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id="toc-Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Muizenberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Battle of Muizenberg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Muizenberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xhosa_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xhosa_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Xhosa wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xhosa_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ndwandwe-Zulu_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ndwandwe-Zulu_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ndwandwe-Zulu War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ndwandwe-Zulu_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mfecane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mfecane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mfecane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mfecane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battles_between_Voortrekkers_and_Zulus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles_between_Voortrekkers_and_Zulus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Battles between Voortrekkers and Zulus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles_between_Voortrekkers_and_Zulus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Anglo-Zulu_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Anglo-Zulu_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>The Anglo-Zulu War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Anglo-Zulu_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boer_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boer_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Boer Wars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boer_Wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Boer Wars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boer_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Anglo-Boer_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Anglo-Boer_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>First Anglo-Boer War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Anglo-Boer_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jameson_Raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jameson_Raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Jameson Raid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jameson_Raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Anglo-Boer_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Anglo-Boer_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Second Anglo-Boer War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Anglo-Boer_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War I subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bonds_with_the_British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonds_with_the_British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bonds with the British Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonds_with_the_British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_action_against_Germany_during_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_action_against_Germany_during_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Military action against Germany during World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_action_against_Germany_during_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_contributions_and_casualties_in_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_contributions_and_casualties_in_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Military contributions and casualties in World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_contributions_and_casualties_in_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_choices_at_outbreak_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_choices_at_outbreak_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Political choices at outbreak of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_choices_at_outbreak_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_war_against_the_Axis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_war_against_the_Axis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Declaration of war against the Axis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_war_against_the_Axis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_and_Field_Marshal_Smuts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_and_Field_Marshal_Smuts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Prime Minister and Field Marshal Smuts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_and_Field_Marshal_Smuts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_contributions_in_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_contributions_in_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Military contributions in World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_contributions_in_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Korean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simonstown_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simonstown_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Simonstown Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simonstown_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa_and_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa_and_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>South Africa and Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa_and_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_undercover_activity_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_undercover_activity_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>South African undercover activity abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_undercover_activity_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>South Africa and weapons of mass destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_Border_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_Border_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>South African Border War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_Border_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_of_military_equipment_by_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_of_military_equipment_by_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Production of military equipment by South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_of_military_equipment_by_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_guerrilla_activity_during_apartheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_guerrilla_activity_during_apartheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Internal guerrilla activity during apartheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_guerrilla_activity_during_apartheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Afrikaner_separatist_militias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Afrikaner_separatist_militias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Modern Afrikaner separatist militias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Afrikaner_separatist_militias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_military:_South_African_National_Defence_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_military:_South_African_National_Defence_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Present military: South African National Defence Force</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Present_military:_South_African_National_Defence_Force-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Present military: South African National Defence Force subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Present_military:_South_African_National_Defence_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arms_Deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms_Deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.1</span> <span>Arms Deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms_Deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peacekeeping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peacekeeping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.2</span> <span>Peacekeeping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peacekeeping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">27</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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style="width:15em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0.45em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Military history of South Africa">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;; font-size: 145%; padding: 0.15em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military history of<br />South Africa</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> Conflicts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe%E2%80%93Zulu_War" title="Ndwandwe–Zulu War">Ndwandwe–Zulu War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915)" title="South African Wars (1879–1915)">South African Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Zulu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Zulu War">Anglo–Zulu War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of South Africa during World War I">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">Second World War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Korean_War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">National Defence Force</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">Air Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_South_African_Air_Force" title="History of the South African Air Force">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Navy" title="South African Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Military_Health_Service" title="South African Military Health Service">Medical Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Special_Forces" title="South African Special Forces">Special Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> Historical forces</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Defence_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Union Defence Force (South Africa)">Union Defence Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_South_Africa" title="List of wars involving South Africa">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_in_South_Africa" title="List of battles in South Africa">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_military_chiefs" title="List of South African military chiefs">Military chiefs</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Military history of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Military history of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military history of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>military history of South Africa</b> chronicles a vast time period and complex events from the dawn of history until the present time. It covers civil wars and wars of aggression and of <a href="/wiki/Self-defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-defence">self-defence</a> both within <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and against it. It includes the history of battles fought in the territories of modern <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">South Africa in neighbouring territories</a>, in both <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world wars</a> and in modern international conflicts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the arrival of any European settlers in South Africa the southern part of Africa was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a>. As far as the military history of South Africa is concerned, African tribes frequently waged war against each other and made alliances for survival. The succession of Bantu immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a> initially led to the formation of merged tribes such as the Masarwa. After some time Bantu immigrants of greater strength invaded much of the traditional San territories. Archeological research suggests that each Bantu succession had better weapons than their predecessors enabling them to dominate the eastern parts of South Africa thereby forcing the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> into less desirable parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ETH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In about the middle of the 18th Century, several clashes occurred between the Khoisan and the advancing Bantu tribes known as the Batlapin and the more powerful Barolong. These invaders would take as slaves those who had been conquered and referred to them as the Balala. During battle the defenders were armed with strong bows, and poisoned arrows; they also used the <a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">assegai</a> and battle-axe, and protected their bodies with a small shield. In a fight in the open plain, they had little chance in defeating the invaders, though when attacked on a mountain or among rocks they managed to beat off their enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-ETH_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Khoikhoi-Dutch_Wars">Khoikhoi-Dutch Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Khoikhoi-Dutch Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi-Dutch_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi-Dutch Wars">Khoikhoi-Dutch Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Cape Colony">History of Cape Colony</a></div> <p>The arrival of the permanent settlements of Europeans, under the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in 1652 brought them into the land of the local people, such as the <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoikhoi</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Hottentot_(racial_term)" title="Hottentot (racial term)">Hottentots</a> by the Dutch), and the <a href="/wiki/Bushmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushmen">Bushmen</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Bushmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushmen">San</a>), collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Dutch traded with the Khoikhoi, nevertheless serious disputes broke out over land ownership and livestock. This resulted in attacks and counter-attacks by both sides which were known as the Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars that ended in the eventual defeat of the Khoikhoi. The First Khoikhoi-Dutch War took place from 1659 – 1660 and the second from 1673 – 1677.<sup id="cite_ref-sahistory_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sahistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anglo-Dutch_rivalry">Anglo-Dutch rivalry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anglo-Dutch rivalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">Battle of Muizenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castle_of_Good_Hope">Castle of Good Hope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Castle of Good Hope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1664, tensions between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and the Netherlands rose with rumours of war being imminent – that same year, Commander <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Wagenaer" title="Zacharias Wagenaer">Zacharias Wagenaer</a> was instructed to build a pentagonal castle out of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a> at <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Military_history_of_South_Africa&params=33.925806_S_18.427758_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°55′33″S</span> <span class="longitude">18°25′40″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.925806°S 18.427758°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-33.925806; 18.427758</span></span></span></a></span></span>. On 26 April 1679, the five bastions were built. The <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Good_Hope" title="Castle of Good Hope">Castle of Good Hope</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> which was built on the original coastline of <a href="/wiki/Table_Bay" title="Table Bay">Table Bay</a> and now, because of <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a>, seems nearer the centre of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa. Built by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a> between 1666 and 1679, the Castle is the oldest building in South Africa. The Castle acted as local headquarters for the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South African Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>, but today houses the Castle Military Museum and ceremonial facilities for the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_South_African_Regiments#Western_Cape" title="Traditional South African Regiments">traditional Cape Regiments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Muizenberg">Battle of Muizenberg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Muizenberg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">Battle of Muizenberg</a> was a small but significant battle for the future destiny of South Africa which took place at <a href="/wiki/Muizenberg" title="Muizenberg">Muizenberg</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>), South Africa in 1795; it led to the capture of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> by the United Kingdom. A fleet of seven <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> ships – five <a href="/wiki/Third-rate" title="Third-rate">third-rates</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Monarch_(1765)" title="HMS Monarch (1765)"><i>Monarch</i></a> (74), <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victorious_(1785)" title="HMS Victorious (1785)"><i>Victorious</i></a> (74), <a href="/wiki/HMS_Arrogant_(1761)" title="HMS Arrogant (1761)"><i>Arrogant</i></a> (74), <a href="/wiki/HMS_America_(1777)" title="HMS America (1777)"><i>America</i></a> (64) and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Stately" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Stately"><i>Stately</i></a> (64), with the 16-gun sloops <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Echo_(1782)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Echo (1782) (page does not exist)"><i>Echo</i></a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Rattlesnake_(1791)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Rattlesnake (1791) (page does not exist)"><i>Rattlesnake</i></a> – under <a href="/wiki/George_Keith_Elphinstone,_1st_Viscount_Keith" class="mw-redirect" title="George Keith Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith">Vice-Admiral Elphinstone</a> anchored in <a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon's Bay">Simon's Bay</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in June 1795, having left England on 1 March. Their commander suggested to the Dutch governor that he place the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> under the protection of the British monarch – in effect, that he hand the colony over to Britain – which was refused. <a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Town" title="Simon's Town">Simon's Town</a> was occupied on 14 June by a force of 350 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> and 450 men of the <a href="/wiki/78th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="78th Regiment of Foot">78th Highlanders</a>, before the defenders could burn the town. Following skirmishes on 1 and 2 September, a final general attempt to recapture the camp was prepared by the Dutch for the 3rd, but at this point the British reinforcements arrived and the Dutch withdrew. A British advance on Cape Town, with the new reinforcements, began on the 14th; on the 16th, the colony capitulated.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 300">: 300 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 301">: 301 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 302">: 302 </span></sup> </p><p>The British assumed control of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> for the next seven years. The Cape was returned to the restored Dutch government (known as the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Batavian Government">Batavian Government</a>) in 1804. In 1806 the British returned and after again defeating the Dutch at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a>, stayed in control for more than 100 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xhosa_wars">Xhosa wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Xhosa wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (also known as the <i>Kaffir Wars</i> or <i>Cape Frontier Wars</i>) were a series of nine wars between the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> as well as European settlers with their Khoi allies, from 1779 and 1879 in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> in South Africa. The Xhosa Kingdom was the first kingdom the British encountered in South Africa. The wars were responsible for the Xhosa people's loss of most of their land, and the incorporation of its people into European-controlled territories.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ndwandwe-Zulu_War">Ndwandwe-Zulu War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ndwandwe-Zulu War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe-Zulu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndwandwe-Zulu War">Ndwandwe-Zulu War</a> of 1817–1819 was a war fought between the expanding <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a> tribe in South Africa. Shaka revolutionised traditional ways of fighting by introducing the <a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">assegai</a> to the northern bantus, a spear with a short shaft and broad blade, used as a close-quarters stabbing weapon. (Under Shaka's rule, losing an assegai was punishable by death. So it was never thrown like a <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">javelin</a>.) He also organised warriors into disciplined units known as <i><a href="/wiki/Impi" title="Impi">Impis</a></i> that fought in close formation behind large cowhide shields. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gqokli_Hill" title="Battle of Gqokli Hill">Battle of Gqokli Hill</a> in 1819, his troops and tactics prevailed over the superior numbers of the Ndwandwe people, who failed to destroy the Zulu in their first encounter.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ndwandwe and the Zulus met again in combat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mhlatuze_River" title="Battle of Mhlatuze River">Battle of Mhlatuze River</a> in 1820. The Zulu tactics again prevailed, pressing their attack when the Ndwandwe army was divided during the crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Mhlatuze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mhlatuze River">Mhlatuze River</a>. Zulu warriors arrived at the Ndwande King <a href="/wiki/Zwide_kaLanga" title="Zwide kaLanga">Zwide</a>'s headquarters near present-day <a href="/wiki/Nongoma" title="Nongoma">Nongoma</a> before news of the defeat, and approached the camp singing Ndwandwe victory songs to gain entry. Zwide fled with some of his offspring including Madzanga. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a> abandoned their lands and migrated north and eastward.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This was the start of the <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a>, a catastrophic, bloody migration of many different tribes in the area, initially escaping the Zulus, but themselves causing their own havoc after adopting Zulu tactics in war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Shaka was the ultimate victor, and his (more peaceful) descendants still live today throughout <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a>, with customs and a way of life that can be easily traced to <a href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka</a>'s day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mfecane">Mfecane</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mfecane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>), also known as the Difaqane or Lifaqane (<a href="/wiki/Sesotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho language">Sesotho</a>), is an <a href="/wiki/African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">African</a> expression which means something like "the crushing" or "scattering". It describes a period of widespread chaos and disturbance in southern Africa during the period between 1815 and about 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mfecane resulted from the rise to power of <a href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> king and military leader who conquered the <a href="/wiki/Nguni_people" title="Nguni people">Nguni</a> peoples between the Tugela and Pongola rivers in the beginning of the 19th century, and created a <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militaristic</a> kingdom in the region. The Mfecane also led to the formation and consolidation of other groups – such as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Matabele</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mfengu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mfengu">Mfengu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Makololo" class="mw-redirect" title="Makololo">Makololo</a> – and the creation of states such as the modern <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battles_between_Voortrekkers_and_Zulus">Battles between Voortrekkers and Zulus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battles between Voortrekkers and Zulus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Italeni" title="Battle of Italeni">Battle of Italeni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blood_River" title="Battle of Blood River">Battle of Blood River</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg/210px-Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg/315px-Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg/420px-Charles_Bell_-_Zoeloe-aanval_op_%27n_Boerelaer_-_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Weenen_massacre" title="Weenen massacre">Zulu attack</a> on a Boer camp in February 1838</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Italeni" title="Battle of Italeni">Battle of Italeni</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>, South Africa, in early 1838, between the <a href="/wiki/Voortrekkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Voortrekkers">Voortrekkers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulus</a> during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a>, resulted in the Zulu armies repulsing the Voortrekkers. On 9 April, near the Babanango Mountain Range a large Zulu <a href="/wiki/Impi" title="Impi">impi</a> (army) appeared, consisting of approximately 8,000 warriors. The Voortrekker <a href="/wiki/Boer_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Commando">commandos</a> returned to their camp on 12 April. Boer general <a href="/wiki/Piet_Uys" title="Piet Uys">Piet Uys</a> formed a raiding party of fifteen volunteers (including his son, <a href="/wiki/Dirkie_Uys" title="Dirkie Uys">Dirkie Uys</a>.) During subsequent fighting Uys, his son, the Malan brothers as well as five of the volunteers were killed, and the Voortrekkers were forced to retreat. It has been speculated that, without the lessons learnt as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Italeni" title="Battle of Italeni">Battle of Italeni</a> – such as fighting from the shelter of <a href="/wiki/Ox-wagon" title="Ox-wagon">ox-wagons</a> whenever possible and choosing the place of battle rather than being enticed into unfavourable terrain – the Voortrekkers would not have succeeded in finally beating the Zulus at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blood_River" title="Battle of Blood River">Battle of Blood River</a> eight months later.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blood_River" title="Battle of Blood River">Battle of Blood River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: <i lang="af">Slag van Bloedrivier</i>) was fought on 16 December 1838 on the banks of the Blood River (<i>Bloedrivier</i>) in what is today <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>, South Africa. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Weenen_massacre" title="Weenen massacre">Weenen massacre</a>, a group of about 470 <a href="/wiki/Voortrekkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Voortrekkers">Voortrekkers</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Andries_Pretorius" title="Andries Pretorius">Andries Pretorius</a>, defended a <i><a href="/wiki/Laager" class="mw-redirect" title="Laager">laager</a></i> (circle of ox wagons) against <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Impi" title="Impi">impis</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/King_Dingane" class="mw-redirect" title="King Dingane">King Dingane</a> and led by Dambuza (Nzobo) and <a href="/wiki/Ndlela_kaSompisi" title="Ndlela kaSompisi">Ndlela kaSompisi</a>, numbering between 10 and 20 thousand. The Zulus repeatedly and unsuccessfully attacked the <i>laager</i>, until Pretorius ordered a group of horse riders to leave the encampment and engage the Zulus. Partly due to the fact that the Voortrekkers used rifles and at least one light cannon against the Zulus' spears, as well as the good location and motivation of the Voortrekkers, only three Voortrekkers were wounded and none perished; that contrasted against the more than 3,000 Zulu warriors who died.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Voortrekkers credited God as the reason why they had won the battle as they had made a covenant asking for protection beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Anglo-Zulu_War">The Anglo-Zulu War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Anglo-Zulu War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_The_defence_of_Rorke%27s_Drift_1879_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_The_defence_of_Rorke%27s_Drift_1879_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_The_defence_of_Rorke%27s_Drift_1879_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_The_defence_of_Rorke%27s_Drift_1879_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_The_defence_of_Rorke%27s_Drift_1879_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_The_defence_of_Rorke%27s_Drift_1879_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Alphonse_de_Neuville_-_The_defence_of_Rorke%27s_Drift_1879_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5001" data-file-height="2967" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke%27s_Drift" title="Battle of Rorke's Drift">Battle of Rorke's Drift</a> on Jan 22 1879</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> was fought in 1879 between Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulus</a>, and signalled the end of the Zulus as an independent nation. It was precipitated by Sir <a href="/wiki/Bartle_Frere" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartle Frere">Bartle Frere</a> <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Southern_Africa" title="High Commissioner for Southern Africa">High Commissioner for Southern Africa</a> who manufactured a <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a> and prepared an invasion without the approval of Her Majesty's government. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Isandlwana" title="Battle of Isandlwana">Battle of Isandlwana</a> (22 January 1879), the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> overwhelmed and wiped out 1,400 British soldiers. This battle is considered to be one of the greatest disasters in British colonial history. Isandlwana forced the policy makers in London to rally to the support of the pro-war contingent in the Natal government and commit whatever resources were needed to defeat the Zulu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first invasion of Zululand ended with the catastrophe of Isandlwana where, along with heavy casualties, the main centre column lost all supplies, transport and ammunition and the British would be forced to halt their advances elsewhere while a new invasion was prepared. At <a href="/wiki/Rorke%27s_Drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Rorke's Drift">Rorke's Drift</a> (22–23 January 1879) 139 British soldiers successfully defended the station against an intense assault by four to five thousand <a href="/wiki/Impi" title="Impi">Zulu warriors</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Intombe" title="Battle of Intombe">Battle of Intombe</a> was fought on 12 March 1879, between British and Zulu forces. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eshowe" title="Siege of Eshowe">Siege of Eshowe</a> took place during a three-pronged attack on the Impis of <a href="/wiki/Cetshwayo" title="Cetshwayo">Cetshwayo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ulundi" title="Ulundi">Ulundi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gingindlovu" title="Battle of Gingindlovu">Battle of Gingindlovu</a> (uMgungundlovu) was fought between a British relief column sent to break the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eshowe" title="Siege of Eshowe">Siege of Eshowe</a> and the Impis of Cetshwayo on 2 April 1879. The battle restored the British commanders' confidence in their army and their ability to defeat Zulu. With the last resistance removed, they were able to advance and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eshowe#Eshowe_relieved" title="Siege of Eshowe">relieve Eshowe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hlobane" title="Battle of Hlobane">Battle of Hlobane</a> was a total disaster for the British; 15 officers and 110 men were killed, a further 8 wounded and 100 native soldiers died. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kambula" title="Battle of Kambula">Battle of Kambula</a> took place in 1879 when a Zulu army attacked the British camp at <a href="/wiki/Kambula" title="Kambula">Kambula</a>, resulting in a massive Zulu defeat. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulundi" title="Battle of Ulundi">Battle of Ulundi</a> took place at the Zulu capital of <a href="/wiki/Ulundi" title="Ulundi">Ulundi</a> on 4 July 1879 and proved to be the decisive battle that finally broke the military power of the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu nation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boer_Wars">Boer Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Boer Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Anglo-Boer_War">First Anglo-Boer War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First Anglo-Boer War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Boer_War_Collage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Boer_War_Collage.png/220px-First_Boer_War_Collage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Boer_War_Collage.png/330px-First_Boer_War_Collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/First_Boer_War_Collage.png/440px-First_Boer_War_Collage.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Major events during the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a>, Clockwise from left; Aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elandsfontein" title="Battle of Elandsfontein">Battle of Elandsfontein</a>, Boer commandos engaging British, British holding defensive positions at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majuba_Hill" title="Battle of Majuba Hill">Majuba Hill</a>, British Cavalry charge during the engagement at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laing%27s_Nek" title="Battle of Laing's Nek">Laing's Nek</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a>, also known as the First Anglo-Boer War or the Transvaal War, was fought from 16 December 1880 until 23 March 1881 and was the first clash between the British and the South African Republic (Z.A.R.) <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boers</a>. It was precipitated by Sir <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Shepstone" title="Theophilus Shepstone">Theophilus Shepstone</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (Transvaal Republic) for the British in 1877. The British consolidated their power over most of the colonies of South Africa in 1879 after the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a>, and attempted to impose an unpopular system of <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> on the region. The Boers protested, and in December 1880 they revolted. The battles of <a href="/wiki/Action_at_Bronkhorstspruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Bronkhorstspruit">Bronkhorstspruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laing%27s_Nek" title="Battle of Laing's Nek">Laing's Nek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schuinshoogte" title="Battle of Schuinshoogte">Schuinshoogte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majuba_Hill" title="Battle of Majuba Hill">Majuba Hill</a> proved disastrous for the British where they found themselves outmaneuvered and outperformed by the highly mobile and skilled Boer marksmen. With the British commander-in-chief of Natal, <a href="/wiki/George_Pomeroy_Colley" title="George Pomeroy Colley">George Pomeroy Colley</a>, killed at Majuba, and British garrisons under siege across the entire Transvaal, the British were unwilling to further involve themselves in a war which was already seen as lost. As a result, <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>'s British government signed a truce on 6 March, and in the final peace treaty on 23 March 1881, gave the Boers self-government in the South African Republic (Transvaal) under a theoretical British oversight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jameson_Raid">Jameson Raid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jameson Raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</a> (29 December 1895 – 2 January 1896) was a raid on Paul Kruger's <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal Republic</a> carried out by <a href="/wiki/Leander_Starr_Jameson" title="Leander Starr Jameson">Leander Starr Jameson</a> and his Rhodesian and Bechuanaland policemen over the New Year weekend of 1895–96. It was intended to trigger an uprising by the primarily British expatriate workers (known as <a href="/wiki/Uitlander" title="Uitlander">Uitlanders</a>, or in English "Foreigners") in the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a> but failed to do so. Though the raid was ineffective and no uprising took place, it did much to bring about the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Second Matabele War</a>. </p><p>The affair brought Anglo-Boer relations to a dangerous low, and the ill feeling was heightened by the "<a href="/wiki/Kruger_telegram" title="Kruger telegram">Kruger telegram</a>" from the German Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a>. It congratulated <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a> for defeating the raid, as well as appearing to recognise the Boer republic and offer support. The emperor was already perceived as anti-British, and a naval arms race had started between Germany and Britain. Consequently, the telegram alarmed and angered the British. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Anglo-Boer_War">Second Anglo-Boer War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Second Anglo-Boer War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Boer_War_Collage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Second_Boer_War_Collage.png/220px-Second_Boer_War_Collage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Second_Boer_War_Collage.png/330px-Second_Boer_War_Collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Second_Boer_War_Collage.png/440px-Second_Boer_War_Collage.png 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="2761" /></a><figcaption>Major Events of the Second Boer War, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colenso" title="Battle of Colenso">Battle of Colenso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mafeking" title="Siege of Mafeking">Siege of Mafeking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Ladysmith" title="Relief of Ladysmith">Relief of Ladysmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elands_River_(1901)" title="Battle of Elands River (1901)">Battle of Elands River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Battle of Paardeberg</a>, and Boers at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spion_Kop" title="Battle of Spion Kop">Spion Kop</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, also known as the Second Anglo-Boer War, the Second Freedom War (Afrikaans) and referred to as the South African War in modern times took place from 11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902. The war was fought between Great Britain and the two independent <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> republics of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (referred to as the Transvaal by the British). After a protracted hard-fought war, the two independent republics lost and were absorbed into the British Empire. </p><p>In all, the war resulted in around 75,000 deaths: 22,000 British and imperial soldiers (7,792 battle casualties, the rest through disease), 6,000–7,000 <a href="/wiki/Boer_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Commando">Boer Commandos</a>, 20,000–28,000 Boer civilians, mostly women and children due to disease in <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War_concentration_camps" title="Second Boer War concentration camps">concentration camps</a>, and an estimated 20,000 black Africans living in the Boers republics who died in their own separate concentration camps. The last of the Boer holdouts surrendered in May 1902 and the war ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging" title="Treaty of Vereeniging">Treaty of Vereeniging</a> in the same month. The war resulted in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a> which in 1910 was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>. The treaty ended the existence of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> as Boer republics and placed them within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. </p><p>The Boers referred to the two wars as the <i>Freedom Wars</i>. Those Boers who wanted to continue the fight were known as "<i><a href="/wiki/Bittereinder" title="Bittereinder">Bittereinders</a></i>" (or <i>irreconcilables</i>) and at the end of the war a number like <a href="/wiki/Deneys_Reitz" title="Deneys Reitz">Deneys Reitz</a> chose exile rather than sign an undertaking that they would abide by the peace terms. Over the following decade, many returned to South Africa and never signed the undertaking. Some, like Reitz, eventually reconciled themselves to the new <i>status quo</i>, but others waited for a suitable opportunity to restart the old quarrel. At the start of World War I the bitter-einders and their allies took part in a revolt known as the <a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">Maritz Rebellion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of South Africa during World War I">Military history of South Africa during World War I</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_African_Overseas_Expeditionary_Force" title="South African Overseas Expeditionary Force">South African Overseas Expeditionary Force</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bonds_with_the_British_Empire">Bonds with the British Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bonds with the British Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botha_and_Smuts_in_uniforms,_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Botha_and_Smuts_in_uniforms%2C_1917.jpg/220px-Botha_and_Smuts_in_uniforms%2C_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Botha_and_Smuts_in_uniforms%2C_1917.jpg/330px-Botha_and_Smuts_in_uniforms%2C_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Botha_and_Smuts_in_uniforms%2C_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>During the First World War, Smuts (right) and Botha were key members of the British <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Cabinet" title="Imperial War Cabinet">Imperial War Cabinet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Union of South Africa, which came into being in 1910, tied closely to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, joined Great Britain and the allies against the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_Botha" title="Louis Botha">Louis Botha</a> and Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a>, both former <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> generals who had fought against the British then, now became active and respected members of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Cabinet" title="Imperial War Cabinet">Imperial War Cabinet</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts#Statesman" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts during World War I</a>.) </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Union_Defence_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Union Defence Force (South Africa)">Union Defence Force</a> was part of significant military operations against Germany. In spite of Boer resistance at home, the Afrikaner-led government of Louis Botha joined the side of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a> and fought alongside its armies. The South African Government agreed to the withdrawal of British Army units so that they were free to join the European war, and laid plans to invade <a href="/wiki/German_South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="German South-West Africa">German South-West Africa</a>. Elements of the South African army refused to fight against the Germans and along with other opponents of the Government rose in open revolt. The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914, and forces loyal to the government under the command of General Louis Botha and Jan Smuts proceeded to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">Maritz Rebellion</a>. The leading Boer rebels got off lightly with terms of imprisonment of six and seven years and heavy fines. (See <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts_and_the_Old_Boers#First_World_War_and_the_Maritz_Rebellion" title="Jan Smuts and the Old Boers">World War I and the Maritz Rebellion</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_action_against_Germany_during_World_War_I">Military action against Germany during World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Military action against Germany during World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Union Defence Force saw action in a number of places: </p> <ol><li>It dispatched its army to <a href="/wiki/German_South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="German South-West Africa">German South-West Africa</a>, later known as <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a>, and now known as <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>. The South Africans expelled German forces and gained control of the former German colony. (See <a href="/wiki/German_South-West_Africa#World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="German South-West Africa">German South-West Africa in World War I</a>.)</li> <li>A military expedition under General <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> was dispatched to <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> (later known as <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanganyika (territory)">Tanganyika</a>) and now known as <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. The objective was to fight German forces in that colony and to try to capture the elusive German General <a href="/wiki/Paul_Erich_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Erich von Lettow-Vorbeck">von Lettow-Vorbeck</a>. Ultimately, Lettow-Vorbeck fought his tiny force out of German East Africa into <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> then <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>, where he accepted a cease-fire three days after the end of the war (see <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War I)">East African Campaign (World War I)</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Brigade_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa)">1st South African Brigade</a> troops were shipped to France to fight on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. The most costly battle that the South African forces on the Western Front fought in was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delville_Wood" title="Battle of Delville Wood">Battle of Delville Wood</a> in 1916. (See <a href="/wiki/South_African_Army#World_War_I" title="South African Army">South African Army in World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_Overseas_Expeditionary_Force" title="South African Overseas Expeditionary Force">South African Overseas Expeditionary Force</a>.)</li> <li>South Africans also saw action with the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Corps" title="Cape Corps">Cape Corps</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Egyptian Expeditionary Force">Egyptian Expeditionary Force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Cape_Corps#1915–1991" title="Cape Corps">Cape Corps 1915–1991</a>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_contributions_and_casualties_in_World_War_I">Military contributions and casualties in World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military contributions and casualties in World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than 146,000 whites, 83,000 blacks and 2,500 people of mixed race ("<a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloureds</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian South Africans</a> served in <a href="/wiki/South_African_Army#World_War_I" title="South African Army">South African military units during the war</a>, including 43,000 in German South-West Africa and 30,000 on the Western Front. An estimated 3,000 South Africans also joined the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a>. The total South African casualties during the war was about 18,600 with over 12,452 killed – more than 4,600 in the European theatre alone. The Commonwealth War Graves commission has records of 9457 known South African War dead during World War I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/">The Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921_IndianSubcontinent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/British_Empire_1921_IndianSubcontinent.png/250px-British_Empire_1921_IndianSubcontinent.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/British_Empire_1921_IndianSubcontinent.png/375px-British_Empire_1921_IndianSubcontinent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/British_Empire_1921_IndianSubcontinent.png/500px-British_Empire_1921_IndianSubcontinent.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> is red on the map, at its zenith in 1921. (India highlighted in purple.) South Africa, bottom centre, lies between both halves of the Empire.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is no question that South Africa greatly assisted the Allies, and Great Britain in particular, in capturing the two German colonies of German South West Africa and German East Africa as well as in battles in Western Europe and the Middle East. South Africa's ports and harbours, such as at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Town" title="Simon's Town">Simon's Town</a>, were also important rest-stops, refuelling-stations, and served as strategic assets to the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> during the war, helping to keep the vital <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">sea lanes</a> to the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> open. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">Military history of South Africa during World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_choices_at_outbreak_of_war">Political choices at outbreak of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Political choices at outbreak of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the eve of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the Union of South Africa found itself in a unique political and military quandary. While it was closely allied with Great Britain, being a co-equal <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">1931 Statute of Westminster</a> with its head of state being the British king, the South African Prime Minister on 1 September 1939 was none other than <a href="/wiki/James_Barry_Munnik_Hertzog" class="mw-redirect" title="James Barry Munnik Hertzog">Barry Hertzog</a> the leader of the pro-Afrikaner anti-British <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National party</a> that had joined in a unity government as the <a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a>. </p><p>Hertzog's problem was that South Africa was constitutionally obligated to support Great Britain against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Polish-British_Common_Defence_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-British Common Defence Pact">Polish-British Common Defence Pact</a> obligated Britain, and in turn its dominions, to help Poland if attacked by the Nazis. After Hitler's forces attacked Poland in the morning of 1 September 1939, Britain declared war on Germany within a few days. A short but furious debate unfolded in South Africa, especially in the halls of power in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament of South Africa</a>, that pitted those who sought to enter the war on Britain's side, led by the pro-<a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> pro-British Afrikaner and former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a>, and general <i>against</i> then-current prime minister Barry Hertzog, who wished to keep South Africa "neutral", if not pro-<a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_war_against_the_Axis">Declaration of war against the Axis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Declaration of war against the Axis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 4 September 1939, the United Party caucus refused to accept Hertzog's stance of neutrality in World War II and deposed him in favour of Smuts. Upon becoming Prime Minister of South Africa, Smuts declared South Africa officially at war with Germany and the Axis. Smuts immediately set about fortifying South Africa against any possible German sea invasion because of South Africa's global strategic importance controlling the long sea route around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>. </p><p>Smuts took severe action against the pro-Nazi South African <a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a> movement (they were caught committing acts of sabotage) and jailed its leaders for the duration of the war. (One of them, <a href="/wiki/B.J._Vorster" class="mw-redirect" title="B.J. Vorster">John Vorster</a>, was to become future Prime Minister of South Africa.) (See <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts#Second_World_War" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts during World War II</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_Minister_and_Field_Marshal_Smuts">Prime Minister and Field Marshal Smuts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prime Minister and Field Marshal Smuts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></div> <p>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> was the only important non-British general whose advice was constantly sought by Britain's wartime prime minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>. Smuts was invited to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Cabinet" title="Imperial War Cabinet">Imperial War Cabinet</a> in 1939 as the most senior South African in favour of war. On 28 May 1941, Smuts was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, becoming the first South African to hold that rank. Ultimately, Smuts would pay a steep political price for his closeness to the British establishment, to the King, and to Churchill, which had made Smuts very unpopular among the conservative nationalistic <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaners</a>, leading to his eventual downfall, whereas most <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English-speaking whites</a> and a minority of liberal Afrikaners in South Africa remained loyal to him. (See <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts#Second_World_War" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts during World War II</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_contributions_in_World_War_II">Military contributions in World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Military contributions in World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Marshal_Smuts_Visits_South_African_Naval_Forces_in_the_Middle_East,_16_May_1942_A9104.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Field_Marshal_Smuts_Visits_South_African_Naval_Forces_in_the_Middle_East%2C_16_May_1942_A9104.jpg/220px-Field_Marshal_Smuts_Visits_South_African_Naval_Forces_in_the_Middle_East%2C_16_May_1942_A9104.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Field_Marshal_Smuts_Visits_South_African_Naval_Forces_in_the_Middle_East%2C_16_May_1942_A9104.jpg/330px-Field_Marshal_Smuts_Visits_South_African_Naval_Forces_in_the_Middle_East%2C_16_May_1942_A9104.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Field_Marshal_Smuts_Visits_South_African_Naval_Forces_in_the_Middle_East%2C_16_May_1942_A9104.jpg/440px-Field_Marshal_Smuts_Visits_South_African_Naval_Forces_in_the_Middle_East%2C_16_May_1942_A9104.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> inspects South African sailors in Alexandria, Egypt, 16 May 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_South_African_Air_Force_during_the_Second_World_War_CM2079.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_South_African_Air_Force_during_the_Second_World_War_CM2079.jpg/220px-The_South_African_Air_Force_during_the_Second_World_War_CM2079.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_South_African_Air_Force_during_the_Second_World_War_CM2079.jpg/330px-The_South_African_Air_Force_during_the_Second_World_War_CM2079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_South_African_Air_Force_during_the_Second_World_War_CM2079.jpg/440px-The_South_African_Air_Force_during_the_Second_World_War_CM2079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3341" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a> in Libya</figcaption></figure> <p>South Africa and its military forces contributed in many theatres of war. South Africa's contribution consisted mainly of supplying troops, airmen and material for the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a> (the Desert War) and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a> as well as to Allied ships that docked at its crucial ports adjoining the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean that converge at the tip of Southern Africa. Numerous volunteers also flew for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>. (See: <a href="/wiki/South_African_Army#World_War_II" title="South African Army">South African Army in World War II</a>; <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force#Second_World_War" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force in World War II</a>; <a href="/wiki/South_African_Navy#World_War_II" title="South African Navy">South African Navy in World War II</a>.) </p> <ol><li>The South African Army and <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">Air Force</a> played a major role in defeating the Italian forces of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> during the 1940/1941 <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a>. The converted <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_86" title="Junkers Ju 86">Junkers Ju 86s</a> of 12 Squadron, South African Air Force, carried out the first bombing raid of the campaign on a concentration of tanks at <a href="/wiki/Moyale" title="Moyale">Moyale</a> at 8 am on 11 June 1940, mere hours after Italy's declaration of war.<sup id="cite_ref-GatherEagles_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GatherEagles-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup></li> <li>Another important victory that the South Africans participated in was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">capture of Malagasy</a> (now known as <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>) from the control of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a>. British troops aided by South African soldiers, staged their attack from South Africa, landing on the strategic island on 4 May 1942<sup id="cite_ref-EaglesStrikeBrown_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EaglesStrikeBrown-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 387">: 387 </span></sup> to preclude its seizure by the Japanese.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_1st_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="South African 1st Infantry Division">South African 1st Infantry Division</a> took part in several actions in East Africa (1940) and North Africa (1941 and 1942), including the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Battle of El Alamein</a>, before being withdrawn to South Africa.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_2nd_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="South African 2nd Infantry Division">South African 2nd Infantry Division</a> also took part in a number of actions in North Africa during 1942, but on 21 June 1942 two complete infantry brigades of the division as well as most of the supporting units were captured at the fall of <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_3rd_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="South African 3rd Infantry Division">South African 3rd Infantry Division</a> never took an active part in any battles but instead organised and trained the South African home defence forces, performed garrison duties and supplied replacements for the South African 1st Infantry Division and the South African 2nd Infantry Division. However, one of this division's constituent brigades – <i>7 SA Motorised Brigade</i> – did take part in the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in 1942.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_6th_Armoured_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="South African 6th Armoured Division">South African 6th Armoured Division</a> fought in numerous actions in Italy from 1944 to 1945.</li> <li>The South African Air Force <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">SAAF</a> made a significant contribution to the air war in East Africa, North Africa, Sicily, Italy, the Balkans and even as far east as bombing missions aimed at the Romanian oilfields in <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EaglesVictorious_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EaglesVictorious-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 331">: 331 </span></sup> supply missions in support of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw uprising">Warsaw uprising</a><sup id="cite_ref-EaglesVictorious_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EaglesVictorious-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 246">: 246 </span></sup> and reconnaissance missions ahead of the Russian advances in the Lvov-Cracow area.<sup id="cite_ref-EaglesVictorious_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EaglesVictorious-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 242">: 242 </span></sup></li> <li>Numerous South African airmen also volunteered service to the RAF, some serving with distinction.</li> <li>South Africa contributed to the war effort against Japan, supplying men and manning ships in naval engagements against the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Army#World_War_II" title="South African Army">334,000 men volunteered for full-time service in the South African Army during the war</a> (including some 211,000 whites, 77,000 blacks and 46,000 "coloureds" and Asians), nearly 9,000 were killed in action. </p><p>The Commonwealth War Graves Commission has records of 11,023 known South African war dead during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, not all South Africans supported the war effort. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Boer_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Boer war">Anglo-Boer war</a> had ended only thirty five years earlier and to some, siding with the "enemy" was considered disloyal and unpatriotic. These sentiments gave rise to "The <a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a>" ("Oxwagon Sentinel"), originally created as a cultural organisation on the Centenary of the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a></i> becoming more militant and openly opposing South African entry into the war on side of the British. The organisation created a paramilitary group called <i>Stormjaers</i> ('storm chasers'), modelled on the Nazi SA or <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i> ("Storm Division") and which was linked to the German Intelligence (<i><a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a></i>) and the German Foreign Office (<i>Dienstelle Ribbentrop</i>) via Luitpold Werz – the former German Consul in Pretoria. The <i>Stormjaers</i> carried out a number of sabotage attacks against the <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Smuts</a> government and actively tried to intimidate and discourage volunteers from joining the army recruitment programs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg/220px-South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg/330px-South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg/440px-South_Africa-Korean_War_Memorial01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3014" data-file-height="2261" /></a><figcaption>The names of those who died and are listed as missing can be found on the Memorial plaque in the gardens of the Union Buildings in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2_Squadron_SAAF" title="2 Squadron SAAF">2 Squadron</a> ("The Flying Cheetahs") took part as South Africa's contribution. It won many American decorations, including the honour of a United States <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Unit Citation (US)">Presidential Unit Citation</a> in 1952: </p> <dl><dd><i>2 Sqn had a long and distinguished record of service in Korea flying F-51D Mustangs and later F-86F Sabres. Their role was mainly flying ground attack and interdiction missions as one of the squadrons making up the USAF's 18th Fighter Bomber Wing.</i></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>During the war the squadron flew a grand total of 12 067 sorties for a loss of 34 pilots and two other ranks. Aircraft losses amounted to 74 out of 97 Mustangs and four out of 22 Sabres. Pilots and men of the squadron received a total of 797 medals including 2 Silver Stars – the highest award to non-American nationals – 3 Legions of Merit, 55 Distinguished Flying Crosses and 40 Bronze Stars. 8 pilots became POW's. Casualties: 20 KIA 16 WIA.</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Some sources<sup id="cite_ref-ROHKorea_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROHKorea-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> list 35 deaths from <a href="/wiki/2_Squadron_SAAF" title="2 Squadron SAAF">2 Squadron</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simonstown_Agreement">Simonstown Agreement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Simonstown Agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Simonstown_Agreement" title="Simonstown Agreement">Simonstown Agreement</a></div> <p>The <b>Simonstown Agreement</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval</a> co-operation agreement between the United Kingdom and South Africa signed 30 June 1955. Under the agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> gave up its naval base at <a href="/wiki/Simon%27s_Town" title="Simon's Town">Simonstown, South Africa</a>, and transferred command of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Navy" title="South African Navy">South African Navy</a> to the government of South Africa. In return, South Africa promised the use of the Simonstown base to Royal Navy ships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Africa_and_Israel">South Africa and Israel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: South Africa and Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israel-South_Africa_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-South Africa relations">Israel-South Africa relations</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/U.S._Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Intelligence">U.S. Intelligence</a> believed that Israel participated in South African nuclear research projects and supplied advanced non-nuclear weapons technology to South Africa during the 1970s, while South Africa was <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">developing its own atomic bombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/David_Albright" title="David Albright">David Albright</a>, writing for the <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a>, "Faced with sanctions, South Africa began to organize clandestine procurement networks in Europe and the United States, and it began a long, secret collaboration with Israel." although he goes on to say "A common question is whether Israel provided South Africa with weapons design assistance, although available evidence argues against significant cooperation."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a>, in 1977 Israel traded 30 grams of <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> in exchange for 50 tons of South African <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and in the mid-80s assisted with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Shavit_2#South_African_RSA_series" title="Shavit 2">RSA-3</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nti1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nti1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1977, according to foreign press reports, it was suspected that South Africa signed a pact with Israel that included the transfer of military technology and the manufacture of at least six atom bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chris_McGreal" title="Chris McGreal">Chris McGreal</a> has claimed that "Israel provided expertise and technology that was central to South Africa's development of its nuclear bombs".<sup id="cite_ref-guardian1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Gerhardt" title="Dieter Gerhardt">Dieter Gerhardt</a>, Soviet spy and a former commodore in the South African Navy, claimed that Israel agreed in 1974 to arm eight <a href="/wiki/Jericho_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Jericho missile">Jericho II</a> missiles with "special warheads" for South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_African_undercover_activity_abroad">South African undercover activity abroad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: South African undercover activity abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> experienced a failed coup attempt by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Hoare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Hoare">Mike Hoare</a> and a team of mercenaries. An international commission, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> in 1982, concluded that South African defence agencies had been involved in the attempted takeover, including supplying weapons and ammunition. See <a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">History of Seychelles</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction">South Africa and weapons of mass destruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: South Africa and weapons of mass destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">South Africa and weapons of mass destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vela_incident" title="Vela incident">Vela incident</a></div> <p>From the 1960s to the 1990s, South Africa pursued research into <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>, including nuclear,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> biological, and chemical weapons under the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> regime. Six nuclear weapons were assembled.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South African strategy was, if political and military instability in Southern Africa became unmanageable, to conduct a nuclear weapon test in a location such as the Kalahari desert, where an underground testing site had been prepared, to demonstrate its capability and resolve—and thereby highlight the peril of intensified conflict in the region—and then invite a larger power such as the United States to intervene. </p><p>Before the anticipated changeover to a majority-elected <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a>–led government in the 1990s, the South African government dismantled all of its nuclear weapons, the first state in the world which voluntarily gave up all nuclear arms it had developed itself. The country has been a signatory of the <a href="/wiki/Biological_Weapons_Convention" title="Biological Weapons Convention">Biological Weapons Convention</a> since 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a> since 1991, and the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a> since 1995. In February 2019, South Africa ratified the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>, becoming the first country to have had nuclear weapons, disarmed them and gone on to sign the treaty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_African_Border_War">South African Border War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: South African Border War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SADF_Pamphlet1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/SADF_Pamphlet1.PNG/220px-SADF_Pamphlet1.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/SADF_Pamphlet1.PNG/330px-SADF_Pamphlet1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/SADF_Pamphlet1.PNG/440px-SADF_Pamphlet1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a> leaflet circulated during the Border War.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></div> <p>Between 1966 and 1989, South Africa waged a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign against the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Namibia" title="People's Liberation Army of Namibia">People's Liberation Army of Namibia</a> (PLAN) in South-West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PLAN was backed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and a number of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> member states, as well as several sympathetic, newly independent African governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Koevoet1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koevoet1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also received considerable combat support from the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Forces_of_Liberation_of_Angola" title="People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola">People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola</a> (FAPLA) and a sizeable contingent of Cuban military advisors.<sup id="cite_ref-Frontiersmen_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frontiersmen-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, South Africa underwent a massive military expansion to combat the PLAN threat, which included the formation of several elite special forces units such as <a href="/wiki/Koevoet" title="Koevoet">Koevoet</a>, <a href="/wiki/32_Battalion_(South_Africa)" title="32 Battalion (South Africa)">32 Battalion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Special_Forces_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Special Forces Brigade">Reconnaissance Commando Regiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stapleton1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stapleton1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South African troops raided neighbouring states to strike at PLAN <a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">forward operating bases</a>, which occasionally entailed clashes with FAPLA<sup id="cite_ref-War_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Zambian_Defence_Force" title="Zambian Defence Force">Zambian Defence Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Borderstrike_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borderstrike-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This largely undeclared conflict became known as the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a> during the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Narrative_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narrative-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SADF expeditionary forces targeted guerrilla bases, refugees, and rural infrastructure in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, depending initially on border raids, patrols, and <a href="/wiki/Air_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Air strikes">air strikes</a> to keep PLAN at bay.<sup id="cite_ref-Minter_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minter-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was eventually extended to a permanent SADF military presence throughout southern Angola, with the objective of forcing PLAN bases to relocate further and further north.<sup id="cite_ref-Narrative_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narrative-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this strategy was successful, it resulted in the parallel expansion of FAPLA, with Soviet assistance, to meet what Luanda perceived as a direct South African threat to Angolan sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-Minter_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minter-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FAPLA and the SADF clashed continuously between 1981 and 1984, and again from 1987 to 1988, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cuito_Cuanavale" title="Battle of Cuito Cuanavale">Battle of Cuito Cuanavale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-War_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The South African Border War was closely linked to the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a>. South African expeditionary units had openly invaded Angola in 1975 during <i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Savannah_(Angola)" title="Operation Savannah (Angola)">Operation Savannah</a></i>, an ill-fated attempt to support two rival Angolan factions, the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_for_the_Total_Independence_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="National Union for the Total Independence of Angola">National Union for the Total Independence of Angola</a> (UNITA) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Angola" title="National Liberation Front of Angola">National Liberation Front of Angola</a> (FNLA), during the civil war. The SADF was forced to withdraw under overwhelming pressure from <a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">thousands of Cuban combat troops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-George_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When South Africa began intensifying its campaign against PLAN in the 1980s, it reasserted its alliance with UNITA and took the opportunity to bolster that movement with training and captured PLAN weaponry.<sup id="cite_ref-Weigert_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weigert-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale proved to be a major turning point for both conflicts, as it resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Accord_(Angola)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Accord (Angola)">Angolan Tripartite Accord</a>, in which Cuba pledged to withdraw its troops from Angola while South Africa withdrew from South-West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South-West Africa received independence as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Namibia">Republic of Namibia</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Hampson_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hampson-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_of_military_equipment_by_South_Africa">Production of military equipment by South Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Production of military equipment by South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Armscor_(South_Africa)" title="Armscor (South Africa)">Armscor (South Africa)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denel" title="Denel">Denel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Group" title="Paramount Group">Paramount Group</a></div> <p>South Africa has produced a variety of significant weapons, vehicles and planes for its own uses as well as for international export. Some have been established weapons produced under licence and in other instances South Africa has innovated and manufactured its own weapons and vehicles. The predominant manufacturer of weapons is <a href="/wiki/Denel" title="Denel">Denel</a>. </p><p>During the 1960s and 1970s, Armscor produced a great deal of South Africa's armament as South Africa was under UN sanctions. It was during this time that Armscor contracted with <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Bull" title="Gerald Bull">Gerald Bull</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_Corporation" title="Space Research Corporation">Space Research Corporation</a> for advanced 155mm <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a> designs, which it eventually produced, used, and exported to countries such as <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_guerrilla_activity_during_apartheid">Internal guerrilla activity during apartheid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Internal guerrilla activity during apartheid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance to apartheid</a></div> <p>Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, it was common for anti-apartheid political movements to form military wings, such as <a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">Umkhonto we Sizwe</a> (MK), which was created by the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">Azanian People's Liberation Army</a> (APLA) of the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan-Africanist Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Biko1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biko1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These functioned as <i>de facto</i> guerrilla armies, carrying out acts of sabotage and waging a limited rural insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-Switzer_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Switzer-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guerrillas occasionally clashed with each other as their respective political organs jockeyed for internal influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though fought on a much smaller scale than the South African Border War, the SADF's operations against MK and APLA mirrored several important aspects of that conflict. Much like PLAN, for example, MK often sought sanctuary in states adjacent to South Africa's borders.<sup id="cite_ref-Minter_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minter-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SADF retaliated with targeted assassinations of MK personnel on foreign soil, and a combination of air strikes and special forces raids on MK bases in Zambia, Mozambique, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Minter_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minter-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both MK and APLA were disbanded and integrated with the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African National Defence Force</a> (SANDF) following the abolition of apartheid.<sup id="cite_ref-Pmg.org.za_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pmg.org.za-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Afrikaner_separatist_militias">Modern Afrikaner separatist militias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Modern Afrikaner separatist militias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a> (AWB) – "Afrikaner Resistance Movement" – was formed in 1973 in Heidelberg, <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Province">Transvaal</a>, a town southeast of <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>. It is a political and paramilitary group in South Africa and was under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Eugène Terre'Blanche</a>. They are committed to the restoration of an independent <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> republic or "<i><a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boerestaat</a></i>" within South Africa. In their heyday, the period of transition in the early 1990s, they received much publicity both in South Africa and abroad as an extremist <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> group. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa</a>, the AWB stormed the venue, the Kempton Park World Trade Centre, breaking through the glass front of the building with an armoured car. The invaders took over the main conference hall, threatening delegates and painting slogans on the walls and left again after a short period. In 1994, before the advent of majority rule, the AWB again gained international notoriety in its attempt to defend the dictatorial government of <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Mangope" title="Lucas Mangope">Lucas Mangope</a> in the homeland of <a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a>, who opposed the upcoming elections and the dissolution of "his" homeland. The AWB, along with a contingent of about 90 <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">Afrikaner Volksfront</a> <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militiamen</a> entered the capital of <a href="/wiki/Mmabatho" title="Mmabatho">Mmabatho</a> on 10 and 11 March. Terre'Blanche was sentenced for the attempted murder of security guard, Paul Motshabi, but he only served three years. In June 2004, he was released from prison. Terre'blanche claimed that while in prison, he re-discovered God and has dropped some of his more violent and racist policies. He preached reconciliation as 'prescribed by God' in his later years. Terre'Blanche was murdered on his farm on 3 April 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_military:_South_African_National_Defence_Force">Present military: South African National Defence Force</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Present military: South African National Defence Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African National Defence Force</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African National Defence Force</a> (SANDF) is the name of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Armed_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed force">armed forces</a> of South Africa. The military as it exists today was created in 1994, following South Africa's first post-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> national elections and the adoption of a new constitution. It replaced the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a> (SADF), and included personnel and equipment from the SADF and the former <a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">Homelands</a> forces (<a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a>), as well as personnel from the former guerrilla forces of some of the political parties involved in South Africa, such as the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">Umkhonto we Sizwe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Africanist Congress">Pan Africanist Congress</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a> and the Self-Protection Units of the <a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">Inkatha Freedom Party</a> (IFP). </p><p>As of 2004, the integration process was considered complete, with the integrated personnel having been incorporated into a slightly modified structure very similar to that of the SADF, with the latter's structure and equipment for the most part being retained. </p><p>The commander of the SANDF is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> from one of the armed services. The current commander is General <a href="/wiki/Solly_Shoke" title="Solly Shoke">Solly Shoke</a>. He in turn is accountable to the Minister of Defence, currently <a href="/wiki/Nosiviwe_Noluthando_Mapisa-Nqakula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosiviwe Noluthando Mapisa-Nqakula">Nosiviwe Noluthando Mapisa-Nqakula</a>. </p><p>Some of the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_South_African_Regiments" title="Traditional South African Regiments">Traditional South African Regiments</a> have been serving the country for over a hundred and fifty years under various iterations of political systems and different governments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms_Deal">Arms Deal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Arms Deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">South African Arms Deal</a></div> <p>The South African Department of Defence's Strategic Defence Acquisition (known as the Arms Deal) aimed to modernise its defence equipment, which included the purchase of corvettes, submarines, light utility helicopters, lead-in fighter trainers and advanced light fighter aircraft. This saw the SANDF being provided with modern equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Peacekeeping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent peacekeeping actions by the South African military include the <a href="/wiki/South_African_intervention_in_Lesotho" title="South African intervention in Lesotho">South African intervention in Lesotho</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to restore the democratically elected government after a coup, as well as extensive contributions to the United Nations peacekeeping operations in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>. An operation to <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> has recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> begun and is scheduled to be increased to <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a> strength.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Issues that face the SANDF include a severe shortage of pilots and naval combat officers, due to the replacement of white officers from the former SADF with appointments from the old liberation forces and emigration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The loss of trained personnel and the decommissioning of much needed equipment due to funding issues<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, high HIV-rates amongst personnel<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the fact that SANDF infantry soldiers are some of the oldest in the world<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, all raise questions regarding the current fighting efficiency of the SANDF. Some of these issues are being addressed with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Skills_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Skills Development">Military Skills Development</a> (MSD) programme<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, as well as aggressive recruitment and training by the <a href="/wiki/Military_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Military reserves">Reserve</a> Force Regiments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Recently, the SANDF has been involved in combat in both the Central African Republic (Bangui) as well as in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Force_Intervention_Brigade" title="United Nations Force Intervention Brigade">FIB</a>)). The performance of the SANDF soldiers in combat in these two theatres has gone a long way towards silencing critics of the combat effectiveness of the actual soldiers but has refocused the debate on that of the political leadership as well as the procurement and recruitment issues that still abound. </p><p>Four armed services make up the forces of the SANDF: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South African Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Military_Health_Service" title="South African Military Health Service">South African Military Health Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Navy" title="South African Navy">South African Navy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_South_Africa" title="List of wars involving South Africa">List of wars involving South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="British logistics in the Boer War">British logistics in the Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">List of conflicts in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Force" title="Permanent Force">Permanent Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force_Museum" title="South African Air Force Museum">South African Air Force Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South African Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a> (1957–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Museum_of_Military_History" title="South African National Museum of Military History">South African National Museum of Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African National Defence Force</a> (1994–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Navy" title="South African Navy">South African Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South African Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_resistance_to_war" title="South African resistance to war">South African resistance to war</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Operation BOLEAS</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ETH-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ETH_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ETH_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnography and Condition of South Africa Before A.D. 1505, George McCall Theal, London 1919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/africa/south-africa/articles/what-to-know-about-the-khoisan-south-africas-first-people/">"What to Know About the Khoisan, South Africa's First People"</a>. the culture trip. 20 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+to+Know+About+the+Khoisan%2C+South+Africa%27s+First+People&rft.pub=the+culture+trip&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fafrica%2Fsouth-africa%2Farticles%2Fwhat-to-know-about-the-khoisan-south-africas-first-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sahistory-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sahistory_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606163252/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/general/1600.htm">"Chronology of the 1600s at the Cape"</a>. sahistory.org.za. 21 November 2006. 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South Africa into Angola 1975–1980</i> (2006 ed.). Just Done Productions. pp. 132–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1920169008" title="Special:BookSources/978-1920169008"><bdi>978-1920169008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borderstrike%21+South+Africa+into+Angola+1975%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=132-226&rft.edition=2006&rft.pub=Just+Done+Productions&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1920169008&rft.aulast=Steenkamp&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narrative-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narrative_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narrative_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines2014" class="citation book cs1">Baines, Gary (2014). <i>South Africa's 'Border War': Contested Narratives and Conflicting Memories</i>. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 1–4, 138–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472509710" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472509710"><bdi>978-1472509710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+%27Border+War%27%3A+Contested+Narratives+and+Conflicting+Memories&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-4%2C+138-40&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1472509710&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minter-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minter_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minter_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minter_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minter_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinter1994" class="citation book cs1">Minter, William (1994). <i>Apartheid's Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique</i>. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. pp. 114–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439216187" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439216187"><bdi>978-1439216187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apartheid%27s+Contras%3A+An+Inquiry+into+the+Roots+of+War+in+Angola+and+Mozambique&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pages=114-117&rft.pub=Witwatersrand+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1439216187&rft.aulast=Minter&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-George-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-George_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2005" class="citation book cs1">George, Edward (2005). <i>The Cuban intervention in Angola</i>. New York: Frank Cass Publishers. pp. 105–06. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415647106" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415647106"><bdi>978-0415647106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuban+intervention+in+Angola&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=105-06&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415647106&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weigert-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weigert_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigert2011" class="citation book cs1">Weigert, Stephen (2011). <i>Angola: A Modern Military History</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230117778" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230117778"><bdi>978-0230117778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angola%3A+A+Modern+Military+History&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=Palgrave-Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0230117778&rft.aulast=Weigert&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1999" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Geoff (1999). <i>Recovery from Armed Conflict in Developing Countries: An Economic and Political Analysis</i>. Oxfordshire: Routledge Books. pp. 262–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415193795" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415193795"><bdi>978-0415193795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovery+from+Armed+Conflict+in+Developing+Countries%3A+An+Economic+and+Political+Analysis&rft.place=Oxfordshire&rft.pages=262-64&rft.pub=Routledge+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0415193795&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hampson-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hampson_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampson1996" class="citation book cs1">Hampson, Fen Osler (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nurturingpeacewh0000hamp/page/53"><i>Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed Or Fail</i></a>. Stanford: United States Institute of Peace Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nurturingpeacewh0000hamp/page/53">53–70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1878379573" title="Special:BookSources/978-1878379573"><bdi>978-1878379573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nurturing+Peace%3A+Why+Peace+Settlements+Succeed+Or+Fail&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=53-70&rft.pub=United+States+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1878379573&rft.aulast=Hampson&rft.aufirst=Fen+Osler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnurturingpeacewh0000hamp%2Fpage%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biko1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biko1_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonAlexanderMngxitama2008" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Nigel; Alexander, Amanda; Mngxitama, Andile (2008). <i>Biko Lives! Contesting the Legacies of Steve Biko</i>. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230606494" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230606494"><bdi>978-0230606494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biko+Lives%21+Contesting+the+Legacies+of+Steve+Biko&rft.place=Hampshire&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0230606494&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Mngxitama%2C+Andile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Switzer-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Switzer_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwitzer,_Les2000" class="citation book cs1">Switzer, Les (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bUvA7PHnCrUC&pg=PA415"><i>South Africa's Resistance Press: Alternative Voices in the Last Generation Under Apartheid. Issue 74 of Research in international studies: Africa series</i></a>. Ohio University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896802131" title="Special:BookSources/9780896802131"><bdi>9780896802131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+Resistance+Press%3A+Alternative+Voices+in+the+Last+Generation+Under+Apartheid.+Issue+74+of+Research+in+international+studies%3A+Africa+series&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780896802131&rft.au=Switzer%2C+Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbUvA7PHnCrUC%26pg%3DPA415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2008" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Thomas (2008). <i>Native vs Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa</i>. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 194–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313313578" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313313578"><bdi>978-0313313578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+vs+Settler%3A+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Israel%2FPalestine%2C+Northern+Ireland+and+South+Africa&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=194-96&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0313313578&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pmg.org.za-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pmg.org.za_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmg.org.za/minutes/20041108-final-integration-report-sandf-briefing">"Final Integration Report: SANDF briefing | Parliament of South Africa monitored"</a>. Pmg.org.za. 9 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Integration+Report%3A+SANDF+briefing+%26%23124%3B+Parliament+of+South+Africa+monitored&rft.pub=Pmg.org.za&rft.date=2004-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmg.org.za%2Fminutes%2F20041108-final-integration-report-sandf-briefing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029042825/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557321_11/South_Africa.html"><i>South Africa</i></a>. Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557321_11/South_Africa.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa&rft.pub=Microsoft%C2%AE+Encarta%C2%AE+Online+Encyclopedia+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761557321_11%2FSouth_Africa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebenberg1997" class="citation journal cs1">Liebenberg, Ian (Fall 1997). "The integration of the military in post-liberation South Africa: The contribution of revolutionary armies". <i>Armed Forces & Society</i>. <b>24</b> (1). Sage Publications, Inc.: 105–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X9702400105">10.1177/0095327X9702400105</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45347233">45347233</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145284963">145284963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+integration+of+the+military+in+post-liberation+South+Africa%3A+The+contribution+of+revolutionary+armies&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-132&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145284963%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45347233%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327X9702400105&rft.aulast=Liebenberg&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeegers1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annette_Seegers" title="Annette Seegers">Seegers, Annette</a> (15 May 1996). <i>The military in the making of modern South Africa</i>. IB Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850436898" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850436898"><bdi>978-1850436898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+military+in+the+making+of+modern+South+Africa&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=1996-05-15&rft.isbn=978-1850436898&rft.aulast=Seegers&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton2010" class="citation book cs1">Stapleton, Timothy J. (9 April 2010). <i>A Military History of South Africa: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid</i>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313365898" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313365898"><bdi>978-0313365898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+South+Africa%3A+From+the+Dutch-Khoi+Wars+to+the+End+of+Apartheid%3A+From+the+Dutch-Khoi+Wars+to+the+End+of+Apartheid&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft.isbn=978-0313365898&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessels2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wessels, André (9 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ufs.ac.za/index.php/jch/article/view/3360">"The war for Southern Africa (1966–1989) that continues to fascinate and haunt us"</a>. <i>Southern Journal for Contemporary History</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 24–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18820%2F24150509%2FJCH42.v2.2">10.18820/24150509/JCH42.v2.2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Journal+for+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+war+for+Southern+Africa+%281966%E2%80%931989%29+that+continues+to+fascinate+and+haunt+us&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=24-47&rft.date=2018-01-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18820%2F24150509%2FJCH42.v2.2&rft.aulast=Wessels&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ufs.ac.za%2Findex.php%2Fjch%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20010311193016/http://www.militarymuseum.co.za/welcome.html">"The South African National Museum of Military History"</a>. Archived from the original on 11 March 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+South+African+National+Museum+of+Military+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militarymuseum.co.za%2Fwelcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samilitaryhistory.org/">"The South African Military History Society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+South+African+Military+History+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamilitaryhistory.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_history_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Africa" title="Military history of Africa">Military history of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Algeria" title="Military history of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Angola" title="Military history of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Chad" title="Military history of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Djibouti" title="Military history of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Military history of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Gambia" title="Military history of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Libya" title="Military history of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Morocco" title="Military history of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Niger (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Somalia" title="Military history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Sudan (page does not exist)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Uganda" title="Military history of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Military history of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Africa_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Africa_topics" title="Template:South Africa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Africa_topics" title="Template talk:South Africa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Africa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Africa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Africa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Africa" title="Outline of South Africa">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Africa" title="Timeline of South Africa">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_South_Africa" title="List of years in South Africa">Years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaditshwene" title="Kaditshwene">Kaditshwene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Democratic South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">Economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Biodiversity of South Africa">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Africa" title="Climate of South Africa">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Africa" title="Climate change in South Africa">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_South_Africa" title="Districts of South Africa">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_South_Africa" title="List of earthquakes in South Africa">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estuaries_of_South_Africa" title="List of estuaries of South Africa">Estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_of_South_Africa" title="List of forests of South Africa">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_Africa" title="List of islands of South Africa">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_South_Africa" title="List of lakes of South Africa">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_South_Africa" title="List of mountain ranges of South Africa">Mountain ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of South African municipalities">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of South Africa">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_South_Africa" title="List of populated places in South Africa">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_South_Africa" title="List of rivers of South Africa">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_South_Africa" title="Wildlife of South Africa">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_South_Africa" title="Courts of South Africa">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign relations of South Africa">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Human rights in South Africa">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" title="Law enforcement in South Africa">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifespan_timeline_of_presidents_of_South_Africa" title="Lifespan timeline of presidents of South Africa">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">State security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Africa" title="Agriculture in South Africa">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_South_Africa" title="Banking in South Africa">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_South_Africa" title="List of companies of South Africa">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Africa" title="Telecommunications in South Africa">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Africa" title="Energy in South Africa">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign trade of South Africa">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality in South Africa">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_South_Africa" title="Mining industry of South Africa">Mining industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">Rand <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_South_Africa" title="State-owned enterprises of South Africa">State-owned enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSE_Limited" title="JSE Limited">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_South_Africa" title="Taxation in South Africa">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Africa" title="Tourism in South Africa">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Africa" title="Transport in South Africa">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Africa" title="Water supply and sanitation in South Africa">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_South_Africa" title="Wealth inequality in South Africa">Wealth inequality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Society of South Africa">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Africa" title="Cannabis in South Africa">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_South_Africa" title="Disability in South Africa">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_South_Africa" title="Health in South Africa">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_South_Africa" title="Healthcare in South Africa">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Immigration to South Africa">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Intersex rights in South Africa">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_invasion_in_South_Africa" title="Land invasion in South Africa">Land invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Africa" title="LGBT rights in South Africa">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South African provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in South Africa">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_South_Africa" title="Slum clearance in South Africa">Slum clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Africa" title="Smoking in South Africa">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in South Africa">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_movements_in_South_Africa" title="List of social movements in South Africa">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Culture of South Africa">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of South Africa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_art" title="South African art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_South_Africa" title="Homelessness in South Africa">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in South Africa">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_South_Africa" title="National symbols of South Africa">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Africa" title="Public holidays in South Africa">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Africa" title="Sport in South Africa">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa">World Heritage Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_South_Africa" title="List of heritage sites in South Africa">heritage sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa" title="Demographics of South Africa">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu peoples in South Africa">South African Bantu-speaking peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Ndebele_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ndebele people">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">Whites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese South African">Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Africa" title="Outline of South Africa">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Africa" title="Outline of South Africa">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Africa" title="Category:South Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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<a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_South_Africa" title="List of years in South Africa">Years</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">1901</a>–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_in_South_Africa" title="1901 in South Africa">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_in_South_Africa" title="1902 in South Africa">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_South_Africa" title="1903 in South Africa">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_in_South_Africa" title="1904 in South Africa">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_in_South_Africa" title="1905 in South Africa">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_in_South_Africa" title="1906 in South Africa">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_in_South_Africa" title="1907 in South Africa">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_in_South_Africa" title="1908 in South Africa">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_in_South_Africa" title="1909 in South Africa">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_in_South_Africa" title="1910 in South Africa">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_in_South_Africa" title="1911 in South Africa">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_in_South_Africa" title="1912 in South Africa">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_in_South_Africa" title="1913 in South Africa">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_in_South_Africa" title="1914 in South Africa">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_in_South_Africa" title="1915 in South Africa">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_in_South_Africa" title="1916 in South Africa">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_in_South_Africa" title="1917 in South Africa">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_in_South_Africa" title="1918 in South Africa">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_in_South_Africa" title="1919 in South Africa">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_in_South_Africa" title="1920 in South Africa">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_in_South_Africa" title="1921 in South Africa">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_in_South_Africa" title="1922 in South Africa">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_in_South_Africa" title="1923 in South Africa">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_in_South_Africa" title="1924 in South Africa">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_in_South_Africa" title="1925 in South Africa">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_in_South_Africa" title="1926 in South Africa">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_in_South_Africa" title="1927 in South Africa">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_in_South_Africa" title="1928 in South Africa">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_in_South_Africa" title="1929 in South Africa">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_in_South_Africa" title="1930 in South Africa">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_in_South_Africa" title="1931 in South Africa">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_in_South_Africa" title="1932 in South Africa">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_in_South_Africa" title="1933 in South Africa">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_in_South_Africa" title="1934 in South Africa">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_in_South_Africa" title="1935 in South Africa">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_in_South_Africa" title="1936 in South Africa">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_in_South_Africa" title="1937 in South Africa">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_in_South_Africa" title="1938 in South Africa">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_in_South_Africa" title="1939 in South Africa">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_in_South_Africa" title="1940 in South Africa">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_in_South_Africa" title="1941 in South Africa">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_in_South_Africa" title="1942 in South Africa">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_in_South_Africa" title="1943 in South Africa">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_in_South_Africa" title="1944 in South Africa">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_in_South_Africa" title="1945 in South Africa">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_in_South_Africa" title="1946 in South Africa">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_in_South_Africa" title="1947 in South Africa">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_in_South_Africa" title="1948 in South Africa">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_in_South_Africa" title="1949 in South Africa">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_in_South_Africa" title="1950 in South Africa">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_in_South_Africa" title="1951 in South Africa">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_in_South_Africa" title="1952 in South Africa">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_in_South_Africa" title="1953 in South Africa">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_in_South_Africa" title="1954 in South Africa">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_South_Africa" title="1955 in South Africa">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_in_South_Africa" title="1956 in South Africa">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_in_South_Africa" title="1957 in South Africa">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_in_South_Africa" title="1958 in South Africa">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_South_Africa" title="1959 in South Africa">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_South_Africa" title="1960 in South Africa">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_in_South_Africa" title="1961 in South Africa">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_in_South_Africa" title="1962 in South Africa">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_in_South_Africa" title="1963 in South Africa">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_in_South_Africa" title="1964 in South Africa">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_in_South_Africa" title="1965 in South Africa">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_in_South_Africa" title="1966 in South Africa">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_in_South_Africa" title="1967 in South Africa">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_in_South_Africa" title="1968 in South Africa">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_in_South_Africa" title="1969 in South Africa">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_South_Africa" title="1970 in South Africa">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_South_Africa" title="1971 in South Africa">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_South_Africa" title="1972 in South Africa">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_South_Africa" title="1973 in South Africa">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_South_Africa" title="1974 in South Africa">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_South_Africa" title="1975 in South Africa">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_in_South_Africa" title="1976 in South Africa">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_in_South_Africa" title="1977 in South Africa">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_in_South_Africa" title="1978 in South Africa">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_South_Africa" title="1979 in South Africa">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_South_Africa" title="1980 in South Africa">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_South_Africa" title="1981 in South Africa">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_South_Africa" title="1982 in South Africa">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_South_Africa" title="1983 in South Africa">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_South_Africa" title="1984 in South Africa">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_South_Africa" title="1985 in South Africa">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_South_Africa" title="1986 in South Africa">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_South_Africa" title="1987 in South Africa">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_South_Africa" title="1988 in South Africa">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_South_Africa" title="1989 in South Africa">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_South_Africa" title="1990 in South Africa">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_South_Africa" title="1991 in South Africa">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_South_Africa" title="1992 in South Africa">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_South_Africa" title="1993 in South Africa">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_South_Africa" title="1994 in South Africa">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_South_Africa" title="1995 in South Africa">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_South_Africa" title="1996 in South Africa">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_South_Africa" title="1997 in South Africa">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_South_Africa" title="1998 in South Africa">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_South_Africa" title="1999 in South Africa">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_South_Africa" title="2000 in South Africa">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_South_Africa" title="2001 in South Africa">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_South_Africa" title="2002 in South Africa">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_South_Africa" title="2003 in South Africa">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_South_Africa" title="2004 in South Africa">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_South_Africa" title="2005 in South Africa">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_South_Africa" title="2006 in South Africa">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_South_Africa" title="2007 in South Africa">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_South_Africa" title="2008 in South Africa">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_South_Africa" title="2009 in South Africa">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_South_Africa" title="2010 in South Africa">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_South_Africa" title="2011 in South Africa">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_South_Africa" title="2012 in South Africa">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_South_Africa" title="2013 in South Africa">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_South_Africa" title="2014 in South Africa">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_South_Africa" title="2015 in South Africa">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_South_Africa" title="2016 in South Africa">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_South_Africa" title="2017 in South Africa">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_South_Africa" title="2018 in South Africa">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_South_Africa" title="2019 in South Africa">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_South_Africa" title="2020 in South Africa">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_South_Africa" title="2021 in South Africa">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_South_Africa" title="2022 in South Africa">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_South_Africa" title="2023 in South Africa">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_South_Africa" title="2024 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