Krypton | AMERICAN ELEMENTS®

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class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/be.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Beryllium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/bi.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Bismuth <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/bb.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Boron <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/bromine.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Bromine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cd.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cadmium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ca.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Calcium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cc.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Carbon <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ce.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cerium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cs.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cesium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/chlorine.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Chlorine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cr.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Chromium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/co.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cobalt <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cu.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Copper <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/dy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Dysprosium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/er.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Erbium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/eu.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Europium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fluorine.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fluorine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/gd.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gadolinium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ga.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gallium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ge.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Germanium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/au.htm" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gold <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/hf.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Hafnium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ho.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Holmium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/in.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Indium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ii.htm" class="tbm-link level-3"> Iodine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ir.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Iridium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fe.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Iron <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/la.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Lanthanum <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/pb.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Lead <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/li.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Lithium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3 menu-item-bold" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/products-by-element" class="tbm-link level-3"> More… <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Products by Form <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-18" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/2d-materials" class="tbm-link level-3"> 2D Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alloys.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alloys <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alloys.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alloy Forms <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ceramic-fibers" class="tbm-link level-3"> Ceramic Fibers <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ceramics.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Ceramics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/chemicals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Chemicals & Salts <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/foams.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Foams <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm" class="tbm-link level-3"> High Purity Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/isotopes.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Isotopes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Metal Forms <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/mxenes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Mxenes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Nanomaterials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/organometallics.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Organometallics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/oxides.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Oxides <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Pure Metals <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/rare-earths.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Rare Earths <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/semiconductors.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Semiconductors <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/solutions" class="tbm-link level-3"> Solutions <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Products by Application <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-30" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/additive-manufacturing-3d-printing" class="tbm-link level-3"> 3D Printing <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/additive-manufacturing-3d-printing" class="tbm-link level-3"> Additive Manufacturing <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/green-technology-alternative-energy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alternative Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Battery-Technology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Battery Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Bio-Medical.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Biomaterials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/catalysts" class="tbm-link level-3"> Catalysts <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/dental-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Dental Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/electronics-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Electronics Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fuel-cell-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fuel Cell Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fusion-energy" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fusion Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/optical-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Glass Manufacturing <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/green-technology-alternative-energy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Green Technology <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Hydrogen-Storage.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Hydrogen Storage <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/optical-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Laser Crystals <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/life-science-organic-chemistry" class="tbm-link level-3"> Life Sciences <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metallurgy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Metallurgy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Nanomaterials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Nanotechnology <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/optical-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Optical Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/solar-energy-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Photovoltaics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/pigments-coatings.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Pigments & Coatings <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metal-plating" class="tbm-link level-3"> Plating <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/research-and-development.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Research & Development <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/solar-energy-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Solar Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/space-industry.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Space Technology <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/sputtering-targets.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Sputtering Targets <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Battery-Technology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Supercapacitor Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/thin-film-evaporation-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Thin Film Deposition <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/water-treatment-chemicals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Water Treatment <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/weather-modification" class="tbm-link level-3"> Weather Modification <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Life Science Products <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-37" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3 menu-item-bold" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/life-science-organic-chemistry" class="tbm-link level-3"> All Life Science <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alcohols" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alcohols <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aldehydes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aldehydes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alkanes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alkanes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/amides" class="tbm-link level-3"> Amides <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/amines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Amines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/amino-acids-derivatives" class="tbm-link level-3"> Amino Acids & Derivatives <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aromatics" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aromatics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aryls" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aryls <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/azetidines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Azetidines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzimidazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benzimidazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzothiophenes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benziothiophenes 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role="banner"> <div class="section layout-container clearfix"> </div> </header> <div class="highlighted"> <aside class="layout-container section clearfix" role="complementary"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </aside> </div> <div id="main-wrapper" class="page-layout-main-wrapper layout-container clearfix"> <div id="main" class="layout-main clearfix container-fluid"> <main id="content" class="column main-content" role="main"> <section class="section"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div> <div id="block-ae-theme-gratis-ae-subtheme-system-main"> <article data-history-node-id="358366" class="elements"> <div class="element-main"> <div class="elements__banner "> <img src=/images/2024-08/krypton-banner.jpg /> </div> <h1 class="elements__banner__title"> <span>Krypton</span> </h1> <div class="elements__banner__properties"> <div class="elements__banner__properties--number">36</div> <div class="elements__banner__properties--symbol">Kr</div> <div class="elements__banner__properties--mass">83.798</div> </div> </div> <div class="elements__content"> <div class="ae-tabs"> <div class="ae-tabs-headers"> <a href="#about" class="ae-tabs-headers--header" data-tab="tab-about">About <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-f76632c2c8fa0d8d65680d10b00fefd1c265e0bb9d5ec51c0ad255b892697419"> <div class="all-items"> <div>Krypton</div> </div> </div> </div> </a> <a href="#products" class="ae-tabs-headers--header" data-tab="tab-products">Products</a> <a href="#properties" class="ae-tabs-headers--header active" data-tab="tab-properties">Properties</a> <a href="#properties-and-products" class="ae-tabs-headers--header" data-tab="tab-properties-and-products">Properties & Products</a> <a href="#safety" class="ae-tabs-headers--header" data-tab="tab-safety">Safety</a> <a href="#isotopes" class="ae-tabs-headers--header" data-tab="tab-isotopes">Isotopes</a> </div> <div class="ae-tabs-content"> <div id="tab-about" class="tab-body paragraph paragraph--type--about paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="paragraph text-with-title paragraph--type--text-with-title paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h2 class="text-with-title__title">About Krypton</h2> <div class="text-with-title__body"><div class="tab-pane active" id="about" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1"><p><img class="image-left" src="https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/element-bohr-models/krypton-bohr-model.jpg" alt="Krypton Bohr" width="200" height="200"></p><p>Krypton, atomic number 36, is one of the noble gases and is found in trace amounts (1 ppm) of the Earth’s atmosphere. The high cost of fractional distillation of liquefied air to isolate this element precludes widespread use in practical applications. When isolated, krypton is commercially used for high-speed photographic flash bulbs; and when mixed with other gases such as argon, is often present in fluorescent lamps. Krypton is mostly inert and few compounds containing krypton are known to exist. Krypton diflouride (KrF<sub>2</sub>) is one such compound – a volatile and colorless solid that can typically only be produced in amounts measured in grams.</p><p>When krypton is combined with <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/fluorine.html">fluorine</a>, a host of industrial and scientific applications are made possible. Krypton fluoride <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/optical-materials.html">lasers</a> produce a deep-ultraviolet beam that is widely used in photolithography during the manufacturing process of <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/semiconductors.html">semiconductor integrated circuits</a>. Due to the short wavelength of its emitted light (λ = 248 nm), this type of laser is credited with significantly reducing piece-part spacing in microelectronic chips throughout the 1990s and 2000s. This increased the density of piece-parts on a microchip, transistors in a CPU for example, thereby increasing switching speed and lowering cost of <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/electronics.html">manufacturing electronic devices</a>. For these reasons, the krypton fluoride laser has been credited as one of the key contributors in maintaining Moore’s Law during this time frame.</p><p>Sir William Ramsay, chemist and recipient of the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his isolation of noble gases, along with Morris Travers, discovered krypton in 1898 by evaporating components of liquefied air. Six naturally occurring, stable isotopes of krypton have been discovered since. One such isotope, <sup>81</sup>Kr, has been found useful in dating groundwater. <sup>85</sup>Kr is a byproduct of <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/uu.htm">uranium</a> or <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/pu.html">plutonium</a> fission and is itself radioactive with a half-life of 10.76 years. <sup>86</sup>Kr, with the 605nm wavelength characteristic of its orange-red spectral line, was declared the official internationally-accepted definition of ‘meter’ as a unit of measure in 1960; replacing a metal bar, before being replaced itself in 1983 by the distance that light travels in a vacuum.</p></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="tab-properties" class="tab-body paragraph paragraph--type--properties-element paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="paragraph text-with-title paragraph--type--text-with-title paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h2 class="text-with-title__title">Krypton Properties</h2> <div class="text-with-title__body"><div class="tab-pane active" id="properties" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab2"><p><img class="image-left" src="https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/krypton-bohr.jpg" alt="Krypton Bohr Model" width="200" height="200"><strong>Krypton</strong> is a Block P, Group 18, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Krypton's shells is 2, 8, 18, 8 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> 4p<sup>6</sup>. In its elemental form krypton's CAS number is 7439-90-9. The krypton atom has a covalent radius of 116±4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 202.pm. Krypton has a concentration about 1 ppm in the atmosphere and can be extracted from liquid air. Krypton was discovered and first isolated by Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers in 1898. The origin of the name Krypton comes from the Greek word kryptos meaning "hidden".</p><p>Krypton information, including technical data, properties, and other useful facts are specified below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity, and thermal properties are included.</p><p><br> </p></div></div> </div> <div class="two-columns-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--two-columns-accordions paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="two-columns-accordion__left"> <div class="multiple-accordions paragraph paragraph--type--multiple-accordions paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h2 class="multiple-accordions__title"></h2> <div class="multiple-accordions__cta"></div> <div class="multiple-accordions__accordions"><div class="accordion-wrapper"> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--344279">General Properties</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--344279"><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="general-properties"><table class="table properties-table"><tbody><tr><th id="symbol">Symbol:</th><td>Kr</td></tr><tr><th id="atomic-number">Atomic Number:</th><td>36</td></tr><tr><th id="atomic-weight">Atomic Weight:</th><td>83.79</td></tr><tr><th id="element-category">Element Category:</th><td>noble gases</td></tr><tr><th id="group-period-block">Group, Period, Block:</th><td>18, 4, p</td></tr><tr><th id="color">Color:</th><td>colorless</td></tr><tr><th id="other-names">Other Names:</th><td>Cripto</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--344280">Physical Properties</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--344280"><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="physical-properties"><table class="properties-table table"><tbody><tr><th id="melting-point">Melting Point:</th><td>-157.36°C, -251.248°F, 115.79 K</td></tr><tr><th id="boiling-point">Boiling Point:</th><td>-153.415°C, -244.147°F, 119.735 K</td></tr><tr><th id="density">Density:</th><td>3000 (85 K) kg·m<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="liquid-density">Liquid Density @ Melting Point:</th><td>2.413 g·cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="density-20-degrees-C">Density @ 20°C:</th><td>0.003708 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="solid-density">Density of Solid:</th><td>2155 kg·m<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="specific-heat">Specific Heat:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="superconductivity-temperature">Superconductivity Temperature:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="triple-point">Triple Point:</th><td>115.775 K, 73.53 kPa</td></tr><tr><th id="critical-point">Critical Point:</th><td>209.48 K, 5.525 MPa</td></tr><tr><th id="fusion-heat">Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th><td>1.64</td></tr><tr><th id="vaporization-heat">Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th><td>9.05</td></tr><tr><th id="atomization-heat">Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th><td>0</td></tr><tr><th id="thermal-conductivity">Thermal Conductivity:</th><td>9.43×10-3  W·m<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="thermal-expansion">Thermal Expansion:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="electrical-resistivity">Electrical Resistivity:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="tensile-strength">Tensile Strength:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="molar-heat-capacity">Molar Heat Capacity:</th><td>5R/2 = 20.786 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="youngs-modulus">Young's Modulus:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="shear-modulus">Shear Modulus:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="bulk-modulus">Bulk Modulus:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="poisson-ratio">Poisson Ratio:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="mohs-hardness">Mohs Hardness:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="vickers-hardness">Vickers Hardness:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="brinell-hardness">Brinell Hardness:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="speed-of-sound">Speed of Sound:</th><td>(gas, 23 °C) 220, (liquid) 1120 m·s<sup>-1</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="pauling-electronegativity">Pauling Electronegativity:</th><td>3</td></tr><tr><th id="sanderson-electronegativity">Sanderson Electronegativity:</th><td>2.91</td></tr><tr><th id="allerd-rochow-electronegativity">Allred Rochow Electronegativity:</th><td>2.94</td></tr><tr><th id="mulliken-jaffe-electronegativity">Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity:</th><td>3.00 (12.5% s orbital)</td></tr><tr><th id="allen-electronegativity">Allen Electronegativity:</th><td>2.966</td></tr><tr><th id="pauling-electropositivity">Pauling Electropositivity:</th><td>1</td></tr><tr><th id="reflectivity">Reflectivity (%):</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="refractive-index">Refractive Index:</th><td>1.000427</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--344281">Chemical Properties</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--344281"><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="chemical-properties"><table class="properties-table table"><tbody><tr><th id="electrons">Electrons:</th><td>36</td></tr><tr><th id="protons">Protons:</th><td>36</td></tr><tr><th id="neutrons">Neutrons:</th><td>48</td></tr><tr><th id="electron-configuration">Electron Configuration:</th><td>[Ar] 3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> 4p<sup>6</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="atomic-radius">Atomic Radius:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="atomic-radius-non-bonded">Atomic Radius,<br>non-bonded (Å):</th><td>2.02</td></tr><tr><th id="covalent-radius">Covalent Radius:</th><td>116±4 pm</td></tr><tr><th id="covalent-radius-non-bonded">Covalent Radius (Å):</th><td>1.16</td></tr><tr><th id="van-der-waals-radius">Van der Waals Radius:</th><td>202 pm</td></tr><tr><th id="oxidation-states">Oxidation States:</th><td>2, 1, 0</td></tr><tr><th id="phase">Phase:</th><td>Gas</td></tr><tr><th id="crystal-structure">Crystal Structure:</th><td>cubic face-centered</td></tr><tr><th id="magnetic-ordering">Magnetic Ordering:</th><td>diamagnetic</td></tr><tr><th id="electron-affinity">Electron Affinity (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>)</th><td>Not stable</td></tr><tr><th id="1-ionization">1<sup>st</sup> Ionization Energy:</th><td>1350.77 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="2-ionization">2<sup>nd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th><td>2350.39 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="3-ionization">3<sup>rd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th><td>3565.16 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns"> <button class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns__open">+ OPEN ALL</button> <button class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns__close">- CLOSE ALL</button> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="two-columns-accordion__right"> <div class="multiple-accordions paragraph paragraph--type--multiple-accordions paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h2 class="multiple-accordions__title"></h2> <div class="multiple-accordions__cta"></div> <div class="multiple-accordions__accordions"><div class="accordion-wrapper"> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--346761">Identifiers</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--346761"><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="identifiers"><table class="table properties-table"><tbody><tr><th id="cas-number">CAS Number:</th><td>7439-90-9</td></tr><tr><th id="ec-number">EC Number:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="mdl-number">MDL Number:</th><td>MFCD00151310</td></tr><tr><th id="beilstein-number">Beilstein Number:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="smile-id">SMILES Identifier:</th><td>[Kr]</td></tr><tr><th id="inchi-id">InChI Identifier:</th><td>InChI=1S/Kr</td></tr><tr><th id="inchi-key">InChI Key:</th><td>DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N</td></tr><tr><th id="pubchem-cid">PubChem CID:</th><td>5416</td></tr><tr><th id="chemspider-id">ChemSpider ID:</th><td>5223</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--346762">Abundance</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--346762"><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="abundance"><table class="table properties-table"><tbody><tr><th class="abundance" id="earth-total">Earth - Total:</th><td>0.0236E-8 cm^3/g</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="mercury-total">Mercury - Total:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="venus-total">Venus - Total:</th><td>2.30E-8 cm^3/g</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-weight">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight:</th><td>0.21</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-atoms">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms:</th><td>0.016</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-weight">Earth -  Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight:</th><td>0.15</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-atoms">Earth -  Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms:</th><td>0.04</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-weight">Sun - Total, ppb by weight:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-atoms">Sun - Total, ppb by atoms:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-weight">Stream, ppb by weight:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-atoms">Stream, ppb by atoms:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-weight">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-atoms">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-weight">Typical Human Body, ppb by weight:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-atoms">Typical Human Body, ppb by atom:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-weight">Universe, ppb by weight:</th><td>40</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-atoms">Universe, ppb by atom:</th><td>0.06</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--346763">History</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--346763"><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="history"><table class="table properties-table"><tbody><tr><th id="discovered">Discovered By:</th><td>William Ramsay and Morris Travers</td></tr><tr><th id="discovery-date">Discovery Date:</th><td>1898</td></tr><tr><th id="first-isolation">First Isolation:</th><td>William Ramsay and Morris Travers (1898)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns"> <button class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns__open">+ OPEN ALL</button> <button class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns__close">- CLOSE ALL</button> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tab-safety" class="tab-body paragraph paragraph--type--safety-tab paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="paragraph text-with-title paragraph--type--text-with-title paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h2 class="text-with-title__title">Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Krypton</h2> <div class="text-with-title__body"><div class="tab-pane active" id="safety" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab3"><p>Krypton is not toxic and is chemically inert, and thus poses minimal environmental or health threats. At room temperature, krypton is typically only harmful when its presence leads to displacement of oxygen in the air, creating potential for asphyxiation.</p><table class="safety-table"><thead><tr><th colspan="2" id="safety-data">Safety Data</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/properties-identifiers.html#msds">Material Safety Data Sheet</a></th><td><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/request.html">MSDS</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/safety-information.html#signalword">Signal Word</a></th><td>Warning</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/safety-information.html#hazardstatements">Hazard Statements</a></th><td>H280</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/hazard-codes.html#hazardcodes">Hazard Codes</a></th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/safety-information.html#riskcodes">Risk Codes</a></th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/safety-information.html#safetyprecautions">Safety Precautions</a></th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/safety-information.html#rtecs">RTECS Number</a></th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/safety-information.html#transportation">Transport Information</a></th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/safety-information.html#wgk">WGK Germany</a></th><td>nwg</td></tr><tr><th><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/hazard-codes.html">Globally Harmonized System of </a><br><a href="https://www.americanelements.com/hazard-codes.html">Classification and Labelling (GHS)</a></th><td><img src="https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/gas-cylinder.png" alt="Gas Cylinder - Gases Under Pressure" width="43" height="44"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="tab-isotopes" class="tab-body paragraph paragraph--type--isotopes paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="paragraph text-with-title paragraph--type--text-with-title paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h2 class="text-with-title__title">Krypton Isotopes</h2> <div class="text-with-title__body"><div class="tab-pane active" id="isotopes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab4"><p>Naturally occurring krypton has six stable isotopes: <sup>78</sup>Kr, <sup>80</sup>Kr, <sup>82</sup>Kr, <sup>83</sup>Kr, <sup>84</sup>Kr, and <sup>86</sup>Kr.</p><table class="isotopes-table"><thead><tr><th scope="col" id="nuclide"><strong>Nuclide</strong></th><th scope="col" id="mass"><strong>Isotopic Mass</strong></th><th scope="col" id="half-life"><strong>Half-Life</strong></th><th scope="col" id="decay"><strong>Mode of Decay</strong></th><th scope="col" id="nuclear-spin"><strong>Nuclear Spin</strong></th><th scope="col" id="magnetic-moment"><strong>Magnetic Moment</strong></th><th scope="col" id="binding-energy"><strong>Binding Energy (MeV)</strong></th><th scope="col" id="natural-abundance"><strong>Natural Abundance</strong><br><strong>(% by atom)</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>69</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>68.96518(43)#</td><td>32(10) ms</td><td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>69</sup>Br</td><td>5/2-#</td><td>N/A</td><td>549.64</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>70</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>69.95526(41)#</td><td>52(17) ms</td><td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>70</sup>Br</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>567.04</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>71</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>70.94963(70)</td><td>100(3) ms</td><td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>71</sup>Br; ß<sup>+</sup> + p to <sup>70</sup>Se</td><td>(5/2)-</td><td>N/A</td><td>580.71</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>72</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>71.942092(9)</td><td>17.16(18) s</td><td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>72</sup>Br</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>595.31</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>73</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>72.939289(7)</td><td>28.6(6) s</td><td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>73</sup>Br; ß<sup>+</sup> + p to <sup>72</sup>Se</td><td>3/2-</td><td>N/A</td><td>606.18</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>74</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>73.9330844(22)</td><td>11.5 min</td><td>EC to <sup>74</sup>Br</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>619.85</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>75</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>74.930946(9)</td><td>4.3 min</td><td>EC to <sup>75</sup>Br</td><td>5/2+</td><td>N/A</td><td>630.72</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>76</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>75.925910(4)</td><td>14.8 h</td><td>EC to <sup>76</sup>Br</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>643.46</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>77</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>76.9246700(21)</td><td>1.24 h</td><td>EC to <sup>77</sup>Br</td><td>5/2+</td><td>N/A</td><td>652.47</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>78</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>77.9203648(12)</td><td>Observationally Stable</td><td>-</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>664.28</td><td>0.35</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>79</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>78.920082(4)</td><td>1.455 d</td><td>EC to <sup>79</sup>Br</td><td>1/2-</td><td>N/A</td><td>672.35</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>80</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>79.9163790(16)</td><td>Stable</td><td>-</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>684.16</td><td>2.28</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>81</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>80.9165920(21)</td><td>210000 y</td><td>EC to <sup>81</sup>Br</td><td>7/2+</td><td>N/A</td><td>692.24</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>82</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>81.9134836(19)</td><td>Stable</td><td>-</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>703.11</td><td>11.58</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>83</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>82.914136(3)</td><td>Stable</td><td>-</td><td>9/2+</td><td>-0.970669</td><td>710.26</td><td>11.49</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>84</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>83.911507(3)</td><td>Stable</td><td>-</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>721.13</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>85</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>84.9125273(21)</td><td>10.73 y</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>85</sup>Rb</td><td>9/2+</td><td>1.005</td><td>728.28</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>86</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>85.91061073(11)</td><td>Observationally Stable</td><td>-</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>738.22</td><td>17.3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>87</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>86.91335486(29)</td><td>1.27 h</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>87</sup>Rb</td><td>5/2+</td><td>-1.018</td><td>743.51</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>88</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>87.914447(14)</td><td>2.84 h</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>88</sup>Rb</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>750.65</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>89</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>88.91763(6)</td><td>3.15 min</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>89</sup>Rb</td><td>3/2(+#)</td><td>N/A</td><td>755.94</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>90</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>89.919517(20)</td><td>32.32(9) s</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>90</sup>Rb</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>762.15</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>91</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>90.92345(6)</td><td>8.57(4) s</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>91</sup>Rb</td><td>5/2(+)</td><td>N/A</td><td>766.5</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>92</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>91.926156(13)</td><td>1.840(8) s</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>92</sup>Rb; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>91</sup>Rb</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>771.79</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>93</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>92.93127(11)</td><td>1.286(10) s</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>93</sup>Rb; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>92</sup>Rb</td><td>1/2+</td><td>N/A</td><td>775.21</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>94</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>93.93436(32)#</td><td>210(4) ms</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>94</sup>Rb; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>93</sup>Rb</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>780.49</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>95</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>94.93984(43)#</td><td>114(3) ms</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>95</sup>Rb</td><td>1/2(+)</td><td>N/A</td><td>783.91</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>96</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>95.94307(54)#</td><td>80(7) ms</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>96</sup>Rb</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>788.26</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>97</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>96.94856(54)#</td><td>63(4) ms</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>97</sup>Rb; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>96</sup>Rb</td><td>3/2+#</td><td>N/A</td><td>791.69</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>98</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>97.95191(64)#</td><td>46(8) ms</td><td>Unknown</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>796.97</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>99</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>98.95760(64)#</td><td>40(11) ms</td><td>Unknown</td><td>(3/2+)#</td><td>N/A</td><td>799.46</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>100</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>99.96114(54)#</td><td>10# ms [>300 ns]</td><td>Unknown</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>803.81</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>100</sup>Kr</strong></th><td>100</td><td>>635 ns</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> + 2n to <sup>99</sup>Rb; ß<sup>-</sup> + n to <sup>100</sup>Rb; ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>101</sup>Rb;</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="layout-container"> <div class="site-footer__top clearfix"> <div> <div id="block-sponsers-box2" class="Sponsers-box-block"> <div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <img loading="lazy" src="/images/styles/large/public/2025-01/ARPA-E-Summit.png?itok=E3UTxRam" width="480" height="104" alt="ARPA-E Energy Innovation Summit" title="ARPA-E Energy Innovation Summit" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>Please join us and our customers and co-sponsors GE and BASF at the <a href="https://www.arpae-summit.com/">ARPA-E Energy Innovation Summit</a> in Washington, DC on March 17, 2025.</p> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-copyright" class="footer-copyright"> <div class="footer-copyright--text"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> Periodic table of the elements, materials science and academic information, elements and advanced materials data, scientific presentations and all pages, designs, concepts, logos, and color schemes herein are the copyrighted proprietary rights and intellectual property of American Elements. 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