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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/How_the_Other_Half_Lives_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="How the Other Half Lives (disambiguation)">How the Other Half Lives (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How_the_Other_Half_Lives_front_cover.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/How_the_Other_Half_Lives_front_cover.png/189px-How_the_Other_Half_Lives_front_cover.png" decoding="async" width="189" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/How_the_Other_Half_Lives_front_cover.png/284px-How_the_Other_Half_Lives_front_cover.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/How_the_Other_Half_Lives_front_cover.png/379px-How_the_Other_Half_Lives_front_cover.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Original Cover of 1890 edition</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandits_Roost,_59_and_a_half_Mulberry_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bandits_Roost%2C_59_and_a_half_Mulberry_Street.jpg/220px-Bandits_Roost%2C_59_and_a_half_Mulberry_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bandits_Roost%2C_59_and_a_half_Mulberry_Street.jpg/330px-Bandits_Roost%2C_59_and_a_half_Mulberry_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bandits_Roost%2C_59_and_a_half_Mulberry_Street.jpg/440px-Bandits_Roost%2C_59_and_a_half_Mulberry_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5587" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bandits%27_Roost,_59_1/2_Mulberry_Street" title="Bandits' Roost, 59 1/2 Mulberry Street">Bandits' Roost, 59 1/2 Mulberry Street</a></i> (1888)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York</b></i> (1890) is an early publication of <a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">photojournalism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Riis" title="Jacob Riis">Jacob Riis</a>, documenting squalid living conditions in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a> in the 1880s. The photographs served as a basis for future "<a href="/wiki/Muckraking" class="mw-redirect" title="Muckraking">muckraking</a>" journalism by exposing the slums to New York City's upper and middle classes. They inspired many reforms of working-class housing, both immediately after publication as well as making a lasting impact in today's society. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=How_the_Other_Half_Lives&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century,_New_York_City"><span id="19th_century.2C_New_York_City"></span>19th century, New York City</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=How_the_Other_Half_Lives&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century, New York City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1880s many people in upper- and middle-class society were unaware of the dangerous conditions in the slums among poor immigrants. After the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, the country transformed into an industrial superpower and became largely urban.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, a wave of unskilled southern European, eastern European, and Asian immigrants came to settle in the "promised land" of the United States. This migration was vastly different from the previous booms due to the influx of non-western European and non-Protestant individuals, which made the split between the "new" and "old" immigrants much larger.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1880s, over 5.2 million immigrants came to the United States, with many of these people staying in New York City. This increased New York City's population by 25%, therefore making the tenement problem much more extreme.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Lower_East_Side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Map_of_Lower_East_Side.jpg/194px-Map_of_Lower_East_Side.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Map_of_Lower_East_Side.jpg/292px-Map_of_Lower_East_Side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Map_of_Lower_East_Side.jpg/388px-Map_of_Lower_East_Side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>A map of the area Jacob Riis surveyed while collecting material for <i>How the Other Half Lives</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the years after the Civil War, many of the former residents of the most notorious slums were wealthy enough to move out of these conditions, or had died in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the elevated railway in the <a href="/wiki/Bowery" title="Bowery">Bowery</a> in 1889 transformed this evolving neighborhood back into the squalid, seedy neighborhood it was before the war, and even made it worse.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slums were viewed as a problem by people before the publication of <i>How the Other Half-Lives</i>. Some political reformers believed that a <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">wider distribution of wealth</a> would fix the problem, while the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Socialist Party">Socialists</a> believed that public ownership and a <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution of wealth">redistribution of wealth</a> would fix the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a>, The National Conference of Charities and Corrections, and the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Women's Christian Temperance Union</a> were involved in different aspects of the slum problem, but these efforts were local in scope instead of national.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenements">Tenements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=How_the_Other_Half_Lives&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tenements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Riis,_Lodgers_in_a_Crowded_Bayard_Street_Tenement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jacob_Riis%2C_Lodgers_in_a_Crowded_Bayard_Street_Tenement.jpg/220px-Jacob_Riis%2C_Lodgers_in_a_Crowded_Bayard_Street_Tenement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jacob_Riis%2C_Lodgers_in_a_Crowded_Bayard_Street_Tenement.jpg/330px-Jacob_Riis%2C_Lodgers_in_a_Crowded_Bayard_Street_Tenement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jacob_Riis%2C_Lodgers_in_a_Crowded_Bayard_Street_Tenement.jpg/440px-Jacob_Riis%2C_Lodgers_in_a_Crowded_Bayard_Street_Tenement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="3018" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Lodgers_in_Bayard_Street_Tenement,_Five_Cents_a_Spot" title="Lodgers in Bayard Street Tenement, Five Cents a Spot">Lodgers in Bayard Street Tenement, Five Cents a Spot</a></i> (1888)</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1865, a total of 15,309 <a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">tenements</a> existed in New York City, and the city's population was approaching 1,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was colloquially known to be a housing type for the poor made for maximum densities, within the constraints of a 25-by-100-foot (8-by-30-metre) lot.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Tenement House Act of 1867 was passed, the tenement was defined as: </p> <blockquote><p>Any house, building, or portion thereof, which is rented, leased, let or hired out to be occupied or is occupied, as the home or residence of more than three families living independently of one another and doing their own cooking upon the premises, or by more than two families upon a floor, so living and cooking and having a common right in the halls, stairways, yards, water-closets, or privies, or some of them.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>It was with the publication of this act that the basic "<a href="/wiki/Old_Law_Tenement" title="Old Law Tenement">dumbbell</a>" layout of the tenement was first used. This tenement style was supposed to allow more <a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(architecture)" title="Daylighting (architecture)">natural light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">air ventilation</a> into these living quarters, as well as adding more water closets and allowing for the <a href="/wiki/Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">fire</a> safety regulations explained in the Tenement House Act of 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On top of this, many of the landlords of these tenements did little to improve their conditions. When asked about the enforcement of the new statutes, the Superintendent of Buildings said that he was satisfied with hard wood in these tenements because it "burned slowly."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jacob_Riis">Jacob Riis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=How_the_Other_Half_Lives&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jacob Riis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Riis_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jacob_Riis_portrait.jpg/183px-Jacob_Riis_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jacob_Riis_portrait.jpg/275px-Jacob_Riis_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jacob_Riis_portrait.jpg/366px-Jacob_Riis_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Jacob Riis, author of <i>How the Other Half Lives</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Jacob Riis emigrated from Denmark in 1870 to New York City, eager to prove himself. Finding it difficult to find work, he found a home in the slums of New York's <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went back to Denmark for a short time, returning to New York to become a police reporter. During this time, Riis became a devout Christian and devoted himself to "the service of God and his fellows."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riis turned to photography as a sort of "pastime" and found it a useful tool when writing his police reports. Once he began using magnesium <a href="/wiki/Flash_powder" title="Flash powder">flash powder</a>, he could capture the dark and dingy conditions of the tenements.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>How the Other Half-Lives</i> was only one book in Riis' bibliography highlighting the conditions in the slums of New York. Some of his other works that highlighted more in depth views into slum life were <i>The Children of the Poor,</i> <i>Children of the Tenements</i>, <i>The Battle with the Slums</i>, and <i>Out of Mulberry Street</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=How_the_Other_Half_Lives&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prayer_Time_in_the_Nursery--Five_Points_House_of_Industry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Prayer_Time_in_the_Nursery--Five_Points_House_of_Industry.png" decoding="async" width="372" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption><i>Prayer Time in the Nursery; Five Points House of Industry</i>, 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1888, Riis bought a detective camera and went on an expedition to gather images of what life was like in the slums of New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This both included Riis' taking his own photos as well as his using the images of other photographers.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, on January 28, 1888, Riis presented "The Other Half: How It Lives and Dies in New York" using his images on a projection screen and taking the viewer on a journey by describing the images.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout 1888, Riis continued his lectures in local New York City churches, which were reviewed in several newspapers including <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Sun" title="The New York Sun">New York Sun</a></i>, <i>Brooklyn Times</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Evening Post">New York Evening Post</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1889, Riis wrote a magazine article based on his lectures in <i><a href="/wiki/Scribner%27s_Magazine" title="Scribner's Magazine">Scribner's Magazine</a></i>, which was a resounding success. The book version of Riis' work was published in January 1890 as <i>How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title of the book is a reference to a sentence by French writer <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>, who wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/Gargantua_and_Pantagruel" title="Gargantua and Pantagruel">Pantagruel</a></i>: "one half of the world does not know how the other half lives" ("la moitié du monde ne sait comment l'autre vit").<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York</i> explained the living conditions in New York slums as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">sweatshops</a> in some tenements, which paid workers only a few cents per day. The book explains the plight of working children; they would work in factories and at other jobs. Some children became garment workers and <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_hawker" title="Newspaper hawker">newsies</a> (newsboys). </p><p>Riis describes a system of tenement housing that had failed, as he claims, because of greed and neglect from wealthier people. He claims a correlation between the high crime rate, drunkenness, and reckless behavior of the poor and their lack of a proper home.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter by chapter he uses his words and photographs to expose the conditions inhabited by the poor in a manner that "spoke directly to people's hearts".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Riis treats many of the ethnic groups he encounters with slurs and numerous stereotypes, he still keeps his general hypothesis that the reason for the poverty in these communities is caused by the conditions surrounding them.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riis often does have an "ethnic hierarchy," often its most extreme toward the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riis ends <i>How the Other Half Lives</i> with a plan of how to fix the problem. He asserts that the plan is achievable and that the upper classes will not only profit financially from such ventures, but have a moral obligation to tend to them as well.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>How the Other Half Lives</i> follows a general outline for the charity writings of the nineteenth century: a section on crime, the Protestant virtues and vices (intemperance, idleness, disorder, uncleanliness), miserable conditions of living, disease, the loss of modesty (especially women), the dissolution of the family, the institutions that would help in their uplift, as well as future sources of reform.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference introduced photography to prove the squalid conditions and to increase sympathy for the individuals living in these slums. Riis finally convinced the average reader of newspapers that the poor were not so by choice; that the dangerous and unhygienic conditions in which they lived were imposed by society, rather than the result of loose moral standards; that the slums were something that needed to be fixed rather than gaped at or <a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">shunned</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=How_the_Other_Half_Lives&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Critical reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_publication">After publication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=How_the_Other_Half_Lives&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Old_Rear-Tenement_in_Roosevelt_Street.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/An_Old_Rear-Tenement_in_Roosevelt_Street.png/220px-An_Old_Rear-Tenement_in_Roosevelt_Street.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/An_Old_Rear-Tenement_in_Roosevelt_Street.png/330px-An_Old_Rear-Tenement_in_Roosevelt_Street.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/An_Old_Rear-Tenement_in_Roosevelt_Street.png/440px-An_Old_Rear-Tenement_in_Roosevelt_Street.png 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Riis' photograph of rear tenements</figcaption></figure> <p>The article proved to be popular, and Riis spent the better part of a year expanding it into the book published by Scribner's Books in 1890. It offered more illustrations and halftones than the magazine articles could offer.<sup id="cite_ref-Riis,_2011._p.6_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riis,_2011._p.6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book was successful. Soon after its publication, <i>The New York Times</i> lauded its content, calling it a "powerful book".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The praise for <i>How the Other Half Lives</i> continued in many other newspapers across the country. Many of these enthusiastic reviews were seen in Christian newsletters, which enjoyed Riis' view on the moral issues of poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-Riis,_2011._p.6_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riis,_2011._p.6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Christian Intelligencer</i> reviewed the first edition saying "Books like this that lift the curtains and expose to public gaze the great evils of the system will hasten the day of reform."<sup id="cite_ref-Riis,_2011._p.6_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riis,_2011._p.6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these Christian reviewers found Riis' work to apply their own cities, and called for similar reforms that Riis outlines in <i>How the Other Half Lives</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most famous people who liked Riis' work was <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>. Roosevelt became close to Riis during the former's two years as the President of the Police Board.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt and Riis worked together to abolish police lodging houses<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help -- (March 2024)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, as well as the reenactment of the Civil Service Law, the Tenement House Commission, laws that increased the amount of factory inspectors, making the eight-hour and prevailing rate of wages law effective, regulation of the working hours of women and children, as well as multiple other labor reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lasting_impact">Lasting impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=How_the_Other_Half_Lives&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lasting impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of this awakening caused by Riis' efforts, many reforms were quickly compiled to improve conditions for the working poor. In 1894, the Tenement House Committee was established.<sup id="cite_ref-Plunz,_p.38_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plunz,_p.38-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1895, they published the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Tenement_House_Act" title="New York State Tenement House Act">New York Tenement House Act</a>, which outlawed rear tenements<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help -- (March 2024)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and also was the first official document to supplement a written description of tenement housing with photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-Plunz,_p.38_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plunz,_p.38-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this legislature, more reform was brought about by the New York Tenement House Act of 1901, which changed the minimum requirements of tenement housing to include reforms in the amount of light received by living quarters, increased fire safety regulations, more ventilation, restrictions on building height, and increased room space. For these reforms, Riis has almost been given full credit for inspiring these acts, especially the Act of 1901. Because of his poignant descriptions of the degradation of <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_Bend" title="Mulberry Bend">Mulberry Bend</a>, this area was razed and replaced with a city park.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>How the Other Half Lives</i> also inspired reform on a national scale. The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Labor_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Labor of the United States of America">Department of Labor</a> published <i>The Housing of the Working People</i> in 1895, which was the second major tenement study of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jacob Riis was only the first to expose the conditions that the impoverished lived in using photographs. Some other works that detailed life in poverty were the images of the migrants during the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a> commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_America" title="The Other America">The Other America</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Michael Harrington</a>; and <i>The American Way of Poverty: How the Other Half Still Lives</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sasha_Abramsky" title="Sasha Abramsky">Sasha Abramsky</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=How_the_Other_Half_Lives&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2011. p.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2011. p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2011. p.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anbinder, p.343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anbinder, p.346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2010. p.358</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2010. p.359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plunz, p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plunz, p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plunz, p.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plunz, pp.22, 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sante, p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2011. pp.10-11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2010. p.332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2010. pp.172-173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2010. p.335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2011. p.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2018 [1892]. pp.ix, 59, 64, 87, 208, 269-271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2011. p.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2011. p.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speake, p.325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2004. pp.3-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pascal, pp.84-87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2011. p.32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2011. pp.18-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2004. pp.152-153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gandal, p.29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sante, pp.34–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riis,_2011._p.6-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riis,_2011._p.6_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riis,_2011._p.6_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riis,_2011._p.6_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2011. p.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Matters We Ought to Know: How the Other Half Lives", <i>The New York Times</i>, 4 January 1891.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2010. pp.324–327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2010. p.337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2010. pp.342, 344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plunz,_p.38-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plunz,_p.38_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plunz,_p.38_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plunz, p.38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gandal, p.148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riis, 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=How_the_Other_Half_Lives&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnbinder2001" class="citation book cs1">Anbinder, Tyler (2001). <i>Five Points: The 19th-Century New York City Neighborhood that Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World's Most Notorious Slum</i>. New York: The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684859955" title="Special:BookSources/0684859955"><bdi>0684859955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Points%3A+The+19th-Century+New+York+City+Neighborhood+that+Invented+Tap+Dance%2C+Stole+Elections%2C+and+Became+the+World%27s+Most+Notorious+Slum&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0684859955&rft.aulast=Anbinder&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHow+the+Other+Half+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandal1997" class="citation book cs1">Gandal, Keith (1997). <i>The Virtues of the Vicious: Jacob Riis, Stephen Crane, and the Spectacle of the Slum</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195110633" title="Special:BookSources/0195110633"><bdi>0195110633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virtues+of+the+Vicious%3A+Jacob+Riis%2C+Stephen+Crane%2C+and+the+Spectacle+of+the+Slum&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0195110633&rft.aulast=Gandal&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHow+the+Other+Half+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pascal, Janet B., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiIMM_99jnAC&pg=PA84"><i>Jacob Riis: Reporter and Reformer</i></a>, Oxford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlunz1990" class="citation book cs1">Plunz, Richard (1990). <i>A History of Housing in New York City</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231062966" title="Special:BookSources/0231062966"><bdi>0231062966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Housing+in+New+York+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0231062966&rft.aulast=Plunz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHow+the+Other+Half+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Riis, Jacob, <i>How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York</i>, Kessinger Publishing, 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiis2010" class="citation book cs1">Riis, Jacob (2010). Diner, Hasia R. (ed.). <i>How the Other Half Lives: Authoritative Text, Contexts, and Criticism</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393930269" title="Special:BookSources/9780393930269"><bdi>9780393930269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Other+Half+Lives%3A+Authoritative+Text%2C+Contexts%2C+and+Criticism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780393930269&rft.aulast=Riis&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHow+the+Other+Half+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiis2011" class="citation book cs1">Riis, Jacob A. (2011). Leviatin, David (ed.). <i>How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York</i>. Boston: Bedford/St.Martin's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312574017" title="Special:BookSources/9780312574017"><bdi>9780312574017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Other+Half+Lives%3A+Studies+among+the+Tenements+of+New+York&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.Martin%27s&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780312574017&rft.aulast=Riis&rft.aufirst=Jacob+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHow+the+Other+Half+Lives" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSante1991" class="citation book cs1">Sante, Luc (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lowlifeluressnar00sant"><i>Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York</i></a></span>. USA: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0374194149" title="Special:BookSources/0374194149"><bdi>0374194149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Low+Life%3A+Lures+and+Snares+of+Old+New+York&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0374194149&rft.aulast=Sante&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flowlifeluressnar00sant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHow+the+Other+Half+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeake2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Speake" title="Jennifer Speake">Speake, Jennifer</a>, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ogm0c8mYtQUC&pg=PT325"><i>A Dictionary of Proverbs</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158001-7"><bdi>978-0-19-158001-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Proverbs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-158001-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dogm0c8mYtQUC%26pg%3DPT325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHow+the+Other+Half+Lives" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="//archive.org/details/housingworkingp00goulgoog" class="extiw" title="iarchive:housingworkingp00goulgoog">The Housing of the Working People</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/newyork/series/">New York: A Documentary Film</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507193351/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/newyork/series/">Archived</a> 2017-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Ric Burns (Episode 3)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tenement.org/">Tenement Museum of New York</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Housing_rights_in_New_York" title="Template:Housing rights in New York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Housing_rights_in_New_York" title="Template talk:Housing rights in New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Housing_rights_in_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Housing rights in New York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Housing_rights_in_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Housing rights in New York</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government<br /> agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Buildings" title="New York City Department of Buildings">NYC Department of Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Homeless_Services" title="New York City Department of Homeless Services">NYC Department of Homeless Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Housing_Preservation_and_Development" title="New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development">NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Housing_Authority" title="New York City Housing Authority">NYC Housing Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Housing_Authority_Police_Department" title="New York City Housing Authority Police Department">NYC Housing Authority Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Loft_Board" title="New York City Loft Board">NYC Loft Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department_Housing_Bureau" title="New York City Police Department Housing Bureau"> NYPD Housing Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York<br /> State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent_regulation_in_New_York" title="Rent regulation in New York">Rent regulation in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callahan_v._Carey" title="Callahan v. Carey">Callahan v. Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_Stability_and_Tenant_Protection_Act_of_2019" title="Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019">Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell%E2%80%93Lama_Housing_Program" title="Mitchell–Lama Housing Program">Mitchell–Lama Housing Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Tenement_House_Act" title="New York State Tenement House Act">New York State Tenement House Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Law_Tenement" title="Old Law Tenement">Old Law Tenement</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Law_Tenement" title="New Law Tenement">New Law Tenement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York<br /> City</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/421-a_tax_exemption" title="421-a tax exemption">421-a tax exemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Loft_Law" title="1982 Loft Law">1982 Loft Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Loft_Law_Amendment" title="2009 Loft Law Amendment">2009 Loft Law Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_7A_(New_York_City_housing_code)" title="Article 7A (New York City housing code)">Article 7A (New York City housing code)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Law_45_of_1976" title="Local Law 45 of 1976">Local Law 45 of 1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Law_97_of_2019" title="Local Law 97 of 2019">Local Law 97 of 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Certification_(New_York_City_Department_of_Buildings)" title="Self-Certification (New York City Department of Buildings)">Self-Certification (New York City Department of Buildings)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Land_Use_Review_Procedure" title="Uniform Land Use Review Procedure">Uniform Land Use Review Procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-/<br />governmental<br /> organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Forney_Center" title="Ali Forney Center">Ali Forney Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_for_Equality" title="Asian Americans for Equality">Asian Americans for Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_a_Better_New_York" title="Association for a Better New York">Association for a Better New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Ground" title="Breaking Ground">Breaking Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bowery_Mission" title="The Bowery Mission">The Bowery Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Housing_and_Planning_Council" title="Citizens Housing and Planning Council">Citizens Housing and Planning Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_Tenant_Union" title="Crown Heights Tenant Union">Crown Heights Tenant Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homes_for_the_Homeless" title="Homes for the Homeless">Homes for the Homeless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_Works" title="Housing Works">Housing Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Council_on_Housing" title="Metropolitan Council on Housing">Metropolitan Council on Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Justice_in_el_Barrio" title="Movement for Justice in el Barrio">Movement for Justice in el Barrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_New_York" title="Open New York">Open New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladia_(social_services_organization)" title="Palladia (social services organization)">Palladia (social services organization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_the_Homeless" title="Picture the Homeless">Picture the Homeless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Estate_Board_of_New_York" title="Real Estate Board of New York">Real Estate Board of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_Is_Too_Damn_High_Party" title="Rent Is Too Damn High Party">Rent Is Too Damn High Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_for_Families" title="Sanctuary for Families">Sanctuary for Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Homesteading_Assistance_Board" title="Urban Homesteading Assistance Board">Urban Homesteading Assistance Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Squatting and<br /> homesteading</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/519_East_11th_Street" title="519 East 11th Street">519 East 11th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_No_Rio" title="ABC No Rio">ABC No Rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Squat" title="C-Squat">C-Squat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charas/El_Bohio" title="Charas/El Bohio">Charas/El Bohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dos_Blockos" title="Dos Blockos">Dos Blockos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Tunnel" title="Freedom Tunnel">Freedom Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowanus_Batcave" title="Gowanus Batcave">Gowanus Batcave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Reclaimed_Urban_Space" title="Museum of Reclaimed Urban Space">Museum of Reclaimed Urban Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Move-In" title="Operation Move-In">Operation Move-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_House" title="Umbrella House">Umbrella House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Housing rights<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Goldin" title="Frances Goldin">Frances Goldin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_M._Rice" title="Florence M. Rice">Florence M. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Phelps_Stokes" title="Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes">Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Gray" title="Jesse Gray">Jesse Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeFilippis" title="Joseph DeFilippis">Joseph DeFilippis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Snyder" title="Mitch Snyder">Mitch Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Newman_(labor_activist)" title="Pauline Newman (labor activist)">Pauline Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosanne_Haggerty" title="Rosanne Haggerty">Rosanne Haggerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_M._Isaacs" title="Stanley M. Isaacs">Stanley M. Isaacs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_Limits_(New_York_magazine)" title="City Limits (New York magazine)">City Limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Days_(film)" title="Dark Days (film)">Dark Days (film)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">How the Other Half Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_City:_Lower_East_Side_Squatters_1992%E2%80%932000" title="Kill City: Lower East Side Squatters 1992–2000">Kill City: Lower East Side Squatters 1992–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Third_of_a_Nation" title="One-Third of a Nation">One-Third of a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Lives" title="Project Lives">Project Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_(musical)" title="Rent (musical)">Rent (musical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_City_We_Became" title="The City We Became">The City We Became</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rent_War" title="Anti-Rent War">1839-1845 Anti-Rent War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_New_York_City_Rent_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1904 New York City Rent Strike">1904 New York City Rent Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_New_York_City_Rent_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1907 New York City Rent Strike">1907 New York City Rent Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918-20_New_York_City_rent_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="1918-20 New York City rent strikes">1918-20 New York City rent strikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_New_York" title="Homelessness in New York">Homelessness in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_hospitalization_of_Joyce_Brown" title="Involuntary hospitalization of Joyce Brown">Involuntary hospitalization of Joyce Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_housing_shortage" title="New York City housing shortage">New York City housing shortage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jacob_Riis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jacob_Riis" title="Template:Jacob Riis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jacob_Riis" title="Template talk:Jacob Riis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jacob_Riis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jacob Riis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jacob_Riis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Riis" title="Jacob Riis">Jacob Riis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photographs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bandits%27_Roost,_59_1/2_Mulberry_Street" title="Bandits' Roost, 59 1/2 Mulberry Street">Bandits' Roost, 59 1/2 Mulberry Street</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lodgers_in_Bayard_Street_Tenement,_Five_Cents_a_Spot" title="Lodgers in Bayard Street Tenement, Five Cents a Spot">Lodgers in Bayard Street Tenement, Five Cents a Spot</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%22I_Scrubs%22" title=""I Scrubs"">"I Scrubs"</a></i> (c. 1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_Eve_in_a_Coal_Cellar,_Ludlow_Street" title="Sabbath Eve in a Coal Cellar, Ludlow Street">Sabbath Eve in a Coal Cellar, Ludlow Street</a></i> (c. 1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Street_Arabs_in_the_Area_of_Mulberry_Street" title="Street Arabs in the Area of Mulberry Street">Street Arabs in the Area of Mulberry Street</a></i> (c. 1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trench_in_Potter%27s_Field" title="The Trench in Potter's Field">The Trench in Potter's Field</a></i> (c. 1890)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photography books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">How the Other Half Lives</a></i> (1890)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker">Muckraking journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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