZV_efJ.Nm1wvES.X9QbJv6kgMBWlmz2nbZijWot7fL7sncbsAv.EqL6SP6RrtlbQ7bybVeEjvnFmDc5TvZVIaLmPoF1LblG82E9o04dT8prX7K6ii2RYgcmjs_MegjzJfvu0.rTR5YYoRM7aL0pfu2NriwW_hwvt.3SeaDNXvkzYQR2NpR4r3OmEeHWoJQ0SiXyc9PTr47HoedEiGp5R2Rfp.fKGef0roVyW7N4ez64Ja1k6.J38sSs2L3pUxViMmXQwKtJuSuS3Mbzp8YMr8FPKE2ZgStTgQuAdOAWumuZtZ4LcKA3e2Lq_UoYIbTvZE7LhEtm0ncX.Bm7H4CLsLzv5IewbCnX8OQKRZ.S7IHzE3nYR40_fg5AxVlIZ.KMwOGBb1Orz5LX4ErGoA6N7acKtw_.gAIdEAyLGWmxDum2T10Myg3cB37I16_5mrvoSb0VS_Ls5m2Dc6qGiDum_crhn_TMx53ZRlRT12VGpNkGM95L1yuli3EWoYDMUcOnLls.Db4czCRlCetQ4CH0QwlFn_gcvIi3472jDZ_VO6ZwHmusl0EqBENpUs7f1glVe5vqgeTlnKNEteftus4hC6WHyemq_bfBM_S4Dze4izS4Go86biauueXBnjgNYFuxlZx2fXJC8D7XIo7qga.w502ur682jgZPy_h_xxWikNMM8liaoua6OZeVf9ho7c4iw2ic5OzV86pqdo5_x5O3a8C9HPPz.UpaYlXR2g94D6z5GamDYTOfFKKYtuw7i3pR1Btewfgl_Et5oqZY8IvIVMMng.IcYmqEyZGpD0VUPvILKebuTaUhtoQorxaXVD_lH6xzQl4RHDUxBrrH.jSV3R2hN1Hr6M9Gg6xYBjn2Oip5kqoCmAokvCmxqoKYd8lYQH1ZySbJ35j7PrlGgp8pZCFL_8t5RaEKpaFubJkp_wgHg7HbqdPu3hjP2SLUQBbRuqH1OHBp3ozBGeqNOEpWTu3K2LR3jYItdJ6eo_d0R_QuDCN92_pslbRlbHt9mMimISx7o0cFPVEC0aRt8cgmbhCIsPtmJMostBPDcu8dDWHXxq9xECEr_gD4lC.uNu2Roko.RgNvTR4Z337bYUXAPMGmKrpi.kYxvtscFw5d8t3NNd6iydpPfUx.xgx1VzNYmiq50MY5he0VFuTcSTIoL6acwW5wCcoyTpOeqwD7kfWSOuxkGzGVhuUTJPBKRvopHefLXtTWjMP9V7u26S519KPf7RDYGOOL7SyrYMM4uB0mk.ITfVVdz.3OQPy2dHl4YzUqluRNEe9pJyoSxthF94c4bjY2CnrRP4FvtOtUy3DCJBk5QlVJv3qvIRgM_pIKoUssGeS8C.Sm3qRlcRJXh70RfOb48f1a14aidAcJjDfuQg.f4fcdRgpXEge_j3xC.Sg2KK9hWODFsbUJ.ovdWpbNEGLPFbRMd4RN_oFiLL6Vi_SU5ZD85lKZWrHMDvTF0Af0FpP6oy3cVHV_nVDJRhftTzPlQ3J.Y",mdrd: "wveInNticm95OffHSfnFZE0cfuLnxkUD8AjAF3bx1oo-1732366820-1.2.1.1-IgVpRROWBzDkMsAil4zcUI0sRfRnlPW4CCzxXbEPJMdaANy5rCXvbhPJKwxTObFR1qsvmurDbkrsorYPrBSjBGhxGNB27Xkz9fKx_CAXXhM_cBIEXVxeUXh2hMGECVaIWq_vwsZKTk3MS2c4hJRJtArscelnJcNFIV.lJ6hzQOawFjRmm4jc90yzi4SWqTKF0HE6rKK44uoYPKDYkKhwrJfr3PGw20jtzxz_i_8v875u_.Z5vE2weQhldWW0CmaHhsxbsQssQaVeq5U27mLJ2dKl43k5KuncYMg9fwdxia2hdZHsR03rTpEOKm4QwCgCojeFuO0nYuAGm5aSpFGQ3sa8zlP0_i4ikMK.Lv3q4tQlA7OJYiN1kKosTypt2ksZAftIdqMw6TWcbadwJGDqfHPdrlyNrTEMt8AJiBWLVeeAukRr5Jzlr4DKvjLn9IBX_tnuoOPjsGaWr9LF2700A3wsXRQzLbptq9DsE1xqdygETXwFDPg7m0EZsAxsdBx9UyWnRNH1DdAik8ekyexZ1qB0wkKVfz5NVkuSb3Hh396zczge.9hbNDwmCondL5LiTQ_bCNzz4OX0vk0KV6KiJ6EPzdBbPAsiiw5c5x3Yzsy4UdFx1O6pbj6z9O0Oi_Z3H4CP96tV9xmDeGr9ZNPgUTsNiEyoSLlnMS4o7gqwc2MUGGqUDvFzpC1ql5Qv9v38l9VxgMR_3rpX0D4mrsXes5nN.NnaVC43FCUmmTPil_11sCv5MD0DQx.PONsHSpmY.hDJTgmwwd.yftkh3h1Sdf8QjFEPDDpXby3s8TpGyjm4UBJuYr39UfKxg7dvN_v82OMI3jyZTdlbZguQF_SEoQ_Z867WZqkln_746ICKF0GzjtG57NPsZ1SsBpRhZCQxh.w0Jdgfy3ailTOfaQr7R_U0iPrPDXZwM70DPzhUxeTGbTj3AgLvBpuplXCplIeoy2diplu.V6QZCW7Q7zO1Rw_H9xwqzvGDCc3H2XyMvOaYm2OFdvIgPQrnTVIrvWpfnfzSzEwIgUZroZtRMo4M5f95ifiZcFir7oHjopE3rHGQFxzXZDE20jhML7CIr.cSAIOeWJv9tZLCshReMvz2I3EU0HpKjeQdNy3P5Z7s0aRU5nvkfXaYIzPNhR6c69WF_KOSG4KlURB2lh2_fUCSJJ0_8klFIp0kdFmPzTCkPmX6SjKZgQLpYWK_7jPfO90EYZcXsTuogJMx2a2d7j4PZQExVkcIphe.h5OwSIPd8NkKGPtZxZSBGFMo8GYJjga6YS6G0h2135nLd3C3dh3iNDgoX3X8fDvFYtjnYmMcT7H_0ROG.eIanzcUxTprBi.YvZkQQ5htf3sib2iBKZv6TzRLlKzgwVCbVb831MERXP9KPWfJnazrgFBBNOu_Z_jB6ERiTr4qCsYpSNeRNX7pynmq3ZDOKdG0da8vbniBNxdcoWHBriblAl4AGC6tvK07zWHRsn021WbFtTPv4Vu_2AfBiIbPF4hKI60aayI0yDfgIEMQepzm7._eGBCmmMPwvO_3UNwrQxDrmkaXWVitagMpW1YPNtXFCxldYwUKp1bhVwI73hcL8uK0bDj7zs.1iiuQfvqP_BJqsuMNl9.bVQPtUwjtlOjDKq9X3DtrAbzgBdX1m_GlWUTiOXJ1qchqI7rufn5TFpGgiIEcKgZ2jnOFfHZ8B810SSN23y2TH139PwcoO7RHB0h7XokEy3VVIIFLdtv2NK97qo.iEeDix62F668GOUSdwQpR1vdXiJuZppKy3Rw.gUzYRDVNy12hEV0AfbUOX5s6hVdIzRAFqGYbQMFTpYgqWjxLGW6oxGHbm9iMYmDimK8s3IRptOWDjZJy5ZISIbOcr7ixYL2.kIrASU76mqKJ3QgsiFSuoV_Z2kH.s7cAfKYe63UIFd12IyJcrGlnqG9J3ivpP7UzJf0pL1.ri75mDYMwbwFNnkUuus_0W_vtB8DvupuEJlOL"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e715772aff53f94';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/10.1089\/apc.2008.0076?__cf_chl_rt_tk=HDUktH9FcyTp7MYY6jlLr70of7.gNLA0zkn1.v8Ab.k-1732366820-1.0.1.1-Z5KrEdBHhIhsGvaf5.l1SQ8fUOnWF.UMlGMM_kyCge8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>