CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Human factors in diving equipment design - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2d13f6fc-81a6-4c83-8575-8bcd9dfed2cb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design","wgTitle":"Human factors in diving equipment design","wgCurRevisionId":1254913732,"wgRevisionId":1254913732,"wgArticleId":63557168,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","Articles with short description","Short description with empty Wikidata description","Use British English from September 2023","Articles needing additional references from September 2023","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023", "Articles to be expanded from March 2024","All articles to be expanded","Articles with empty sections from March 2024","All articles with empty sections","Underwater diving equipment","Design","Ergonomics"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design","wgRelevantArticleId":63557168,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q96381408","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready", "wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Diver_trimmed_level.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="944"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Diver_trimmed_level.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="629"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="503"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Human factors in diving equipment design - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design rootpage-Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Human+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Human+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Human+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Human+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-General_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>General principles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle General principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-General_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physiological_variables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_variables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Physiological variables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_variables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breathing_apparatus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breathing_apparatus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Breathing apparatus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Breathing_apparatus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Breathing apparatus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Breathing_apparatus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demand_valves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demand_valves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Demand valves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demand_valves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_of_breathing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_of_breathing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Work of breathing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_of_breathing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hose_routing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hose_routing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hose routing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hose_routing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebreathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebreathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rebreathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebreathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mouthpiece_retaining_straps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mouthpiece_retaining_straps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Mouthpiece retaining straps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mouthpiece_retaining_straps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snorkels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snorkels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Snorkels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snorkels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dead_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dead_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Dead space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dead_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masks_and_helmets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masks_and_helmets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Masks and helmets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Masks_and_helmets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Masks and helmets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Masks_and_helmets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Internal volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helmet_buoyancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helmet_buoyancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Helmet buoyancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helmet_buoyancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Seal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equalising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equalising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Equalising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equalising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cylinders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cylinders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cylinders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cylinders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cylinders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cylinders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cylinder_buoyancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cylinder_buoyancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cylinder buoyancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cylinder_buoyancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving_suits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_suits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diving suits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diving_suits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diving suits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diving_suits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wetsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Wetsuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wetsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dry_suits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dry_suits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dry suits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dry_suits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hot_water_suits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hot_water_suits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Hot water suits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hot_water_suits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_suits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_suits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Atmospheric suits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_suits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Harness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buoyancy_control_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buoyancy_control_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Buoyancy control equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buoyancy_control_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Weights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Fins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gloves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gloves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gloves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gloves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifting_bags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifting_bags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Lifting bags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifting_bags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface-supplied_gas_panels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface-supplied_gas_panels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Surface-supplied gas panels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface-supplied_gas_panels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Communication systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation_and_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation_and_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Instrumentation and displays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation_and_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cutting_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cutting_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Cutting tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cutting_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dive_lights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dive_lights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Dive lights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dive_lights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddy_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddy_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Buddy lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddy_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clips_and_attachment_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clips_and_attachment_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Clips and attachment points</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clips_and_attachment_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diver_propulsion_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diver_propulsion_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Diver propulsion vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diver_propulsion_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_marker_buoys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_marker_buoys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Surface marker buoys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_marker_buoys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distance_lines_and_line_markers,_reels_and_spools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distance_lines_and_line_markers,_reels_and_spools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>Distance lines and line markers, reels and spools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distance_lines_and_line_markers,_reels_and_spools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>Equipment storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving_chambers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_chambers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>Diving chambers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diving_chambers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diving chambers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diving_chambers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hyperbaric_stretchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyperbaric_stretchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24.1</span> <span>Hyperbaric stretchers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyperbaric_stretchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>Access equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Access_equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Access equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Access_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diving_stages_and_wet_bells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_stages_and_wet_bells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25.1</span> <span>Diving stages and wet bells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diving_stages_and_wet_bells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diver_ladders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diver_ladders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25.2</span> <span>Diver ladders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diver_ladders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dive_platforms_and_diver_lifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dive_platforms_and_diver_lifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25.3</span> <span>Dive platforms and diver lifts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dive_platforms_and_diver_lifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery_of_an_incapacitated_diver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_of_an_incapacitated_diver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25.4</span> <span>Recovery of an incapacitated diver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery_of_an_incapacitated_diver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tool_bags,_pockets_and_lanyards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tool_bags,_pockets_and_lanyards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26.1</span> <span>Tool bags, pockets and lanyards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tool_bags,_pockets_and_lanyards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Checklists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Checklists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">27</span> <span>Checklists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Checklists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">28</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">29</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">30</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Human factors in diving equipment design</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B5" title="العوامل البشرية في تصميم معدات الغوص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العوامل البشرية في تصميم معدات الغوص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q96381408#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&oldid=1254913732" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&id=1254913732&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHuman_factors_in_diving_equipment_design"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHuman_factors_in_diving_equipment_design"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q96381408" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Influence of the interaction between the user and the equipment on design</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diver_trimmed_level.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diver_trimmed_level.png/220px-Diver_trimmed_level.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diver_trimmed_level.png/330px-Diver_trimmed_level.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diver_trimmed_level.png/440px-Diver_trimmed_level.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Neutrally buoyant diver with weight and centre of buoyancy aligned for level trim: The static moments of buoyancy and weight keep the diver horizontal at constant depth, and fin thrust can be aligned with direction of motion for best efficiency.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Human factors in diving equipment design</b> are the influences of the interactions between the user and equipment in the design of <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">diving equipment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">diving support equipment</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">underwater diver</a> relies on various items of diving and support equipment to stay alive, healthy and reasonably comfortable and to perform planned tasks during a dive. </p><p>Divers vary considerably in <a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">anthropometric dimensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_strength" title="Physical strength">physical strength</a>, joint flexibility, and other factors. Diving equipment should be versatile and chosen to fit the diver, the environment, and the task. How well the overall design achieves a fit between equipment and diver can strongly influence its functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-Bitterman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitterman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a> is usually shared by a wide range of divers and must work for them all. When correct operation of equipment is critical to diver safety, it is desirable that different makes and models should work similarly to facilitate rapid familiarisation with new equipment. When this is not possible, additional training for the required skills may be necessary. </p><p>The most difficult stages for <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational diver">recreational divers</a> are out of water activities and transitions between the water and the surface site, such as carrying equipment on shore, exiting from water to boat and shore, swimming on the surface, and putting on equipment. Safety and reliability, adjustability to fit the individual, performance, and simplicity were rated the most important features for diving equipment by recreational divers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bitterman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitterman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bitterman_et_al_2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitterman_et_al_2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Professional_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional diver">professional diver</a> is supported by a <a href="/wiki/Diving_team" title="Diving team">surface team</a>, who are available to assist with the out-of-water activities to the extent necessary, to reduce the risk associated with them to a level acceptable in terms of the governing occupational safety and health regulations and codes of practice. This tends to make professional diving more expensive, and the cost tends to be passed on to the client.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Inshore-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human factors engineering (HFE), also known as human factors and <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomics</a>, is the application of psychological and physiological principles to the engineering and design of equipment, procedures, processes, and systems. Primary goals of human factors engineering are to reduce <a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">human error</a>, increase productivity and system availability, and enhance safety, health and comfort with a specific focus on the interaction between the human and equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickens_et_al_1997_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickens_et_al_1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_principles">General principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diving equipment is used to facilitate underwater activity by the diver. The primary requirements are to keep the diver alive and healthy, while secondary requirements include providing comfort and the capacity to perform required tasks. Safe operation requires correct equipment function as well as diver competence.<sup id="cite_ref-AAUSascents_Lang_et_al_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUSascents_Lang_et_al-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a> is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure. Diving equipment, especially those pieces which are <a href="/wiki/High_availability" title="High availability">high availability</a> or <a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">safety-critical systems</a>, must have a high fault tolerance. The ability to maintain functionality when portions of a system break down is referred to as '<a href="/wiki/Graceful_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Graceful degradation">graceful degradation</a>', as opposed to a small failure causing total breakdown.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_et_al_1997_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez_et_al_1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diver must also be fault tolerant, a state that is achieved by <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Situational_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Situational awareness">situational awareness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">fitness to dive</a>, .<sup id="cite_ref-EDTC_fitness_standard_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDTC_fitness_standard-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-InDepth_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InDepth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiological_variables">Physiological variables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physiological variables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_physiology_of_underwater_diving" title="Human physiology of underwater diving">Human physiology of underwater diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">Fitness to dive</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Task_loading" title="Task loading">Task loading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">nitrogen narcosis</a>, fatigue, and cold can lead to loss of concentration and focus, reducing <a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">situation awareness</a>. Reduced situation awareness can increase the risk of a situation that should be manageable developing into an incident where damage, injury or death may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A diver must be able to survive any reasonably foreseeable single equipment failure long enough to reach a place where longer-term correction can be made. The <a href="/wiki/Solo_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo diver">solo diver</a> can not rely on <a href="/wiki/Team_redundancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Team redundancy">team redundancy</a>, and must provide all the necessary emergency equipment indicated as necessary by the risk assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-solo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SDI_Solo_2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDI_Solo_2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cmas_self-rescue_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmas_self-rescue-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, a team can reduce risk to an acceptable level in most cases by distributing redundancy among its members. However, the effectiveness of this strategy is tied to team cohesion and good communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No gender-specific traits have been identified which require design of tasks and tools exclusively for female divers. Fit of diving suits must be tailored to suit the range of human shapes and sizes, and most other equipment fits all sizes, is adjustable to suit all sizes, or is available in several sizes. A few items are designed specifically for female use, but this is often more a fine tuning for comfort or cosmetic styling than an ergonomically functional difference. Female divers are reported, on average, to experience greater difficulty in performing five tasks of recreational diving: carrying heavy equipment on shore, putting on the scuba set, underwater orientation, underwater balance, and trim and descent. The first two are related to lifting large, heavy and bulky equipment. Balance and trim could be related to buoyancy and weight distribution, but insufficient data is available to specify a remedy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bitterman_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitterman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a relative growth in the older sector of recreational diver demographics. Some are newcomers to the activity and others are veterans continuing a long career of diving activity. They include older female divers. More research is needed to establish the implications of age and sex-related variations on human factors and safety issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Bitterman_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitterman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breathing_apparatus">Breathing apparatus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Breathing apparatus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater breathing apparatus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breathing_Resistance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Breathing_Resistance.svg/220px-Breathing_Resistance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Breathing_Resistance.svg/330px-Breathing_Resistance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Breathing_Resistance.svg/440px-Breathing_Resistance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Graph of the breathing resistance of an open-circuit demand regulator. The area of the graph (green) is proportional to the net mechanical work of breathing for a single breathing cycle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scuba_regulator_2nd_stage_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Scuba_regulator_2nd_stage_animation.gif/220px-Scuba_regulator_2nd_stage_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Scuba_regulator_2nd_stage_animation.gif/330px-Scuba_regulator_2nd_stage_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Scuba_regulator_2nd_stage_animation.gif/440px-Scuba_regulator_2nd_stage_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Animation of demand valve function during the breathing cycle. A cracking pressure adjustment knob can be seen at the left side of the valve mechanism. Screwing it in increases the pre-load on the valve spring and increases the pressure difference required to pull the diaphragm in enough to open the valve.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cracking_pressure_adjusting_knob_and_flow_deflector_lever_on_Apeks_TX100_demand_valve_P3250153.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cracking_pressure_adjusting_knob_and_flow_deflector_lever_on_Apeks_TX100_demand_valve_P3250153.jpg/220px-Cracking_pressure_adjusting_knob_and_flow_deflector_lever_on_Apeks_TX100_demand_valve_P3250153.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cracking_pressure_adjusting_knob_and_flow_deflector_lever_on_Apeks_TX100_demand_valve_P3250153.jpg/330px-Cracking_pressure_adjusting_knob_and_flow_deflector_lever_on_Apeks_TX100_demand_valve_P3250153.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cracking_pressure_adjusting_knob_and_flow_deflector_lever_on_Apeks_TX100_demand_valve_P3250153.jpg/440px-Cracking_pressure_adjusting_knob_and_flow_deflector_lever_on_Apeks_TX100_demand_valve_P3250153.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Cracking pressure adjusting knob (grooved metal) and flow deflector lever (blue plastic) on Apeks TX100 demand valve</figcaption></figure> <p>The breathing apparatus must allow the diver to breathe with minimal added <a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">work of breathing</a>, and minimum additional <a href="/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">dead space</a>. It should be comfortable to wear, and not cause <a href="/wiki/Stress_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress injury">stress injury</a> or <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reactions">allergic reactions</a> to its materials. It must be reliable and not require constant attention or adjustment during a dive, and performance should degrade gradually in the event of malfunctions, allowing time for corrective action to be taken with minimum risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Lundgren_and_Warkander_2000_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lundgren_and_Warkander_2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When more than one breathing gas mixture is available, the risk of selecting a gas unsuitable for the current depth must be minimised.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demand_valves">Demand valves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Demand valves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holding the scuba <a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouthpiece (scuba)">mouthpiece</a> between the teeth can cause jaw fatigue on a long dive. The loads that cause this fatigue can be reduced by using smaller second stages, different hose lengths and routing, angled swivels, and improved mouthpiece design, which may include customised bite grips.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobson_and_Newton_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobson_and_Newton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allergic reactions to mouthpiece materials are less common with <a href="/wiki/Silicone_rubber" title="Silicone rubber">silicone rubber</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Hypoallergenic" title="Hypoallergenic">hypoallergenic</a> materials than with natural rubber, which was commonly used in older equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-DAN_Europe_2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAN_Europe_2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some divers experience a <a href="/wiki/Gag_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Gag reflex">gag reflex</a> with mouthpieces that contact the roof of the mouth, but this can be corrected by fitting a different style of mouthpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-Mańka-Malara_et_al_2016_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mańka-Malara_et_al_2016-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Purging the second stage is a useful function to clear water from the interior. The purge button should function only when pressed, and should be powerful enough to sufficiently clear the chamber while not blowing its contents down the diver's throat.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlow_1999_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlow_1999-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cracking_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracking pressure">Cracking pressure</a> is the pressure difference over the diaphragm needed to open the second stage valve. This should be low but not excessively sensitive to water movement or orientation. Once open with gas flowing, the gas flow often produces a slight increase in the pressure drop in the demand valve. This helps hold the demand valve open during inhalation, effectively reducing the work of breathing, but making the regulator more susceptible to free-flow. In high performance models, the user can adjust these sensitivity settings.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlow_1999_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlow_1999-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exhaust valve should offer the minimum resistance to exhalation, including a minimum opening pressure difference, and low resistance to flow through the opening. It should not easily block or leak due to foreign matter such as vomit. Exhaust gas flow should not be too distracting or annoying to the diver in a normal diving posture. Flow should be directed away from the faceplate of the mask and bubbles should not flow directly over the ears.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_et_al_2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_et_al_2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_of_breathing">Work of breathing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Work of breathing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Breathing effort should be reasonable in all diver <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude (diver)">attitudes</a>. The diver can rotate in three axes, and may need to do so for a significant period including several breaths from any arbitrary orientation. The DV should continue to function correctly throughout the maneuvers, though some variation in breathing effort is inevitable. <a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance testing</a> for compliance to standards is generally done facing forward and facing down. Manual adjustment of the inhalation valve spring may be available, and can help if an unusual orientation must be maintained for a long period.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_and_Mitchell_2016_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_and_Mitchell_2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hose_routing">Hose routing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hose routing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scuba divers must be able to easily provide emergency gas to other scuba divers who are diving as part of the same group, which can be made easier or more difficult by the <a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator#Handedness" title="Diving regulator">handedness</a> of the regulator, the hose length, and the hose routing. Different configurations are used for specific circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamburri_and_Gunderson_2022_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamburri_and_Gunderson_2022-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the 5 to 7 feet (1.5 to 2.1 m) "long hose" arrangement is used to facilitate gas sharing when swimming in single file through a restriction. There are hose routings that have been standardised to a reliable system.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebreathers">Rebreathers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rebreathers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather#Design_constraints" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreather § Design constraints</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Rebreather</a> equipment removes carbon dioxide from exhaled gas and replaces it with oxygen, allowing the diver to breathe the gas again. This can be done in a self-contained system carried by the diver, in a system where the scrubber is carried by the diver and gas is supplied from the surface,<sup id="cite_ref-Diving_heritage_Deep_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diving_heritage_Deep-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or where the gas is returned to the surface for recycling.<sup id="cite_ref-subseasa_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subseasa-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power to circulate gas in the loop can be the lung power of the diver, energy from the supply gas pressure,<sup id="cite_ref-Diving_heritage_Deep_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diving_heritage_Deep-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or externally powered booster pumps.<sup id="cite_ref-subseasa_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subseasa-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scuba rebreathers tend to circulate by lung power, and the work of breathing can make up a significant part of diver effort at depth; in extreme circumstances it may exceed the capacity of the diver without additional workload.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_et_al_2007_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_et_al_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_and_Mitchell_2016_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_and_Mitchell_2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position of the counterlungs and the orientation of the diver in the water, can have a significant effect on work of breathing, as can the restriction of flow between the diver's teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Sort_and_Gurr_2023_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sort_and_Gurr_2023-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using two scrubber canisters in series can provide a level of redundancy in that a fault in one that allows carbon dioxide breakthrough will not necessarily directly affect the other. It is also possible to repack just the first scrubber after a short dive, and may be possible to also change the order so that the freshest scrubber is last in the circuit. Mounting the counterlung across the diver between the scrubbers can eliminate transverse shifts in the centre of buoyancy during the breathing cycle, and also mounting it longitudinally in line with the lungs eliminates longitudinal buoyancy shifts during the breathing cycle. The counterlung could be mounted across the back or across the chest.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidewinder_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidewinder-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wide variety of rebreather types are used in diving because of the highly variable requirements in different situations. A diving rebreather is <a href="/wiki/Safety-critical" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety-critical">safety-critical</a> <a href="/wiki/Life-support_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-support equipment">life-support equipment</a> – some <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Mode of failure">modes of failure</a> can kill the diver without warning, some others require immediate appropriate response for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-DANSA_2022_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DANSA_2022-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some rebreathers have control systems which will lock out if they do not complete a satisfactory pre-dive test, but others which may be used for cave diving, where the inability to start a dive may prevent the diver from exiting from a cave in which they have surfaced in a space isolated from the exit by a water-filled passage, will not prevent the diver from starting a return dive, but will warn them of the problems detected, as it may be possible to escape by operating the rebreather manually.<sup id="cite_ref-Liberty_CCR_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liberty_CCR-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mouthpiece_retaining_straps">Mouthpiece retaining straps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mouthpiece retaining straps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rebreather diving incidents commonly involve an inappropriate breathing gas, which can result in loss of consciousness, water aspiration and drowning. Water aspiration may be delayed by use of a full-face mask or a mouthpeice retaining strap. According to a study of military rebreather accidents, the number of fatalities was low where mouthpiece retaining straps were used. The availability of a tethered dive buddy also helped ensure timely rescue.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_2016_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes_2016-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snorkels">Snorkels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Snorkels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel (swimming)</a></div> <p>A separate snorkel, or tube snorkel, used for freediving and swimming at the surface on scuba, typically comprises a curved tube for breathing and a means of attaching the tube to the head of the wearer. The tube has an opening at the top and a mouthpiece at the bottom. Snorkels are classified by their <a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimensions</a> and by their orientation and shape.<sup id="cite_ref-PADI_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PADI-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Length" title="Length">length</a> and the inner <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> (or inner <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a>) of the tube are important ergonomic considerations when matching a snorkel to the requirements of its user. The orientation and shape of the tube must also be taken into account when matching a snorkel to its use while seeking to optimise ergonomic factors such as <a href="/wiki/Streamline_(swimming)" title="Streamline (swimming)">low drag</a> through the water, <a href="/wiki/Airflow" title="Airflow">airflow</a>, water retention, interrupting the field of vision, <a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">work of breathing</a>, and dead space.<sup id="cite_ref-Ocean_Reef_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_Reef-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collapsible snorkel is intended for scuba divers who do not need a snorkel on every dive, but may find it occasionally useful. It can be folded up and stored in a pocket until it is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-folding_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folding-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some snorkels have a sump and drain valve at the lowest point to help clear the snorkel and drain the remnant volume of water in the snorkel out of the direct air passage. The effectiveness of these has not been clearly established. These valves have a tendency to fail if infrequently used, stored for long periods, through environmental fouling, or owing to lack of maintenance. Many also slightly increase the flow resistance of the snorkel, retain a small amount of water in the tube after clearing, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-Scubadoctor_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scubadoctor-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dead_space">Dead space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dead space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_dead_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical dead space">Mechanical dead space</a></div> <p>Mechanical dead space of diving <a href="/wiki/Breathing_apparatus" title="Breathing apparatus">breathing apparatus</a> is the volume in which the exhaled <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> is immediately inhaled on the next breath, increasing the necessary tidal volume and respiratory effort to get the same amount of usable breathing gas, increasing the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> from shallow breaths, and limiting the maximum volume of fresh or recycled gas<sup id="cite_ref-Note02_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Note02-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a breath. It is in effect an external extension of the physiological dead space.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryce_et_al_2020_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryce_et_al_2020-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Warkander_and_Lundgren_1995_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warkander_and_Lundgren_1995-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of minimising dead space volume is greater when the work of breathing is large, as work of breathing can also be a limiting factor in gas exchange. This becomes critical at high ambient pressures when the density of the breathing gas is high. Lower density breathing gas diluents help mitigate this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_et_al_2007_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_et_al_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Masks_and_helmets">Masks and helmets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Masks and helmets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PBS_bifocal_mask_P9251477.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PBS_bifocal_mask_P9251477.JPG/220px-PBS_bifocal_mask_P9251477.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PBS_bifocal_mask_P9251477.JPG/330px-PBS_bifocal_mask_P9251477.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PBS_bifocal_mask_P9251477.JPG/440px-PBS_bifocal_mask_P9251477.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Scuba diver with bifocal lenses in half mask</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Craig_Mainprize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Craig_Mainprize.png/220px-Craig_Mainprize.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Craig_Mainprize.png/330px-Craig_Mainprize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Craig_Mainprize.png/440px-Craig_Mainprize.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Ocean Reef full-face mask</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_110618-N-VF350-065_Hospital_Corpsman_2nd_Class_Jose_Lopez,_assigned_to_Mobile_Diving_and_Salvage_Unit_(MDSU)_1,_descends_underwater_during.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/US_Navy_110618-N-VF350-065_Hospital_Corpsman_2nd_Class_Jose_Lopez%2C_assigned_to_Mobile_Diving_and_Salvage_Unit_%28MDSU%29_1%2C_descends_underwater_during.jpg/220px-US_Navy_110618-N-VF350-065_Hospital_Corpsman_2nd_Class_Jose_Lopez%2C_assigned_to_Mobile_Diving_and_Salvage_Unit_%28MDSU%29_1%2C_descends_underwater_during.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/US_Navy_110618-N-VF350-065_Hospital_Corpsman_2nd_Class_Jose_Lopez%2C_assigned_to_Mobile_Diving_and_Salvage_Unit_%28MDSU%29_1%2C_descends_underwater_during.jpg/330px-US_Navy_110618-N-VF350-065_Hospital_Corpsman_2nd_Class_Jose_Lopez%2C_assigned_to_Mobile_Diving_and_Salvage_Unit_%28MDSU%29_1%2C_descends_underwater_during.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/US_Navy_110618-N-VF350-065_Hospital_Corpsman_2nd_Class_Jose_Lopez%2C_assigned_to_Mobile_Diving_and_Salvage_Unit_%28MDSU%29_1%2C_descends_underwater_during.jpg/440px-US_Navy_110618-N-VF350-065_Hospital_Corpsman_2nd_Class_Jose_Lopez%2C_assigned_to_Mobile_Diving_and_Salvage_Unit_%28MDSU%29_1%2C_descends_underwater_during.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2149" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Helmeted diver descending on a shotline</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg/220px-Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg/330px-Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg/440px-Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Inside view of a Kirby Morgan 37 showing the oral-nasal mask, the microphone and a loudspeaker of the communications system</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving masks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">helmets</a> provide air space between the eyes and a transparent window to allow the diver a clear view underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-adolfson_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adolfson-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_volume">Internal volume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Internal volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The internal volume of masks and helmets affects buoyancy and trim, and dead space, which affects gas exchange and work of breathing. </p><p>The volume of <a href="/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">dead space</a> is important for full-face masks and helmets, but not relevant to half masks as they are not part of the breathing passage. For breathhold diving, the mask internal volume must be equalised from the single breath in the diver's lungs, so a small volume is highly desirable, but scuba divers have sufficient air available that this is not a problem. </p><p>Large internal volume half-masks tend to float up against the nose, which is uncomfortable and becomes painful over time. The trend is towards low volumes and wide fields of vision, which requires the viewport to be close to the face. This makes it difficult to design a frame and nose pocket that will accommodate the full range of face shapes and sizes. Wide and high-bridged noses and very narrow faces are a particular problem. The clearance between the viewport and eyes should account for the eyelashes when blinking. </p><p>Full-face masks have larger internal volumes, but they are strapped on more securely and the load is carried by the neck. This load is small enough to be easily accommodated by most divers, though it may take some time to get used to it, and a lower volume is more comfortable. A large volume may adversely affect diver trim and necessitate moving or adding ballast weight to compensate.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helmet_buoyancy">Helmet buoyancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Helmet buoyancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The weight of a <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_demand_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight demand helmet">lightweight demand helmet</a> in air is about 15 kg. Underwater it is nearly neutrally buoyant so it is not an excessive static load on the neck. The helmet is a close fit to the head and moves with the head, allowing the diver to aim the viewport using head movement to compensate for the restricted field of vision.<sup id="cite_ref-KM_DOS_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KM_DOS-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free-flow helmets compensate for a potentially large dead space by a high gas flow rate, so that exhaled gas is flushed away before it can be rebreathed.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_4th_Ed_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_4th_Ed-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch.3">: Ch.3 </span></sup> They tend to have a large internal volume, and be heavier than demand helmets, and usually rest on the shoulders, so do not move with the head. As there is no need for an oro-nasal inner mask, they usually have a large viewport or several viewports to compensate for the fixed position. The diver can move the head inside the helmet to a limited extent, but to look around further, the diver must rotate the torso. The view downwards is particularly restricted, and requires the diver to bend over to see the area near the feet. Buoyancy may be compensated by direct weighting of the helmet and corselet, or by a jocking harness and indirect weighting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seal">Seal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Seal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mask must form a watertight seal around the edges to keep water out, regardless of the <a href="/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">attitude</a> of the diver in the water. This seal is between the elastomer skirt of the mask and the skin of the face. The fit of a mask affects the seal and comfort and must account for the variability of face shapes and sizes. For half masks, this is achieved by the very wide range of models available, but in spite of this some faces are too narrow or noses too large to fit comfortably. This is less of a problem with full-face masks and less again with helmets. However, these are affected by other factors like overall head size and neck length and circumference, so there is still a need for adjustment and different size options.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_4th_Ed_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_4th_Ed-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Face and neck seals may be compromised by hair passing under the seal between the rubber and skin, and the amount of leakage will depend on the amount of hair and the position of the compromised part of the seal. Divers with large amounts of facial hair can usually compensate adequately on open circuit by occasional exhalation through the nose to clear the mask, but with a rebreather the gas used for mask clearing is lost from the circuit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equalising">Equalising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Equalising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two aspects of equalising the pressure in gas spaces are influenced by mask and helmet design. These are equalising the internal space of the mask or helmet itself, and <a href="/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">equalising the ears</a>. Equalising the internal space of a half mask is normally achieved through the nose, and equalising the ears requires a method to block the nostrils. This is relatively easy to do with half-masks, where the diver can usually pinch the nostrils closed through the rubber of the mask skirt.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_4th_Ed_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_4th_Ed-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Helmets and most full-face masks do not allow the diver finger access to the nose, and various mechanical aids have been tried with varying levels of comfort and convenience.<sup id="cite_ref-PDC_manual_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDC_manual-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_4th_Ed_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_4th_Ed-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision">Vision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieutenant_Eddie,_executive_officer_of_Underwater_Construction_Team_1,_tests_Mark_12_diving_gear_during_a_training_exercise_-_DPLA_-_1b3ae13550c309fdf7e5018af2ff811a.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lieutenant_Eddie%2C_executive_officer_of_Underwater_Construction_Team_1%2C_tests_Mark_12_diving_gear_during_a_training_exercise_-_DPLA_-_1b3ae13550c309fdf7e5018af2ff811a.jpeg/220px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lieutenant_Eddie%2C_executive_officer_of_Underwater_Construction_Team_1%2C_tests_Mark_12_diving_gear_during_a_training_exercise_-_DPLA_-_1b3ae13550c309fdf7e5018af2ff811a.jpeg/330px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lieutenant_Eddie%2C_executive_officer_of_Underwater_Construction_Team_1%2C_tests_Mark_12_diving_gear_during_a_training_exercise_-_DPLA_-_1b3ae13550c309fdf7e5018af2ff811a.jpeg/440px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption>Diver using US Navy Mark 12 freeflow helmet </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JIM_suitRoyal_Navy_Submarine_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/JIM_suitRoyal_Navy_Submarine_Museum.jpg/220px-JIM_suitRoyal_Navy_Submarine_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/JIM_suitRoyal_Navy_Submarine_Museum.jpg/330px-JIM_suitRoyal_Navy_Submarine_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/JIM_suitRoyal_Navy_Submarine_Museum.jpg/440px-JIM_suitRoyal_Navy_Submarine_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A JIM atmospheric suit with a large domed viewport</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Field_of_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Field of vision">field of vision</a> of the diver is reduced by opaque parts of the helmet or mask. Peripheral vision is more reduced in the lower areas due to the size of the demand valve. Helmet design is a compromise between low mass and inertia (with a smaller interior volume and restricted field of vision), and large viewports that lead to a larger interior volume. A viewport close to the eyes provides a better view for the same area, but this is complicated because of the varying nose sizes of divers and the need for clearance for the oro-nasal mask. Curved viewports can introduce <a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision#Humans" title="Underwater vision">visual distortions</a> that reduce the ability to judge distance, and almost all viewports are made flat. Even a flat viewport causes some distortion, but it takes relatively little time to get used to this, as it is constant. Spherical port surfaces are generally used in newer atmospheric suits for structural reasons, and work well when the interior volume is large enough. They can be made wide enough for adequate peripheral vision. Field of vision in helmets is affected by the mobility of the helmet. A helmet directly supported by the head can rotate with the head, allowing the diver to aim the viewport at the target. In this case, however, peripheral vision is constrained by the dimensions of the viewport, the weight in air and unbalanced buoyancy forces when immersed must be carried by the neck, and inertial and hydrodynamic loads must also be carried by the neck. A helmet fixed to a breastplate is supported by the torso, which can safely support much greater loads, but it cannot rotate with the head. The entire upper body must rotate to direct the field of vision. This makes it necessary to use larger viewports so the diver has an acceptable field of vision at times when rotating the body is impractical. The need to rotate the head inside the non-rotatable helmet requires internal clearance, therefore a larger volume, and consequently a greater mass of ballast. </p><p>Optical correction is another factor that is considered in mask and helmet design. Contact lenses can be worn under all types of masks and helmets. Regular spectacles can be worn in most helmets, but cannot be adjusted during the dive. Corrective lenses can be glued to the inside of half-masks and some full-face masks, but the distance from the eyes to the lenses may not be optimal, and some correction may be needed to compensate for the increased distance from the cornea to the lens. Bifocal arrangements are available, mostly for far-sightedness, and may be necessary with older divers to allow them to read their instruments. Defogging of bonded lenses is the same as for plain glass. Some dive computers have relatively large font displays, and adjustable brightness to suit the ambient lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonne_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonne-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sawatsky_2015_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawatsky_2015-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hannaford_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannaford-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An open circuit breathing apparatus produces exhalation gas bubbles at the exhaust ports. Free-flow systems produce the largest volumes, but the outlet can be behind the viewports so it does not obscure the diver's vision. Demand systems must have the second stage diaphragm and exhaust ports at approximately the same depth as the mouth and lungs to minimise work of breathing. To get consistent breathing effort for the range of postures the diver may need to assume, this is most practicable when the exhaust ports and valves are close to the mouth, so some form of ducting is required to direct the bubbles away from the viewports of helmet or mask. This generally diverts exhaust gases around the sides of the head, where they tend to be rather noisy as the bubbles rise past the ears. Closed circuit systems vent far less gas, which can be released behind the diver, and are significantly quieter. Diffuser systems have been tried,<sup id="cite_ref-ep2007_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ep2007-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but have not been successful for open circuit equipment, though they have been used on rebreathers, where they improve stealth characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-CUMA_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUMA-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inside surface of the viewport of a mask or helmet tends to be prone to fogging, where tiny droplets of condensed water disperse light passing through the transparent material, blurring the view. Treating the inside surface with a defogging surfactant before the dive can reduce fogging. Fogging may occur anyway, and it must be possible to actively defog, either by rinsing with water or by blowing dry air over it until it is clear. There is no supply of dry air to a half-mask, but rinsing is easy and only momentarily interrupts breathing. A <a href="/wiki/Spitcock" class="mw-redirect" title="Spitcock">spitcock</a> may be provided on <a href="/wiki/Standard_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard helmet">standard helmets</a> for rinsing. Demand helmets generally have a free-flow supply valve that directs dry air over the inside of the faceplate. Full-face masks may use either rinsing or free-flow, depending on whether they are intended primarily for scuba or surface-supply diving. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Special:EditPage/Human factors in diving equipment design">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Masks held in place by adjustable straps can be knocked off or moved from the correct position, allowing water to flood in. Half masks are more susceptible to this, but because the diver can still breathe with a flooded half mask this is not considered a major issue unless the mask is lost. Full-face masks are part of the breathing passage, and need to be more securely supported, usually by four or five adjustable straps connected at the back of the head.<sup id="cite_ref-Note03_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Note03-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is still possible for these to be dislodged, so it must be possible for the diver to refit them sufficiently to continue breathing with their hands in cold-water gloves. On the other hand, the regulator is fixed to the mask so the mask is not easily lost and can be retrieved in the same way as a regulator second stage. Helmets are much more securely attached, and it is considered an emergency if they come off the head, as it is difficult for the diver to rectify the problem underwater, though it is usually still possible to breathe carefully if the free-flow valve is opened and the helmet held over the head with the bottom opening level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cylinders">Cylinders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cylinders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TechDiving_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TechDiving_NOAA.jpg/220px-TechDiving_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TechDiving_NOAA.jpg/330px-TechDiving_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TechDiving_NOAA.jpg/440px-TechDiving_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Scuba diving with back-mounted manifolded twins and sling mounted decompression gas</figcaption></figure><p>When using multiple gas sources and mixtures it is important to avoid confusing the gas mix in use and the pressure remaining in the various cylinders. The cylinder arrangement must allow access to cylinder valves when in the water. Use of the wrong gas for the depth can have fatal consequences with no warning. High task loading for technical divers can distract from checking the mix when switching gas. It is important to check that each cylinder is the correct gas and is mounted in the right place, to positively identify the new gas at each gas switch, and to adjust the decompression computer to allow for each change in gas for correct decompression. Some computers automatically change based on data from integrated pressure transducers, but still require correct pre-dive setting of gas mixes.<sup id="cite_ref-iX3M_AI_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iX3M_AI-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perdix_AI_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdix_AI-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A back-mounted single cylinder configuration is stable on the diver in and out of the water, and is compact and acceptably balanced. However, some divers have difficulty reaching the valve knob, which is behind the back, particularly when the cylinder is mounted relatively low on the harness, or the suit is thick or tight. Back-mounted twin cylinders with an isolation manifold are also stable in and out of the water. They are compact, heavy, and acceptably balanced for most divers. Some divers have difficulty reaching the valve knobs behind the back. This can be a problem in a free-flow or leak emergency, where a large volume of gas can be lost due to inability to access knobs quickly to shut down the cylinder. The weight and buoyancy distribution may be top heavy for some divers.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DAN_cylinder_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAN_cylinder-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In back-mounted independent doubles, gas is not available if a cylinder valve must be shut down. The side-mount emergency options of <span title="See entry on this page at § feather breathing" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_D%E2%80%93G#feather_breathing" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: D–G">feather breathing</a></span> and <span title="See entry on this page at § regulator swap-out" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_P%E2%80%93S#regulator_swap-out" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: P–S">regulator swap-out</a></span> are also not available. Flexible valve knob extensions on back mount sets are not very satisfactory and not very reliable, and are an additional snag risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pony cylinders for bailout or decompression gas clamped to the main gas supply put the valve where it cannot be seen, and may be difficult to reach. They are reasonably compact and manageable out of the water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sling mount bailout and decompression cylinders allow easy access to the valve and allow the visual checking of labels during gas switching. Up to four sling cylinders are reasonably manageable with some practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DAN_cylinder_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAN_cylinder-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternative configurations include an inverted single or manifolded twin cylinders. These have valves at the bottom which are more reachable, but are more vulnerable to impact damage. Custom hose lengths are needed, and hose routing will be different. This arrangement is used by <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a>, and has also been used by military divers. Weight and buoyancy distribution may be bottom heavy for some divers, and may adversely affect trim. This arrangement is also used for the gas cylinders on some rebreather models. <a href="/wiki/Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">Side mounts</a> provide much easier valve access, and it is possible to see the top of each cylinder to check the label when switching gas, which allows confirmation of correct gas. It is possible to <a href="/wiki/Hand_off" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand off">hand off</a> a cylinder when donating gas to another diver, so a long hose is not needed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cylinder_buoyancy">Cylinder buoyancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cylinder buoyancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The material and pressure rating of cylinders affects convenience, ergonomics, and safety. Aluminum alloy and steel are the two commonly available materials that are most often used for scuba cylinders. Their strength to weight ratio allows the manufacture of scuba cylinders that are near neutral buoyancy when empty. Cylinders that require a buoyancy compensator for support when they are empty can be unsafe, since it could be necessary to ditch breathing gas to regain buoyancy in the event of a buoyancy compensator failure. Cylinders that are buoyant when full require ballasting to make them manageable underwater. This kind of cylinder is usually a <a href="/wiki/Fibre_wound_composite_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre wound composite cylinder">fibre wound composite cylinder</a>, which are expensive, relatively easy to damage, and usually have a shorter service life. They tend to be used for cave diving when they must be carried through a difficult route to get to the water. Buoyancy control is easier, more stable, and safer when the gas volume needed to achieve neutral buoyancy is minimised, particularly at the end of a dive during ascent and decompression. The need for a large volume of gas in the buoyancy compensator during ascent increases risk of an <a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_buoyant_ascent" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncontrolled buoyant ascent">uncontrolled buoyant ascent</a> during decompression.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Stage_drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage drop">stage drops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">sidemount diving</a> where the cylinders will be pushed ahead of the diver for long distances, and where a cylinder may be handed off to another diver, it is particularly convenient if the cylinder has nearly neutral buoyancy during these maneuvers, as this has the least immediate impact on the buoyancy and trim of the diver. This convenience reduces task loading and improves safety.<sup id="cite_ref-four_foundations_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-four_foundations-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diving_suits">Diving suits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Diving suits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suits</a> are worn for protection from the environment. In most cases this is to keep the diver warm, as heat loss to water is rapid. There is a trade-off between insulation, comfort, and mobility. When diving in the presence of hazardous materials, the diving suit also serves as personal protective equipment to limit exposure to those materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_2007_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wetsuits">Wetsuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Wetsuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chasseur_sous-marin_et_son_%C3%A9quipement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chasseur_sous-marin_et_son_%C3%A9quipement.jpg/220px-Chasseur_sous-marin_et_son_%C3%A9quipement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chasseur_sous-marin_et_son_%C3%A9quipement.jpg/330px-Chasseur_sous-marin_et_son_%C3%A9quipement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chasseur_sous-marin_et_son_%C3%A9quipement.jpg/440px-Chasseur_sous-marin_et_son_%C3%A9quipement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Spearfisher in wet suit</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuits</a> rely on a good fit to work effectively. They rely on the low heat conductivity of the gas bubbles in the <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> foam of the suit, which slows heat loss. If the water inside the suit can be flushed out and replaced by cold water, this insulating function is bypassed. Movement of the diver tends to move the water in the suit around mostly where it is present in thick layers, and if this water is forced out it will be replaced by cold water from outside. A close fit reduces the thickness of the layer of water and makes it more resistant to flushing.<sup id="cite_ref-Tydeman_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tydeman-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A suit that is too tight can also cause problems. It could restrict movement and increase the diver's work of breathing. The gas bubbles in the neoprene foam will compress at depth, reducing insulation as the diver gets deeper.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardy2005_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardy2005-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semi-dry suits attempt to address this issue by making it more difficult for water to enter and leave the suit, but are still most effective when they are close-fitting.<sup id="cite_ref-Scubapro_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scubapro-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dry_suits">Dry suits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dry suits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpg/220px-Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpg/330px-Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpg/440px-Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Dry suit in icy water</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suits</a> rely on staying dry inside and maintaining a limited volume of gas distributed through the thermal undergarments. The volume of gas needed is fairly constant, but it expands and contracts due to pressure variations as the diver changes depth. <a href="/wiki/Dry_suit#Suit_squeeze" title="Dry suit">Suit squeeze</a> is caused by insufficient gas in the suit, and will reduce flexibility of the suit and restrict the diver's freedom of motion. This could prevent the diver from reaching critical equipment in an emergency. Gas is added manually by pressing a button to open the <a href="/wiki/Dry_suit#Inflation_valve" title="Dry suit">inflation valve</a>, which is normally in the central chest area where it can easily be reached by both hands and is clear of the harness and buoyancy compensator. High flow rates are neither necessary nor desirable, as they could lead to over-inflation, particularly if the valve sticks open due to freezing. Over-inflation causes an <a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills#Management_of_a_dry_suit_blowup" title="Scuba skills">uncontrollable rapid ascent</a> if not corrected. Dumping of suit gas is only possible when the dump valve is above the gas to be dumped.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During ascent, the diver has several things to monitor, so an adjustable automatic exhaust valve which provides hands-free operation helps reduce this task loading.<sup id="cite_ref-AAUSascents_Stinton_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUSascents_Stinton-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the dry suit is flooded, thermal insulation is lost which may make it necessary to abort the dive. Buoyancy can also be lost, a problem that can countered by ditching ballast, inflating the buoyancy compensator if it is large enough, or deploying a DSMB or small lifting bag. The extra weight of the water can make it difficult to exit the water, but this can be mitigated by having ankle dumps or cutting the suit to allow water drainage.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ability of the diver to reach the <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder#The_cylinder_valve" title="Diving cylinder">cylinder valve</a> can be constrained by the suit and personal joint flexibility of the diver. Back-mount configurations with valves up are particularly difficult to reach. This can cause delays in reacting effectively to some emergencies. This is partly a suit issue and partly a cylinder configuration issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The combination of suit and helmet can further constrain movement. Considerable effort may be necessary to overcome the encumbrance of the suit so it can take longer to complete complex tasks, in an environment that is already non-conducive to dexterity or heavy labour. This was particularly noticeable on the standard diving suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachrach_1977_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachrach_1977-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wrist and neck seals are commonly available in latex rubber, silicone rubber, and expanded neoprene. Some divers are allergic to latex, and should avoid latex seals.<sup id="cite_ref-DAN_FAQ_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAN_FAQ-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dry suits can be effective for protection against exposure to a wide range of hazardous materials, and the choice of suit material should take into account its resistance to the known contaminants. <a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">Hazmat diving</a> often requires complete isolation of the diver from the environment, necessitating the use of dry glove systems and helmets sealed directly to the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_2007_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suit should allow sufficient freedom of movement to swim, work, and reach all necessary accessories and controls when worn over undergarments suitable for the water temperature, without having excess internal volume, particularly in the legs. Excess leg length and loose fit can cause the boots to float off the feet, followed by a loss of ability to swim, and orientate correctly, which can be dangerous. The seals should be tight enough to be reliable without restricting blood flow, particularly at the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The operation and skill requirements for the safe use of dry suits has become fairly standardised, so although initial training is considered essential, switching between makes and models does not usually require retraining.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hot_water_suits">Hot water suits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hot water suits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit#Hot_water_suits" title="Diving suit">Hot water suits</a> are often used for deep dives when breathing mixes containing helium are used. Helium has a higher heat conductivity than air, but has a lower specific heat. The expansion of gas in the diving regulator causes intense cooling, and the chilled gas is heated to body temperature and humidified in the alveoli, which causes rapid heat loss from the body by conduction and evaporation. The amount of heat loss is proportional to the mass of gas breathed, which is proportional to ambient pressure at depth. This compounds the risk of hypothermia already present in the cold temperatures found at these depths.<sup id="cite_ref-Neves_and_Thomas_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neves_and_Thomas-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hot water suits are usually one piece suits made of foamed <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> with a zipper on the front of the torso and on the lower part of each leg. They are similar to wetsuits in construction and appearance, but do not fit as closely by design; they are not as thick because they only need to temporarily retain and guide the flow of the heating water. The wrists and ankles of the suit must allow water to flush out of the suit as it is replenished with fresh hot water from the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P_D_Handbook-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gloves and boots are worn which receive hot water from the ends of the arm and leg hoses. If a full-face mask is worn, the hood may be supplied by a tube at the neck of the suit. Helmets do not require heating.<sup id="cite_ref-PDC_manual_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDC_manual-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch18">: ch18 </span></sup> Breathing gas can be heated at the helmet by using a hot water shroud over the helmet inlet piping between the valve block and the regulator, which reduces heat loss to the breathing gas.<sup id="cite_ref-DCI_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCI-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heated water in the suit forms an active insulation barrier to heat loss, but the temperature must be regulated within fairly close limits. If the temperature falls below about 32 °C, hypothermia can result, and temperatures above 45 °C can cause burn injury to the diver. The diver may not notice a gradual change in temperature, and could enter the early stages of hypo- or hyperthermia without noticing.<sup id="cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P_D_Handbook-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suit must be loose fitting to allow unimpeded water flow, but this causes a large transient volume of water (13 to 22 litres) to be held in the suit, which can impede swimming due to the added inertia in the legs.<sup id="cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P_D_Handbook-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hot water suits are an active heating system; they are very effective while they are working correctly, but if they fail, they are very ineffective. <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills#Hot_water_supply_failure" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Loss of heated water supply</a> for hot water suits can be a life-threatening emergency with a high risk of debilitating <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>. Just as an emergency backup source of breathing gas is required, a backup water heater is also an essential precaution whenever dive conditions warrant a hot water suit. If the heater fails and a backup unit cannot be immediately brought online, a diver in the coldest conditions can die within minutes. Depending on decompression obligations, bringing the diver directly to the surface could be equally deadly.<sup id="cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P_D_Handbook-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diver will usually wear something under a hot water suit for protection against scalding, chafe and for personal hygiene, as hot water suits may be shared by divers on different shifts, and the interior of the suit may transmit fungal infections if not sufficiently cleaned. Wetsuits can prevent scalding of the parts of the body they cover, and thermal underwear can protect against chafe and keep the standby diver warm at the surface before the dive.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_2004_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Christensen_2004-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Northern_Diver_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Diver-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JFD_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFD-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hot water supply hose of the umbilical is connected to a supply manifold at the right hip of the suit, which has a set of valves to allow the diver to control flow to the front and back of the torso and the arms and legs, and to dump the supply to the environment if the water is too hot or too cold. The manifold distributes the water through the suit via perforated tubes.<sup id="cite_ref-PDC_manual_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDC_manual-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch18">: ch18 </span></sup> </p><p>Some initial training in the safe and effective use of hot water suits is considered necessary, but the skills are quickly learned and easily transferable between makes and the arrangement is fairly standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Class_II_diver_training_standard_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Class_II_diver_training_standard-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmospheric_suits">Atmospheric suits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Atmospheric suits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit#Design_constraints" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit § Design constraints</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_Diver4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Navy_Diver4.jpg/220px-Navy_Diver4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Navy_Diver4.jpg/330px-Navy_Diver4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Navy_Diver4.jpg/440px-Navy_Diver4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>US Navy ADS 2000 on launch and recovery platform after a certification dive in August 2006.</figcaption></figure> <p>The physiological problems of ambient pressure diving are largely eliminated by isolating the diver from the water and hydrostatic pressure in an <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">atmospheric suit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Curley_and_Bachrach_1982_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curley_and_Bachrach_1982-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, dexterity problems with manipulators on atmospheric diving suits reduce their effectiveness for many tasks. The joints of atmospheric suits allow walking but are not suitable for swimming.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_2000_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton_2000-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suit must maintain constant volume during articulation, as a variable volume would require additional effort to move from a lower volume geometry to higher volume due to the large pressure difference.<sup id="cite_ref-Note01_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Note01-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_2000_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton_2000-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A range of user sizes can be accommodated by adding spacers between components, but the extra joints increase the likelihood of leaks. Alternative parts with different lengths that require moving high-pressure seals to be split and reconnected may need to be pressure tested before each use.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_2000_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton_2000-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work required to overcome friction in the pressure-resistant joint seals, inertia of the limb armour, and drag of the bulky limbs moving through the water are major constraints on agility and limit the ways the diver can move. However, buoyancy control is relatively simple, as the suit is mostly incompressible and the life support system is closed so there is no weight change due to gas consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_2000_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton_2000-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the pressure hull of the suit is often made from metals with high heat conductivity, insulating the diver is largely a matter of wearing clothing suitable for the internal air temperature, and insulating the shell away from the moving parts of joints is fairly straightforward. The air is recycled through the scrubber, which will heat it slightly through the exothermic chemical reaction that removes carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-Curley_and_Bachrach_1982_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curley_and_Bachrach_1982-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The helmet is rigidly connected to the torso of the suit, which limits the field of vision. This can be partly compensated by using a nearly hemispherical dome viewport.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_2000_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton_2000-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atmospheric diving suits are still an emerging technology, and differ considerably, so specialist training is required for each model.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harness">Harness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Harness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving#Diver's_harness" title="Surface-supplied diving">surface-supplied diver's harness</a> is an item of strong webbing, and sometimes cloth, which is fastened around a diver over the exposure suit. It must allow the diver to be lifted without risk of falling out of the harness.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_2004_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_and_Christensen_2004-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch6">: ch6 </span></sup> It also provides support for the bailout gas cylinder, and may carry the ballast weights, a buoyancy compensator, the cutting tool, and other equipment. Several types are in use.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Inshore-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recreational <a href="/wiki/Scuba_harness" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba harness">scuba harnesses</a> are mainly used to support the gas cylinders, buoyancy compensator and often the weights and small accessories, but are not normally required to function as a lifting harness.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_BPW_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_BPW-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In professional diving, when the harness may also be used to lift the diver, it must be strong enough to support the diver and equipment without causing injury. Some discomfort is considered acceptable when lifting out of the water, as this is an emergency procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Inshore-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Improper distribution of weight carried by the harness can cause discomfort and nerve pressure injury out of the water,<sup id="cite_ref-Cronje_2009_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronje_2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the weight of the harness including cylinders can be problematic for putting the set on for some divers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bitterman_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitterman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buoyancy_control_equipment">Buoyancy control equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Buoyancy control equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bcd_-_stab.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bcd_-_stab.JPG/220px-Bcd_-_stab.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Bcd_-_stab.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Stabiliser jacket buoyancy compensator and neoprene dry suit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidemount_diver_at_the_Labyrinth_reef_P7070036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sidemount_diver_at_the_Labyrinth_reef_P7070036.jpg/220px-Sidemount_diver_at_the_Labyrinth_reef_P7070036.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sidemount_diver_at_the_Labyrinth_reef_P7070036.jpg/330px-Sidemount_diver_at_the_Labyrinth_reef_P7070036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sidemount_diver_at_the_Labyrinth_reef_P7070036.jpg/440px-Sidemount_diver_at_the_Labyrinth_reef_P7070036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Sidemount diver with back inflation BCD</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)#Size_and_fit" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">Buoyancy compensator (diving) § Size and fit</a></div> <p>Because pressure varies rapidly with depth, buoyancy is inherently unstable and controlling it requires continuous monitoring and input from the diver. The instability is proportional to the volume of the gas required for neutral buoyancy, so the volume of gas required for neutral buoyancy should be kept as low as possible over the course of the dive.<sup id="cite_ref-AAUSascents_Lang_et_al_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUSascents_Lang_et_al-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the weight change in a dive is due to gas use. Unless equipment is lost or abandoned, the maximum weight change is the consumption of all the gas in all the cylinders carried. The diver needs enough buoyancy volume to remain comfortably afloat before the dive starts. At the end of the dive there will be more buoyancy in reserve as a result of the gas consumption. However, too much reserve volume in the buoyancy compensator has the potential for contributing to an uncontrolled buoyant ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAUSascents_Lang_et_al_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUSascents_Lang_et_al-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In dry suits, gas is primarily intended for thermal insulation, and the additional buoyancy it creates is undesirable. Removing excess gas is only possible when there is an upward path from the gas to the venting point. Automatic dump valve position is conventionally on the upper left sleeve, clear of the harness, but in easy reach of the diver at all times and at a natural high point for the most useful and likely trim positions for swimming, work, and particularly ascents. The gas will expand as a diver ascends, increasing the need to vent it. However, a body orientation that allows for sufficient venting during an ascent is inefficient for horizontal propulsion. On the other hand, maintaining an orientation with the feet kept higher means the diver loses the ability to vent and risks losing control of buoyancy. Ankle venting points can mitigate this, but they are not fitted as standard equipment as they have proven to be a common leak point. Diving suits should not be excessively baggy, to reduce the amount of trapped gas, but must be loose enough to allow freedom of movement and access for the feet to the boots. The problem can be exacerbated if the legs are baggy at the ankles and the boots are loose, as if they slip off the feet, all control of the fins, and transfer of power to the fins, is lost. Gaiters and ankle straps can reduce the volume of this part of a suit, and may also reduce hydrodynamic drag, while ankle weights require acceleration with every fin stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Female divers are reported to have more difficulties with buoyancy and trim. This may be a consequence of a buoyancy distribution not well catered for by most harness, buoyancy compensator and weighting systems, possibly exacerbated by dry suit buoyancy distribution. Many manage with available equipment, but it may take longer to learn to effectively use less ergonomically matched equipment. A similar problem is reported with unusually small divers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bitterman_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitterman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The operating skills for most types of single bladder buoyancy compensator are standardised and portable between models. Familiarisation is rapid and straightforward, and retraining is generally not required, though additional training is provided for adapting to sidemount because of the associated changes in breathing apparatus management. <a href="/wiki/Dual_bladder_buoyancy_compensator" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual bladder buoyancy compensator">Twin bladder units</a> require more adaptation of procedures, and are associated with more accidents due to human error, as there are more kinds of operator errors that can be made.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weights">Weights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Weights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diving_weighting_system" title="Diving weighting system">Weighting systems</a> are needed to compensate for the buoyancy of the diver and buoyant equipment. The distribution of buoyancy and ballast affect diver trim, which influences propulsion efficiency breathing gas consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-CMASISATxManual_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMASISATxManual-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weight-belts of conventional design are fastened around the waist and load the lower back when the diver is trimmed horizontal. This can cause lower back pain, particularly when the weights are heavy to compensate for the buoyancy of a dry suit with thick undergarments. Weights supported by the harness distribute the load more evenly.<sup id="cite_ref-McCafferty_and_Seery_2014_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCafferty_and_Seery_2014-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ankle weights, used to improve trim, add inertia to the feet, which must be accelerated and decelerated with every fin stroke, requiring additional power input for finning and reducing propulsive efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-CMASISATxManual_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMASISATxManual-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability to shed ballast weight is considered a safety feature for scuba diving. It allows the diver to achieve positive buoyancy in an emergency, but the inadvertent loss of ballast when the diver needs to control ascent rate is itself an emergency that can cause <a href="/wiki/Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">decompression illness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CMASISATxManual_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMASISATxManual-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The need to pull weights clear of other equipment when ditching in some orientations is additional task loading in an emergency. The weight belt can become caught in the harness and compound the diver's problems if the need to establish positive buoyancy is urgent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fins">Fins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Fins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpecialFins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/SpecialFins.jpg/220px-SpecialFins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/SpecialFins.jpg/330px-SpecialFins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/SpecialFins.jpg/440px-SpecialFins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Monofin and pair of closed heel freediving bifins</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jetfins_reglables.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Jetfins_reglables.jpg/220px-Jetfins_reglables.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Jetfins_reglables.jpg/330px-Jetfins_reglables.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Jetfins_reglables.jpg/440px-Jetfins_reglables.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption>An open-heel vented paddle Jetfin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Force_fin_PB170128.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Force_fin_PB170128.jpg/220px-Force_fin_PB170128.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Force_fin_PB170128.jpg/330px-Force_fin_PB170128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Force_fin_PB170128.jpg/440px-Force_fin_PB170128.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Fin design intended to reduce fatigue</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Fin</a> design is a compromise between propulsive efficiency and maneuverability. <a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofins</a> are the equipment of choice for deep apnea diving and for speed and endurance competitions. Breath hold spearfishers need more maneuverability while retaining the best reasonably practicable efficiency, and they mostly choose long bifins. Professional and recreational scuba and surface-supplied divers will sacrifice more efficiency for better maneuverability. Comfort issues and muscle or joint stress, particularly among less physically fit divers, may bias the choice towards softer fins that produce less thrust and maneuverability. Divers needing maximum maneuverability will usually choose stiff paddle fins which can be effective for reversing out of a tight spot but are inefficient for cruising using flutter kick. These fins work well with the frog kick, which is also less likely to shed vortices downward and disturb silty bottoms, so this style of fin is popular for cave and wreck penetration diving.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experimental work suggests that larger fin blades are more efficient in converting diver effort to thrust, and are more economical in breathing gas for similar propulsive effect. Larger fins were perceived by the participating divers to be less fatiguing than smaller fins.<sup id="cite_ref-Mekjavic_et_al_1982_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mekjavic_et_al_1982-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For each kick stroke the mass of the fin must be accelerated once in each direction, so producing more thrust per stroke will waste less work on accelerations. Inertial effects increasing the work of finning are also caused by heavier fins, boots and ankle weights. </p><p>Attachment to the foot follows two basic options: an integral foot pocket enclosing the heel or an open heeled foot pocket with an elastic heel strap. Both systems allow full mobility of the ankle joint for bi-fins, but limit the motion for monofins. Full foot-pockets are softer and more comfortable on bare feet, and spread the loads more evenly, but are often unsuited to wearing over a thick or hard-soled boot capable of crossing rough rocky shores. <a href="/wiki/Fin_retainer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fin retainer">Fin retainers</a> may be necessary for security if the fit is loose. Open heel foot pockets can be matched with foot width when wearing a boot, and the heel-strap is selected or adjusted to fit. Fin straps may be of fixed or adjustable length. Fixed length straps are always the right length for a single user, and have fewer snag points, moving parts, and other components that can fail. Adjustable straps are quickly adaptable to the feet of different users, a major advantage for rental equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-BSAC_Sport_Diving_1985_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSAC_Sport_Diving_1985-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gloves">Gloves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Gloves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guanti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pair of neoprene wetsuit gloves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Guanti.jpg/220px-Guanti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Guanti.jpg/330px-Guanti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Guanti.jpg/440px-Guanti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>Neoprene wetsuit gloves</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trockenhandschuh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Trockenhandschuh.jpg/220px-Trockenhandschuh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Trockenhandschuh.jpg/330px-Trockenhandschuh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Trockenhandschuh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Dry glove with attachment ring and liner</figcaption></figure> <p>Glove fit is important for several reasons. Gloves that are too tight or thick restrict movement and require more effort to grip, which causes early fatigue. Reduced blood flow may cause cramping. Loose gloves may be ineffective against heat loss due to flushing, and may reduce dexterity due to excess bulk.<sup id="cite_ref-Zedalis_and_Kessler_2007_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zedalis_and_Kessler_2007-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a conflict between insulation and dexterity, and the reduction of tactile sense, grip strength, and early fatigue due to thick gloves or chilled hands. The diver can tolerate greater heat loss through the hands if the rest of the diver is warm, but in some cases such as diving in near-freezing water or where the air temperature at the surface is below freezing, the risk of frostbite or non-freezing cold injury necessitates the use of gloves most of the time. For safety-critical equipment, dexterity can be the difference between managing a problem adequately, or a situation deteriorating beyond recovery. Simple, large control interfaces such as oversize knobs and buttons, large clips, and tools that can be gripped by a heavily gloved hand can reduce risk significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-ISHN_Gloves_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISHN_Gloves-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zedalis_and_Kessler_2007_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zedalis_and_Kessler_2007-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In very cold water there are two problems causing loss of dexterity. The chilling of hands and fingers directly causes loss of feeling and strength of the hands, and thick gloves needed to reduce chilling also reduce the sensitivity of the fingertips, making it more difficult to feel what the fingers are doing. Thick gloves also make the fingertips wider and thicker and a poorer fit to components designed to be used by gloveless hands. This is less of a problem with gloves where the fingertips have a reduced thickness of cover over the contact surface, but few neoprene gloves have this feature. The fingertips of the thumbs and forefingers are most affected, and also wear out faster than the rest of the glove. Some divers wear a thinner, tougher, work glove under the neoprene insulating glove, and cut the tips off the thumbs and forefingers of the neoprene gloves to expose the inner gloves as a workable compromise. Dry gloves allow the diver to tailor the inner insulating glove to suit the task. Insulation can be thicker where it affects dexterity least, and thinner where more sensitivity is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Zedalis_and_Kessler_2007_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zedalis_and_Kessler_2007-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Irzmanska_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irzmanska-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long term grip strength is reduced by fatigue. If the glove requires effort to close the hand to hold an object, this will eventually tire the hand, and grip will weaken sooner than when affected by cold alone. This is mitigated by gloves with a preform to fit a partly closed hand, and by more flexible glove materials.<sup id="cite_ref-ISHN_Gloves_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISHN_Gloves-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zedalis_and_Kessler_2007_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zedalis_and_Kessler_2007-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifting_bags">Lifting bags</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Lifting bags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surface-supplied_gas_panels">Surface-supplied gas panels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Surface-supplied gas panels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Breathing gas supplied to divers from the surface is routed through a surface control manifold and the <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving#Gas_panel" title="Surface-supplied diving">gas panel</a>, and may also pass through a manifold in an open or closed diving bell. The surface gas panel may be operated by the <a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">diving supervisor</a> or a designated <a href="/wiki/Gas_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas man">gas man</a>, and the bell panel is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Bellman_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellman (diving)">bellman</a>. The gas panels are arranged so that it is clear to the operator which valves and gauges serve each diver. The surface <a href="/wiki/Standby_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Standby diver">standby diver</a> may be supplied from an independent panel with independent gas supplies, so the standby diver is isolated from gas supply problems that may affect the working divers.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D014_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D030_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D030-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gas panels may be integrated with voice communication equipment. </p><p>The gas panel should monitor the depth of each diver in order to provide the right supply pressure. This is done using the <a href="/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">pneumofathometer</a> gauge for each diver. It should control the flow rate for free-flow helmets, monitor the supply pressure of connected gasses, make it clear which supply is in use when changing between main and secondary, and confirm that the gas is breathable at the current depth of each diver. Additionally, it should display which part of the system is supplying which diver. Safe and reliable gas provision to the divers depends on the panel operator having a clear and accurate knowledge of the status of the valves and pressures at the panel. This is helped by arranging the components of the panel so that it is immediately obvious which components are dedicated to each diver, what the function of each component is, and the status of each valve. Quarter turn <a href="/wiki/Ball_valve" title="Ball valve">ball valves</a> are generally used because it is immediately obvious from the handle position whether they are open or closed. The spatial arrangement of valves and gauges on the panel is usually either the same for each diver, or mirrored. All operable valves and gauges should be labeled, and colour or shape coding may be useful.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D037_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D037-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADC_5/95_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADC_5/95-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D030_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D030-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unique_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unique-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JFD_2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFD_2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication_systems">Communication systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Communication systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">Diver communications</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_100504-N-9818V-453_Master_Chief_Petty_Officer_of_the_Navy_(MCPON)_Rick_West_and_divers_from_Southwest_Regional_Maintenance_Center_conduct_pre-dive_checks;_hand_signal_%22OK%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diver touches his first finger tip to his thumb tip while extending his other fingers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Navy_100504-N-9818V-453_Master_Chief_Petty_Officer_of_the_Navy_%28MCPON%29_Rick_West_and_divers_from_Southwest_Regional_Maintenance_Center_conduct_pre-dive_checks%3B_hand_signal_%22OK%22.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Navy_100504-N-9818V-453_Master_Chief_Petty_Officer_of_the_Navy_%28MCPON%29_Rick_West_and_divers_from_Southwest_Regional_Maintenance_Center_conduct_pre-dive_checks%3B_hand_signal_%22OK%22.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Navy_100504-N-9818V-453_Master_Chief_Petty_Officer_of_the_Navy_%28MCPON%29_Rick_West_and_divers_from_Southwest_Regional_Maintenance_Center_conduct_pre-dive_checks%3B_hand_signal_%22OK%22.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The hand signal "OK"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg/220px-Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg/330px-Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg/440px-Inside_a_KM37_diving_helmet_PA268016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Inside a Kirby Morgan 37 helmet showing the microphone in the oro-nasal mask, and one of the speakers at the top of the photo.</figcaption></figure> <p>Diver communications are the methods used by <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">divers</a> to communicate with each other or with surface members of the dive team. In <a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">professional diving</a>, diver communication is usually voice communications between a single working diver and the <a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">diving supervisor</a> at the surface control point, and with the bell for bell operations. This is considered important both for managing the diving work, and as a safety measure for monitoring the condition of the diver. The traditional method of communication by line signals is now used in emergencies when voice communications have failed. Surface supplied divers also often carry a closed circuit video camera on the <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">helmet</a> which allows the surface team to see what the diver is doing and to be involved in inspection tasks. This can also be used to transmit hand signals to the surface if voice communications fails.<sup id="cite_ref-Prosser_and_Grey_1990_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prosser_and_Grey_1990-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch.429">: Ch.429 </span></sup> Underwater slates may be used to write text messages which can be shown to other divers,<sup id="cite_ref-tc_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prosser_and_Grey_1990_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prosser_and_Grey_1990-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch.5">: Ch.5 </span></sup> Voice communication is the most generally useful format underwater, as visual forms are more affected by visibility, and written communication and signing are relatively slow and restricted by diving equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollien_and_Rothman_2013_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollien_and_Rothman_2013-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> </p><p>Diver voice communication equipment does not work with a standard scuba demand valve mouthpiece, so scuba divers generally use hand signals are when visibility allows, and there are a range of commonly used signals, with some variations.<sup id="cite_ref-RSTC_signals_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSTC_signals-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These signals are often also used by professional divers to communicate with other divers.<sup id="cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_6.3_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P_D_Handbook_6.3-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a range of other special purpose non-verbal signals, mostly used for safety and emergency communications. </p><p>The interface between air and water is an effective barrier to direct sound transmission,<sup id="cite_ref-Godin_2008_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godin_2008-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the natural water surface is a barrier to visual communication across the interface due to internal reflection. <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_speech_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric speech distortion">Hyperbaric speech distortion</a> also hinders sound-based communication. </p><p>The process of talking underwater is influenced by the internal geometry of the life support equipment and constraints on the communications systems as well as the physical and physiological influences of the environment on the processes of speaking and vocal sound production.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollien_and_Rothman_2013_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollien_and_Rothman_2013-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6, 16">: 6, 16 </span></sup> The use of breathing gases under pressure or containing helium causes problems in intelligibility of diver speech due to distortion caused by the different speed of sound in the gas and the different density of the gas compared to air at surface pressure. These parameters induce changes in the vocal tract <a href="/wiki/Formants" class="mw-redirect" title="Formants">formants</a>, which affect the <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>, and a slight change of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>. Several studies indicate that the loss in intelligibility is mainly due to the change in the formants.<sup id="cite_ref-Daymi_et_al_2005_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daymi_et_al_2005-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difference in density of the breathing gas causes a non-linear shift of low-pitch vocal resonance, due to resonance shifts in the vocal cavities, giving a nasal effect, and a linear shift of vocal resonances which is a function of the velocity of sound in the gas, known as the <a href="/wiki/Donald_Duck_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Duck effect">Donald Duck effect</a>. Another effect of higher density is the relative increase in intensity of voiced sounds relative to unvoiced sounds. The contrast between closed and open voiced sounds and the contrast between voiced consonants and adjacent vowels decrease with increased pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Fant_and_Lindqvist_1968_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fant_and_Lindqvist_1968-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Change of the speed of sound is relatively large in relation to depth increase at shallower depths, but this effect reduces as the pressure increases, and at greater depths a change in depth makes a smaller difference.<sup id="cite_ref-Daymi_et_al_2005_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daymi_et_al_2005-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Helium speech unscramblers are a partial technical solution. They improve intelligibility of transmitted speech to surface personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-Fant_and_Lindqvist_1968_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fant_and_Lindqvist_1968-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumentation_and_displays">Instrumentation and displays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Instrumentation and displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dive_computer#Ergonomic_considerations" title="Dive computer">Dive computer § Ergonomic considerations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shearwater_Perdix_and_Ratio_iX3M_GPS_in_compass_mode_P9070460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Shearwater_Perdix_and_Ratio_iX3M_GPS_in_compass_mode_P9070460.jpg/220px-Shearwater_Perdix_and_Ratio_iX3M_GPS_in_compass_mode_P9070460.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Shearwater_Perdix_and_Ratio_iX3M_GPS_in_compass_mode_P9070460.jpg/330px-Shearwater_Perdix_and_Ratio_iX3M_GPS_in_compass_mode_P9070460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Shearwater_Perdix_and_Ratio_iX3M_GPS_in_compass_mode_P9070460.jpg/440px-Shearwater_Perdix_and_Ratio_iX3M_GPS_in_compass_mode_P9070460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Shearwater Perdix and Ratio iX3M GPS dive computers in compass mode</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submersible_pressure_transducer_for_remote_display_P8160016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Submersible_pressure_transducer_for_remote_display_P8160016.jpg/220px-Submersible_pressure_transducer_for_remote_display_P8160016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Submersible_pressure_transducer_for_remote_display_P8160016.jpg/330px-Submersible_pressure_transducer_for_remote_display_P8160016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Submersible_pressure_transducer_for_remote_display_P8160016.jpg/440px-Submersible_pressure_transducer_for_remote_display_P8160016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Submersible wireless pressure transducer for remote dive computer display</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pressure_guage_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pressure_guage_close_up.jpg/220px-Pressure_guage_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pressure_guage_close_up.jpg/330px-Pressure_guage_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pressure_guage_close_up.jpg/440px-Pressure_guage_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>Submersible pressure gauge close up</figcaption></figure> <p>Diving instrumentation may be for safety or to facilitate the task being performed. Safety-critical information such as gas pressure and decompression status should be presented clearly and unambiguously.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergonomics_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergonomics-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ozygit_and_Egi_2012_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozygit_and_Egi_2012-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lack of standardised <a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">dive computer</a> user-interfaces can cause confusion under stress.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergonomics_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergonomics-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computer lock-out at times of great need is a potentially fatal design flaw. The meaning of alarms and warnings should be immediately obvious. The diver should be dealing with the problem, not trying to work out what it is.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergonomics_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergonomics-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ozygit_and_Egi_2012_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozygit_and_Egi_2012-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Displays should allow for variations in <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">visual acuity</a>, and be readable with colour-blindness.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergonomics_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergonomics-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideally, critical displays should be readable without a mask, or allow safe surfacing without a mask. There should not be too much distracting information on the main screen, and returning to the main screen should be automatic by default, or auxiliary screens should continue to display critical decompression data.<sup id="cite_ref-Ergonomics_93-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ergonomics-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ozygit_and_Egi_2012_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozygit_and_Egi_2012-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dive computers are safety critical equipment, but there is very little formal training provided for their use. Models also vary considerably in operation, and are often not intuitive, so skills are not transferable when a new unit is used. The user manual is usually all that is available to learn from, and it cannot be taken underwater for convenient reference. Instrument consoles represent a concentrated source of information, and a large potential for operator error.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachrach_1977_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachrach_1977-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dive computers provide a variety of visual dive information to the diver, usually on a <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD</a> or <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a> display. More than one screen arrangement may be selectable during a dive, and the primary screen will display by default and contain the safety critical data. Secondary screens are usually selected by pressing one or two buttons one or more times, and may be transient or remain visible until another screen is selected. All safety critical information should be visible on any screen that will not automatically revert within a short period, as the diver may forget how to get back to it and this may put them as significant risk. Some computers use a scroll through system which tends to require more button pushes, but is easier to remember, as eventually the right screen will turn up, others may use a wider selection of buttons, which is quicker when the sequence is known, but easier to forget or become confused, and may demand more of the diver's attention, :<sup id="cite_ref-Perdix_AI_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdix_AI-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iX3M_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iX3M-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Display and control units for electronically controlled closed circuit rebreathers have very similar requirements and problems to dive computers. This may be reduced when the rebreather controllers and backup dive computer are produced by the same manufacturer. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up displays</a> can be used to provide the diver with a view of critical information which is always visible. These can be mounted on the mask, or on the mouthpiece assembly. Head-up displays require special near-eye 0ptics to allow correct focus on the display.<sup id="cite_ref-NERD2_Manual_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NERD2_Manual-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Galileo_hud_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galileo_hud-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evans_2020_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans_2020-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In conditions of very low visibility, a head-up display has the advantage that the diver's ability to see the display is not affected by turbidity. It also lets the diver monitor all displayed dive data without interrupting their work.<sup id="cite_ref-Sieber_et_al_2012_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sieber_et_al_2012-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cutting_tools">Cutting tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Cutting tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary function of <a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's cutting tool">diver cutting tools</a> is to deal with entanglement by lines or nets. The tool should be accessible to both hands, and should be capable of cutting the diver free from any entanglement hazard predicted at the dive site. Many divers carry a cutting tool as standard equipment, and it may be required by code of practice as default procedure. When entanglement risk is high, backup cutting tools may be required.<sup id="cite_ref-Kray_2023_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kray_2023-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dive_lights">Dive lights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Dive lights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dive_light" title="Dive light">Dive lights</a> may be needed to compensate for insufficient natural illumination or to restore colour.<sup id="cite_ref-Luria_and_Kinney_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luria_and_Kinney-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adolfson_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adolfson-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be carried in several ways depending on their purpose. Head mount lights are used by divers who need to use both hands for other purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibb_2020_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibb_2020-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a head mount there is a greater risk of dazzling other divers in the vicinity, as the lights move with the diver's head. As such, this arrangement is more appropriate for divers who work or explore alone. Helmet mounts are appropriate for illuminating work which is monitored via a helmet-mounted closed circuit video camera. Hand-held lights can be directed by the diver independently of the direction the diver is facing and do not require any special mounting equipment. However, they occupy a hand and are at risk of being dropped unless they are clipped on. They are most suitable for incidental lighting, and where precise direction is useful. Glove or <a href="/wiki/Goodman_handle" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodman handle">Goodman handle</a> mount allows precise direction and allows the hand to perform some other tasks. <a href="/wiki/Canister_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Canister light">Canister lights</a> allow the light head to be held in either hand, on a Goodman handle, or looed over the neck to free both hands, and the cable prevents the light from falling far if dropped. It is possible and fairly common to carry more than one of these options. Where light is important for safety, the diver will carry backup lights.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindblom_2000_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindblom_2000-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddy_lines">Buddy lines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Buddy lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving#Buddy_line" title="Buddy diving">buddy line</a> is a line or strap physically tethering two scuba divers together underwater to prevent separation. They can also serve as a means of communication in low visibility conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurr_2008_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurr_2008-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually a short length and may be buoyant to reduce the risk of snagging on the bottom. It does not need to be particularly strong or secure, but should not pull free under moderate loads, such as when used for line signals. Divers may communicate by <a href="/wiki/Diver_communications#Rope_signals" title="Diver communications">rope signals</a>, but may just use the line to attract attention before moving closer and communicating by hand signals. The disadvantage of a buddy line is an increased risk of snagging and entanglement, and the risk is increased with a longer or thinner line. Divers may need to disconnect the line quickly at either end in an emergency, which can be done via a quick-release mechanism or by cutting the line, both of which require at least one free hand. A <a href="/wiki/Velcro" title="Velcro">velcro</a> strap requires no tools for release and can be released under tension.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clips_and_attachment_points">Clips and attachment points</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Clips and attachment points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Single_end_and_double_end_bolt_snaps_PA210120.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Single_end_and_double_end_bolt_snaps_PA210120.jpg/220px-Single_end_and_double_end_bolt_snaps_PA210120.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Single_end_and_double_end_bolt_snaps_PA210120.jpg/330px-Single_end_and_double_end_bolt_snaps_PA210120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Single_end_and_double_end_bolt_snaps_PA210120.jpg/440px-Single_end_and_double_end_bolt_snaps_PA210120.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Swivel ring single end and double end bolt snaps</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carabiner_Bright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Carabiner_Bright.jpg/220px-Carabiner_Bright.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Carabiner_Bright.jpg/330px-Carabiner_Bright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Carabiner_Bright.jpg/440px-Carabiner_Bright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Screw gate carabiner</figcaption></figure> <p>Clips and attachment points should be reliable and must generally be operable by one hand with gloves suitable for the water temperature, without needing to see what is being done, as it may be dark, low visibility, or out of view. Single-hand operation is necessary where only one hand can reach. This is always preferable, as the other hand may be in use for something important. While unlikely, it is possible for most types of clip to become jammed closed, and if this may endanger the diver it should be possible to use an alternative method to disconnect, which does not involve special tools. Cutting loose using the <a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's cutting tool">diver's cutting tool</a> is the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A reliable clip is one that does not allow connection or disconnection by accident, instead requiring specific action by the operator to clip or unclip. Unreliable clips may cause loss of equipment or entanglement. <a href="/wiki/Bolt_snap" title="Bolt snap">Bolt snaps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Screw-gate_carabiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw-gate carabiner">screw-gate carabiners</a> are examples of clips with a reputation for reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carabiners are more secure, and may be load rated, but are less convenient to operate. Carabiners are approved for attaching the umbilical to a surface supplied diver's harness.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Inshore-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are usually several attachment points provided on the diving harness or buoyancy compensator for securing accessories and additional diving cylinders. On technical harnesses these are often in the form of stainless steel D-rings or sliders with integral rings, and may be adjustable for position.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plastic D-rings are common on bulk-produced recreational buoyancy compensators, and are usually in fixed positions, held on by bar-tacked webbing straps or tabs, and are not replaceable. Professional harness is usually required to have at least one attachment point capable of lifting the diver out of the water.<sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attachment rings that are free to swing are less prone to snagging on the surroundings in tight spaces but are more difficult to clip onto one-handed when out of view.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diver_propulsion_vehicles">Diver propulsion vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Diver propulsion vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gavin_scooter_dab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gavin_scooter_dab.jpg/220px-Gavin_scooter_dab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gavin_scooter_dab.jpg/330px-Gavin_scooter_dab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gavin_scooter_dab.jpg/440px-Gavin_scooter_dab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Two divers scootering with heavy duty DPVs</figcaption></figure><p>A <a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">diver propulsion vehicle</a> (DPV) is a powered device with an integral thruster used by scuba divers to increase their range underwater. Range is restricted by the amount of <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> that can be carried, the rate at which that breathing gas is consumed, and the power endurance and speed of the DPV. Time limits imposed on the diver by decompression requirements may also limit safe range in practice. DPVs have recreational, scientific and military applications. They have been produced in a range of configurations from small, easily portable scooter units with a small range and low speed, to faired or enclosed units capable of carrying several divers longer distances at higher speeds. </p><p>The most efficient position for towing behind is when the wake of the thruster bypasses the diver. This is usually achieved by using a tow leash from the DPV to a D-ring on the lower front of the diver's harness. The diver also holds a handle on top of the DPV with a dead-man switch that turns off power to the DPV as soon as the diver lets go of the handle. The DPV is commonly steered by one hand, leaving the other hand free for other tasks. This requires good static and dynamic balance of the DPV and diver to avoid excessive diver fatigue. Lights, cameras, navigation, and other instruments may be mounted on a DPV for convenience, but the diver should also carry backups for essential instruments in case the DPV must be abandoned in an emergency. Control of the DPV is additional task loading and can distract the diver.<sup id="cite_ref-Mount_2008c_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_2008c-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A DPV can increase the risk of a silt-out if the thrust is allowed to wash over the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-Citelli_2008_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citelli_2008-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DPV operation requires greater situational awareness than simply swimming, as some changes can happen much faster. Operating a DPV requires simultaneous depth control, buoyancy adjustment, monitoring of breathing gas, and navigation. Buoyancy control is vital for diver safety. The DPV has the capacity to dynamically compensate for poor buoyancy control by thrust vectoring while moving, but once it stops the diver may turn out to be dangerously positively or negatively buoyant if adjustments were not made to suit the changes in depth while moving. If the diver does not control the DPV properly, a rapid ascent or descent under power can result in <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">barotrauma</a> or decompression sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-AlertDiver_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlertDiver-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cameras">Cameras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikonos_V_front_2015_Nikon_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nikonos_V_front_2015_Nikon_Museum.jpg/220px-Nikonos_V_front_2015_Nikon_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nikonos_V_front_2015_Nikon_Museum.jpg/330px-Nikonos_V_front_2015_Nikon_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nikonos_V_front_2015_Nikon_Museum.jpg/440px-Nikonos_V_front_2015_Nikon_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1706" /></a><figcaption>The Nikonos V, a film camera designed specifically for underwater use</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympus_TG-3_camera_and_its_underwater_housing_front_view_P1240163.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Olympus_TG-3_camera_and_its_underwater_housing_front_view_P1240163.jpg/220px-Olympus_TG-3_camera_and_its_underwater_housing_front_view_P1240163.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Olympus_TG-3_camera_and_its_underwater_housing_front_view_P1240163.jpg/330px-Olympus_TG-3_camera_and_its_underwater_housing_front_view_P1240163.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Olympus_TG-3_camera_and_its_underwater_housing_front_view_P1240163.jpg/440px-Olympus_TG-3_camera_and_its_underwater_housing_front_view_P1240163.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Olympus TG-3 rugged compact digital camera and its underwater housing, front view, showing relatively small size of the housing and good ergonomics of shutter release lever and hand grip.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympus_TG-3_camera_and_underwater_housing_back_view_P1240164.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Olympus_TG-3_camera_and_underwater_housing_back_view_P1240164.jpg/220px-Olympus_TG-3_camera_and_underwater_housing_back_view_P1240164.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Olympus_TG-3_camera_and_underwater_housing_back_view_P1240164.jpg/330px-Olympus_TG-3_camera_and_underwater_housing_back_view_P1240164.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Olympus_TG-3_camera_and_underwater_housing_back_view_P1240164.jpg/440px-Olympus_TG-3_camera_and_underwater_housing_back_view_P1240164.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Olympus TG-3 camera and underwater housing, back view, showing relatively large view screen for focus and framing, but relatively crowded buttons for controlling detailed settings.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoPro_Hero5_Black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/GoPro_Hero5_Black.jpg/220px-GoPro_Hero5_Black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/GoPro_Hero5_Black.jpg/330px-GoPro_Hero5_Black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/GoPro_Hero5_Black.jpg/440px-GoPro_Hero5_Black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>GoPro Hero5 action camera in underwater housing</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater cameras</a> are usually popular models encased in a watertight pressure housing. There are a few notable exceptions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nikonos" title="Nikonos">Nikonos</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_%26_Sea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sea & Sea (page does not exist)">Sea & Sea</a> ranges, in which the camera body was the pressure housing.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikonos-evolution_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikonos-evolution-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controls are generally operated by movable links penetrating the watertight case, each requiring reliable seals because they represent a possible leak. Compact and lightweight camera bodies with multiple controls packed into a small space tend to transform into bulky, heavy and expensive units when housed for moderately deep diving. The camera's controls must be operable using thick gloves in cold water. For most underwater photography, a camera that is close to neutral buoyancy will be easier to handle and have less disruptive effect on diver trim. Strobe arms incorporating incompressible buoyancy compartments are the preferred system, as they do not need to be adjusted for changes of depth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Internal flash is problematic at anything except very close range, as it can cause <a href="/wiki/Backscatter" title="Backscatter">backscatter</a> in cloudy water, and is the major consumer of battery power at full power. External flash using optical coupling avoids hull penetrations and potential leaks, and video lights give a good preview of exposure, and also provide the diver with a high-power dive light that is already pointing in the right direction to record the scene. With more powerful video lights and low-light sensitivity cameras, flash may not be necessary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surface_marker_buoys">Surface marker buoys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Surface marker buoys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">surface marker buoy</a> is towed to indicate the position of the diver. It should have sufficient buoyancy to reliably remain at the surface so it can be seen. If it is actively towed, it should not develop so much drag that the diver is unable to manage it effectively. The tow line may be a major source of drag (roughly proportional to its diameter); as such, a smaller, smooth line is preferable, and also fits on a more compact reel or spool. Smaller line may need to be of stronger and more abrasion-resistant material like <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene</a> for acceptable durability.<sup id="cite_ref-Divgear_express_line_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Divgear_express_line-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A decompression buoy is deployed towards the end of the dive as a signal to the surface that the diver has started to ascend.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_2017_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_2017-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>This kind of buoy is not usually towed, so drag is not a problem. Visibility to a surface observer depends on colour, reflectivity, length above the water, and diameter. A low waterplane area has the advantage of reducing the variation of line tension as waves pass overhead, making it easier to maintain accurate depth under large swells during decompression stops. A larger buoy is more visible at the surface but will pull upward harder if the reel jams during deployment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distance_lines_and_line_markers,_reels_and_spools"><span id="Distance_lines_and_line_markers.2C_reels_and_spools"></span>Distance lines and line markers, reels and spools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Distance lines and line markers, reels and spools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_diver_running_a_reel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cave_diver_running_a_reel.jpg/220px-Cave_diver_running_a_reel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cave_diver_running_a_reel.jpg/330px-Cave_diver_running_a_reel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cave_diver_running_a_reel.jpg/440px-Cave_diver_running_a_reel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>A cave diver running a distance line into the overhead environment to facilitate a safe exit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_diving_line_markers_secure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cave_diving_line_markers_secure.svg/220px-Cave_diving_line_markers_secure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cave_diving_line_markers_secure.svg/330px-Cave_diving_line_markers_secure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cave_diving_line_markers_secure.svg/440px-Cave_diving_line_markers_secure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Cave diving line markers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_line_spool_with_double_end_bolt_snap_IMG_20190517_181118.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cave_line_spool_with_double_end_bolt_snap_IMG_20190517_181118.jpg/220px-Cave_line_spool_with_double_end_bolt_snap_IMG_20190517_181118.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cave_line_spool_with_double_end_bolt_snap_IMG_20190517_181118.jpg/330px-Cave_line_spool_with_double_end_bolt_snap_IMG_20190517_181118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cave_line_spool_with_double_end_bolt_snap_IMG_20190517_181118.jpg/440px-Cave_line_spool_with_double_end_bolt_snap_IMG_20190517_181118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5120" /></a><figcaption>Cave line spool with double end bolt snap.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reel_with_DSMB_P9027417_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Reel_with_DSMB_P9027417_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Reel_with_DSMB_P9027417_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Reel_with_DSMB_P9027417_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Reel_with_DSMB_P9027417_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Reel_with_DSMB_P9027417_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Reel_with_DSMB_P9027417_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2684" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>Open ratchet reel with closed handle, with DSMB stowed</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">Distance lines</a> are used for underwater navigation where it is either essential to mark the route out of the overhead environment, or necessary or desirable to return to a specific point. Lines are deployed from reels or spools, and may be left in place or recovered on the return.<sup id="cite_ref-Exley_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exley-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guideline_1_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guideline_1-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design and construction of the reel have a large influence on handling during both deployment and recovery of line, which are major parts of the task loading of one of the divers in a wreck or cave penetration team. Good design can minimise effort of winding in the line, and an adjustable brake reduces risk of overruns and loose line in the water while laying the line, which is an entanglement hazard. Highly visible line helps reduce the risk of losing the line in bad visibility, and a near neutral buoyancy of the reel minimises the fatigue caused by carrying it in the hand for long periods. Matching the size of a reel or spool to its intended use allows easy recognition by feel and efficient storage.<sup id="cite_ref-Scubadoc_reels_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scubadoc_reels-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Divegear_express_reels_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Divegear_express_reels-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Line_marker" title="Line marker">Line markers</a> are generally used on permanent guidelines to provide critical information to divers following the line. Slots and notches are used to wrap the line and secure the marker in place. Passing the line through the enlarged area at the base of the two slots allows the marker to slide along the line, or even fall off if brushed by a diver. To more securely fasten the marker, an extra wrap may be added at each slot. It must be possible to fit, interpret, and remove a line marker by feel in total darkness with the line under moderate tension. All of this must happen without dislodging the line. The basic function of these markers is fairly consistent internationally, but procedures may differ by region or team. The protocol for placement and removal should be well understood by the members of a specific team.<sup id="cite_ref-Keiren_2016_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keiren_2016-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Dive_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive reel">dive reel</a> comprises a spool to hold the line. It is coupled with a winding knob which rotates on an axle attached to a frame, with a handle to hold the assembly in position while in use.<sup id="cite_ref-Guideline_1_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guideline_1-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A line guide is almost always present to prevent line from unwinding unintentionally, and there is usually a method of clipping the reel to the diver's harness when not in use. Reels may be made from a wide variety of materials, but near neutral buoyancy and resistance to impact damage are desirable features. Reels may also be open or closed. This refers to the presence of a cover around the spool, which is intended to reduce the risk of line tangles on the spool, or line flipping over the side and causing a jam. To some extent this works, but if there is a jam the cover effectively prevents the diver from correcting it. Open reels allow easy access to free jams caused by overwinds or line getting caught between spool and handle, and allow visual checks on the line while winding it in. Reels should be easy to use and lockable to prevent unintentionally unrolling, and have sufficient friction to prevent overruns. Reels used for deploying DSMBs usually have a thumb release ratchet to allow free running deployment and to prevent unwinding when there is tension on the line at other times. A reel with a closed handle is less tiring to hold for long periods, particularly when wearing thick or stiff gloves.<sup id="cite_ref-Divegear_express_reels_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Divegear_express_reels-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Divgear_express_line_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Divgear_express_line-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Distance_line#Spools" title="Distance line">Finger spools</a> are a simple, compact, and low tech alternative to reels that are best suited to relatively short lengths of line. They are a pair of circular flanges with a hole in the middle, connected by a tubular hub, which is sized to use a finger as an axle when unrolling the line. The line is secured by clipping a <a href="/wiki/Bolt_snap" title="Bolt snap">bolt snap</a> through a hole on one of the flanges and over the line as it leaves the reel. It is reeled in by holding the spool with one hand and simply winding the line onto the spool by hand. Spools are most suitable for reasonably short lines, up to about 50 m, as it becomes tedious to roll up longer lengths.<sup id="cite_ref-Guideline_1_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guideline_1-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The double end bolt snap for locking the line may also be used as an aid for winding it in, to avoid line abrasion of the fingers or gloves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment_storage">Equipment storage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Equipment storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diving_boat_at_Koh_Tao,_Thailand_1075.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Diving_boat_at_Koh_Tao%2C_Thailand_1075.jpg/220px-Diving_boat_at_Koh_Tao%2C_Thailand_1075.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Diving_boat_at_Koh_Tao%2C_Thailand_1075.jpg/330px-Diving_boat_at_Koh_Tao%2C_Thailand_1075.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Diving_boat_at_Koh_Tao%2C_Thailand_1075.jpg/440px-Diving_boat_at_Koh_Tao%2C_Thailand_1075.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>Dive boat at Koh Tao, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_the_way_to_a_dive_off_Cape_Town_PA312178.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/On_the_way_to_a_dive_off_Cape_Town_PA312178.JPG/220px-On_the_way_to_a_dive_off_Cape_Town_PA312178.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/On_the_way_to_a_dive_off_Cape_Town_PA312178.JPG/330px-On_the_way_to_a_dive_off_Cape_Town_PA312178.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/On_the_way_to_a_dive_off_Cape_Town_PA312178.JPG/440px-On_the_way_to_a_dive_off_Cape_Town_PA312178.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Scuba sets secured to a centreline rack on a large RIB</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Special:EditPage/Human factors in diving equipment design">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While it is possible for a diver to put on and take off some items of equipment in the water, there is a greater risk of fitting them incorrectly or losing them, particularly when the water is a bit rough. Doing this in the surf is even more risky, and delays at the surface on a boat dive can let the divers drift off site. When possible, kit-up and pre-dive checks should be completed on shore or on the boat, and the kit-up area should facilitate this, or at least make it possible. For recreational diving charter boats, this gives preference to arrangements where each diver can safely and securely stow all their personal dive gear at the same place where they will be putting it on, and where it is not necessary for it to be handled by anyone else except at the diver's request, as unauthorised handling of another person's life-support equipment could have legal consequences if something goes wrong. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lifting_set_into_boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lifting_set_into_boat.jpg/220px-Lifting_set_into_boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lifting_set_into_boat.jpg/330px-Lifting_set_into_boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lifting_set_into_boat.jpg/440px-Lifting_set_into_boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Lifting a scuba set into boat</figcaption></figure> <p>Boarding the boat after a dive may require equipment to be removed in the water, and this presents another set of hazards, and the associated risks of injury and damage to or loss of equipment, some of which may be avoided if the diver does not have to take off equipment in the water, and heavy equipment does not have to be lifted over the side of the boat with fragile dangling components exposed to snagging, impact, and crushing hazards by crew or passengers. The necessity to remove fins before climbing some ladders reduces the diver's ability to swim back to the boat if they drift away. When boarding an anchored boat, some way of keeping within reach of the boarding area while removing equipment is required, and it may be necessary to use both hands to ensure secure removal and hand-over of some equipment. Suitable handholds, clip-off points and trailing lines can facilitate this activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diving_chambers">Diving chambers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Diving chambers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esclusa_para_el_paso_de_alimentos_y_medicaci%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Esclusa_para_el_paso_de_alimentos_y_medicaci%C3%B3n.jpg/220px-Esclusa_para_el_paso_de_alimentos_y_medicaci%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Esclusa_para_el_paso_de_alimentos_y_medicaci%C3%B3n.jpg/330px-Esclusa_para_el_paso_de_alimentos_y_medicaci%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Esclusa_para_el_paso_de_alimentos_y_medicaci%C3%B3n.jpg/440px-Esclusa_para_el_paso_de_alimentos_y_medicaci%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Medical lock on decompression chamber. Used to transfer medical supplies and food into and out of the chamber while it is under pressure. The door is locked by a 45 degree rotation. A safety interlock that prevents any rotation of the door while the lock is pressurised can be seen in the disengaged position, showing that it is safe to open the outer door. The gauge also shows that the pressure has been released.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pressurised_Chambers_for_Divers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pressurised_Chambers_for_Divers.jpg/220px-Pressurised_Chambers_for_Divers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pressurised_Chambers_for_Divers.jpg/330px-Pressurised_Chambers_for_Divers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pressurised_Chambers_for_Divers.jpg/440px-Pressurised_Chambers_for_Divers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Accommodation chambers of a saturation system</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DDC_Control_panel_PA197933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/DDC_Control_panel_PA197933.jpg/220px-DDC_Control_panel_PA197933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/DDC_Control_panel_PA197933.jpg/330px-DDC_Control_panel_PA197933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/DDC_Control_panel_PA197933.jpg/440px-DDC_Control_panel_PA197933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Basic deck decompression chamber control panel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_970619-N-3149V-002_Navy_Transportable_Recompression_Chamber_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/US_Navy_970619-N-3149V-002_Navy_Transportable_Recompression_Chamber_System.jpg/220px-US_Navy_970619-N-3149V-002_Navy_Transportable_Recompression_Chamber_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/US_Navy_970619-N-3149V-002_Navy_Transportable_Recompression_Chamber_System.jpg/330px-US_Navy_970619-N-3149V-002_Navy_Transportable_Recompression_Chamber_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/US_Navy_970619-N-3149V-002_Navy_Transportable_Recompression_Chamber_System.jpg/440px-US_Navy_970619-N-3149V-002_Navy_Transportable_Recompression_Chamber_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>US Navy transportable recompression chamber system</figcaption></figure> <p>Design and construction of <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel_for_human_occupancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure vessel for human occupancy">pressure vessels for human occupancy</a> are regulated by law, safety standards, and <a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">codes of practice</a>. These specify safety and ergonomic requirements, <a href="/wiki/Airlock" title="Airlock">airlock</a> opening sizes, internal dimensions, valve types and arrangement, safety interlocks, pressure gauge types and arrangements, gas inlet silencers, outlet safety covers, seating, illumination, breathing gas supply and monitoring, climate control and communications systems. Other requirements are also specified for structural strength, permitted materials, over-pressure relief, testing, fire suppression and periodical inspection.<sup id="cite_ref-PVHO_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PVHO-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell#closed_bell" title="Diving bell">closed bell</a> design must allow access by divers wearing bulky diving suits and bailout sets appropriate for the depth. The amount of gas in the bailout set is calculated for a return rate of 10 metres per minute from the reach of the <a href="/wiki/Excursion_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Excursion umbilical">excursion umbilical</a>. At greater depths, this may require twin sets of high pressure cylinders. It must also be possible for the bellman to hoist an unconscious diver through the lock. A flood-up valve may be provided to allow partial flooding of the bell, so that an unresponsive diver is partially supported by buoyancy while being maneuvered through the opening. Once suspended inside the bell, the water can be blown back down by adding gas. The internal volume must include enough space for divers and equipment including racks for the excursion umbilicals and the bell gas panel. On-board gas cylinders, emergency power packs, tools and hydraulic power supply lines do not have to be stored inside. Access while underwater is through a lock at the bottom, so that the internal gas pressure can keep the water out. This lock can be used for transfer to the saturation habitat, or a side lock can be provided. The side lock does not need to allow passage with harness and bailout cylinders as these are not carried into the habitat area and are serviced at atmospheric pressure. <sup id="cite_ref-BV_2018_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BV_2018-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>splash zone</i> is the region where the bell passes through the surface of the water and where wave action and platform movement can cause the bell to swing around, which can be uncomfortable and dangerous to the occupants. To limit this motion a <a href="/wiki/Bell_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell cursor">bell cursor</a> may be used. This is a device used to guide and control the motion of the bell through the air and the splash zone near the surface, where waves can move the bell significantly. It can either be a passive system that relies on additional ballast weight or an active system that uses a controlled drive system to provide vertical motion. The cursor has a cradle which locks onto the bell and moves vertically on rails to constrain lateral movement. The bell is released and locked onto the cursor in the relatively still water below the splash zone.<sup id="cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P_D_Handbook-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D022_2016_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D022_2016-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell#Closed_bell" title="Diving bell">bell stage</a> is a rigid frame that may be fitted below a closed bell to ensure that even if the bell is lowered so far as to contact the clump weight or the seabed, there is enough space under the bell for the divers to get in and out through the bottom lock. If all the lifting arrangements fail, the divers must be able to shelter inside the bell while awaiting rescue, and must be able to get out if the rescue is to another bell when the bell is resting on the seabed.<sup id="cite_ref-BV_2018_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BV_2018-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each compartment of a hyperbaric system for human occupation has an independent externally mounted pressure gauge so that it is not possible to confuse which compartment pressure is being displayed. Where physically practicable, lock doors open towards the side where pressure is normally higher, so that a higher internal pressure will hold them closed and sealed.<sup id="cite_ref-DNV_1982_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNV_1982-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medical and supply lock outer doors generally open outwards due to space constraints, and therefore are fitted with safety interlock systems which prevent them from being opened with internal pressure above atmospheric. This helps avoid the possibility of human error allowing them to be opened while the inner lock is not sealed, as the uncontrolled decompression that would ensue would probably kill the occupants, and possibly also the lock operator.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_2016_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_2016-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internal diameter of hyperbaric living compartments and <a href="/wiki/Deck_decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Deck decompression chamber">deck decompression chambers</a> is constrained by codes of practice for reasonable comfort for the occupants. For emergency transfer chambers, there may be overriding logistical constraints on size and mass.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyperbaric_stretchers">Hyperbaric stretchers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Hyperbaric stretchers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_stretcher" title="Hyperbaric stretcher">hyperbaric stretcher</a> is a lightweight <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel_for_human_occupancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure vessel for human occupancy">pressure vessel for human occupancy</a> (PVHO) designed to accommodate one person undergoing initial <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">hyperbaric treatment</a> during or while awaiting transport or transfer to a treatment <a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber#Hyperbaric_chamber" title="Diving chamber">chamber</a>. The stretcher should accommodate most divers without being excessively claustrophobic, be conveniently portable by a reasonable number of bearers, should fit into the available space in the transport likely to be used, and fit through the entry opening of the treatment chamber or lock onto the chamber for transfer under pressure. It should be possible to see and communicate with the person in the chamber, and the occupant should be able to breathe oxygen which is vented to the exterior to keep a constant internal pressure and limit the fire hazard. Breathing gas supplies should also be portable, and it should be possible to disconnect them for a short period when maneuvering in tight spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-supsalv_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supsalv-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A saturated diver who needs to be evacuated should be transported without a significant change in ambient pressure. <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving#Hyperbaric_rescue_and_escape_systems" title="Saturation diving">Hyperbaric evacuation</a> requires pressurised transportation equipment, and could be required in a range of situations. The pressure rating and locking mechanism of the evacuation chamber must be compatible with the saturation system it is to serve and the reception facility. This is because both transfers must be under pressure, and it may not be safe to start decompression during the evacuation.<sup id="cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_2_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P_D_Handbook_2-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access_equipment">Access equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Access equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Access equipment is the gear needed to get into and out of the water. In most cases, it refers to diving from a floating platform, but also applies to shore dives where access requires equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diving_stages_and_wet_bells">Diving stages and wet bells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Diving stages and wet bells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_060508-F-6344A-002_Senior_Chief_Navy_Diver_Clifford_Morin_aboard_rescue_and_salvage_ship_USS_Safeguard_(ARS_50)_tends_the_dive_stage_as_fellow_divers_are_lowered_into_the_Yellow_Sea_during_a_major_recovery_effort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/US_Navy_060508-F-6344A-002_Senior_Chief_Navy_Diver_Clifford_Morin_aboard_rescue_and_salvage_ship_USS_Safeguard_%28ARS_50%29_tends_the_dive_stage_as_fellow_divers_are_lowered_into_the_Yellow_Sea_during_a_major_recovery_effort.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/US_Navy_060508-F-6344A-002_Senior_Chief_Navy_Diver_Clifford_Morin_aboard_rescue_and_salvage_ship_USS_Safeguard_%28ARS_50%29_tends_the_dive_stage_as_fellow_divers_are_lowered_into_the_Yellow_Sea_during_a_major_recovery_effort.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/US_Navy_060508-F-6344A-002_Senior_Chief_Navy_Diver_Clifford_Morin_aboard_rescue_and_salvage_ship_USS_Safeguard_%28ARS_50%29_tends_the_dive_stage_as_fellow_divers_are_lowered_into_the_Yellow_Sea_during_a_major_recovery_effort.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Diving stage</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Diving stages and wet bells</a> are open platforms used to lower the divers to the work site and to control the ascent and in-water decompression, and to provide safe and easy entry and exit from the water. Design must provide space for the working diver and possibly the bellman. They must be in positions where they are protected from impact during transit and prevented from falling out when above the water. The divers may be seated, but standing during transit is more common.<sup id="cite_ref-Imbert_2006_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imbert_2006-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A stage must have a way to guide the umbilical from the surface tending point to the diver so the diver can be sure of finding the right way back to the stage. This can be provided by having the diver exit the stage on the opposite side to boarding, with the umbilical passing through the frame, but this is not infallible in bad visibility, and a closed fairlead is more reliable. Running the umbilical via the stage may also be needed to ensure the diver cannot approach known hazards, such as the thrusters of a dynamically positioned vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-Imbert_2006_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imbert_2006-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wet bell has an open-bottomed air space at the top, large enough for the diver and bellman's heads. This space can be used as a place of refuge in an emergency, where some breathing problems can be managed. The air space must be large enough for an unresponsive diver to be suspended by their harness with their head in the air space, as it may be necessary to remove an unresponsive diver's helmet or full-face mask to provide first aid. The bell is also provided with an on-board emergency gas supply, sufficient for any planned or reasonably foreseeable decompression, and a means of safely switching between surface and on-board gas supply. This necessitates an on-board gas distribution manifold and divers' umbilicals that are deployed from and stored on the bell, and someone to operate the panel and tend the working diver's excursion umbilical. The bellman does this, and also serves as standby diver. The buoyancy of the air space may have to be compensated by ballast, as the bell must be negatively buoyant during normal operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Imbert_2006_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imbert_2006-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diver_ladders">Diver ladders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Diver ladders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dive_boat_ladder_deployed_P2220133.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dive_boat_ladder_deployed_P2220133.jpg/220px-Dive_boat_ladder_deployed_P2220133.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dive_boat_ladder_deployed_P2220133.jpg/330px-Dive_boat_ladder_deployed_P2220133.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dive_boat_ladder_deployed_P2220133.jpg/440px-Dive_boat_ladder_deployed_P2220133.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>dive boat ladder that allows boarding without removing fins</figcaption></figure> <p>For some applications, <a href="/wiki/Dive_boat#Access_facilities" title="Dive boat">dive boat ladders</a> that allow the diver to ascend without removing the fins are preferred. When there is a lot of relative motion between the diver and ladder, it can become difficult to safely remove fins, then get onto the ladder, and not lose the fins. A ladder that can be climbed with fins on the feet avoids this problem. A ladder that slopes at an angle of about 15° from the vertical reduces the load on the arms. </p><p>If a ladder must be climbed in full equipment, suitable handholds to brace the diver while climbing are necessary for safety. This also applies if the divers need to climb down a ladder wearing dive gear, and they may need to turn around at the top of the ladder. In the general case, the vessel will be moving in a seaway while the diver is boarding.<sup id="cite_ref-ccohs_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccohs-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dive_platforms_and_diver_lifts">Dive platforms and diver lifts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Dive platforms and diver lifts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dive_boat#Access_facilities" title="Dive boat">Dive boat § Access facilities</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scuba_diver_exiting_water_by_stern_platform_ladder_P2143568.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Scuba_diver_exiting_water_by_stern_platform_ladder_P2143568.JPG/220px-Scuba_diver_exiting_water_by_stern_platform_ladder_P2143568.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Scuba_diver_exiting_water_by_stern_platform_ladder_P2143568.JPG/330px-Scuba_diver_exiting_water_by_stern_platform_ladder_P2143568.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Scuba_diver_exiting_water_by_stern_platform_ladder_P2143568.JPG/440px-Scuba_diver_exiting_water_by_stern_platform_ladder_P2143568.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Exiting water by stern platform ladder on a sailing catamaran. This ladder has rungs between two stiles, requiring removal of fins in the water.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diver_lift_on_Wreckless_2_at_Alphard_Banks_P4100725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Diver_lift_on_Wreckless_2_at_Alphard_Banks_P4100725.jpg/220px-Diver_lift_on_Wreckless_2_at_Alphard_Banks_P4100725.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Diver_lift_on_Wreckless_2_at_Alphard_Banks_P4100725.jpg/330px-Diver_lift_on_Wreckless_2_at_Alphard_Banks_P4100725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Diver_lift_on_Wreckless_2_at_Alphard_Banks_P4100725.jpg/440px-Diver_lift_on_Wreckless_2_at_Alphard_Banks_P4100725.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Transom mounted electric diver lift</figcaption></figure> <p>A dive platform, or swim platform, is a near horizontal surface on a dive boat that gives more convenient access to the water than the deck. It may be large enough for several divers to use simultaneously, or just enough for a single diver. The platform may be fixed, folding, or arranged to lower divers into the water and lift them out again, in which case it is known as a diver lift.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most dive platforms are mounted at the stern, usually on the transom, at a height a short distance above the waterline. They are easily flooded by a following sea, and are self-draining. </p><p>Fixed and folding platforms are generally provided with ladders which can be folded or lifted out of the water when not in use. They are also equipped with steps or ladders from the platform to the deck, while lifting platforms may be sufficiently immersible for the divers to swim directly over the platform and stand up to be lifted to a level where they can walk off onto the deck. Lifts are commonly mounted on the transom,<sup id="cite_ref-transom_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transom-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knight_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or on the side of the boat.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochaline_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochaline-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Handrails while using steps, ladders and lifts, when crossing or waiting on the platform, or making adjustments to equipment are a valuable safety adjunct as the platform will often be moving when in use, and the divers will usually be encumbered by heavy and bulky diving equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-safety4sea_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safety4sea-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barriers to protect occupants from <a href="/wiki/Pinch_point_hazard" title="Pinch point hazard">pinch point hazards</a> may be necessary when there are moving parts.<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_3170_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_3170-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISHN_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISHN-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The utility of a lift is enhanced if the diver can use it without having to remove any equipment in the water or on the platform, so an upper position level with the working deck and sufficient space to walk onto the deck fully kitted is preferable.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_Suit_Scuba_Diving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dry_Suit_Scuba_Diving.jpg/220px-Dry_Suit_Scuba_Diving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dry_Suit_Scuba_Diving.jpg/330px-Dry_Suit_Scuba_Diving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dry_Suit_Scuba_Diving.jpg/440px-Dry_Suit_Scuba_Diving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>Aluminium dive platform at a flooded quarry</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recovery_of_an_incapacitated_diver">Recovery of an incapacitated diver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Recovery of an incapacitated diver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professional divers may be required to wear a harness suitable for lifting the diver out of the water in an emergency, and there will usually be an emergency recovery plan and the necessary extraction equipment and personnel available. Recreational divers are not usually required to make any special provisions for an emergency, but recreational diving service providers may have a duty of care to their customers to provide for reasonably foreseeable emergencies with practicable facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-OHSA_1993_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHSA_1993-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may be a regional or membership organisation standard or code of practice. Recovering an incapacitated diver from the water and providing first aid on the boat would usually be considered an expected level of care from a professional service provider. </p><p>Recreational divers are not required to wear lifting rated harness, so other plans should be in place. These often necessitate removing equipment from the diver, and the risk of losing the equipment. Details of methods to recover a diver into a boat will vary depending on the geometry of the boat.<sup id="cite_ref-BSAC_Diving_Manual_1982_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSAC_Diving_Manual_1982-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BSAC_Rescue_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSAC_Rescue-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simply dragging a diver over the pontoon of an inflatable hull may work in many cases. Larger boats with higher freeboard may have lifting gear that can be used with a <a href="/wiki/Rescue_sling" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue sling">rescue sling</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Special:EditPage/Human factors in diving equipment design">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tools that are intended for use by divers should take into account the handicaps of the underwater environment on operator stability, mobility, and control, within the full range of conditions in which they are likely to be used. Buoyancy effects on tool and operator, water movement, and reduced sensory input can complicate underwater tool use. Use with gloves is common, and can be a problem when controls are small and clustered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tool_bags,_pockets_and_lanyards"><span id="Tool_bags.2C_pockets_and_lanyards"></span>Tool bags, pockets and lanyards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Tool bags, pockets and lanyards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment#Personal_tools_and_accessories" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment § Personal tools and accessories</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment#Diving_team_tools_and_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment § Diving team tools and equipment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wetsuit_tunic_with_hood_and_pockets_P7100008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sleeveless tunic in thin but abrasion resistant neoprene, with integral hood, two cargo pockets on the sides of the thighs, cross-chest zip closure, front pocket on the torso and opening for access to a dry-suit inflation valve. The tunic is suitable for wearing over most one-piece wetsuits for extra insulation, but mainly to support the cargo pockets and hood." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Wetsuit_tunic_with_hood_and_pockets_P7100008.JPG/220px-Wetsuit_tunic_with_hood_and_pockets_P7100008.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Wetsuit_tunic_with_hood_and_pockets_P7100008.JPG/330px-Wetsuit_tunic_with_hood_and_pockets_P7100008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Wetsuit_tunic_with_hood_and_pockets_P7100008.JPG/440px-Wetsuit_tunic_with_hood_and_pockets_P7100008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2579" data-file-height="4575" /></a><figcaption>Hooded tunic with cargo pockets</figcaption></figure> <p>Lanyards and clipping points can prevent the loss of tools and equipment like cameras, lights and cutting tools in mid-water or poor visibility, but can increase entanglement risk. Carrying heavy tools can compromise the diver's ability to accurately control ascent and descent rates, so it is common practice for professional divers to have their tools delivered in a bag lowered from the surface, or to transport them in a basket on the stage or bell which transports the diver to the underwater workplace. Tools do not have to be carried inside the pressurised volume of a closed bell, so the basket or rack can be on the <a href="/wiki/Bell_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell stage">bell stage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clump_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Clump weight">clump weight</a>. </p><p>Pockets for small accessories are common on jacket-style buoyancy compensators. Wing buoyancy compensators generally do not have pockets, as the wing is behind the diver and the harness is usually fairly minimal, but pockets can be added to the waistbelt if there is space. They are supported by the webbing at the top and may be strapped around the thigh to prevent flapping. Cargo pockets on the diving suit are more popular with technical divers, and may be glued to the front or side of the thighs of the suit, or attached in similar positions to wetsuit shorts or a tunic worn over the main suit. Occasionally a chest pocket or internal key pocket may be provided. Sidemount divers may use a butt-pack, a clip-on bag worn behind the diver below the harness and buoyancy comprnsator, that is unclipped and brought forward for access. Position, size, shape, closures, and accessibility are important for the function of carrying equipment, and possible interference with other equipment should also be considered. </p><p>Tool bags serve a similar purpose and are available in forms which can be clipped to the diver's harness in a position where access is relatively convenient. Tool bags are used by technical divers for similar purposes to pockets, and professional divers use them to carry small sets of relatively light tools and components in clip-on bags, and heavier tools and components in independent bags which are set down when not being used for the carrying function. Lifting bags of appropriate size may be used to support part of the weight of a bag, heavy tool or installation component. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Checklists">Checklists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Checklists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Checklist#Design" title="Checklist">Checklists</a> for preparation of the dive and diving equipment are regarded as important safety tools, and are mandatory in some circumstances. There are several design factors which affect the effectiveness of checklists.<sup id="cite_ref-Lau_2023_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau_2023-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The design of a checklist should fit the purpose of the list. If a checklist is perceived as a top-down means to control behaviour by the organisational hierarchy it is more likely to be rejected and fail in its purpose. A checklist perceived as helping the operator to save time and reduce error is likely to be better accepted. This is more likely to happen when the user is involved in the development of the checklist.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges_et_al_2019-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rae et al. (2018) define <i>safety clutter</i> as "the accumulation and persistence of 'safety' work that does not contribute to operational safety", and state that "when 'safety' rules impose a significant and unnecessary burden on the performance of everyday activities, both work and safety suffer".<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges_et_al_2019-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An objective in checklist design that it should promote a positive attitude towards the use of the checklist by the operators. For this to happen it must be realistic, convenient and not be regarded as a nuisance. A checklist should be designed to describe and facilitate a physical procedure that is accepted by the operators as necessary, effective, efficient and convenient.<sup id="cite_ref-Lau_2023_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau_2023-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a> – The influence of physical, cognitive and behavioral characteristics of divers on safety</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a> – Designing introductions to suit users performance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a> – Developments over time in the human activity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a> – Equipment used to facilitate underwater diving</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a> – Chronological list of notable events in the history of underwater diving equipment</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Note02-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Note02_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recycled gas is gas that has been scrubbed of carbon dioxide and reoxygenated in a rebreather or life-support system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Note03-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Note03_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Occasionally three (Cressi) or six (Ocean Reef) straps will be used.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Note01-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Note01_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A change in volume of an atmospheric diving suit under a large external pressure is equivalent to moving a piston against the same pressure for the distance required for the same change of volume. The <a href="/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics)" title="Work (thermodynamics)">work</a> done = force due to pressure over the area that moves × distance moved (W=F×d), and in this case pressure × change in volume (W=P×δV), because pressure = force over area, and volume = area × distance.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bitterman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bitterman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bitterman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bitterman_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bitterman_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bitterman_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bitterman_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBitterman" class="citation book cs1">Bitterman, Noemi. "10: Human factors and design in recreational diving equipment: A woman's perspective". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26596648"><i>Women and pressure</i></a>. pp. 189–204. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307022009/https://www.academia.edu/26596648">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10%3A+Human+factors+and+design+in+recreational+diving+equipment%3A+A+woman%27s+perspective&rft.btitle=Women+and+pressure&rft.pages=189-204&rft.aulast=Bitterman&rft.aufirst=Noemi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26596648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bitterman_et_al_2009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bitterman_et_al_2009_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBittermanOfirRatner2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bitterman, Noemi; Ofir, Erez; Ratner, Nadav (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9468963">"Recreational diving: Reevaluation of task, environment, and equipment definitions"</a>. <i>European Journal of Sport Science</i>. <b>9</b> (5). Taylor and Francis: 321–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17461390902874057">10.1080/17461390902874057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143546058">143546058</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315150351/https://www.academia.edu/9468963">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Sport+Science&rft.atitle=Recreational+diving%3A+Reevaluation+of+task%2C+environment%2C+and+equipment+definitions&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=321-328&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17461390902874057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143546058%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bitterman&rft.aufirst=Noemi&rft.au=Ofir%2C+Erez&rft.au=Ratner%2C+Nadav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9468963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoP_Inshore-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiving_Advisory_Board" class="citation book cs1">Diving Advisory Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109161003/http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/inshorediving2014.pdf"><i>Code Of Practice Inshore Diving</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pretoria: The South African Department of Labour. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/inshorediving2014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+Of+Practice+Inshore+Diving&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pub=The+South+African+Department+of+Labour&rft.au=Diving+Advisory+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labour.gov.za%2FDOL%2Fdownloads%2Fdocuments%2Fuseful-documents%2Foccupational-health-and-safety%2Finshorediving2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103011740/http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/ohasa85o1993rangnr41716/">"Diving Regulations 2009"</a>. <i>Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of 1993 – Regulations and Notices – Government Notice R41</i>. Pretoria: Government Printer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/ohasa85o1993rangnr41716/">the original</a> on 3 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span> – via Southern African Legal Information Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Occupational+Health+and+Safety+Act+85+of+1993+%E2%80%93+Regulations+and+Notices+%E2%80%93+Government+Notice+R41&rft.atitle=Diving+Regulations+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saflii.org%2Fza%2Flegis%2Fconsol_reg%2Fohasa85o1993rangnr41716%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/2776/made">"The Diving at Work Regulations 1997"</a>. <i>Statutory Instruments 1997 No. 2776 Health and Safety</i>. Kew, Richmond, Surrey: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). 1977. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031191337/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/2776/made">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statutory+Instruments+1997+No.+2776+Health+and+Safety&rft.atitle=The+Diving+at+Work+Regulations+1997&rft.date=1977&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1997%2F2776%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCA_D014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_D014_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_D014_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>IMCA International Code of Practice for Offshore Diving</i> (IMCA D 014 Rev. 2 ed.). London: International Marine Contractor's Association. February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IMCA+International+Code+of+Practice+for+Offshore+Diving&rft.place=London&rft.edition=IMCA+D+014+Rev.+2&rft.pub=International+Marine+Contractor%27s+Association&rft.date=2014-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickens_et_al_1997-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wickens_et_al_1997_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickensGordonLiu1997" class="citation book cs1">Wickens, Christopher D.; Gordon, Sallie E.; Liu, Yili (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619090847/http://opac.vimaru.edu.vn:80/edata/EBook/An%20intruduction%20to%20human%20factors%20engineering.pdf"><i>An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Addison Wesley Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-01229-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-01229-1"><bdi>0-321-01229-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.vimaru.edu.vn/edata/EBook/An%20intruduction%20to%20human%20factors%20engineering.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Human+Factors+Engineering&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-321-01229-1&rft.aulast=Wickens&rft.aufirst=Christopher+D.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Sallie+E.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yili&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopac.vimaru.edu.vn%2Fedata%2FEBook%2FAn%2520intruduction%2520to%2520human%2520factors%2520engineering.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAUSascents_Lang_et_al-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAUSascents_Lang_et_al_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAUSascents_Lang_et_al_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAUSascents_Lang_et_al_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1990" class="citation conference cs1">Lang, Michael A. (1990). "Scuba Equipment Standardization". In Lang, Michael A.; Egstrom, Glen H. (eds.). <i>Proceedings of the AAUS Biomechanics of Safe Ascents Workshop</i>. <i>American Academy of Underwater Sciences Workshop</i>. pp. 187–196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Underwater+Sciences+Workshop&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+the+AAUS+Biomechanics+of+Safe+Ascents+Workshop&rft.pages=187-196&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez_et_al_1997-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez_et_al_1997_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzálezShrikumarStankovicRamamritham1997" class="citation report cs1">González, Oscar; Shrikumar, H.; Stankovic, John. A; Ramamritham, Krithi (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1186&context=cs_faculty_pubs">Adaptive Fault Tolerance and Graceful Degradation Under Dynamic Hard Real-Time Scheduling</a>. <i>Computer Science Department Faculty Publication Series. 188.</i> (Report). University of Massachusetts – Amherst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729224532/http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1186&context=cs_faculty_pubs">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Adaptive+Fault+Tolerance+and+Graceful+Degradation+Under+Dynamic+Hard+Real-Time+Scheduling&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+%E2%80%93+Amherst&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft.au=Shrikumar%2C+H.&rft.au=Stankovic%2C+John.+A&rft.au=Ramamritham%2C+Krithi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umass.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1186%26context%3Dcs_faculty_pubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EDTC_fitness_standard-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EDTC_fitness_standard_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoint_Medical_Subcommittee_of_ECHM_and_EDTC2003" class="citation report cs1">Joint Medical Subcommittee of ECHM and EDTC (24 June 2003). Wendling, Jürg; Elliott, David; Nome, Tor (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826024328/http://www.edtc.org/EDTC-Fitnesstodivestandard-2003.pdf">Fitness to Dive Standards - Guidelines for Medical Assessment of Working Divers</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). European Diving Technology Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edtc.org/EDTC-Fitnesstodivestandard-2003.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Fitness+to+Dive+Standards+-+Guidelines+for+Medical+Assessment+of+Working+Divers&rft.pub=European+Diving+Technology+Committee&rft.date=2003-06-24&rft.au=Joint+Medical+Subcommittee+of+ECHM+and+EDTC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edtc.org%2FEDTC-Fitnesstodivestandard-2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InDepth-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InDepth_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShockey2020" class="citation web cs1">Shockey, Guy (1 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indepthmag.com/situational-awareness-and-decision-making-in-diving/">"Situational Awareness and Decision Making in Diving"</a>. <i>indepthmag.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205114524/https://indepthmag.com/situational-awareness-and-decision-making-in-diving/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indepthmag.com&rft.atitle=Situational+Awareness+and+Decision+Making+in+Diving&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft.aulast=Shockey&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findepthmag.com%2Fsituational-awareness-and-decision-making-in-diving%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jablonski_2006-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJablonski2006" class="citation book cs1">Jablonski, Jarrod (2006). <i>Doing it Right: The Fundamentals of Better Diving</i>. Global Underwater Explorers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9713267-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9713267-0-3"><bdi>0-9713267-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+it+Right%3A+The+Fundamentals+of+Better+Diving&rft.pub=Global+Underwater+Explorers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9713267-0-3&rft.aulast=Jablonski&rft.aufirst=Jarrod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solo-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-solo_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Maier2002" class="citation book cs1">von Maier, Robert (2002). <i>Solo Diving, The Art of Underwater Self-Sufficiency</i> (2nd ed.). Aqua Quest Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881652-28-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-881652-28-9"><bdi>1-881652-28-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solo+Diving%2C+The+Art+of+Underwater+Self-Sufficiency&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Aqua+Quest+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-881652-28-9&rft.aulast=von+Maier&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDI_Solo_2011-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SDI_Solo_2011_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Carney2011" class="citation book cs1">Brian Carney, ed. (2011). <i>SDI Solo Diving Manual</i> (2nd Revised ed.). Scuba Diving International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931451-50-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931451-50-5"><bdi>978-1-931451-50-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SDI+Solo+Diving+Manual&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Scuba+Diving+International&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-931451-50-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmas_self-rescue-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cmas_self-rescue_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413072658/http://www.cmas.org/learn-to-dive/self-rescue-diver-training-programme">"Self-Rescue Diver Training Programme"</a>. <i>CMAS</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmas.org/learn-to-dive/self-rescue-diver-training-programme">the original</a> on 13 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CMAS&rft.atitle=Self-Rescue+Diver+Training+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmas.org%2Flearn-to-dive%2Fself-rescue-diver-training-programme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lundgren_and_Warkander_2000-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lundgren_and_Warkander_2000_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundgrenWarkander" class="citation report cs1">Lundgren, C. E. G.; Warkander, D. E. Development of comprehensive performance standards for underwater breathing apparatus (Report). US Office of Naval Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Development+of+comprehensive+performance+standards+for+underwater+breathing+apparatus&rft.pub=US+Office+of+Naval+Research&rft.aulast=Lundgren&rft.aufirst=C.+E.+G.&rft.au=Warkander%2C+D.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobson_and_Newton-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hobson_and_Newton_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsonNewton2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hobson, R. S.; Newton, J. P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1724303">"Dental evaluation of scuba diving mouthpieces using a subject assessment index and radiological analysis of jaw position"</a>. <i>British Journal of Sports Medicine</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 84–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsm.35.2.84">10.1136/bjsm.35.2.84</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1724303">1724303</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11273967">11273967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Dental+evaluation+of+scuba+diving+mouthpieces+using+a+subject+assessment+index+and+radiological+analysis+of+jaw+position&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=84-88&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1724303%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11273967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjsm.35.2.84&rft.aulast=Hobson&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft.au=Newton%2C+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1724303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAN_Europe_2017-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DAN_Europe_2017_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alertdiver.eu/en_US/articles/latex-allergies-and-diving-equipment">"Latex allergies and diving equipment"</a>. <i>alertdiver.eu</i>. 16 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921122204/https://alertdiver.eu/en_US/articles/latex-allergies-and-diving-equipment/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alertdiver.eu&rft.atitle=Latex+allergies+and+diving+equipment&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falertdiver.eu%2Fen_US%2Farticles%2Flatex-allergies-and-diving-equipment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mańka-Malara_et_al_2016-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mańka-Malara_et_al_2016_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMańka-MalaraŁuniewskaHovhannisyanGawlak2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mańka-Malara, Katarzyna; Łuniewska, Joanna; Hovhannisyan, Anahit; Gawlak, Dominika (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308787245">"Comparison of diving mouthpieces used by divers and their influence on the stomatognatic system"</a>. <i>Protetyka Stomatologiczna</i>: 257–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5604%2F1217940">10.5604/1217940</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324180101/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308787245_Comparison_of_diving_mouthpieces_used_by_divers_and_their_influence_on_the_stomatognatic_system">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Protetyka+Stomatologiczna&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+diving+mouthpieces+used+by+divers+and+their+influence+on+the+stomatognatic+system&rft.pages=257-266&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5604%2F1217940&rft.aulast=Ma%C5%84ka-Malara&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft.au=%C5%81uniewska%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Hovhannisyan%2C+Anahit&rft.au=Gawlak%2C+Dominika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F308787245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harlow_1999-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harlow_1999_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harlow_1999_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlow1999" class="citation book cs1">Harlow, Vance (1999). <i>Scuba regulator maintenance and repair</i>. Warner, New Hampshire: Airspeed Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9678873-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9678873-0-5"><bdi>0-9678873-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scuba+regulator+maintenance+and+repair&rft.place=Warner%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=Airspeed+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-9678873-0-5&rft.aulast=Harlow&rft.aufirst=Vance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony_et_al_2010-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_et_al_2010_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthonyWright_andEvans2010" class="citation journal cs1">Anthony, T. G.; Wright and, N. A.; Evans, M. A. (2010). "Review of diver noise exposure". <i>International Journal of the Society for Underwater Technology</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 21–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3723%2Fut.29.021">10.3723/ut.29.021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Society+for+Underwater+Technology&rft.atitle=Review+of+diver+noise+exposure&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-39&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3723%2Fut.29.021&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=T.+G.&rft.au=Wright+and%2C+N.+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony_and_Mitchell_2016-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_and_Mitchell_2016_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_and_Mitchell_2016_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthonyMitchell2016" class="citation conference cs1">Anthony, Gavin; Mitchell, Simon J. (2016). Pollock, N.W.; Sellers, S.H.; Godfrey, JM (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omao.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Rebreathers%20and%20Scientific%20Diving%20Proceedings%202016.pdf"><i>Respiratory Physiology of Rebreather Diving</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rebreathers and Scientific Diving. Proceedings of NPS/NOAA/DAN/AAUS June 16–19, 2015 Workshop</i>. Wrigley Marine Science Center, Catalina Island, CA. pp. 66–79. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811200013/https://www.omao.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Rebreathers%20and%20Scientific%20Diving%20Proceedings%202016.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Rebreathers+and+Scientific+Diving.+Proceedings+of+NPS%2FNOAA%2FDAN%2FAAUS+June+16%E2%80%9319%2C+2015+Workshop&rft.atitle=Respiratory+Physiology+of+Rebreather+Diving&rft.pages=66-79&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Simon+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omao.noaa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FRebreathers%2520and%2520Scientific%2520Diving%2520Proceedings%25202016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamburri_and_Gunderson_2022-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tamburri_and_Gunderson_2022_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamburriGunderson2022" class="citation web cs1">Tamburri, Christine; Gunderson, Jim (24 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/my-octopus-goes-where/">"My Octopus Goes Where?"</a>. <i>dan.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315105307/https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/my-octopus-goes-where/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dan.org&rft.atitle=My+Octopus+Goes+Where%3F&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Tamburri&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Gunderson%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdan.org%2Falert-diver%2Farticle%2Fmy-octopus-goes-where%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diving_heritage_Deep-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diving_heritage_Deep_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diving_heritage_Deep_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divingheritage.com/goingdeep.htm">"Going deep"</a>. <i>www.divingheritage.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504155048/http://www.divingheritage.com/goingdeep.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.divingheritage.com&rft.atitle=Going+deep&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divingheritage.com%2Fgoingdeep.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-subseasa-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-subseasa_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-subseasa_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529204122/https://www.subseasa.com/documents/Reclaim%20for%20Dummies.pdf">"Reclaim Basic Set Up"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.subseasa.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subseasa.com/documents/Reclaim%20for%20Dummies.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.subseasa.com&rft.atitle=Reclaim+Basic+Set+Up&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.subseasa.com%2Fdocuments%2FReclaim%2520for%2520Dummies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell_et_al_2007-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_et_al_2007_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_et_al_2007_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellCronjéMeintjesBritz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, S. J.; Cronjé, F. J.; Meintjes, W. A. J.; Britz, H. C. (February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asma/asem/2007/00000078/00000002/art00001">"Fatal respiratory failure during a "technical" rebreather dive at extreme pressure"</a>. <i>Aviat Space Environ Med</i>. <b>78</b> (2): 81–6. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17310877">17310877</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201163252/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asma/asem/2007/00000078/00000002/art00001">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviat+Space+Environ+Med&rft.atitle=Fatal+respiratory+failure+during+a+%22technical%22+rebreather+dive+at+extreme+pressure&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-6&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17310877&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.au=Cronj%C3%A9%2C+F.+J.&rft.au=Meintjes%2C+W.+A.+J.&rft.au=Britz%2C+H.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fasma%2Fasem%2F2007%2F00000078%2F00000002%2Fart00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sort_and_Gurr_2023-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sort_and_Gurr_2023_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShortGurr2023" class="citation web cs1">Short, Phil; Gurr, Kevin (20–22 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gue.tv/programs/advancing-diving-safety-rebreather-innovation">"Blue Sky Future CCR Technologies"</a>. <i>Rebreather Forum 4</i>. Valetta, Malta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513050914/https://gue.tv/programs/advancing-diving-safety-rebreather-innovation">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rebreather+Forum+4&rft.atitle=Blue+Sky+Future+CCR+Technologies&rft.date=2023-04-20%2F2023-04-22&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Gurr%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgue.tv%2Fprograms%2Fadvancing-diving-safety-rebreather-innovation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidewinder-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sidewinder_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulmanCoffield2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Bulman, Jake; Coffield, Skanda (27 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indepthmag.com/sidewinder-rebreather/">"Keep It Simple Sidewinder"</a>. <i>InDepth</i>. Global Underwater Explorers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InDepth&rft.atitle=Keep+It+Simple+Sidewinder&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft.aulast=Bulman&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft.au=Coffield%2C+Skanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findepthmag.com%2Fsidewinder-rebreather%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DANSA_2022-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DANSA_2022_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dansa.org/blog/2022/08/22/rebreather-myths">"Rebreather Myths"</a>. <i>www.dansa.org</i>. 22 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205123433/https://www.dansa.org/blog/2022/08/22/rebreather-myths">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dansa.org&rft.atitle=Rebreather+Myths&rft.date=2022-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dansa.org%2Fblog%2F2022%2F08%2F22%2Frebreather-myths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liberty_CCR-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liberty_CCR_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.divesoft.com/en/manuals/ccr-liberty-manual">"User manual, CCR Liberty, Manual version: 2.17 CU HW rev 1.0, HS HW rev 3.0, FW 2.17"</a>. <i>www.divesoft.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129191057/https://www.divesoft.com/en/manuals/ccr-liberty-manual">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.divesoft.com&rft.atitle=User+manual%2C+CCR+Liberty%2C+Manual+version%3A+2.17+CU+HW+rev+1.0%2C+HS+HW+rev+3.0%2C+FW+2.17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.divesoft.com%2Fen%2Fmanuals%2Fccr-liberty-manual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haynes_2016-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_2016_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2016" class="citation journal cs1">Haynes, P. (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27966205/">"Increasing the probability of surviving loss of consciousness underwater when using a rebreather"</a>. <i>Diving Hyperb Med</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 253–259. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27966205">27966205</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208154714/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27966205/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diving+Hyperb+Med.&rft.atitle=Increasing+the+probability+of+surviving+loss+of+consciousness+underwater+when+using+a+rebreather&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=253-259&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27966205&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F27966205%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PADI-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PADI_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>PADI Diver Manual</i>. Santa Ana, CA: PADI. 1983. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PADI+Diver+Manual&rft.place=Santa+Ana%2C+CA&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=PADI&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_Reef-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_Reef_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snorkeling.oceanreefgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/10/FULL-FACE-SNORKELING-MASK-safety-official-document-15-oct-2019.pdf">"Safety of Ocean Reef Full Face Snorkeling Masks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>snorkeling.oceanreefgroup.com</i>. 15 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231228054853/https://snorkeling.oceanreefgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/10/FULL-FACE-SNORKELING-MASK-safety-official-document-15-oct-2019.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=snorkeling.oceanreefgroup.com&rft.atitle=Safety+of+Ocean+Reef+Full+Face+Snorkeling+Masks&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnorkeling.oceanreefgroup.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F2%2F2019%2F10%2FFULL-FACE-SNORKELING-MASK-safety-official-document-15-oct-2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-folding-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-folding_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scuba-diving-smiles.com/folding-snorkel.html">"Folding Snorkel - is a Collapsible One for You? Fold It up and Put It Away"</a>. <i>www.scuba-diving-smiles.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173723/https://www.scuba-diving-smiles.com/folding-snorkel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scuba-diving-smiles.com&rft.atitle=Folding+Snorkel+-+is+a+Collapsible+One+for+You%3F+Fold+It+up+and+Put+It+Away&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scuba-diving-smiles.com%2Ffolding-snorkel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scubadoctor-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scubadoctor_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scubadoctor.com.au/care-snorkel.htm">"Snorkel Care"</a>. <i>The Scuba Doctor</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115045540/https://scubadoctor.com.au/care-snorkel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scuba+Doctor&rft.atitle=Snorkel+Care&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scubadoctor.com.au%2Fcare-snorkel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryce_et_al_2020-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bryce_et_al_2020_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmainWilhiteBhammarBabb2020" class="citation journal cs1">Balmain, Bryce N.; Wilhite, Daniel P.; Bhammar, Dharini M.; Babb, Tony G. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7384949">"External dead space explains sex-differences in the ventilatory response to submaximal exercise in children with and without obesity"</a>. <i>Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology</i>. <b>279</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resp.2020.103472">10.1016/j.resp.2020.103472</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1569-9048">1569-9048</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7384949">7384949</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32512232">32512232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Physiology+%26+Neurobiology&rft.atitle=External+dead+space+explains+sex-differences+in+the+ventilatory+response+to+submaximal+exercise+in+children+with+and+without+obesity&rft.volume=279&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7384949%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1569-9048&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32512232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resp.2020.103472&rft.aulast=Balmain&rft.aufirst=Bryce+N.&rft.au=Wilhite%2C+Daniel+P.&rft.au=Bhammar%2C+Dharini+M.&rft.au=Babb%2C+Tony+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7384949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warkander_and_Lundgren_1995-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warkander_and_Lundgren_1995_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarkanderLundgren1995" class="citation journal cs1">Warkander, D.E.; Lundgren, C.E.G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00140139508925224">"Dead space in the breathing apparatus; interaction with ventilation"</a>. <i>Ergonomics</i>. <b>38</b> (9): 1745–1758. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00140139508925224">10.1080/00140139508925224</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7671854">7671854</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208185651/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00140139508925224">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ergonomics&rft.atitle=Dead+space+in+the+breathing+apparatus%3B+interaction+with+ventilation&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1745-1758&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00140139508925224&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7671854&rft.aulast=Warkander&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rft.au=Lundgren%2C+C.E.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00140139508925224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adolfson-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adolfson_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adolfson_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdolfsonBerhage1974" class="citation book cs1">Adolfson, J.; Berhage, T (1974). <i>Perception and Performance Under Water</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-00900-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-00900-8"><bdi>0-471-00900-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perception+and+Performance+Under+Water&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-471-00900-8&rft.aulast=Adolfson&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Berhage%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barsky_2007-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_2007_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_2007_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_2007_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarsky2007" class="citation book cs1">Barsky, Steven (2007). <i>Diving in High-Risk Environments</i> (4th ed.). Ventura, California: Hammerhead Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9674305-7-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9674305-7-7"><bdi>978-0-9674305-7-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diving+in+High-Risk+Environments&rft.place=Ventura%2C+California&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Hammerhead+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9674305-7-7&rft.aulast=Barsky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KM_DOS-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KM_DOS_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirbymorgan.com/sites/default/files/2022-06/description-and-operation-specifications-220602003.pdf">"Description and Operational Specifications: Document # 220602003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.kirbymorgan.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027110422/https://www.kirbymorgan.com/sites/default/files/2022-06/description-and-operation-specifications-220602003.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kirbymorgan.com&rft.atitle=Description+and+Operational+Specifications%3A+Document+%23+220602003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirbymorgan.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2022-06%2Fdescription-and-operation-specifications-220602003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA_4th_Ed-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_4th_Ed_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_4th_Ed_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_4th_Ed_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_4th_Ed_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNOAA_Diving_Program_(U.S.)2001" class="citation book cs1">NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (28 Feb 2001). Joiner, James T. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noaadivingmanual00noaa"><i>NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941332-70-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941332-70-5"><bdi>978-0-941332-70-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NOAA+Diving+Manual%2C+Diving+for+Science+and+Technology&rft.place=Silver+Spring%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+Office+of+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Research%2C+National+Undersea+Research+Program&rft.date=2001-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-941332-70-5&rft.au=NOAA+Diving+Program+%28U.S.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoaadivingmanual00noaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDC_manual-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PDC_manual_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDC_manual_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDC_manual_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJameson" class="citation book cs1">Jameson, Grant. <i>New Commercial Air Diving Manual</i>. Durban, South Africa: Professional Diving Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Commercial+Air+Diving+Manual&rft.place=Durban%2C+South+Africa&rft.pub=Professional+Diving+Centre&rft.aulast=Jameson&rft.aufirst=Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonne-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lonne_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLonne2015" class="citation web cs1">Lonne, Torben (16 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.divein.com/articles/diving-with-contact-lenses/">"Diving With Contact Lenses"</a>. <i>Articles</i>. DIVE.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402072518/https://www.divein.com/articles/diving-with-contact-lenses/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Articles&rft.atitle=Diving+With+Contact+Lenses&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft.aulast=Lonne&rft.aufirst=Torben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.divein.com%2Farticles%2Fdiving-with-contact-lenses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawatsky_2015-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sawatsky_2015_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawatzky2015" class="citation web cs1">Sawatzky, David (1 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://divermag.com/corrective-dive-masks/">"Corrective Dive Masks"</a>. <i>Columns, Diving Medicine</i>. Diver magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406155135/http://divermag.com/corrective-dive-masks">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columns%2C+Diving+Medicine&rft.atitle=Corrective+Dive+Masks&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft.aulast=Sawatzky&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdivermag.com%2Fcorrective-dive-masks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannaford-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannaford_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannaford" class="citation web cs1">Hannaford, Grant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abdo.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Power-compensations-in-Dive-Masks.pdf">"Power compensations in prescription dive masks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.abdo.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abdo.org.uk&rft.atitle=Power+compensations+in+prescription+dive+masks&rft.aulast=Hannaford&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abdo.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F12%2FPower-compensations-in-Dive-Masks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ep2007-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ep2007_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202093216/http://deadlinetv.net/studio.htm">"Customs By Eddie Paul"</a>. E.P. Industries. 23 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deadlinetv.net/studio.htm">the original</a> on 2009-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Customs+By+Eddie+Paul&rft.pub=E.P.+Industries&rft.date=2007-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deadlinetv.net%2Fstudio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span> – Section "Documentaries".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CUMA-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CUMA_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapple,_JCBEaton,_David_J" class="citation journal cs1">Chapple, JCB; Eaton, David J. "Development of the Canadian Underwater Mine Apparatus and the CUMA Mine Countermeasures dive system". <i>Defence R&D Canada Technical Report</i> (DCIEM 92–06). Defence R&D Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defence+R%26D+Canada+Technical+Report&rft.atitle=Development+of+the+Canadian+Underwater+Mine+Apparatus+and+the+CUMA+Mine+Countermeasures+dive+system&rft.issue=DCIEM+92%E2%80%9306&rft.au=Chapple%2C+JCB&rft.au=Eaton%2C+David+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span>, section 1.2.a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iX3M_AI-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iX3M_AI_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratio-computers.com/support/support4/manual/EN_iX3M_User_Manual_4.04.pdf">"iX3M User Manual: iX3M Easy, iX3M Deep, iX3M Tech+, iX3M Reb"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Livorno, Italy: Ratio Computers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010140020/http://www.ratio-computers.com/support/support4/manual/EN_iX3M_User_Manual_4.04.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=iX3M+User+Manual%3A+iX3M+Easy%2C+iX3M+Deep%2C+iX3M+Tech%2B%2C+iX3M+Reb&rft.place=Livorno%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Ratio+Computers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratio-computers.com%2Fsupport%2Fsupport4%2Fmanual%2FEN_iX3M_User_Manual_4.04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perdix_AI-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perdix_AI_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perdix_AI_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shearwater.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/PerdixAI_Operating_Instructions_RevA.pdf">"Perdix AI operating instructions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Shearwater. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010140022/https://www.shearwater.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/PerdixAI_Operating_Instructions_RevA.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perdix+AI+operating+instructions&rft.pub=Shearwater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shearwater.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2FPerdixAI_Operating_Instructions_RevA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAN_cylinder-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAN_cylinder_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAN_cylinder_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDong2022" class="citation web cs1">Dong, Grant (March 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/scuba-cylinder-rundown/">"Scuba Cylinder Rundown"</a>. <i>dan.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330172233/https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/scuba-cylinder-rundown/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dan.org&rft.atitle=Scuba+Cylinder+Rundown&rft.date=2022-03-21&rft.aulast=Dong&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdan.org%2Falert-diver%2Farticle%2Fscuba-cylinder-rundown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-four_foundations-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-four_foundations_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sidemountpros.com/blog/2016/3/8/1y1q6jlqoghh32sqb5uggi2s4ispwl">"Mastering the Four Foundations of Sidemount Diving"</a>. <i>www.sidemountpros.com</i>. 8 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160620043656/http://www.sidemountpros.com/blog/2016/3/8/1y1q6jlqoghh32sqb5uggi2s4ispwl">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sidemountpros.com&rft.atitle=Mastering+the+Four+Foundations+of+Sidemount+Diving&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sidemountpros.com%2Fblog%2F2016%2F3%2F8%2F1y1q6jlqoghh32sqb5uggi2s4ispwl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tydeman-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tydeman_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTydeman2022" class="citation web cs1">Tydeman, Bill (December 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vikingdives.com/wetsuit-fit-or-get-skinny-in-6-easy-steps">"Wetsuit Fit"</a>. <i>vikingdives.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221217203458/https://vikingdives.com/wetsuit-fit-or-get-skinny-in-6-easy-steps">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vikingdives.com&rft.atitle=Wetsuit+Fit&rft.date=2022-12-17&rft.aulast=Tydeman&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvikingdives.com%2Fwetsuit-fit-or-get-skinny-in-6-easy-steps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bardy2005-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bardy2005_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardyMollendorfPendergast2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bardy, Erik; Mollendorf, Joseph; Pendergast, David (October 21, 2005). "Thermal conductivity and compressive strain of foam neoprene insulation under hydrostatic pressure". <i>Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics</i>. <b>38</b> (20): 3832–3840. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JPhD...38.3832B">2005JPhD...38.3832B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0022-3727%2F38%2F20%2F009">10.1088/0022-3727/38/20/009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120757976">120757976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics+D%3A+Applied+Physics&rft.atitle=Thermal+conductivity+and+compressive+strain+of+foam+neoprene+insulation+under+hydrostatic+pressure&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=3832-3840&rft.date=2005-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120757976%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0022-3727%2F38%2F20%2F009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JPhD...38.3832B&rft.aulast=Bardy&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Mollendorf%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Pendergast%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scubapro-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scubapro_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scubapro.johnsonoutdoors.com/us/blog/diving-semi-dry-wetsuit">"Diving in a Semi-Dry Wetsuit"</a>. <i>scubapro.johnsonoutdoors.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206134955/https://scubapro.johnsonoutdoors.com/us/blog/diving-semi-dry-wetsuit">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scubapro.johnsonoutdoors.com&rft.atitle=Diving+in+a+Semi-Dry+Wetsuit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscubapro.johnsonoutdoors.com%2Fus%2Fblog%2Fdiving-semi-dry-wetsuit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_Long_and_Stinton_2006_57-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarskyLongStinton2006" class="citation book cs1">Barsky, Steven M.; Long, Dick; Stinton, Bob (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8q9ZjJvkH8C"><i>Dry Suit Diving: A Guide to Diving Dry</i></a>. Ventura, Calif.: Hammerhead Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780967430560" title="Special:BookSources/9780967430560"><bdi>9780967430560</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dry+Suit+Diving%3A+A+Guide+to+Diving+Dry&rft.place=Ventura%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Hammerhead+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780967430560&rft.aulast=Barsky&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft.au=Long%2C+Dick&rft.au=Stinton%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8q9ZjJvkH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAUSascents_Stinton-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAUSascents_Stinton_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStinton1990" class="citation conference cs1">Stinton, Robert T. (1990). "Dry suit exhaust valve performance: Effect on buoyancy control and rate of ascent". In Lang, Michael A.; Egstrom, Glen H. (eds.). <i>Proceedings of the AAUS Biomechanics of Safe Ascents Workshop</i>. <i>American Academy of Underwater Sciences Workshop</i>. pp. 110–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Underwater+Sciences+Workshop&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+the+AAUS+Biomechanics+of+Safe+Ascents+Workshop&rft.pages=110-122&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Stinton&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bachrach_1977-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bachrach_1977_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bachrach_1977_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachrach1977" class="citation report cs1">Bachrach, Arthur J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a040110.pdf">Human factors and diving equipment design</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MPN10.03.2040 Report No. 22</i> (Report). Bethesda, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Medical_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Medical Research Institute">Naval Medical Research Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202913/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a040110.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Human+factors+and+diving+equipment+design&rft.place=Bethesda%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Medical+Research+Institute&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Bachrach&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa040110.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAN_FAQ-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DAN_FAQ_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diversalertnetwork.org/medical/faq/Latex_Allergies">"DAN Medical Frequently Asked Questions: Latex allergies"</a>. <i>diversalertnetwork.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812045154/http://www.diversalertnetwork.org/medical/faq/Latex_Allergies">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diversalertnetwork.org&rft.atitle=DAN+Medical+Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+Latex+allergies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diversalertnetwork.org%2Fmedical%2Ffaq%2FLatex_Allergies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neves_and_Thomas-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neves_and_Thomas_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevesThomas2018" class="citation web cs1">Neves, João; Thomas, Christian (25 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdisdi.com/tdi-diver-news/is-helium-a-cold-gas/">"Fighting Exposure – Is Helium a "cold" gas?"</a>. <i>www.tdisdi.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208224522/https://www.tdisdi.com/tdi-diver-news/is-helium-a-cold-gas/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tdisdi.com&rft.atitle=Fighting+Exposure+%E2%80%93+Is+Helium+a+%22cold%22+gas%3F&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft.aulast=Neves&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdisdi.com%2Ftdi-diver-news%2Fis-helium-a-cold-gas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P_D_Handbook-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevan2005" class="citation book cs1">Bevan, John, ed. (2005). "Section 5.4". <i>The Professional Divers's Handbook</i> (second ed.). Alverstoke, GOSPORT, Hampshire, UK: Submex Ltd. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0950824260" title="Special:BookSources/978-0950824260"><bdi>978-0950824260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+5.4&rft.btitle=The+Professional+Divers%27s+Handbook&rft.place=Alverstoke%2C+GOSPORT%2C+Hampshire%2C+UK&rft.pages=242&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Submex+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0950824260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCI-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DCI_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.divecommercial.com/category/products/hot-water/">"Category:Hot water. Kirby Morgan 525-100 Hot Water Shroud Kit for SL 17B, 17C, 27, KM 37/57 Helmets & KMB 18/28"</a>. Lynnwood, Washington: Dive Commercial International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202022537/https://www.divecommercial.com/category/products/hot-water/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Category%3AHot+water.+Kirby+Morgan+525-100+Hot+Water+Shroud+Kit+for+SL+17B%2C+17C%2C+27%2C+KM+37%2F57+Helmets+%26+KMB+18%2F28&rft.place=Lynnwood%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Dive+Commercial+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.divecommercial.com%2Fcategory%2Fproducts%2Fhot-water%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barsky_and_Christensen_2004-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_2004_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_and_Christensen_2004_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarskyChristensen2004" class="citation book cs1">Barsky, Steven M.; Christensen, Robert W. (2004). <i>The Simple Guide to Commercial Diving</i>. Hammerhead Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780967430546" title="Special:BookSources/9780967430546"><bdi>9780967430546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Simple+Guide+to+Commercial+Diving&rft.pub=Hammerhead+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780967430546&rft.aulast=Barsky&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Northern_Diver-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Diver_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndiver-commercial.com/thermal-sat-hotwater-undersuit">"Thermal Sat Hotwater Undersuit"</a>. <i>www.ndiver-commercial.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054808/https://www.ndiver-commercial.com/thermal-sat-hotwater-undersuit">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ndiver-commercial.com&rft.atitle=Thermal+Sat+Hotwater+Undersuit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndiver-commercial.com%2Fthermal-sat-hotwater-undersuit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JFD-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JFD_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfdglobal.com/products/commercial-divers-equipment/diver-harnesses/divex-hot-water-undersuit/">"Divex hot water undersuit"</a>. James Fisher and Sons plc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116084650/https://www.jfdglobal.com/products/commercial-divers-equipment/diver-harnesses/divex-hot-water-undersuit/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Divex+hot+water+undersuit&rft.pub=James+Fisher+and+Sons+plc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfdglobal.com%2Fproducts%2Fcommercial-divers-equipment%2Fdiver-harnesses%2Fdivex-hot-water-undersuit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Class_II_diver_training_standard-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Class_II_diver_training_standard_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Class II Diver Training Standard</i> (Revision 5 ed.). South African Department of Labour. October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+II+Diver+Training+Standard&rft.edition=Revision+5&rft.pub=South+African+Department+of+Labour&rft.date=2007-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curley_and_Bachrach_1982-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curley_and_Bachrach_1982_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curley_and_Bachrach_1982_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurleyBachrach1982" class="citation journal cs1">Curley, M.D.; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Bachrach" title="Arthur J. Bachrach">Bachrach, A.J.</a> (September 1982). "Operator performance in the one-atmosphere diving system JIM in water at 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C". <i>Undersea Biomedical Research</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 203–12. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7135632">7135632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Undersea+Biomedical+Research&rft.atitle=Operator+performance+in+the+one-atmosphere+diving+system+JIM+in+water+at+20+degrees+C+and+30+degrees+C&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203-12&rft.date=1982-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7135632&rft.aulast=Curley&rft.aufirst=M.D.&rft.au=Bachrach%2C+A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thornton_2000-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thornton_2000_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornton_2000_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornton_2000_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornton_2000_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornton_2000_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton2000" class="citation report cs1">Thornton, Michael Albert (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA387646.pdf">A Survey and Engineering Design of Atmospheric Diving Suits</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Texas A&M University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319071430/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA387646.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Survey+and+Engineering+Design+of+Atmospheric+Diving+Suits&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Michael+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA387646.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_BPW-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_BPW_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2023" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Andy (11 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scubatechphilippines.com/scuba_blog/backplate-wing-bcd-guide-bpw/">"Backplate and Wing BCDs for Scuba diving: Ultimate Guide to BP&Ws"</a>. <i>Andy Davis Sidemount Technical Wreck Diving Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205143327/https://scubatechphilippines.com/scuba_blog/backplate-wing-bcd-guide-bpw/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andy+Davis+Sidemount+Technical+Wreck+Diving+Blog&rft.atitle=Backplate+and+Wing+BCDs+for+Scuba+diving%3A+Ultimate+Guide+to+BP%26Ws&rft.date=2023-08-11&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscubatechphilippines.com%2Fscuba_blog%2Fbackplate-wing-bcd-guide-bpw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cronje_2009-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cronje_2009_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronje2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cronje, Frans (Spring 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storage.snappages.site/eupr0m0685/assets/files/2009-Spring.pdf">"All That Tingles Is Not Bends"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Alert Diver</i>. <b>1</b> (2). DAN Southern Africa: 20–24. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-7628">2071-7628</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225063719/https://storage.snappages.site/eupr0m0685/assets/files/2009-Spring.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alert+Diver&rft.atitle=All+That+Tingles+Is+Not+Bends&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=20-24&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=2071-7628&rft.aulast=Cronje&rft.aufirst=Frans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.snappages.site%2Feupr0m0685%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2F2009-Spring.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMASISATxManual-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMASISATxManual_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMASISATxManual_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMASISATxManual_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeresfordSouthwood2006" class="citation book cs1">Beresford, M.; Southwood, P. (2006). <i>CMAS-ISA Normoxic Trimix Manual</i> (4th ed.). Pretoria, South Africa: CMAS Instructors South Africa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CMAS-ISA+Normoxic+Trimix+Manual&rft.place=Pretoria%2C+South+Africa&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=CMAS+Instructors+South+Africa&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Beresford&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Southwood%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCafferty_and_Seery_2014-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCafferty_and_Seery_2014_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffertySeery2014" class="citation web cs1">McCafferty, Marty; Seery, Patty (1 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/weight-up/">"Weight Up!"</a>. <i>dan.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321042214/https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/weight-up/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dan.org&rft.atitle=Weight+Up%21&rft.date=2014-11-01&rft.aulast=McCafferty&rft.aufirst=Marty&rft.au=Seery%2C+Patty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdan.org%2Falert-diver%2Farticle%2Fweight-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mekjavic_et_al_1982-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mekjavic_et_al_1982_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMekjavicRoweMorrison1982" class="citation journal cs1">Mekjavic, I. B.; Rowe, P. A.; Morrison, J. B. (1 October 1982). "Ergonomic Considerations of Fin Size for Working Divers". <i>Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting</i>. <b>26</b> (6). Sage Journals: 525–529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F154193128202600608">10.1177/154193128202600608</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110507291">110507291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Human+Factors+Society+Annual+Meeting&rft.atitle=Ergonomic+Considerations+of+Fin+Size+for+Working+Divers&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=525-529&rft.date=1982-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F154193128202600608&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110507291%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mekjavic&rft.aufirst=I.+B.&rft.au=Rowe%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Morrison%2C+J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSAC_Sport_Diving_1985-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BSAC_Sport_Diving_1985_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusuttiliHolbrookRidleyTodd1985" class="citation book cs1">Busuttili, Mike; Holbrook, Mike; Ridley, Gordon; Todd, Mike, eds. (1985). <i>Sport diving – The British Sub-Aqua Club Diving Manual</i>. London: Stanley Paul & Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-163831-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-163831-3"><bdi>0-09-163831-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+diving+%E2%80%93+The+British+Sub-Aqua+Club+Diving+Manual&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Stanley+Paul+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-09-163831-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zedalis_and_Kessler_2007-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zedalis_and_Kessler_2007_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zedalis_and_Kessler_2007_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zedalis_and_Kessler_2007_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zedalis_and_Kessler_2007_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZedalisKessler2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zedalis, Michael S.; Kessler, Keitha (12 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2007/04/Frequently-Asked-Questions-Ergonomics-and-Hand-Protection.aspx?m=1">"Frequently Asked Questions: Ergonomics and Hand Protection"</a>. <i>Occupational Health & Safety (Waco, Tex.)</i>. <b>76</b> (4). Occupational Health & Safety: 64–6. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17461411">17461411</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203918/https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2007/04/Frequently-Asked-Questions-Ergonomics-and-Hand-Protection.aspx?m=1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+Health+%26+Safety+%28Waco%2C+Tex.%29&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+Ergonomics+and+Hand+Protection&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=64-6&rft.date=2007-04-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17461411&rft.aulast=Zedalis&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft.au=Kessler%2C+Keitha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohsonline.com%2FArticles%2F2007%2F04%2FFrequently-Asked-Questions-Ergonomics-and-Hand-Protection.aspx%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISHN_Gloves-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISHN_Gloves_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISHN_Gloves_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKokoszka2015" class="citation web cs1">Kokoszka, Jason (1 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ishn.com/articles/102166-how-ergonomics-improves-hand-protection">"How ergonomics improves hand protection"</a>. <i>ishn.com</i>. Industrial Safety and Hygiene News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918173857/https://www.ishn.com/articles/102166-how-ergonomics-improves-hand-protection">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ishn.com&rft.atitle=How+ergonomics+improves+hand+protection&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft.aulast=Kokoszka&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ishn.com%2Farticles%2F102166-how-ergonomics-improves-hand-protection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irzmanska-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irzmanska_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrzmańska2014" class="citation journal cs1">Irzmańska, E. (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265138803">"Ergonomic Gloves. The evolution of ergonomic properties"</a>. <i>Health & Safety International</i> (August/September): 15–25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324180105/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265138803_Ergonomic_Gloves_The_evolution_of_ergonomic_properties">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+%26+Safety+International&rft.atitle=Ergonomic+Gloves.+The+evolution+of+ergonomic+properties&rft.issue=August%2FSeptember&rft.pages=15-25&rft.date=2014-08&rft.aulast=Irzma%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F265138803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCA_D030-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_D030_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_D030_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trauma-training.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/IMCA-D030-Surface-Supplied-Mixed-Gas-Diving-Operations-_2012.pdf"><i>Surface Supplied Mixed Gas Diving Operations IMCA D 030 Rev. 1</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The International Marine Contractors Association. August 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513022628/https://www.trauma-training.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/IMCA-D030-Surface-Supplied-Mixed-Gas-Diving-Operations-_2012.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2024-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surface+Supplied+Mixed+Gas+Diving+Operations+IMCA+D+030+Rev.+1&rft.pub=The+International+Marine+Contractors+Association&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trauma-training.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F09%2FIMCA-D030-Surface-Supplied-Mixed-Gas-Diving-Operations-_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCA_D037-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_D037_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trauma-training.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/IMCA-D037-DESIGN-for-Surface-Supplied-Mixed-Gas-Diving-Systems.pdf-_2012.pdf"><i>Diving Equipment Systems Inspection Guidance Note: DESIGN for Surface Supplied Mixed Gas Diving Systems IMCA D 037</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The International Marine Contractors Association. January 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513022629/https://www.trauma-training.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/IMCA-D037-DESIGN-for-Surface-Supplied-Mixed-Gas-Diving-Systems.pdf-_2012.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2024-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diving+Equipment+Systems+Inspection+Guidance+Note%3A+DESIGN+for+Surface+Supplied+Mixed+Gas+Diving+Systems+IMCA+D+037&rft.pub=The+International+Marine+Contractors+Association&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trauma-training.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F08%2FIMCA-D037-DESIGN-for-Surface-Supplied-Mixed-Gas-Diving-Systems.pdf-_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADC_5/95-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ADC_5/95_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adc-uk.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Info-Note-5-95.pdf">"ADC 5/95 Minimum Criteria to be met by a Surface Supply Inland/Offshore Air Diving Panel for Diving Operations in the UK"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.adc-uk.info</i>. May 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325043053/https://www.adc-uk.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Info-Note-5-95.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adc-uk.info&rft.atitle=ADC+5%2F95+Minimum+Criteria+to+be+met+by+a+Surface+Supply+Inland%2FOffshore+Air+Diving+Panel+for+Diving+Operations+in+the+UK&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adc-uk.info%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F04%2FInfo-Note-5-95.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unique-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unique_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniquegroup.com/product/ug-1800-wsm-3-diver-mixed-gas-dive-control-panel-surface-mount/">"UG 1800 WSM: 3 Diver Mixed Gas Dive Control Panel (Surface Mount)"</a>. <i>www.uniquegroup.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610135343/https://www.uniquegroup.com/product/ug-1800-wsm-3-diver-mixed-gas-dive-control-panel-surface-mount/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uniquegroup.com&rft.atitle=UG+1800+WSM%3A+3+Diver+Mixed+Gas+Dive+Control+Panel+%28Surface+Mount%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniquegroup.com%2Fproduct%2Fug-1800-wsm-3-diver-mixed-gas-dive-control-panel-surface-mount%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JFD_2-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JFD_2_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfdglobal.com/files/4916/2323/2228/P2175-OM-390R1.pdf"><i>Operation and Maintenance Manual: Bell Gas Management Panel with Electronic Alarms, Part Number: A46983AB, Document Number: P2175-OM-390 Revision: 1</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. JFD Global. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806100052/https://www.jfdglobal.com/files/4916/2323/2228/P2175-OM-390R1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+and+Maintenance+Manual%3A+Bell+Gas+Management+Panel+with+Electronic+Alarms%2C+Part+Number%3A+A46983AB%2C+Document+Number%3A+P2175-OM-390+Revision%3A+1&rft.pub=JFD+Global&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfdglobal.com%2Ffiles%2F4916%2F2323%2F2228%2FP2175-OM-390R1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prosser_and_Grey_1990-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prosser_and_Grey_1990_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prosser_and_Grey_1990_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProsser_and_Grey1990" class="citation book cs1">Prosser, Joe; Grey, H.V. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swiss-cave-diving.ch/PDF-dateien/cavediving-signals.pdf"><i>Cave Diving Communications</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Branford, Florida: Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116040511/http://www.swiss-cave-diving.ch/PDF-dateien/cavediving-signals.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cave+Diving+Communications&rft.place=Branford%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Cave+Diving+Section+of+the+National+Speleological+Society%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Prosser&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Grey%2C+H.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swiss-cave-diving.ch%2FPDF-dateien%2Fcavediving-signals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tc-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tc_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnew2003" class="citation book cs1">Agnew, J. (2003). <i>Scuba Diver's Travel Companion</i>. Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7627-2668-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7627-2668-7"><bdi>0-7627-2668-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scuba+Diver%27s+Travel+Companion&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=The+Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7627-2668-7&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hollien_and_Rothman_2013-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hollien_and_Rothman_2013_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hollien_and_Rothman_2013_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollien_and_Rothman2013" class="citation book cs1">Hollien, H.; Rothman, H. B. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdTRxq1pYM8C&q=Fant+and+Lindqvist+1968+Pressure+and+gas+mixture+effects+on+divers+speech&pg=PA79">"Diver Communication"</a>. In Drew, E. A. (ed.). <i>Underwater Research</i>. Elsevier. pp. 1–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323150316" title="Special:BookSources/9780323150316"><bdi>9780323150316</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005061403/https://books.google.com/books?id=tdTRxq1pYM8C&q=Fant+and+Lindqvist+1968+Pressure+and+gas+mixture+effects+on+divers+speech&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q=Fant%20and%20Lindqvist%201968%20Pressure%20and%20gas%20mixture%20effects%20on%20divers%20speech&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diver+Communication&rft.btitle=Underwater+Research&rft.pages=1-78&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780323150316&rft.aulast=Hollien&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Rothman%2C+H.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdTRxq1pYM8C%26q%3DFant%2Band%2BLindqvist%2B1968%2BPressure%2Band%2Bgas%2Bmixture%2Beffects%2Bon%2Bdivers%2Bspeech%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSTC_signals-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RSTC_signals_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrstc.com/downloads/12%20-%20Common%20Hand%20Signals.pdf">"Minimum Course Content for Common Hand Signals for Scuba Diving"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Recreational Scuba Training Council, Inc. (RSTC) (Jacksonville, FL., USA). 1 December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915171727/https://wrstc.com/downloads/12%20-%20Common%20Hand%20Signals.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minimum+Course+Content+for+Common+Hand+Signals+for+Scuba+Diving&rft.pub=Recreational+Scuba+Training+Council%2C+Inc.+%28RSTC%29+%28Jacksonville%2C+FL.%2C+USA%29&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrstc.com%2Fdownloads%2F12%2520-%2520Common%2520Hand%2520Signals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P_D_Handbook_6.3-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_6.3_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevan2005" class="citation book cs1">Bevan, John, ed. (2005). "Section 6.3 Diver hand signals". <i>The Professional Divers's Handbook</i> (second ed.). Gosport, Hampshire: Submex Ltd. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9508242-6-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9508242-6-0"><bdi>978-0-9508242-6-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+6.3+Diver+hand+signals&rft.btitle=The+Professional+Divers%27s+Handbook&rft.place=Gosport%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=252&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Submex+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9508242-6-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godin_2008-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Godin_2008_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Godin, Oleg A. (4 July 2008). "Sound transmission through water–air interfaces: new insights into an old problem". <i>Contemporary Physics</i>. <b>49</b> (2). Taylor and Francis online: 105–123. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ConPh..49..105G">2008ConPh..49..105G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00107510802090415">10.1080/00107510802090415</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123553738">123553738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Physics&rft.atitle=Sound+transmission+through+water%E2%80%93air+interfaces%3A+new+insights+into+an+old+problem&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-123&rft.date=2008-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123553738%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00107510802090415&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ConPh..49..105G&rft.aulast=Godin&rft.aufirst=Oleg+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daymi_et_al_2005-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daymi_et_al_2005_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daymi_et_al_2005_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaymiKamounMalherbeBengayed2005" class="citation journal cs1">Daymi, M.A.; Kamoun, L.; Malherbe, J. C.; Bengayed, M. (10 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902134716/http://opac.vimaru.edu.vn/edata/E-Journal/2005/Advance%20engineering%20software/v36-7/article3.pdf">"Optimization of an hyperbaric speech transcoder"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Advances in Engineering Software</i>. <b>36</b> (7). Elsevier: 436–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.advengsoft.2005.01.006">10.1016/j.advengsoft.2005.01.006</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.vimaru.edu.vn/edata/E-Journal/2005/Advance%20engineering%20software/v36-7/article3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Engineering+Software&rft.atitle=Optimization+of+an+hyperbaric+speech+transcoder&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=436-441&rft.date=2005-03-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.advengsoft.2005.01.006&rft.aulast=Daymi&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft.au=Kamoun%2C+L.&rft.au=Malherbe%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Bengayed%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopac.vimaru.edu.vn%2Fedata%2FE-Journal%2F2005%2FAdvance%2520engineering%2520software%2Fv36-7%2Farticle3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fant_and_Lindqvist_1968-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fant_and_Lindqvist_1968_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fant_and_Lindqvist_1968_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFantLindqvist-Gauffin1968" class="citation report cs1">Fant, G.; Lindqvist-Gauffin, J. (1968). Pressure and gas mixture effects on diver's speech. <i>Dept. for Speech, Music and Hearing – Quarterly Progress and Status Report. STL-QPSR</i> (Report). Vol. 9. KTH Computer science and communication. pp. 007–017. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.415.541">10.1.1.415.541</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Pressure+and+gas+mixture+effects+on+diver%27s+speech&rft.pages=007-017&rft.pub=KTH+Computer+science+and+communication&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.415.541%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Fant&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Lindqvist-Gauffin%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ergonomics-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ergonomics_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergonomics_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergonomics_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergonomics_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ergonomics_93-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPsychology_staff2010" class="citation book cs1">Psychology staff (18 March 2010). "Unit 2: Displays". <i>Ergonomics</i>. 1.0. University of Leicester.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unit+2%3A+Displays&rft.btitle=Ergonomics&rft.series=1.0&rft.pub=University+of+Leicester&rft.date=2010-03-18&rft.au=Psychology+staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ozygit_and_Egi_2012-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ozygit_and_Egi_2012_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ozygit_and_Egi_2012_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ozygit_and_Egi_2012_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzyigitEgi2012" class="citation conference cs1">Ozyigit, Tamer; Egi, Salih (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261165028">"Evaluating the Ergonomic Performance of Dive Computers"</a>. <i>2012 Second International Conference on Digital Information and Communication Technology and it's [sic] Applications (DICTAP)</i>. 2nd International Conference on Digital Information and Communication Technology and its Applications, DICTAP 2012. pp. 314–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FDICTAP.2012.6215418">10.1109/DICTAP.2012.6215418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-0734-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-0734-5"><bdi>978-1-4673-0734-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314174432/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261165028_Evaluating_the_ergonomic_performance_of_Dive_computers">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+Ergonomic+Performance+of+Dive+Computers&rft.btitle=2012+Second+International+Conference+on+Digital+Information+and+Communication+Technology+and+it%27s+%5Bsic%5D+Applications+%28DICTAP%29&rft.pages=314-318&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FDICTAP.2012.6215418&rft.isbn=978-1-4673-0734-5&rft.aulast=Ozyigit&rft.aufirst=Tamer&rft.au=Egi%2C+Salih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261165028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iX3M-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iX3M_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratio-computers.com/support/support4/manual/EN_iX3M_User_Manual_4.02.pdf"><i>Ratio computers iX3M User Manual Version 4.02</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Livorno, Italy: Ratio Computers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183148/http://www.ratio-computers.com/support/support4/manual/EN_iX3M_User_Manual_4.02.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ratio+computers+iX3M+User+Manual+Version+4.02&rft.place=Livorno%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Ratio+Computers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratio-computers.com%2Fsupport%2Fsupport4%2Fmanual%2FEN_iX3M_User_Manual_4.02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NERD2_Manual-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NERD2_Manual_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearwater_Research2020" class="citation book cs1">Shearwater Research (2 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shearwater.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/NERD2Manual-RevG.pdf"><i>Shearwater NERD2 — User Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. DOC 12501 MAN-REV-G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824132303/https://www.shearwater.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/NERD2Manual-RevG.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shearwater+NERD2+%E2%80%94+User+Manual&rft.series=DOC+12501+MAN-REV-G&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft.au=Shearwater+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shearwater.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F09%2FNERD2Manual-RevG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galileo_hud-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galileo_hud_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thescubaprostore.co.za/scubapro-galileo-hud-2">"Scubapro Galileo HUD"</a>. <i>thescubaprostore.co.za</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419112805/https://thescubaprostore.co.za/scubapro-galileo-hud-2">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thescubaprostore.co.za&rft.atitle=Scubapro+Galileo+HUD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthescubaprostore.co.za%2Fscubapro-galileo-hud-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans_2020-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_2020_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2020" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Mark (12 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scubadivermag.com/text-extra-mark-evans-reviews-the-scubapro-galileo-hud-dive-computer/">"Text extra: Mark Evans reviews the Scubapro Galileo HUD dive computer"</a>. <i>www.scubadivermag.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419113536/https://www.scubadivermag.com/text-extra-mark-evans-reviews-the-scubapro-galileo-hud-dive-computer/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scubadivermag.com&rft.atitle=Text+extra%3A+Mark+Evans+reviews+the+Scubapro+Galileo+HUD+dive+computer&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scubadivermag.com%2Ftext-extra-mark-evans-reviews-the-scubapro-galileo-hud-dive-computer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sieber_et_al_2012-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sieber_et_al_2012_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieberKuchEnokssonStoyanova-Siebe2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sieber, Arne; Kuch, Benjamin; Enoksson, Peter; Stoyanova-Siebe, Milena (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272552902">"Development of a head-up displayed diving computer capability for full face masks"</a>. <i>Underwater Technology</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 195–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3723%2Fut.30.195">10.3723/ut.30.195</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513040823/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272552902_Development_of_a_head-up_displayed_diving_computer_capability_for_full_face_masks">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Underwater+Technology&rft.atitle=Development+of+a+head-up+displayed+diving+computer+capability+for+full+face+masks&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=195-199&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3723%2Fut.30.195&rft.aulast=Sieber&rft.aufirst=Arne&rft.au=Kuch%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Enoksson%2C+Peter&rft.au=Stoyanova-Siebe%2C+Milena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F272552902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kray_2023-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kray_2023_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKray2023" class="citation web cs1">Kray, Kyle (28 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/dive-knives-and-cutting-devices/">"Dive Knives and Cutting Devices"</a>. <i>dan.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125142541/https://dan.org/alert-diver/article/dive-knives-and-cutting-devices/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dan.org&rft.atitle=Dive+Knives+and+Cutting+Devices&rft.date=2023-08-28&rft.aulast=Kray&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdan.org%2Falert-diver%2Farticle%2Fdive-knives-and-cutting-devices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luria_and_Kinney-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luria_and_Kinney_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuriaKinney1974" class="citation journal cs1">Luria, S. M.; Kinney, J.A. (December 1974). "Linear polarizing filters and underwater vision". <i>Undersea Biomedical Research</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 371–8. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4469103">4469103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Undersea+Biomedical+Research&rft.atitle=Linear+polarizing+filters+and+underwater+vision&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=371-8&rft.date=1974-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4469103&rft.aulast=Luria&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft.au=Kinney%2C+J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibb_2020-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibb_2020_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb2020" class="citation web cs1">Gibb, Natalie (21 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://divermag.com/crash-helmets-and-cave-diving/">"Crash Helmets and Cave Diving"</a>. <i>divermag.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=divermag.com&rft.atitle=Crash+Helmets+and+Cave+Diving&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdivermag.com%2Fcrash-helmets-and-cave-diving%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindblom_2000-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lindblom_2000_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindblom2000" class="citation book cs1">Lindblom, Steve (2000). <i>Divelight Companion</i>. Warner NH: Airspeed Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9678873-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9678873-1-3"><bdi>0-9678873-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divelight+Companion&rft.place=Warner+NH&rft.pub=Airspeed+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9678873-1-3&rft.aulast=Lindblom&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurr_2008-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gurr_2008_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurr2008" class="citation book cs1">Gurr, Kevin (August 2008). "13: Operational Safety". In Mount, Tom; Dituri, Joseph (eds.). <i>Exploration and Mixed Gas Diving Encyclopedia</i> (1st ed.). Miami Shores, Florida: International Association of Nitrox Divers. pp. 165–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915539-10-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915539-10-9"><bdi>978-0-915539-10-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13%3A+Operational+Safety&rft.btitle=Exploration+and+Mixed+Gas+Diving+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Miami+Shores%2C+Florida&rft.pages=165-180&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Nitrox+Divers&rft.date=2008-08&rft.isbn=978-0-915539-10-9&rft.aulast=Gurr&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mount_2008c-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mount_2008c_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMount2008" class="citation book cs1">Mount, Tom (August 2008). "18: Psychological & Physical Fitness For Technical Diving". In Mount, Tom; Dituri, Joseph (eds.). <i>Exploration and Mixed Gas Diving Encyclopedia</i> (1st ed.). Miami Shores, Florida: International Association of Nitrox Divers. pp. 209–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915539-10-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915539-10-9"><bdi>978-0-915539-10-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=18%3A+Psychological+%26+Physical+Fitness+For+Technical+Diving&rft.btitle=Exploration+and+Mixed+Gas+Diving+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Miami+Shores%2C+Florida&rft.pages=209-224&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Nitrox+Divers&rft.date=2008-08&rft.isbn=978-0-915539-10-9&rft.aulast=Mount&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Citelli_2008-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Citelli_2008_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitelli2008" class="citation book cs1">Citelli, Joe (August 2008). "24: The practical aspects of deep wreck diving". In Mount, Tom; Dituri, Joseph (eds.). <i>Exploration and Mixed Gas Diving Encyclopedia</i> (1st ed.). Miami Shores, Florida: International Association of Nitrox Divers. pp. 279–286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915539-10-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915539-10-9"><bdi>978-0-915539-10-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=24%3A+The+practical+aspects+of+deep+wreck+diving&rft.btitle=Exploration+and+Mixed+Gas+Diving+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Miami+Shores%2C+Florida&rft.pages=279-286&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Nitrox+Divers&rft.date=2008-08&rft.isbn=978-0-915539-10-9&rft.aulast=Citelli&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlertDiver-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlertDiver_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossier,_Robert_N" class="citation journal cs1">Rossier, Robert N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertdiver.com/?articleNo=1133">"Redefining Performance: Diver propulsion vehicles: Manage the risks, and enjoy the ride"</a>. <i>Alert Diver</i>. <a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407021453/http://www.alertdiver.com/?articleNo=1133">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alert+Diver&rft.atitle=Redefining+Performance%3A+Diver+propulsion+vehicles%3A+Manage+the+risks%2C+and+enjoy+the+ride&rft.au=Rossier%2C+Robert+N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alertdiver.com%2F%3FarticleNo%3D1133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikonos-evolution-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nikonos-evolution_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imaging.nikon.com/history/chronicle/history-nikonos/index.htm">"Nikon - Imaging Products - Evolution of NIKONOS"</a>. <i>Imaging.nikon.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210714/https://imaging.nikon.com/history/chronicle/history-nikonos/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imaging.nikon.com&rft.atitle=Nikon+-+Imaging+Products+-+Evolution+of+NIKONOS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimaging.nikon.com%2Fhistory%2Fchronicle%2Fhistory-nikonos%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Divgear_express_line-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Divgear_express_line_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Divgear_express_line_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.divegearexpress.com/library/product-tips/types-of-dive-line">"Characteristics of Line on Dive Reels and Finger Spools"</a>. <i>www.divegearexpress.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.divegearexpress.com&rft.atitle=Characteristics+of+Line+on+Dive+Reels+and+Finger+Spools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.divegearexpress.com%2Flibrary%2Fproduct-tips%2Ftypes-of-dive-line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_2017-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_2017_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2017" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Guy (30 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alertdiver.eu/en_US/articles/which-delayed-surface-marker-buoy-should-i-choose">"Which Delayed Surface Marker Buoy should I choose?"</a>. <i>alertdiver.eu</i>. DAN Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617225405/https://alertdiver.eu/en_US/articles/which-delayed-surface-marker-buoy-should-i-choose">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alertdiver.eu&rft.atitle=Which+Delayed+Surface+Marker+Buoy+should+I+choose%3F&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falertdiver.eu%2Fen_US%2Farticles%2Fwhich-delayed-surface-marker-buoy-should-i-choose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exley-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Exley_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheck_Exley1977" class="citation book cs1">Sheck Exley (1977). <i>Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</i>. National Speleological Society Cave Diving Section. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99946-633-7-2" title="Special:BookSources/99946-633-7-2"><bdi>99946-633-7-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Cave+Diving%3A+A+Blueprint+for+Survival&rft.pub=National+Speleological+Society+Cave+Diving+Section&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=99946-633-7-2&rft.au=Sheck+Exley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guideline_1-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guideline_1_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guideline_1_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guideline_1_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevosLe_MaillotRiordan,_Daniel2004" class="citation journal cs1">Devos, Fred; Le Maillot, Chris; Riordan, Daniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gue.com/files/page_images/expeditions/Mexico/guideline1.pdf">"Introduction to Guideline Procedures Part 1: Equipment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>DIRquest</i>. <b>5</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609033303/https://www.gue.com/files/page_images/expeditions/Mexico/guideline1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DIRquest&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Guideline+Procedures+Part+1%3A+Equipment&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Devos&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Le+Maillot%2C+Chris&rft.au=Riordan%2C+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gue.com%2Ffiles%2Fpage_images%2Fexpeditions%2FMexico%2Fguideline1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scubadoc_reels-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scubadoc_reels_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scubadoctor.com.au/dive-reel-buying-guide.htm">"Dive reel buying guide"</a>. <i>www.scubadoctor.com.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scubadoctor.com.au&rft.atitle=Dive+reel+buying+guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scubadoctor.com.au%2Fdive-reel-buying-guide.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Divegear_express_reels-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Divegear_express_reels_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Divegear_express_reels_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.divegearexpress.com/tools/reels">"Reels: Selection, Care and Maintenance for Reels"</a>. <i>www.divegearexpress.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.divegearexpress.com&rft.atitle=Reels%3A+Selection%2C+Care+and+Maintenance+for+Reels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.divegearexpress.com%2Ftools%2Freels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keiren_2016-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keiren_2016_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieren2016" class="citation web cs1">Kieren, Lauren (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919174032/https://www.tdisdi.com/cave-diving-directional-and-non-directional-markers-101/">"Cave Diving: Directional and Non-directional Markers 101"</a>. <i>tdisdi.com</i>. SDI – TDI – ERDI. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdisdi.com/cave-diving-directional-and-non-directional-markers-101/">the original</a> on 19 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tdisdi.com&rft.atitle=Cave+Diving%3A+Directional+and+Non-directional+Markers+101&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kieren&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdisdi.com%2Fcave-diving-directional-and-non-directional-markers-101%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PVHO-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PVHO_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/ibr/asme.pvho-1.2007.pdf">"PVHO-1-2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Public.Resource.Org,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Public.Resource.Org, Inc.">Public.Resource.Org, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012002955/https://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/ibr/asme.pvho-1.2007.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PVHO-1-2007&rft.pub=Public.Resource.Org%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.resource.org%2Fpub%2Fus%2Fcode%2Fibr%2Fasme.pvho-1.2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BV_2018-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BV_2018_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BV_2018_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erules.veristar.com/dy/data/bv/pdf/610-NR_2018-12.pdf"><i>Rules for the Classification of Diving Systems: Rule Note NR 610 DT R01 E</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Paris: Bureau Veritas Marine & Offshore. December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918130715/http://erules.veristar.com/dy/data/bv/pdf/610-NR_2018-12.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rules+for+the+Classification+of+Diving+Systems%3A+Rule+Note+NR+610+DT+R01+E&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Bureau+Veritas+Marine+%26+Offshore&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ferules.veristar.com%2Fdy%2Fdata%2Fbv%2Fpdf%2F610-NR_2018-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCA_D022_2016-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_D022_2016_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"13 – Closed bell diving". <i>Guidance for diving supervisors IMCA D 022</i> (Revision 1 ed.). London, UK: International Marine Contractors Association. August 2016. pp. 13–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13+%E2%80%93+Closed+bell+diving&rft.btitle=Guidance+for+diving+supervisors+IMCA+D+022&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=13-5&rft.edition=Revision+1&rft.pub=International+Marine+Contractors+Association&rft.date=2016-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNV_1982-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DNV_1982_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Sec 3 B305". <i>Rules for certification of diving systems, 1982</i>. Det Norske Veritas. 1982. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9287902">9287902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sec+3+B305&rft.btitle=Rules+for+certification+of+diving+systems%2C+1982&rft.pub=Det+Norske+Veritas&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9287902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_2016-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US_Navy_Diving_Manual_2016_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Navy_Diving_Manual2016" class="citation book cs1">US Navy (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/SUPSALV/Diving/US%20DIVING%20MANUAL_REV7.pdf?ver=2016-12-14-135043-757"><i>U.S. Navy Diving Manual Revision 7 SS521-AG-PRO-010 0910-LP-115-1921</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC.: US Naval Sea Systems Command. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228033101/http://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/SUPSALV/Diving/US%20DIVING%20MANUAL_REV7.pdf?ver=2016-12-14-135043-757">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Navy+Diving+Manual+Revision+7+SS521-AG-PRO-010+0910-LP-115-1921&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC.&rft.pub=US+Naval+Sea+Systems+Command&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft.au=US+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navsea.navy.mil%2FPortals%2F103%2FDocuments%2FSUPSALV%2FDiving%2FUS%2520DIVING%2520MANUAL_REV7.pdf%3Fver%3D2016-12-14-135043-757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-supsalv-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-supsalv_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517080243/http://www.supsalv.org/pdf/07Feb03_EEHS.pdf">"Operation and Maintenance Manual for the Emergency Evacuation Hyperbaric Stretcher (EEHS)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: Direction of Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supsalv.org/pdf/07Feb03_EEHS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+and+Maintenance+Manual+for+the+Emergency+Evacuation+Hyperbaric+Stretcher+%28EEHS%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Direction+of+Commander%2C+Naval+Sea+Systems+Command&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supsalv.org%2Fpdf%2F07Feb03_EEHS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P_D_Handbook_2-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_2_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevan2005" class="citation book cs1">Bevan, John, ed. (2005). "Section 13.2". <i>The Professional Divers's Handbook</i> (second ed.). Gosport, Hampshire: Submex Ltd. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0950824260" title="Special:BookSources/978-0950824260"><bdi>978-0950824260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+13.2&rft.btitle=The+Professional+Divers%27s+Handbook&rft.place=Gosport%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=321&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Submex+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0950824260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Imbert_2006-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Imbert_2006_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imbert_2006_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imbert_2006_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImbert2006" class="citation journal cs1">Imbert, Jean Pierre (February 2006). Lang; Smith (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plongeesout.com/articles%20publication/decompression/imbert/imbert%2090m.pdf">"Commercial Diving: 90m Operational Aspects"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Advanced Scientific Diving Workshop</i>. Smithsonian Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074411/http://www.plongeesout.com/articles%20publication/decompression/imbert/imbert%2090m.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Scientific+Diving+Workshop&rft.atitle=Commercial+Diving%3A+90m+Operational+Aspects&rft.date=2006-02&rft.aulast=Imbert&rft.aufirst=Jean+Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plongeesout.com%2Farticles%2520publication%2Fdecompression%2Fimbert%2Fimbert%252090m.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccohs-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ccohs_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/stairs_fallprevention.html">"Stairways - Fall Prevention"</a>. <i>Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807181825/https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/stairs_fallprevention.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Centre+for+Occupational+Health+and+Safety&rft.atitle=Stairways+-+Fall+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccohs.ca%2Foshanswers%2Fsafety_haz%2Fstairs_fallprevention.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2019" class="citation web cs1">Knight, Marcus (10 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scubadiverlife.com/training-fundamentals-diver-lifts/">"Training fundamentals: Diver lifts"</a>. <i>scubadiverlife.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423083249/https://scubadiverlife.com/training-fundamentals-diver-lifts/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scubadiverlife.com&rft.atitle=Training+fundamentals%3A+Diver+lifts&rft.date=2019-08-10&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscubadiverlife.com%2Ftraining-fundamentals-diver-lifts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-transom-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-transom_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=EHaZxbjcKNI">"The divers' lift on the MV Chiko"</a>. <i>m.youtube.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324180207/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=EHaZxbjcKNI">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=m.youtube.com&rft.atitle=The+divers%27+lift+on+the+MV+Chiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEHaZxbjcKNI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lochaline-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lochaline_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lochaline-boats.co.uk/#home-section">"Lochaline Boat Charters"</a>. <i>lochaline-boats.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929045828/https://www.lochaline-boats.co.uk/#home-section">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lochaline-boats.co.uk&rft.atitle=Lochaline+Boat+Charters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lochaline-boats.co.uk%2F%23home-section&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-safety4sea-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-safety4sea_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://safety4sea.com/how-to-safely-walk-the-stairs-on-ships/">"How to safely walk the stairs on ships"</a>. <i>safety4sea.com</i>. 19 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920114641/https://safety4sea.com/how-to-safely-walk-the-stairs-on-ships/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=safety4sea.com&rft.atitle=How+to+safely+walk+the+stairs+on+ships&rft.date=2020-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsafety4sea.com%2Fhow-to-safely-walk-the-stairs-on-ships%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSHA_3170-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSHA_3170_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3170/osha3170.html">Safeguarding Equipment and Protecting Workers from Amputations, Small Business Safety and Health Management Series</a>. <i>OSHA 3170</i> (Report). U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016162552/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3170/osha3170.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Safeguarding+Equipment+and+Protecting+Workers+from+Amputations%2C+Small+Business+Safety+and+Health+Management+Series&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Labor+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Administration&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2FPublications%2FOSHA3170%2Fosha3170.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISHN-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISHN_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ishn.com/articles/108065-causes-and-controls-for-preventing-pinch-point-injuries">"Causes and controls for preventing pinch point injuries"</a>. <i>ishn.com</i>. Industrial Safety and Hygiene News. 9 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120124239/https://www.ishn.com/articles/108065-causes-and-controls-for-preventing-pinch-point-injuries">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ishn.com&rft.atitle=Causes+and+controls+for+preventing+pinch+point+injuries&rft.date=2018-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ishn.com%2Farticles%2F108065-causes-and-controls-for-preventing-pinch-point-injuries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OHSA_1993-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OHSA_1993_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepublic_of_South_Africa1993" class="citation book cs1">Republic of South Africa (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921154728/http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/legislation/acts/occupational-health-and-safety/amendments/Amended%20Act%20-%20Occupational%20Health%20and%20Safety.pdf"><i>No. 85 of 1993: Occupational Health and Safety Act, as amended by Occupational Health and Safety Amendment Act, No. 181 Of 1993</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pretoria: Government Printer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/legislation/acts/occupational-health-and-safety/amendments/Amended%20Act%20-%20Occupational%20Health%20and%20Safety.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No.+85+of+1993%3A+Occupational+Health+and+Safety+Act%2C+as+amended+by+Occupational+Health+and+Safety+Amendment+Act%2C+No.+181+Of+1993&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Republic+of+South+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labour.gov.za%2FDOL%2Fdownloads%2Flegislation%2Facts%2Foccupational-health-and-safety%2Famendments%2FAmended%2520Act%2520-%2520Occupational%2520Health%2520and%2520Safety.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSAC_Diving_Manual_1982-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BSAC_Diving_Manual_1982_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Sub-Aqua_Club_members1982" class="citation book cs1">British Sub-Aqua Club members (1982). <i>British Sub-Aqua Club Diving Manual</i> (10th ed.). Ellesmere Port, Cheshire: British Sub-Aqua Club. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0950678619" title="Special:BookSources/0950678619"><bdi>0950678619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Sub-Aqua+Club+Diving+Manual&rft.place=Ellesmere+Port%2C+Cheshire&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=British+Sub-Aqua+Club&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0950678619&rft.au=British+Sub-Aqua+Club+members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSAC_Rescue-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BSAC_Rescue_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Sub-Aqua_Club1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (1987). Busuttili, Mike; Davies, Trevor; Holbrook, Mike; Ridley, Gordon (eds.). <i>Safety and Rescue for Divers</i>. London: Stanley Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-163831-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-163831-3"><bdi>0-09-163831-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safety+and+Rescue+for+Divers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Stanley+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-09-163831-3&rft.au=British+Sub-Aqua+Club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lau_2023-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lau_2023_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lau_2023_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau2023" class="citation web cs1">Lau, Stuart "Kipp" (1 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2023-03-01/best-practices-checklist-design-account-human-limitations">"Best Practices in Checklist Design Account for Human Limitations"</a>. <i>AINonline: Business aviation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313105658/https://ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2023-03-01/best-practices-checklist-design-account-human-limitations">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AINonline%3A+Business+aviation&rft.atitle=Best+Practices+in+Checklist+Design+Account+for+Human+Limitations&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Stuart+%22Kipp%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fainonline.com%2Faviation-news%2Fbusiness-aviation%2F2023-03-01%2Fbest-practices-checklist-design-account-human-limitations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodges_et_al_2019-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_et_al_2019_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgesMiddletonLock" class="citation conference cs1">Hodges, Vallorie J.; Middleton, Crispin; Lock, Gareth. Côté, I.M.; Verde, E.A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehumandiver.com/checklists"><i>Capturing the Stupid Stuff: Using Checklists to Improve Performance in Scientific Diving</i></a>. Diving for Science 2019: Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 38th Symposium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330020953/https://www.thehumandiver.com/checklists">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-05</span></span> – via thehumandiver.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Capturing+the+Stupid+Stuff%3A+Using+Checklists+to+Improve+Performance+in+Scientific+Diving&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Vallorie+J.&rft.au=Middleton%2C+Crispin&rft.au=Lock%2C+Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehumandiver.com%2Fchecklists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+factors+in+diving+equipment+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Underwater_diving" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Underwater_diving" title="Template:Underwater diving"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Underwater_diving" title="Template talk:Underwater diving"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Underwater_diving" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Underwater diving"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">Underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_activities" title="Diving activities">Diving activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving mode">Diving modes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric pressure diving">Atmospheric pressure diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_oriented_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface oriented diving">Surface oriented diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">Surface-supplied diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned diving">Unmanned diving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_and_disinfection_of_personal_diving_equipment" title="Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment">Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers">List of diving equipment manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout gas">Bailout gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom gas">Bottom gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing air">Breathing air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression gas">Decompression gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydreliox" title="Hydreliox">Hydreliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrox_(breathing_gas)" title="Hydrox (breathing gas)">Hydrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel gas">Travel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">Trimix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buoyancy and<br />trim equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelo_diving_system" title="Avelo diving system">Avelo diving system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">Buoyancy compensator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_inflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Power inflator">Power inflator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_valve_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump valve (diving)">Dump valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_buoyancy_pressure_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable buoyancy pressure vessel">Variable buoyancy pressure vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_weighting_system" title="Diving weighting system">Diving weighting system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle weights (diving)">Ankle weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_weights" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated weights">Integrated weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim weights (diving)">Trim weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight belt">Weight belt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_buoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression buoy">Decompression buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_trapeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression trapeze">Decompression trapeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_upline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey upline">Jersey upline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIM_suit" title="JIM suit">JIM suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtsuit" title="Newtsuit">Newtsuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sladen_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sladen suit">Sladen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving suit">Standard diving suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rash vest">Rash vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_skins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive skins">Dive skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-water_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-water suit">Hot-water suit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helmets<br />and masks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fog" title="Anti-fog">Anti-fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-flow helmet">Free-flow helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_demand_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight demand helmet">Lightweight demand helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">Orinasal mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow water helmet">Shallow water helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving helmet">Standard diving helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Band mask">Band mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-face mask">Full-face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom timer">Bottom timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_gauge" title="Depth gauge">Depth gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive timer">Dive timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_watch" title="Diving watch">Diving watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_release_valve" title="Helium release valve">Helium release valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">Pneumofathometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Submersible pressure gauge">Submersible pressure gauge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobility<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver propulsion vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerSwim" title="PowerSwim">PowerSwim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towboard" title="Towboard">Towboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">Alternative air source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus regulator">Octopus regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_snap" title="Bolt snap">Bolt snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy line">Buddy line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_light" title="Dive light">Dive light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's cutting tool">Diver's cutting tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's knife">Diver's knife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's telephone">Diver's telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through-water_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-water communications">Through-water communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_harness" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving safety harness">Diving safety harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout block">Bailout block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeline_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifeline (diving)">Lifeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screw_gate_carabiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw gate carabiner">Screw gate carabiner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">Emergency locator beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_tether" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue tether">Rescue tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety helmet">Safety helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark-proof_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark-proof cage">Shark-proof cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoopy_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Snoopy loop">Snoopy loop</a></li> <li>Navigation equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">Distance line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving compass">Diving compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive reel">Dive reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_marker" title="Line marker">Line marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">Surface marker buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt screw">Silt screw</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater<br />breathing<br />apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">Diving cylinder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burst_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Burst disc">Burst disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_cylinder_valve" title="Scuba cylinder valve">Scuba cylinder valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_diving_regulators" title="Mechanism of diving regulators">Mechanism of diving regulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_malfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator malfunction">Regulator malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_freeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator freeze">Regulator freeze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-hose regulator">Single-hose regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin-hose regulator">Twin-hose regulator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit<br />scuba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent doubles">Independent doubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifolded_twin_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifolded twin set">Manifolded twin set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_manifold" title="Scuba manifold">Scuba manifold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba configuration">Scuba configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidemount">Sidemount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling cylinder">Sling cylinder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_CDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton CDBA">Carleton CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Divers_Life_Support_Equipment" title="Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment">Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic rebreather">Cryogenic rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUMA" title="CUMA">CUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSEA" class="mw-redirect" title="DSEA">DSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_PVR-BASC" title="Halcyon PVR-BASC">Halcyon PVR-BASC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_RB80" title="Halcyon RB80">Halcyon RB80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDA71" title="IDA71">IDA71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspiro_DCSC" title="Interspiro DCSC">Interspiro DCSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-5" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-5">LAR-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-6" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-6">LAR-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-V" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-V">LAR-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertsen_Amphibious_Respiratory_Unit" title="Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit">LARU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_Amphibian" title="Mark IV Amphibian">Mark IV Amphibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_CDBA" title="Siebe Gorman CDBA">Siebe Gorman CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_Salvus" title="Siebe Gorman Salvus">Salvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siva_(rebreather)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siva (rebreather)">Siva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied<br />diving equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_line" title="Air line">Air line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">Diver's umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hookah_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookah (diving)">Hookah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba replacement">Scuba replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers"> Diving<br />equipment<br />manufacturers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP_Diving" title="AP Diving">AP Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apeks" title="Apeks">Apeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung_America" title="Aqua Lung America">Aqua Lung America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung/La_Spirotechnique" title="Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique">Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuchat" title="Beuchat">Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cavalero" title="René Cavalero">René Cavalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Lunar" title="Cis-Lunar">Cis-Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressi-Sub" title="Cressi-Sub">Cressi-Sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacor_(scuba_diving)" title="Dacor (scuba diving)">Dacor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESCO" title="DESCO">DESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_Xtras" title="Dive Xtras">Dive Xtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divex" title="Divex">Divex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Unlimited_International" title="Diving Unlimited International">Diving Unlimited International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Drägerwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faber_Industrie_S.p.A." title="Faber Industrie S.p.A.">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenzy" title="Fenzy">Fenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fernez" title="Maurice Fernez">Maurice Fernez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Ferraro_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Ferraro (naval officer)">Technisub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gugen" title="Oscar Gugen">Oscar Gugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinke_(diving_equipment_manufacturer)" title="Heinke (diving equipment manufacturer)">Heinke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HeinrichsWeikamp" title="HeinrichsWeikamp">HeinrichsWeikamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Outdoors" title="Johnson Outdoors">Johnson Outdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_(scuba_equipment)" title="Mares (scuba equipment)">Mares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_Diving" title="Morse Diving">Morse Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrod" title="Nemrod">Nemrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_Worldwide" title="Oceanic Worldwide">Oceanic Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearwater_Research" title="Shearwater Research">Shearwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Products" title="Submarine Products">Submarine Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suunto" title="Suunto">Suunto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_support_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Access equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_stirrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding stirrup">Boarding stirrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver lift">Diver lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving ladder">Diving ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_platform_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving platform (scuba)">Diving platform (scuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downline_(diving)" title="Downline (diving)">Downline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay" title="Jackstay">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_line" title="Messenger line">Messenger line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_pool" title="Moon pool">Moon pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor#Filtration" title="Diving air compressor">Air filtration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopcalite" title="Hopcalite">Hopcalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">Molecular sieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">Silica gel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_filling_system" title="Cascade filling system">Cascade filling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_pump" title="Diver's pump">Diver's pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving air filter">Diving air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Water separator">Water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure breathing air compressor">High pressure breathing air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure breathing air compressor">Low pressure breathing air compressor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">Gas blending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas reclaim system">Gas reclaim system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage bank">Gas storage bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_quad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage quad">Gas storage quad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage tube">Gas storage tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_analyzer" title="Helium analyzer">Helium analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrox production">Nitrox production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_gas_separation" title="Membrane gas separation">Membrane gas separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">Pressure swing adsorption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_analyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen analyser">Oxygen analyser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compatibility" title="Oxygen compatibility">Oxygen compatibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-lock">Air-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression tables">Decompression tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell cursor">Bell cursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clump_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Clump weight">Clump weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">Diving chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_Dive_Planner" title="Recreational Dive Planner">Recreational Dive Planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation system">Saturation system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_rubber_raiding_craft" title="Combat rubber raiding craft">Combat rubber raiding craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveaboard" title="Liveaboard">Liveaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subskimmer" title="Subskimmer">Subskimmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(K07)" title="HMS Challenger (K07)">HMS Challenger (K07)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterhabitat" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_habitat" title="Underwater habitat">Underwater<br />habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_Reef_Base" title="Aquarius Reef Base">Aquarius Reef Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Shelf_Station_Two" title="Continental Shelf Station Two">Continental Shelf Station Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgoland_Habitat" title="Helgoland Habitat">Helgoland Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter_Space_Analog_Station" title="Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station">Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEALAB" title="SEALAB">SEALAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektite_habitat" title="Tektite habitat">Tektite habitat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated<br />underwater vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8A4-class_ROUV" title="8A4-class ROUV">8A4-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABISMO" title="ABISMO">ABISMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_ROV_Team" title="Atlantis ROV Team">Atlantis ROV Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COTSBot" title="COTSBot">COTSBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURV" title="CURV">CURV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Drone" title="Deep Drone">Deep Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89paulard" title="Épaulard">Épaulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Explorer_ROV" title="Global Explorer ROV">Global Explorer ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish-class_ROUV" title="Goldfish-class ROUV">Goldfish-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8D_ROV" title="Kaikō ROV">Kaikō ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fif_ROUV" title="Kaşif ROUV">Kaşif ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-Term_Mine_Reconnaissance_System" title="Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System">Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Rover_ROV" title="Mini Rover ROV">Mini Rover ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenROV" title="OpenROV">OpenROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_KIEL_6000" title="ROV KIEL 6000">ROV KIEL 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_PHOCA" title="ROV PHOCA">ROV PHOCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_ROV" title="Scorpio ROV">Scorpio ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon-class_ROV" title="Sea Dragon-class ROV">Sea Dragon-class ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_tractor" title="Seabed tractor">Seabed tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafox_drone" title="Seafox drone">Seafox drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaPerch" title="SeaPerch">SeaPerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SJT-class_ROUV" title="SJT-class ROUV">SJT-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T1200_Trenching_Unit" title="T1200 Trenching Unit">T1200 Trenching Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoRay_UROVs" title="VideoRay UROVs">VideoRay UROVs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_down_flag" title="Diver down flag">Diver down flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENOS_Rescue-System" title="ENOS Rescue-System">ENOS Rescue-System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_lifeboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric lifeboat">Hyperbaric lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_stretcher" title="Hyperbaric stretcher">Hyperbaric stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackstay (diving)">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_gas_supply_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve gas supply (diving)">Reserve gas supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving spread">Diving spread</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Air spread">Air spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation spread">Saturation spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water system (diving)">Hot water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freediving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Deep" title="Nordic Deep">Nordic Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Blue" title="Vertical Blue">Vertical Blue</a></li> <li>Disciplines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant weight">Constant weight</a> (CWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_bi-fins" title="Constant weight bi-fins">Constant weight bi-fins</a> (CWTB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_without_fins" title="Constant weight without fins">Constant weight without fins</a> (CNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea" title="Dynamic apnea">Dynamic apnea</a> (DYN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic apnea without fins">Dynamic apnea without fins</a> (DNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Free immersion">Free immersion</a> (FIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-limits_apnea" title="No-limits apnea">No-limits apnea</a> (NLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_apnea" title="Static apnea">Static apnea</a> (STA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandalopetra_diving" title="Skandalopetra diving">Skandalopetra diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea">Variable weight apnea</a> (VWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea without fins">Variable weight apnea without fins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel (swimming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Andollo" title="Deborah Andollo">Deborah Andollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Arrigoni" title="Simone Arrigoni">Simone Arrigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppo_Biscarini" title="Peppo Biscarini">Peppo Biscarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Board" title="Michael Board">Michael Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Campbell" title="Sara Campbell">Sara Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derya_Can_G%C3%B6%C3%A7en" class="mw-redirect" title="Derya Can Göçen">Derya Can Göçen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_%C4%8Colak" title="Goran Čolak">Goran Čolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Coste" title="Carlos Coste">Carlos Coste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Croft_(diver)" title="Robert Croft (diver)">Robert Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandy-Rae_Cruickshank" title="Mandy-Rae Cruickshank">Mandy-Rae Cruickshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasemin_Dalk%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Yasemin Dalkılıç">Yasemin Dalkılıç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_D%27Imporzano" title="Leonardo D'Imporzano">Leonardo D'Imporzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahika_Erc%C3%BCmen" title="Şahika Ercümen">Şahika Ercümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Farrell_(freediver)" title="Emma Farrell (freediver)">Emma Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferreras" title="Francisco Ferreras">Francisco Ferreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frolla" title="Pierre Frolla">Pierre Frolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehgan_Heaney-Grier" title="Mehgan Heaney-Grier">Mehgan Heaney-Grier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kristoffersen" title="Elisabeth Kristoffersen">Elisabeth Kristoffersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Yevhenovych_Khvetkevych" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych">Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Maiorca" title="Enzo Maiorca">Enzo Maiorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mayol" title="Jacques Mayol">Jacques Mayol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Meyer" title="Karol Meyer">Karol Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Middleton_(free-diver)" title="Kate Middleton (free-diver)">Kate Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mifsud" title="Stéphane Mifsud">Stéphane Mifsud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Molchanov" title="Alexey Molchanov">Alexey Molchanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Mullins_(freediver)" title="Dave Mullins (freediver)">Dave Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Musimu" title="Patrick Musimu">Patrick Musimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_N%C3%A9ry" title="Guillaume Néry">Guillaume Néry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Nitsch" title="Herbert Nitsch">Herbert Nitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Pelizzari" title="Umberto Pelizzari">Umberto Pelizzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Philip" title="Liv Philip">Liv Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelie_Pompe" title="Annelie Pompe">Annelie Pompe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Severinsen" title="Stig Severinsen">Stig Severinsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sietas" title="Tom Sietas">Tom Sietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Solomons" title="Aharon Solomons">Aharon Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek_(free-diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Štěpánek (free-diver)">Martin Štěpánek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Steyn" title="Walter Steyn">Walter Steyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Streeter" title="Tanya Streeter">Tanya Streeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trubridge" title="William Trubridge">William Trubridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrim_Cenk_Ulusoy" title="Devrim Cenk Ulusoy">Devrim Cenk Ulusoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Uruk" title="Fatma Uruk">Fatma Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danai_Varveri" title="Danai Varveri">Danai Varveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessia_Zecchini" title="Alessia Zecchini">Alessia Zecchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliia_Zharkova" title="Nataliia Zharkova">Nataliia Zharkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-water blackout">Deep-water blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout#Terminology" title="Freediving blackout">Shallow-water blackout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_wrestling" title="Octopus wrestling">Octopus wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_underwater_swimming" title="Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming">Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Professional_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver">Commercial diver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial offshore diver">Commercial offshore diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazmat diver">Hazmat diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Media diver">Media diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Police diver">Police diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver">Public safety diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver">Scientific diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater archaeologist">Underwater archaeologist</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydiving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Military<br />diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_engineer_diver" title="Army engineer diver">Army engineer diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_Divers" title="Canadian Armed Forces Divers">Canadian Armed Forces Divers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_diver" title="Clearance diver">Clearance diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minentaucher" title="Minentaucher">Minentaucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_ships_diver" title="Royal Navy ships diver">Royal Navy ships diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_divers" title="United States military divers">United States military divers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Navy diver (United States Navy)">U.S. Navy diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master diver (United States Navy)">U.S.Navy master diver</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydivingunits" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_diving_units" title="List of military diving units">Military<br />diving<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)" title="Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)">Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando_Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Commando Hubert">Commando Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comando_Raggruppamento_Subacquei_e_Incursori_Teseo_Tesei" title="Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei">Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman_Corps_(Denmark)" title="Frogman Corps (Denmark)">Frogman Corps (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Fuerzas Especiales">Fuerzas Especiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuryu" title="Fukuryu">Fukuryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRUMEC" title="GRUMEC">GRUMEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grup_Gerak_Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Gerak Khas">Grup Gerak Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdkommando" title="Jagdkommando">Jagdkommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Formoza" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Formoza">JW Formoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_GROM" class="mw-redirect" title="JW GROM">JW GROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Komandos%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Komandosów">JW Komandosów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte_Marine" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine">Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOPASKA" title="KOPASKA">KOPASKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARCOS" title="MARCOS">MARCOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Commandos" title="Marine Commandos">Marine Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinejegerkommandoen" title="Marinejegerkommandoen">Marinejegerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Raider_Regiment" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minedykkerkommandoen" title="Minedykkerkommandoen">Minedykkerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Marine_Corps#Operational_Diving_Unit" title="Namibian Marine Corps">Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)" title="Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)">Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Service_Diving_Section" title="Naval Service Diving Section">Naval Service Diving Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Special_Operations_Command" title="Naval Special Operations Command">Naval Special Operations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Diving_Division_(SA_Navy)" title="Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)">Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Russian commando frogmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappers_Divers_Group" title="Sappers Divers Group">Sappers Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Actions_Detachment" title="Special Actions Detachment">Special Actions Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Squadron_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)">Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Command_(Turkey)" title="Special Forces Command (Turkey)">Special Forces Command (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Group_(Belgium)" title="Special Forces Group (Belgium)">Special Forces Group (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Battalion_(Croatia)" title="Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)">Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Group_(Navy)" title="Special Service Group (Navy)">Special Service Group (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Warfare_Diving_and_Salvage" title="Special Warfare Diving and Salvage">Special Warfare Diving and Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Divers_Group" title="Tactical Divers Group">Tactical Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance" title="United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance">US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions" title="United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions">US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">US Navy SEALs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Construction_Teams" title="Underwater Construction Teams">Underwater Construction Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Command" title="Underwater Demolition Command">Underwater Demolition Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team" title="Underwater Demolition Team">Underwater Demolition Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Offence_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)" title="Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)">Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNGERIN" title="UNGERIN">UNGERIN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_work" title="Underwater work">Underwater<br />work</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diving" title="Commercial offshore diving">Commercial offshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">Hazmat diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_welding" title="Hyperbaric welding">Hyperbaric welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_construction" title="Marine construction">Marine construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_construction" title="Underwater construction">Underwater construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diving" title="Media diving">Media diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diving" title="Police diving">Police diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potable_water_diving" title="Potable water diving">Potable water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">Public safety diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">Scientific diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">Ships husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_diving" title="Sponge diving">Sponge diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">Submarine pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Archaeology of shipwrecks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cutting_and_welding" title="Underwater cutting and welding">Underwater cutting and welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_demolition" title="Underwater demolition">Underwater demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater inspection">Underwater inspection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Nondestructive testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_logging" title="Underwater logging">Underwater logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_search_and_recovery" title="Underwater search and recovery">Underwater search and recovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_videography" title="Underwater videography">Underwater videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_survey" title="Underwater survey">Underwater survey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Salvage_diving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salvage_diving" title="Salvage diving">Salvage diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Egypt" title="SS Egypt">SS <i>Egypt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)"><i>Kronan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)"><i>La Belle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Laurentic_(1908)" title="SS Laurentic (1908)">SS <i>Laurentic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_warship_Mars" title="Swedish warship Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose"><i>Mary Rose</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS <i>Royal George</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)"><i>Vasa</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving contractor">Diving<br />contractors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">COMEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_Energy_Solutions_Group" title="Helix Energy Solutions Group">Helix Energy Solutions Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_waterjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive waterjet">Abrasive waterjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift_(dredging_device)" title="Airlift (dredging device)">Airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baited_remote_underwater_video" title="Baited remote underwater video">Baited remote underwater video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_surface_cleaning" title="In-water surface cleaning">In-water surface cleaning</a> <ul><li>Brush cart</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavitation_cleaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavitation cleaning (page does not exist)">Cavitation cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_washing" title="Pressure washing">Pressure washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigging" title="Pigging">Pigging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_stab" title="Hot stab">Hot stab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifting_bag" title="Lifting bag">Lifting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated underwater vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_lance" title="Thermal lance">Thermal lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremie" title="Tremie">Tremie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_jetting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water jetting (page does not exist)">Water jetting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">Limpet mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterfirearm" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater<br />firearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyrojet" title="Gyrojet">Gyrojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_1_Underwater_Defense_Gun" title="Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun">Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhead_(firearm)" title="Powerhead (firearm)">Powerhead</a></li> <li>Underwater pistols <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P11" title="Heckler & Koch P11">Heckler & Koch P11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPP-1_underwater_pistol" title="SPP-1 underwater pistol">SPP-1 underwater pistol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater revolvers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAI_underwater_revolver" title="AAI underwater revolver">AAI underwater revolver</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater rifles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADS_amphibious_rifle" title="ADS amphibious rifle">ADS amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APS_underwater_rifle" title="APS underwater rifle">APS underwater rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-DT_amphibious_rifle" title="ASM-DT amphibious rifle">ASM-DT amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBS-06" title="QBS-06">QBS-06</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Recreational_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Index of recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wreck_diving_sites" title="List of wreck diving sites">List of wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Outline of recreational dive sites">Outline of recreational dive sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">Sidemount diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_organisations" title="Diver organisations">Diver<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey" title="Quintana Roo Speleological Survey">Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</a> (QRSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodville_Karst_Plain_Project" title="Woodville Karst Plain Project">Woodville Karst Plain Project</a> (WKPP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving tourism<br />industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_center" title="Dive center">Dive center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_East_Timor" title="Diving in East Timor">Diving in East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_the_Maldives" title="Diving in the Maldives">Diving in the Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands">Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_ships_for_wreck_diving_sites" title="Sinking ships for wreck diving sites">Sinking ships for wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_on_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater diving on Guam">Underwater diving on Guam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving events<br />and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversnight" title="Diversnight">Diversnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Bike_Race" title="Underwater Bike Race">Underwater Bike Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">Safety-critical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving fatalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_emergency" title="Underwater diving emergency">Underwater diving emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_safety" title="Water safety">Water safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_surface_searches" title="Water surface searches">Water surface searches</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_hazards" title="Diving hazards">Diving<br />hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">List of diving hazards and precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazards_of_the_diving_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazards of the diving environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-P_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-P (hazard)">Delta-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entanglement_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entanglement (hazard)">Entanglement hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Overhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_out" title="Silt out">Silt out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">Wave action</a></li></ul></li> <li>Equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeflow" title="Freeflow">Freeflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Use_of_breathing_equipment_in_an_underwater_environment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li></ul></li> <li>Physiological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">Uncontrolled decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Diver_behaviour_and_competence" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Diver behaviour and competence</a> <ul><li>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">Overconfidence effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_loading" title="Task loading">Task loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety#Trait" title="Anxiety">Trait anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willful_violation" title="Willful violation">Willful violation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Consequences" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">Diving<br />procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_descending_(diving)" title="Ascending and descending (diving)">Ascending and descending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ascent" title="Emergency ascent">Emergency ascent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat diving">Boat diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">Buddy diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_check" title="Buddy check">buddy check</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice" title="Decompression practice">Decompression practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyle_stop" title="Pyle stop">Pyle stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratio_decompression" title="Ratio decompression">Ratio decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_briefing" title="Dive briefing">Dive briefing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_log" title="Dive log">Dive log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">Dive planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">Diver communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_rescue" title="Diver rescue">Diver rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doing_It_Right_(scuba_diving)" title="Doing It Right (scuba diving)">Doing It Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_diving" title="Drift diving">Drift diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_management" title="Scuba gas management">Scuba gas management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_diving" title="Wall diving">Wall diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li>Hazard identification and risk assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_evacuation_and_rescue" title="Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue">Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_control" title="Risk control">Risk control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_pit" title="Incident pit">Incident pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout%E2%80%93tagout" title="Lockout–tagout">Lockout–tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">Situation awareness</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_team" title="Diving team">Diving team</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellman_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellman (diving)">Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber operator">Chamber operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_medical_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver medical technician">Diver medical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_attendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's attendant">Diver's attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_systems_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving systems technician">Diving systems technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas man">Gas man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_support_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support technician">Life support technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-by_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand-by diver">Stand-by diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment<br />safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing gas quality">Breathing gas quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">Testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_test" title="Hydrostatic test">Hydrostatic test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_load_cracking" title="Sustained load cracking">Sustained load cracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational<br />safety and<br />health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Diving_Contractors_International" title="Association of Diving Contractors International">Association of Diving Contractors International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response plan">Emergency response plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">Diving<br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_signs_and_symptoms_of_diving_disorders" title="List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders">List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternobaric_vertigo" title="Alternobaric vertigo">Alternobaric vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barostriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Barostriction">Barostriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">Air embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barodontalgia" title="Barodontalgia">Barodontalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental barotrauma">Dental barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">Pulmonary barotrauma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_arthralgia" title="Compression arthralgia">Compression arthralgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">Decompression illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbarism" title="Dysbarism">Dysbarism</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">Hyperoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inert gases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysbaric_osteonecrosis" title="Dysbaric osteonecrosis">Dysbaric osteonecrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobaric_counterdiffusion" title="Isobaric counterdiffusion">Isobaric counterdiffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taravana" title="Taravana">Taravana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_nervous_syndrome" title="High-pressure nervous syndrome">High-pressure nervous syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_narcosis" title="Hydrogen narcosis">Hydrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon dioxide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">Hypocapnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />contaminants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersion<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion diuresis">Immersion diuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinctive_drowning_response" title="Instinctive drowning response">Instinctive drowning response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_water_aspiration_syndrome" title="Salt water aspiration syndrome">Salt water aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming-induced_pulmonary_edema" title="Swimming-induced pulmonary edema">Swimming-induced pulmonary edema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_valve_oxygen_therapy" title="Demand valve oxygen therapy">Demand valve oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_treatment_schedules" title="Hyperbaric treatment schedules">Hyperbaric treatment schedules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_recompression" title="In-water recompression">In-water recompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_recompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic recompression">Therapeutic recompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Examiner">Diving Medical Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Practitioner">Diving Medical Practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Technician">Diving Medical Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_nursing" title="Hyperbaric nursing">Hyperbaric nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_drugs_on_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of drugs on fitness to dive">Effects of drugs on fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">Fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological fitness to dive">Psychological fitness to dive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_diving_physiology_and_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of researchers in diving physiology and medicine">Researchers in<br />diving physiology<br />and medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Bachrach" title="Arthur J. Bachrach">Arthur J. Bachrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Behnke" title="Albert R. Behnke">Albert R. Behnke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Bennett" title="Peter B. Bennett">Peter B. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bert" title="Paul Bert">Paul Bert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Bond" title="George F. Bond">George F. Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_O._Brubakk" title="Alf O. Brubakk">Alf O. Brubakk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._B%C3%BChlmann" title="Albert A. Bühlmann">Albert A. Bühlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybon_Chesney_Castell_Damant" title="Guybon Chesney Castell Damant">Guybon Chesney Castell Damant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald" title="Kenneth William Donald">Kenneth William Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paul_Fife" title="William Paul Fife">William Paul Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Hamilton_Jr." title="Robert William Hamilton Jr.">Robert William Hamilton Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Valence_Hempleman" title="Henry Valence Hempleman">Henry Valence Hempleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Erskine_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Erskine Hill">Leonard Erskine Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Andrew_Hills" title="Brian Andrew Hills">Brian Andrew Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler" title="Felix Hoppe-Seyler">Felix Hoppe-Seyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mitchell" title="Simon Mitchell">Simon Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Momsen" title="Charles Momsen">Charles Momsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_W._Pollock" title="Neal W. Pollock">Neal W. Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawlins_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Rawlins (Royal Navy officer)">John Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley_Shilling" title="Charles Wesley Shilling">Charles Wesley Shilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Thalmann" title="Edward D. Thalmann">Edward D. Thalmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving medical<br />research<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Medical_Association" title="Aerospace Medical Association">Aerospace Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> (DAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Diseases_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Diseases Research Centre">Diving Diseases Research Centre</a> (DDRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Advisory_Council" title="Diving Medical Advisory Council">Diving Medical Advisory Council</a> (DMAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Diving_Technology_Committee" title="European Diving Technology Committee">European Diving Technology Committee</a> (EDTC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_and_Baromedical_Society" title="European Underwater and Baromedical Society">European Underwater and Baromedical Society</a> (EUBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Diving_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Technology" title="National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology">National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Medical_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory">Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_School_of_Underwater_Medicine" title="Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine">Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Society" title="South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society">South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society</a> (SPUMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Underwater_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Association" title="Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association">Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association</a> (SAUHMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" title="Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society</a> (UHMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" title="United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit">United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a> (NEDU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liability_in_recreational_diving" title="Civil liability in recreational diving">Civil liability in recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">Duty of care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_regulating_underwater_diving" title="List of legislation regulating underwater diving">List of legislation regulating underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_diving_accidents" title="Investigation of diving accidents">Investigation of diving accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Underwater_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage">Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_decompression_research_and_development" title="History of decompression research and development">History of decompression research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_dive_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of dive computers">History of dive computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Diving_Museum" title="History of Diving Museum">History of Diving Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_scuba_diving" title="History of scuba diving">History of scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Maritime_Museum" title="Lyons Maritime Museum">Lyons Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Sea_Museum" title="Man in the Sea Museum">Man in the Sea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_atmospheric_diving_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of atmospheric diving suits">Timeline of atmospheric diving suits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearling_in_Western_Australia" title="Pearling in Western Australia">Pearling in Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Navy_decompression_models_and_tables" title="US Navy decompression models and tables">US Navy decompression models and tables</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Commodore" title="SS Commodore">SS <i>Commodore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater art<br />and artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Diver" title="The Diver">The Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_deCaires_Taylor" title="Jason deCaires Taylor">Jason deCaires Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers<br />and inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont" title="Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli" title="Giovanni Alfonso Borelli">Giovanni Alfonso Borelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Martin_Cabirol" title="Joseph-Martin Cabirol">Joseph-Martin Cabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Deane" title="Charles Anthony Deane">Charles Anthony Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Deane_(inventor)" title="John Deane (inventor)">John Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Corlieu" title="Louis de Corlieu">Louis de Corlieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Eldred" title="Ted Eldred">Ted Eldred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Klingert" title="Karl Heinrich Klingert">Karl Heinrich Klingert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft_(diver)" title="Peter Kreeft (diver)">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Le_Prieur" title="Yves Le Prieur">Yves Le Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lethbridge" title="John Lethbridge">John Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Moir" title="Ernest William Moir">Ernest William Moir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress" title="Joseph Salim Peress">Joseph Salim Peress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Savoie" title="Joe Savoie">Joe Savoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Franklyn_Searle" title="Willard Franklyn Searle">Willard Franklyn Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(inventor)" title="Gordon Smith (inventor)">Gordon Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Augustus Siebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Touboulic" title="Pierre-Marie Touboulic">Pierre-Marie Touboulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Calypso" title="RV Calypso">RV <i>Calypso</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-350_Denise" title="SP-350 Denise">SP-350 <i>Denise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonos" title="Nikonos">Nikonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_Marine_Explorer" title="Sub Marine Explorer">Sub Marine Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_scuba" title="Vintage scuba">Vintage scuba</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diverpropulsionvehicles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver<br />propulsion<br />vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_SEAL_Delivery_System" title="Advanced SEAL Delivery System">Advanced SEAL Delivery System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_CE2F_series" title="Cosmos CE2F series">Cosmos CE2F series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_Combat_Submersible" title="Dry Combat Submersible">Dry Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorised_Submersible_Canoe" title="Motorised Submersible Canoe">Motorised Submersible Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Nymph" title="Necker Nymph">Necker Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-2_Mala-class_swimmer_delivery_vehicle" title="R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle">R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle" title="SEAL Delivery Vehicle">SEAL Delivery Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_Water_Combat_Submersible" title="Shallow Water Combat Submersible">Shallow Water Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siluro_San_Bartolomeo" title="Siluro San Bartolomeo">Siluro San Bartolomeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfreighter" title="Welfreighter">Welfreighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_Nellie" title="Wet Nellie">Wet Nellie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military and<br />covert operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_cageless_shark-diving_expedition" title="1992 cageless shark-diving expedition">1992 cageless shark-diving expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_31" title="Mission 31">Mission 31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass_Award" title="Hans Hass Award">Hans Hass Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Scuba_Diving_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame">International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Diving_Chamber_Dive_Lectures" title="London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures">London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOGI_Awards" title="NOGI Awards">NOGI Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Divers_Hall_of_Fame" title="Women Divers Hall of Fame">Women Divers Hall of Fame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Conception" title="Sinking of MV Conception">Sinking of MV <i>Conception</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diver rescues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(carpenter)" title="John Day (carpenter)">John Day (carpenter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spalding" title="Charles Spalding">Charles Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Watson">Ebenezer Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Keenan" title="Stephen Keenan">Stephen Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mevoli" title="Nicholas Mevoli">Nicholas Mevoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore diving">Offshore<br />diving</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident" title="Byford Dolphin"><i>Byford Dolphin</i> diving bell accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_Master_diving_accident" title="Drill Master diving accident"><i>Drill Master</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Canopus_diving_accident" title="Star Canopus diving accident"><i>Star Canopus</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stena_Seaspread_diving_accident" title="Stena Seaspread diving accident"><i>Stena Seaspread</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_One_diving_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture One diving accident"><i>Venture One</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waage_Drill_II_diving_accident" title="Waage Drill II diving accident"><i>Waage Drill II</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrake_diving_accident" title="Wildrake diving accident"><i>Wildrake</i> diving accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional<br />diving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Baldwin_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Baldwin (diver)">Roger Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bennett_(diver)" title="John Bennett (diver)">John Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Guiel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Guiel Jr.">Victor F. Guiel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Hammerberg" title="Francis P. Hammerberg">Francis P. Hammerberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_M._Hoffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig M. Hoffman">Craig M. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Henry_Michael_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Henry Michael Holmes">Peter Henry Michael Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Sea_Link_accident" title="Johnson Sea Link accident">Johnson Sea Link accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Clayton_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Clayton Link">Edwin Clayton Link</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Anthony_Prangley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Anthony Prangley">Gerard Anthony Prangley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Skipnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Skipnes">Per Skipnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Smyth">Robert John Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_D._Stover" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert D. Stover">Albert D. Stover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Walker">Richard A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Michael_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar Michael Ward">Lothar Michael Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Bradley_Westell" title="Death of Bradley Westell">Bradley Westell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving<br />fatalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Mount_Gambier_cave_diving_accident" title="1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident">1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Armbruster" title="Ricardo Armbruster">Ricardo Armbruster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bridge" title="Allan Bridge">Allan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bright_(diver)" title="David Bright (diver)">David Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Coulson" title="Cotton Coulson">Cotton Coulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Coutinho" title="Cláudio Coutinho">Cláudio Coutinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Yale_Dawson" title="E. Yale Dawson">E. Yale Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deon_Dreyer" title="Deon Dreyer">Deon Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Dufek" title="Milan Dufek">Milan Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fargues" title="Maurice Fargues">Maurice Fargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Garman" title="Guy Garman">Guy Garman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Steve_Irwin" title="Death of Steve Irwin">death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_(American_football,_born_1935)" title="Jim Jones (American football, born 1935)">Jim Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Koz%C5%82owski_(speleologist)" title="Artur Kozłowski (speleologist)">Artur Kozłowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Lipski" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Lipski">Yuri Lipski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_MacColl" title="Kirsty MacColl">Kirsty MacColl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Linnea_Mills" title="Death of Linnea Mills">Linnea Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Roubaix" title="François de Roubaix">François de Roubaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">Chris and Chrissy Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Shaw" title="Dave Shaw">Dave Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Stewart_(filmmaker)" title="Rob Stewart (filmmaker)">Rob Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson" title="Esbjörn Svensson">Esbjörn Svensson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Velek" title="Josef Velek">Josef Velek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Diving_Manual" title="NOAA Diving Manual">NOAA Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy_Diving_Manual" title="U.S. Navy Diving Manual">U.S. Navy Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Cave_Diving:_A_Blueprint_for_Survival" title="Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival">Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underwater Handbook (page does not exist)">Underwater Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bennett_and_Elliott%27s_physiology_and_medicine_of_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving (page does not exist)">Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Recreational_Diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_new_science_of_skin_and_scuba_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The new science of skin and scuba diving (page does not exist)">The new science of skin and scuba diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_Diver%27s_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional Diver's Handbook (page does not exist)">Professional Diver's Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_Scuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic Scuba (page does not exist)">Basic Scuba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards and<br />Codes of Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Practice_for_Scientific_Diving_(UNESCO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)">Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_7876" title="DIN 7876">DIN 7876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMCA_Code_of_Practice_for_Offshore_Diving" class="mw-redirect" title="IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving">IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_24801_Recreational_diving_services_%E2%80%94_Requirements_for_the_training_of_recreational_scuba_divers" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers">ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Darkness_Beckons" title="The Darkness Beckons">The Darkness Beckons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfinder" title="Goldfinder">Goldfinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">The Last Dive</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Divers" title="Shadow Divers">Shadow Divers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_World:_A_Story_of_Undersea_Discovery_and_Adventure" title="The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure">The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Divers_Alert_Network_publications" title="List of Divers Alert Network publications">List of Divers Alert Network publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_guide_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive guide (publication)">Dive guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Training_and_registration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Training and registration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver<br />training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Competence and assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning">Competency-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refresher_training_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refresher training (diving)">Refresher training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skill_assessment" title="Skill assessment">Skill assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_standard" title="Diver training standard">Diver training standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving school">Diving school</a></li> <li>Occupational diver training <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver training">Commercial diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military diver training">Military diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver training">Public safety diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver training">Scientific diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_recreational_diving_training_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO recreational diving training standards">ISO training standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlearning" title="Overlearning">Overlearning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_exposure_training" title="Stress exposure training">Stress exposure training</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Skills" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_sidestroke" title="Combat sidestroke">Combat sidestroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_navigation" title="Diver navigation">Diver navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">Diver trim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">Ear clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenzel_maneuver" title="Frenzel maneuver">Frenzel maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver" title="Valsalva maneuver">Valsalva maneuver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finning_techniques" title="Finning techniques">Finning techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_breathing" title="Buddy breathing">Buddy breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Reef_System" title="Diamond Reef System">Diamond Reef System</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_scuba_certification_levels" title="Recreational scuba certification levels">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core diving skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Open_Water_Diver" title="Advanced Open Water Diver">Advanced Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_diver" title="Autonomous diver">Autonomous diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS*_scuba_diver" title="CMAS* scuba diver">CMAS* scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS**_scuba_diver" title="CMAS** scuba diver">CMAS** scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Impact_Diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Impact Diver">Low Impact Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Scuba_Diver" title="Master Scuba Diver">Master Scuba Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Water_Diver" title="Open Water Diver">Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_diver" title="Supervised diver">Supervised diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Instructor" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Instructor">Master Instructor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Diver" title="Rescue Diver">Rescue Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo diver">Solo diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_organization" title="Diver training organization">Diver training<br />certification<br />and registration<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_Federation" title="European Underwater Federation">European Underwater Federation</a> (EUF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Regulators_and_Certifiers_Forum" title="International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum">International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum</a> (IDRCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Schools_Association" title="International Diving Schools Association">International Diving Schools Association</a> (IDSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a> (IMCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">List of diver certification organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_course_referral" title="Recreational diver course referral">Recreational diver course referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" title="World Recreational Scuba Training Council">World Recreational Scuba Training Council</a> (WRSTC)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Diver_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme">Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme</a> (ADAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_registration_in_South_Africa" title="Commercial diver registration in South Africa">Commercial diver registration in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Institute_of_Technology" title="Divers Institute of Technology">Divers Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (HSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Employment_and_Labour" title="Department of Employment and Labour">Department of Employment and Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diving<br />schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Academy_International" title="Divers Academy International">Divers Academy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Norway_University_of_Applied_Sciences#Norwegian_diver_school" title="Western Norway University of Applied Sciences">Norwegian diver school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-diving<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a> (AIDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a> (PI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadian_Underwater_Certifications" title="American Canadian Underwater Certifications">American Canadian Underwater Certifications</a> (ACUC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_nationale_des_moniteurs_de_plong%C3%A9e" title="Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée">Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée</a> (ANMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation" title="International Life Saving Federation">International Life Saving Federation</a> (ILS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Diving_Federation" title="Israeli Diving Federation">Israeli Diving Federation</a> (TIDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Scuba_Educators" title="National Academy of Scuba Educators">National Academy of Scuba Educators</a> (NASE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Onderwatersport_Bond" title="Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond">Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond</a> (NOB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Aqua_Association" title="Sub-Aqua Association">Sub-Aqua Association</a> (SAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Educators_International" title="Scuba Educators International">Scuba Educators International</a> (SEI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Scottish Sub Aqua Club">Scottish Sub Aqua Club</a> (ScotSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a> (TSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Diving_Instructors" title="United Diving Instructors">United Diving Instructors</a> (UDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YMCA_SCUBA_Program" title="YMCA SCUBA Program">YMCA SCUBA Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> (AAUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques#Scientific_committee" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS Scientific Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical diver<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Science_and_Technology" title="Diving Science and Technology">Diving Science and Technology</a> (DSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_Scuba_Association" title="Trimix Scuba Association">Trimix Scuba Association</a> (TSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Technical Extended Range</a> (TXR)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cavediving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cave<br />diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society#Cave_Diving_Group" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">Technical Diving International</a> (TDI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Diving_School" title="Defence Diving School">Defence Diving School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City#Tenant_commands" title="Naval Support Activity Panama City">Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Escape_Training_Unit" title="Underwater Escape Training Unit">Underwater Escape Training Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Combatant_Diver_Course" title="United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course">United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">Underwater sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface snorkeling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snorkeling/breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Australia" title="Underwater hockey in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Turkey" title="Underwater hockey in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater rugby in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_the_United_States" title="Underwater rugby in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open Circuit Scuba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion finswimming">Immersion finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_diving_(sport)" title="Sport diving (sport)">Sport diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cycling" title="Underwater cycling">Underwater cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_orienteering" title="Underwater orienteering">Underwater orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebreather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports governing<br />organisations<br /> and federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>National <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_Hellas" title="AIDA Hellas">AIDA Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Octopush_Association" title="British Octopush Association">British Octopush Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Underwater_Sports_Association" title="British Underwater Sports Association">British Underwater Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_federation_of_underwater_studies_and_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="French federation of underwater studies and sports">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="South African Underwater Sports Federation">South African Underwater Sports Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Society_of_America" title="Underwater Society of America">Underwater Society of America</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_CMAS_Underwater_Photography_World_Championship" title="14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship">14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Underwater Hockey World Championships">Underwater Hockey World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Orienteering_World_Championships" title="Underwater Orienteering World Championships">Underwater Orienteering World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Rugby_World_Championships" title="Underwater Rugby World Championships">Underwater Rugby World Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_divers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_divers" title="Outline of underwater divers">Underwater divers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers<br />of diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Admetlla_i_L%C3%A1zaro" title="Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro">Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bonnin" title="Mary Bonnin">Mary Bonnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Behrens-Furniss" title="Amelia Behrens-Furniss">Amelia Behrens-Furniss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Cahill" title="James F. Cahill">James F. Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Deans_(diver)" title="Billy Deans (diver)">Billy Deans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dottie_Frazier" title="Dottie Frazier">Dottie Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hampton" title="Trevor Hampton">Trevor Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teseo_Tesei" title="Teseo Tesei">Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />scientists<br />archaeologists and<br />environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Arbuthnot" title="Michael Arbuthnot">Michael Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensun_Bound" title="Mensun Bound">Mensun Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Boutan" title="Louis Boutan">Louis Boutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bozanic" title="Jeffrey Bozanic">Jeffrey Bozanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Church" title="Cathy Church">Cathy Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Clark" title="Eugenie Clark">Eugenie Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">James P. Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Fischer" title="George R. Fischer">George R. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Anders Franzén">Anders Franzén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_Frost" title="Honor Frost">Honor Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gibbins" title="David Gibbins">David Gibbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Jessop" title="Graham Jessop">Graham Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_Puspa_Lestari" title="Swietenia Puspa Lestari">Swietenia Puspa Lestari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_Luna" title="Pilar Luna">Pilar Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Marx" title="Robert F. Marx">Robert F. Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Marguerite_McCann" title="Anna Marguerite McCann">Anna Marguerite McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_McCartney" title="Innes McCartney">Innes McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Meide" title="Charles T. Meide">Charles T. Meide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_M._Newell" title="Mark M. Newell">Mark M. Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuba_Ognenova-Marinova" title="Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova">Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">John Peter Oleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_L._Peterson" title="Mendel L. Peterson">Mendel L. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pyle" title="Richard Pyle">Richard Pyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Rechnitzer" title="Andreas Rechnitzer">Andreas Rechnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Royal" title="William R. Royal">William R. Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rule" title="Margaret Rule">Margaret Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_Sch%C3%B6bel" title="Gunter Schöbel">Gunter Schöbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Schwabe" title="Stephanie Schwabe">Stephanie Schwabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Seco" title="Myriam Seco">Myriam Seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Zenato" title="Cristina Zenato">Cristina Zenato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scuba record<br />holders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Pascal Bernabé">Pascal Bernabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bowden_(diver)" title="Jim Bowden (diver)">Jim Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ellyatt" title="Mark Ellyatt">Mark Ellyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomes_(diver)" title="Nuno Gomes (diver)">Nuno Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Serpieri" title="Claudia Serpieri">Claudia Serpieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Starnawski" title="Krzysztof Starnawski">Krzysztof Starnawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />filmmakers<br />and presenters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Alhafith" title="Samir Alhafith">Samir Alhafith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Bravo" title="Ramón Bravo">Ramón Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau" title="Jean-Michel Cousteau">Jean-Michel Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Kohler" title="Richie Kohler">Richie Kohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rose_(TV_presenter)" title="Paul Rose (TV presenter)">Paul Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Torbet" title="Andy Torbet">Andy Torbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tors" title="Ivan Tors">Ivan Tors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wight" title="Andrew Wight">Andrew Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Allan" title="Doug Allan">Doug Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Benitez" title="Tamara Benitez">Tamara Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Biddle" title="Adrian Biddle">Adrian Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bird" title="Jonathan Bird">Jonathan Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cheng" title="Eric Cheng">Eric Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Coleman" title="Neville Coleman">Neville Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Craig" title="John D. Craig">John D. Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cropp" title="Ben Cropp">Ben Cropp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Delemotte" title="Bernard Delemotte">Bernard Delemotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Doubilet" title="David Doubilet">David Doubilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Farmer" title="Candice Farmer">Candice Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Fox" title="Rodney Fox">Rodney Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_Frazier" title="Ric Frazier">Ric Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Frink" title="Stephen Frink">Stephen Frink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gimbel" title="Peter Gimbel">Peter Gimbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Halls" title="Monty Halls">Monty Halls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudie_Kuiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudie Kuiter">Rudie Kuiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Marden" title="Luis Marden">Luis Marden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Monkman" title="Noel Monkman">Noel Monkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Oxford" title="Pete Oxford">Pete Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Parish" title="Steve Parish">Steve Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zale_Parry" title="Zale Parry">Zale Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Petit_(photographer)" title="Pierre Petit (photographer)">Pierre Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scoones" title="Peter Scoones">Peter Scoones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Skerry" title="Brian Skerry">Brian Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Tailliez" title="Philippe Tailliez">Philippe Tailliez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Taylor_(diver)" title="Ron Taylor (diver)">Ron Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Taylor_(diver)" title="Valerie Taylor (diver)">Valerie Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Tillman" title="Albert Tillman">Albert Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Veltri" title="John Veltri">John Veltri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Waterman" title="Stan Waterman">Stan Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Westmorland" title="Michele Westmorland">Michele Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest_Williamson" title="John Ernest Williamson">John Ernest Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lamar_Worzel" title="J. Lamar Worzel">J. Lamar Worzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Balcombe" title="Graham Balcombe">Graham Balcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Farr" title="Martyn Farr">Martyn Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Hasenmayer" title="Jochen Hasenmayer">Jochen Hasenmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Jablonski" title="Jarrod Jablonski">Jarrod Jablonski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth_Main" title="William Hogarth Main">William Hogarth Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mount" title="Tom Mount">Tom Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sheppard_(cave_diver)" title="Jack Sheppard (cave diver)">Jack Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(caver)" title="William Stone (caver)">Bill Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reefs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wrecks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Bishop" title="Leigh Bishop">Leigh Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chatterton" title="John Chatterton">John Chatterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nagle" title="Bill Nagle">Bill Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_van_Heest" title="Valerie van Heest">Valerie van Heest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelis_Zervoudis" title="Aristotelis Zervoudis">Aristotelis Zervoudis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Abercromby" title="Andrew Abercromby">Andrew Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Acaba" title="Joseph M. Acaba">Joseph M. Acaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Anderson" title="Clayton Anderson">Clayton Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Arnold" title="Richard R. Arnold">Richard R. Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor" title="Serena Auñón-Chancellor">Serena Auñón-Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(astronaut)" title="Michael Barratt (astronaut)">Michael Barratt (astronaut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Barth" title="Robert A. Barth">Robert A. Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Robert L. Behnken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bresnik" title="Randolph Bresnik">Randolph Bresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._Broderick" title="Timothy J. Broderick">Timothy J. Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Brown_(aquanaut)" title="Justin Brown (aquanaut)">Justin Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Chamitoff" title="Gregory Chamitoff">Gregory Chamitoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chappell" title="Steve Chappell">Steve Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Coleman" title="Catherine Coleman">Catherine Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook_(American_novelist)" title="Robin Cook (American novelist)">Robin Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_B._Cooper" title="Craig B. Cooper">Craig B. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabien_Cousteau" title="Fabien Cousteau">Fabien Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Cousteau" title="Philippe Cousteau">Philippe Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Creamer" title="Timothy Creamer">Timothy Creamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dory" title="Jonathan Dory">Jonathan Dory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Epps" title="Jeanette Epps">Jeanette Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Falco" title="Albert Falco">Albert Falco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Feustel" title="Andrew J. Feustel">Andrew J. Feustel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fincke" title="Michael Fincke">Michael Fincke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Furukawa" title="Satoshi Furukawa">Satoshi Furukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_J._Garan_Jr." title="Ronald J. Garan Jr.">Ronald J. Garan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Gernhardt" title="Michael L. Gernhardt">Michael L. Gernhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_E._Gerty" title="Christopher E. Gerty">Christopher E. Gerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gruber" title="David Gruber">David Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen" title="Jeremy Hansen">Jeremy Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M._Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José M. Hernández">José M. Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrington" title="John Herrington">John Herrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hill_(flight_director)" title="Paul Hill (flight director)">Paul Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akihiko_Hoshide" title="Akihiko Hoshide">Akihiko Hoshide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hulsbeck" title="Mark Hulsbeck">Mark Hulsbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Hwang" title="Emma Hwang">Emma Hwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norishige_Kanai" title="Norishige Kanai">Norishige Kanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Kaufman" title="Les Kaufman">Les Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Kohanowich" title="Karen Kohanowich">Karen Kohanowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Kopra" title="Timothy Kopra">Timothy Kopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Landucci" title="Dominic Landucci">Dominic Landucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lindbergh" title="Jon Lindbergh">Jon Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_N._Lindgren" title="Kjell N. Lindgren">Kjell N. Lindgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marshburn" title="Thomas Marshburn">Thomas Marshburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Maurer" title="Matthias Maurer">Matthias Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Megan_McArthur" title="K. Megan McArthur">K. Megan McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_McKinley_(physician)" title="Craig McKinley (physician)">Craig McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Melchior" title="Simone Melchior">Simone Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Metcalf-Lindenburger" title="Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger">Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Mogensen" title="Andreas Mogensen">Andreas Mogensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Nyberg" title="Karen Nyberg">Karen Nyberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Olivas" title="John D. Olivas">John D. Olivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuya_Onishi" title="Takuya Onishi">Takuya Onishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Parmitano" title="Luca Parmitano">Luca Parmitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Patrick" title="Nicholas Patrick">Nicholas Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Peake" title="Tim Peake">Tim Peake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Reagan" title="Marc Reagan">Marc Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Reisman" title="Garrett Reisman">Garrett Reisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Rubins" title="Kathleen Rubins">Kathleen Rubins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Ruttley" title="Tara Ruttley">Tara Ruttley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Saint-Jacques" title="David Saint-Jacques">David Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schmid_(flight_surgeon)" title="Josef Schmid (flight surgeon)">Josef Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheats" title="Robert Sheats">Robert Sheats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Squyres" title="Steve Squyres">Steve Squyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Stefanyshyn-Piper" title="Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper">Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Stevenin" title="Hervé Stevenin">Hervé Stevenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Stott" title="Nicole Stott">Nicole Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Talacek" title="James Talacek">James Talacek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_M._Tani" title="Daniel M. Tani">Daniel M. Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thirsk" title="Robert Thirsk">Robert Thirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Todd" title="Bill Todd">Bill Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_T._Vande_Hei" title="Mark T. Vande Hei">Mark T. Vande Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Koichi Wakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_J._Walheim" title="Rex J. Walheim">Rex J. Walheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Walker" title="Shannon Walker">Shannon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_Wells" title="John Morgan Wells">John Morgan Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Wheelock" title="Douglas H. Wheelock">Douglas H. Wheelock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Williams" title="Dafydd Williams">Dafydd Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Williams_(astronaut)" title="Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)">Jeffrey Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Wiseman" title="Reid Wiseman">Reid Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiya_Yui" title="Kimiya Yui">Kimiya Yui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Barnette" title="Michael C. Barnette">Michael C. Barnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Berge" title="Victor Berge">Victor Berge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Diol%C3%A9" title="Philippe Diolé">Philippe Diolé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gentile" title="Gary Gentile">Gary Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Gilliam" title="Bret Gilliam">Bret Gilliam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Halstead" title="Bob Halstead">Bob Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Hauser" title="Hillary Hauser">Hillary Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jackson_(diver)" title="Trevor Jackson (diver)">Trevor Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Lewis_(diver)" title="Steve Lewis (diver)">Steve Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mattera" title="John Mattera">John Mattera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescuers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Challen" title="Craig Challen">Craig Challen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris_(anaesthetist)" title="Richard Harris (anaesthetist)">Richard Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stanton" title="Rick Stanton">Rick Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Volanthen" title="John Volanthen">John Volanthen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frogmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Edward_Fraser" title="Ian Edward Fraser">Ian Edward Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Knowles" title="Sydney Knowles">Sydney Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Magennis" title="James Joseph Magennis">James Joseph Magennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial salvors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jessop" title="Keith Jessop">Keith Jessop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_of_underwater_diving" title="Science of underwater diving">Science of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physics" title="Diving physics">Diving<br />physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">Metre sea water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">Neutral buoyancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_ultrasound" title="Modulated ultrasound">Modulated ultrasound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_computer_vision" title="Underwater computer vision">Underwater computer vision</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving physiology">Diving<br />physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex#Blood_shift" title="Diving reflex">Blood shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex" title="Diving reflex">Diving reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_narcotic_depth" title="Equivalent narcotic depth">Equivalent narcotic depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_operating_depth" title="Maximum operating depth">Maximum operating depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_response_to_water_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological response to water immersion">Physiological response to water immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_balance_of_the_underwater_diver" title="Thermal balance of the underwater diver">Thermal balance of the underwater diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Decompressiontheory" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_theory" title="Decompression theory">Decompression<br />theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Decompression models: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BChlmann_decompression_algorithm" title="Bühlmann decompression algorithm">Bühlmann decompression algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane%27s_decompression_model" title="Haldane's decompression model">Haldane's decompression model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_gradient_bubble_model" title="Reduced gradient bubble model">Reduced gradient bubble model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalmann_algorithm" title="Thalmann algorithm">Thalmann algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_model_of_decompression" title="Thermodynamic model of decompression">Thermodynamic model of decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varying_Permeability_Model" title="Varying Permeability Model">Varying Permeability Model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_air_depth" title="Equivalent air depth">Equivalent air depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_window" title="Oxygen window">Oxygen window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_decompression" title="Physiology of decompression">Physiology of decompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Diving<br />environments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration" title="Deep-sea exploration">Deep-sea exploration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_environments_by_type" title="List of diving environments by type">List of diving environments by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign water diving">Benign water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confined_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Confined water diving">Confined water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland diving">Inland diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inshore diving">Inshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-water diving">Black-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-water diving">Blue-water diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Penetration diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torricellian_chamber" title="Torricellian chamber">Torricellian chamber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_environment" title="Underwater environment">Underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Underwater diving environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathysphere" title="Bathysphere">Bathysphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_against_swimmer_incursions" title="Defense against swimmer incursions">Defense against swimmer incursions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_detection_sonar" title="Diver detection sonar">Diver detection sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore survey">Offshore survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged compact camera">Rugged compact camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_domain_awareness" title="Underwater domain awareness">Underwater domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vehicle" title="Underwater vehicle">Underwater vehicle</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminaut" title="Aluminaut"><i>Aluminaut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_submarine_NR-1" title="American submarine NR-1">American submarine NR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">Bathyscaphe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède"><i>Archimède</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-2" title="FNRS-2">FNRS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-3" title="FNRS-3">FNRS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe#Harmony_class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Harmony</i> class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Sea Pole</i>-class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste II"><i>Trieste II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepsea_Challenger" title="Deepsea Challenger"><i>Deepsea Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictineu_3" title="Ictineu 3"><i>Ictineu 3</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAGO_(German_research_submersible)" title="JAGO (German research submersible)"><i>JAGO</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaolong_(submersible)" title="Jiaolong (submersible)"><i>Jiaolong</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsul-class_submersible" title="Konsul-class submersible"><i>Konsul</i>-class submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Limiting_Factor" title="DSV Limiting Factor"><i>Limiting Factor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Losharik" title="Russian submarine Losharik">Russian submarine <i>Losharik</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautile" title="Nautile"><i>Nautile</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces-class_deep_submergence_vehicle" title="Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle"><i>Pisces</i>-class deep submergence vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Sea_Cliff" title="DSV Sea Cliff">DSV <i>Sea Cliff</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai" title="DSV Shinkai">DSV <i>Shinkai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_2000" title="DSV Shinkai 2000">DSV <i>Shinkai 2000</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_6500" title="DSV Shinkai 6500">DSV <i>Shinkai 6500</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Turtle" title="DSV Turtle">DSV <i>Turtle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV-5_Nemo" title="DSV-5 Nemo">DSV-5 <i>Nemo</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue" title="Submarine rescue">Submarine rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_Liaison_Office" title="International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office">International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_system_(Royal_Swedish_Navy)" title="Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)">Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCann_Rescue_Chamber" title="McCann Rescue Chamber">McCann Rescue Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue_ship" title="Submarine rescue ship">Submarine rescue ship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deep-submergencerescue_vehicle" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />rescue vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LR5" title="LR5">LR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR7" title="LR7">LR7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSM-1" title="MSM-1">MSM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Mystic</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-1_Mystic" title="DSRV-1 Mystic">DSRV-1 <i>Mystic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-2_Avalon" title="DSRV-2 Avalon">DSRV-2 <i>Avalon</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Submarine_Rescue_System" title="NATO Submarine Rescue System">NATO Submarine Rescue System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priz-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Priz</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_deep_submergence_rescue_vehicle_AS-28" title="Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28">Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_AS-34" title="Russian submarine AS-34">Russian submarine AS-34</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASRV_Remora" class="mw-redirect" title="ASRV Remora">ASRV <i>Remora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRV-300" title="SRV-300">SRV-300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Rescue_Diving_Recompression_System" title="Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System">Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_7103_DSRV" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 7103 DSRV">Type 7103 DSRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URF_(Swedish_Navy)" title="URF (Swedish Navy)">URF (Swedish Navy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submarine_escape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submarine escape (page does not exist)">Submarine escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_trunk" title="Escape trunk">Escape trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_training_facility" title="Submarine escape training facility">Submarine escape training facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Training_Facility_(Australia)" title="Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)">Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Escape_set" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape set">Escape set</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momsen_lung" title="Momsen lung">Momsen lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinke_hood" title="Steinke hood">Steinke hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment" title="Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment">Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special<br />interest<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Reef_Society_of_British_Columbia" title="Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia">Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS_Europe" title="CMAS Europe">CMAS Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Reef_Alliance" title="Coral Reef Alliance">Coral Reef Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Fins" title="Green Fins">Green Fins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Underwater_Preserve_Association" title="Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association">Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_Underwater_Research" title="Karst Underwater Research">Karst Underwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Program" title="Nautical Archaeology Program">Nautical Archaeology Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Command_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club">Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PADI_AWARE" title="PADI AWARE">PADI AWARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Check" title="Reef Check">Reef Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Life_Survey" title="Reef Life Survey">Reef Life Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Ontario_Shipwrecks" title="Save Ontario Shipwrecks">Save Ontario Shipwrecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Historical_Research" title="Society for Underwater Historical Research">Society for Underwater Historical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Technology" title="Society for Underwater Technology">Society for Underwater Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Archaeology_Branch,_Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" title="Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command">Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral buoyancy<br />facilities for<br />Astronaut training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_pool" title="Neutral buoyancy pool">Neutral buoyancy pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_simulation_as_a_training_aid" title="Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid">Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Simulator" title="Neutral Buoyancy Simulator">Neutral Buoyancy Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Laboratory_(Maryland)" title="Space Systems Laboratory (Maryland)">Space Systems Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_Aircrew_Breathing_Device" title="Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device">Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_therapy" title="Scuba diving therapy">Scuba diving therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_mining" title="Seabed mining">Seabed mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" title="Category:Underwater diving">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Underwater diving">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b>Indexes: <a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Dive sites</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_underwater_divers" title="Index of underwater divers">Divers</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_underwater_diving" title="Index of underwater diving">Diving</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_diving" title="Outline of underwater diving">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Underwater_diving" title="Portal:Underwater diving">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&oldid=1254913732">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&oldid=1254913732</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving_equipment" title="Category:Underwater diving equipment">Underwater diving equipment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Design" title="Category:Design">Design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ergonomics" title="Category:Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use British English from September 2023">Use British English from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2023">Articles needing additional references from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from March 2024">Articles to be expanded from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_empty_sections_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with empty sections from March 2024">Articles with empty sections from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_empty_sections" title="Category:All articles with empty sections">All articles with empty sections</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 08:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-9vcrc","wgBackendResponseTime":186,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.049","walltime":"2.368","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15189,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":804330,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13133,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":528491,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1782.460 1 -total"," 52.05% 927.823 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.50% 329.753 42 Template:Cite_book"," 12.90% 229.893 55 Template:Cite_web"," 11.42% 203.468 1 Template:Underwater_diving"," 11.12% 198.271 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 8.15% 145.197 5 Template:Annotated_link"," 7.04% 125.486 22 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.62% 118.035 35 Template:Navbox"," 5.10% 90.934 10 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.122","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22365672,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","240","19.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","16.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","9.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.3"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:4383\u003E","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","40","3.3"],["(for generator)","40","3.3"],["[others]","240","19.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-ff6b5667d-xphzt","timestamp":"20241128212102","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Human factors in diving equipment design","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q96381408","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q96381408","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2020-04-03T19:56:39Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T08:39:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/37\/Diver_trimmed_level.png"}</script> </body> </html>