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id="toc-Concept_and_origin_(1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_structure_(no_Dutch_sandwich)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_structure_(no_Dutch_sandwich)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Basic structure (no Dutch sandwich) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_structure_(no_Dutch_sandwich)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elimination_of_Dutch_sandwich_(2010)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elimination_of_Dutch_sandwich_(2010)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Elimination of Dutch sandwich (2010) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elimination_of_Dutch_sandwich_(2010)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversial_closure_(2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_closure_(2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Controversial closure (2015) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_closure_(2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apple's_€13_billion_EU_fine_(2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apple's_€13_billion_EU_fine_(2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Apple's €13 billion EU fine (2016) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apple's_€13_billion_EU_fine_(2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single_Malt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_Malt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Single Malt </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Single_Malt-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Single Malt subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Single_Malt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concept_and_origin_(2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_and_origin_(2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Concept and origin (2014) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept_and_origin_(2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Basic structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_(2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_(2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Discovery (2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_(2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_closure_(2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_closure_(2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Partial closure (2018) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_closure_(2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rediscovery_(2021)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rediscovery_(2021)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Rediscovery (2021) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rediscovery_(2021)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_Allowances_for_Intangible_Assets_(CAIA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_Allowances_for_Intangible_Assets_(CAIA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets (CAIA) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Capital_Allowances_for_Intangible_Assets_(CAIA)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets (CAIA) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Capital_Allowances_for_Intangible_Assets_(CAIA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concept_and_origin_(2009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_and_origin_(2009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Concept and origin (2009) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept_and_origin_(2009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_structure_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_structure_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Basic structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_structure_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing_of_the_CAIA_BEPS_tool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing_of_the_CAIA_BEPS_tool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Marketing of the CAIA BEPS tool </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing_of_the_CAIA_BEPS_tool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apple's_"leprechaun_economics"_(2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Toggle Effect of BEPS tools on Ireland's economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_BEPS_tools_on_Ireland's_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distortion_of_Irish_GDP/GNP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distortion_of_Irish_GDP/GNP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Distortion of Irish GDP/GNP </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distortion_of_Irish_GDP/GNP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concentration_of_US_multinationals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentration_of_US_multinationals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Concentration of US multinationals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concentration_of_US_multinationals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disagreement_on_Irish_ETRs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disagreement_on_Irish_ETRs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Disagreement on Irish ETRs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disagreement_on_Irish_ETRs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_the_Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_(TCJA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_the_Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_(TCJA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effect_of_the_Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_(TCJA)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_the_Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_(TCJA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_corporate_tax_haven_(to_2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_corporate_tax_haven_(to_2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 US corporate tax haven (to 2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_corporate_tax_haven_(to_2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._change_to_a_territorial_system_(post_2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._change_to_a_territorial_system_(post_2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 U.S. change to a territorial system (post 2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._change_to_a_territorial_system_(post_2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_implications_for_Ireland_(2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_implications_for_Ireland_(2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Early implications for Ireland (2018) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_implications_for_Ireland_(2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multinationals_that_used_Irish_BEPS_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multinationals_that_used_Irish_BEPS_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Multinationals that used Irish BEPS tools </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Multinationals_that_used_Irish_BEPS_tools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Multinationals that used Irish BEPS tools subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Multinationals_that_used_Irish_BEPS_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Double_Irish_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_Irish_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Double Irish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_Irish_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single_malt_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_malt_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Single malt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_malt_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_allowances_for_intangible_assets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_allowances_for_intangible_assets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Capital allowances for intangible assets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_allowances_for_intangible_assets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Irish corporate tax avoidance tool</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven" title="Ireland as a tax haven">Ireland as a tax haven</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/International_Financial_Services_Centre%2C_Dublin.jpg/220px-International_Financial_Services_Centre%2C_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/International_Financial_Services_Centre%2C_Dublin.jpg/330px-International_Financial_Services_Centre%2C_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/International_Financial_Services_Centre%2C_Dublin.jpg/440px-International_Financial_Services_Centre%2C_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Taxation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg/100px-10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg/150px-10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg/200px-10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="496" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> An aspect of <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax_policy" title="Tax policy">Policies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_justice" title="Economic justice">Economic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_revenue" title="Government revenue">Government revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax_equalization" title="Property tax equalization">Property tax equalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">Tax revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-tax_revenue" title="Non-tax revenue">Non-tax revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">Tax law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_bracket" title="Tax bracket">Tax bracket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">Flat tax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax_threshold" title="Income tax threshold">Tax threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_theft" title="Taxation as theft">Taxation as theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shift" title="Tax shift">Tax shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">Tax cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_advantage" title="Tax advantage">Tax advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_incentive" title="Tax incentive">Tax incentive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_reform" title="Tax reform">Tax reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_harmonization" title="Tax harmonization">Tax harmonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_competition" title="Tax competition">Tax competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_taxation" title="Double taxation">Double taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">Representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_savings_account" title="Medical savings account">Medical savings account</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax#Economic_effects" title="Tax">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> General Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_taxes_and_subsidies_on_price" title="Effect of taxes and subsidies on price">Price effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_burden_of_taxation" title="Excess burden of taxation">Excess burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_incidence" title="Tax incidence">Tax incidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_tax" title="Optimal tax">Optimal tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_illusion" title="Fiscal illusion">Fiscal illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_taxation" title="Theories of taxation">Theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_capital_income_taxation" title="Optimal capital income taxation">Optimal capital income taxation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Distribution of Tax</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_rate" title="Tax rate">Tax rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_tax" title="Regressive tax">Regressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_tax" title="Proportional tax">Proportional</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax collection">Collection</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_service" title="Revenue service">Revenue service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamp" title="Revenue stamp">Revenue stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_assessment" title="Tax assessment">Tax assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxable_income" title="Taxable income">Taxable income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_lien" title="Tax lien">Tax lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_refund" title="Tax refund">Tax refund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shield" title="Tax shield">Tax shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_residence" title="Tax residence">Tax residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_preparation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax preparation">Tax preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester" title="Tax protester">Tax protester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_investigation" title="Tax investigation">Tax investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_collector" title="Tax collector">Tax collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_withholding" title="Tax withholding">Tax withholding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatized_tax_collection" title="Privatized tax collection">Private tax collection</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax_noncompliance" title="Tax noncompliance">Noncompliance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Legal <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">tax avoidance</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting" title="Base erosion and profit shifting">Base erosion and profit shifting</a> (BEPS) <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Double Irish</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Replacement_by_single_malt">Single Malt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Backstop_of_capital_allowances">CAIA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sandwich" title="Dutch Sandwich">Dutch Sandwich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_credit" title="Tax credit">Tax credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_deduction" title="Tax deduction">Tax deduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">Tax exemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_groups" title="Taxpayer groups">Taxpayer groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_holiday" title="Tax holiday">Tax holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)" title="Farm (revenue leasing)">Tax farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_tax_avoidance" title="Repatriation tax avoidance">Repatriation tax avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_patent" title="Tax patent">Tax patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shelter" title="Tax shelter">Tax shelter</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Illegal <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_amnesty" title="Tax amnesty">Tax amnesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">Debtors' prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_exile" title="Tax exile">Tax exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_mispricing" title="Transfer mispricing">Transfer mispricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreported_employment" title="Unreported employment">Unreported employment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Locations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_haven" title="Corporate haven">Corporate havens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a> (OFCs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_magic_circle" title="Offshore magic circle">Offshore magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduit_and_sink_OFCs" title="Conduit and sink OFCs">Conduit and sink OFCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">Financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index" title="Financial Secrecy Index">Financial Secrecy Index</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Major examples</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven" title="Ireland as a tax haven">Ireland as a tax haven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple%27s_EU_tax_dispute" title="Apple's EU tax dispute">Ireland v. Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">Leprechaun economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Liechtenstein_tax_affair" title="2008 Liechtenstein tax affair">Liechtenstein tax affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LuxLeaks" title="LuxLeaks">Luxembourg Leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_Leaks" title="Offshore Leaks">Offshore Leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Papers" title="Paradise Papers">Paradise Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Leaks" title="Swiss Leaks">Swiss Leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_as_a_tax_haven" title="United States as a tax haven">United States as a tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_as_a_tax_haven" title="Panama as a tax haven">Panama as a tax haven</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_taxes" title="List of taxes">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_tax" title="Direct tax">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_tax" title="Indirect tax">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_unit_tax" title="Per unit tax">Per unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_valorem_tax" title="Ad valorem tax">Ad valorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_taxation_and_subsidies" title="Aviation taxation and subsidies">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_improvement_fee" title="Airport improvement fee">Airport improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_fee" title="Landing fee">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_tax_on_airplane_tickets" title="Solidarity tax on airplane tickets">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax" title="Capital gains tax">Capital gains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expatriation_tax" title="Expatriation tax">Expatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_tax" title="Consumption tax">Consumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departure_tax" title="Departure tax">Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel tax">Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_duty" title="Stamp duty">Stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_tax" title="Tourist tax">Tourist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">Value-added</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividend_tax" title="Dividend tax">Dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-tariff" title="Eco-tariff">Eco-tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_tax" title="Landfill tax">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_consumption_tax" title="Natural resources consumption tax">Natural resources consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severance_tax" title="Severance tax">Severance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_tax" title="Steering tax">Steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stumpage" title="Stumpage">Stumpage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excise" title="Excise">Excise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Cigarette taxes in the United States">Cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_tax" title="Fat tax">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tax" title="Meat tax">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_tax" title="Sin tax">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugary_drink_tax" title="Sugary drink tax">Sugary drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Fund" title="Consolidated Fund">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_tax" title="Gift tax">Gift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_receipts_tax" title="Gross receipts tax">Gross receipts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothecated_tax" title="Hypothecated tax">Hypothecated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">Inheritance (estate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_tax" title="Luxury tax">Luxury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payroll_tax" title="Payroll tax">Payroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_rent_tax" title="Resource rent tax">Resource rent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtax" title="Surtax">Surtax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_tax" title="Turnover tax">Turnover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_tax" title="Use tax">Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_charge" title="User charge">User charge</a>/<a href="/wiki/User_fee" title="User fee">fee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">Fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_pricing" title="Road pricing">Road</a>/<a href="/wiki/GNSS_road_pricing" title="GNSS road pricing">GNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_(fee)" title="Toll (fee)">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_miles_traveled_tax" title="Vehicle miles traveled tax">Vehicle miles traveled</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">Corporate profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_profits_tax" title="Excess profits tax">Excess profits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windfall_tax" title="Windfall tax">Windfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">Negative (income)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">Wealth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/International_taxation" title="International taxation">International</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction_tax" title="Financial transaction tax">Financial transaction tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Taxation_of_Financial_Transactions_and_for_Citizens%27_Action" title="Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions and for Citizens' Action">ATTAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_transaction_tax" title="Currency transaction tax">Currency transaction tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Consolidated_Corporate_Tax_Base" title="Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base">European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base</a> (CCCTB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_minimum_corporate_tax_rate" title="Global minimum corporate tax rate">Global minimum corporate tax rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_tax" title="Robin Hood tax">Robin Hood tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobin_tax" title="Tobin tax">Tobin tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spahn_tax" title="Spahn tax">Spahn tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_equalization" title="Tax equalization">Tax equalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_treaty" title="Tax treaty">Tax treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange of Information">Exchange of Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_establishment" title="Permanent establishment">Permanent establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_pricing" title="Transfer pricing">Transfer pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_financial_transaction_tax" title="European Union financial transaction tax">European Union FTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_against_foreign_revenue_enforcement" title="Rule against foreign revenue enforcement">Foreign revenue rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">Tariff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">Import</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">Export</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">Tariff war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">Trade agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATA_Carnet" title="ATA Carnet">ATA Carnet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Academic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mihir_A._Desai" title="Mihir A. Desai">Mihir A. Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammika_Dharmapala" title="Dhammika Dharmapala">Dhammika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Hines_Jr." title="James R. Hines Jr.">James R. Hines Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Slemrod" title="Joel Slemrod">Joel Slemrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Advocacy groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_on_Taxation_and_Economic_Policy" title="Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy">Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy</a> (ITEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a> (TJN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Policy_Center" title="Tax Policy Center">Tax Policy Center</a> (US)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_tax" title="Church tax">Church tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_per_thousand" title="Eight per thousand">Eight per thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teind" title="Teind">Teind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibzoll" title="Leibzoll">Leibzoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_tax" title="Temple tax">Temple tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolerance_tax" title="Tolerance tax">Tolerance tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">Kharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxation_by_country" title="Category:Taxation by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> All Countries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tax_rates" title="List of countries by tax rates">List of countries by tax rates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tax_revenue_to_GDP_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tax revenue to GDP ratio">Tax revenue to GDP ratio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_rates_in_Europe" title="Tax rates in Europe">Tax rates in Europe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Individual Countries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Algeria" title="Taxation in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Argentina" title="Taxation in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Armenia" title="Taxation in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Azerbaijan" title="Taxation in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Bangladesh" title="Taxation in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Bhutan" title="Taxation in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Bulgaria" title="Taxation in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Taxation in the British Virgin Islands">BVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Colombia" title="Taxation in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Croatia" title="Taxation in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Denmark" title="Taxation in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Finland" title="Taxation in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Greece" title="Taxation in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Taxation in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iceland" title="Taxation in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Indonesia" title="Taxation in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Israel" title="Taxation in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Japan" title="Taxation in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Kazakhstan" title="Taxation in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Lithuania" title="Taxation in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Malta" title="Taxation in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Morocco" title="Taxation in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Namibia" title="Taxation in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand" title="Taxation in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Norway" title="Taxation in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Pakistan" title="Taxation in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Taxation in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Peru" title="Taxation in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Poland" title="Taxation in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Portugal" title="Taxation in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_South_Africa" title="Taxation in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Taxation in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sweden" title="Taxation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Taiwan" title="Taxation in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Tanzania" title="Taxation in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Taxation in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Uruguay" title="Taxation in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color: #efefef;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li> <li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/16px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/24px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Taxation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Taxation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taxation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taxation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Double Irish arrangement was a <a href="/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting" title="Base erosion and profit shifting">base erosion and profit shifting</a> (BEPS) corporate <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">tax avoidance</a> tool used mainly by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> multinationals since the late 1980s to avoid corporate taxation on non-U.S. profits.<a href="#cite_note-mistake-5">[a]</a> (The US was one of a small number of countries that did not use a "territorial" tax system, and taxed corporations on all profits, no matter whether the profit was made outside the US or not, in contrast to "territorial" tax systems which tax only profits made within that country.)<a href="#cite_note-worldwide-6">[b]</a> It was the largest tax avoidance tool in history. By 2010, it was shielding US$100 billion annually in US multinational foreign profits from taxation,<a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a> and was the main tool by which US multinationals built up untaxed offshore reserves of US$1 trillion from 2004 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-bush-8">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-bush2-9">[e]</a> Traditionally, it was also used with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sandwich" title="Dutch Sandwich">Dutch Sandwich</a> BEPS tool; however, 2010 changes to tax laws in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> dispensed with this requirement. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Noonan_(official_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Michael_Noonan_%28official_portrait%29.jpg/220px-Michael_Noonan_%28official_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Michael_Noonan_%28official_portrait%29.jpg/330px-Michael_Noonan_%28official_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Michael_Noonan_%28official_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Former Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Noonan_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="Michael Noonan (Fine Gael politician)">Michael Noonan</a> closed the Double Irish BEPS tool to new entrants in October 2014 (existing schemes to close by 2020), but expanded the CAIA BEPS tool as a replacement in 2011–2016, and infamously told an Irish <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEP</a> who alerted him to the Single Malt BEPS tool, to "<a href="/wiki/Put_on_the_green_jersey" title="Put on the green jersey">put on the green jersey</a>".<a href="#cite_note-pearse-10">[5]</a></figcaption></figure> Despite US knowledge of the Double Irish for a decade, it was the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> that in October 2014 forced Ireland to close the scheme, starting in January 2015. However, users of existing schemes, such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Inc">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>, were given until January 2020 to close them. At the announcement of the closure, it was known that multinationals had replacement BEPS tools in Ireland, the Single Malt (2014), and Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets (CAIA) (2009): <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman"><li>Single malt is almost identical to the Double Irish, and was identified with Microsoft (LinkedIn), and Allergan in 2017;</li><li>CAIA can provide up to twice the tax shield of Single Malt, or Double Irish, and was identified with Apple in the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">leprechaun economics</a> affair.</li></ol></div> US tax academics showed as long ago as 1994 that US multinational use of tax havens and BEPS tools had maximised long-term US Treasury receipts. They showed that multinationals from "territorial" tax systems, which all but a handful of countries follow,<a href="#cite_note-worldwide-6">[b]</a> did not use BEPS tools, or <a href="/wiki/Tax_havens" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax havens">tax havens</a>, including those that had recently switched, such as Japan (2009), and the UK (2009–12). By 2018, tax academics showed US multinationals were the largest users of BEPS tools and Ireland was the largest global BEPS hub or tax haven. They showed that US multinationals represented the largest component of the Irish economy and that Ireland had failed to attract multinationals from "territorial" tax systems.<a href="#cite_note-taxhaven-12">[f]</a> The United States switched to a "territorial" tax system in the December 2017 <a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">Tax Cuts and Jobs Act</a> (TCJA), causing American tax academics to forecast the demise of Irish BEPS tools and Ireland as an American corporate tax haven. However, by mid-2018, other tax academics, including the IMF, noted that technical flaws in the TCJA had increased the attractiveness of Ireland's BEPS tools, and the CAIA BEPS tool in particular, which post-TCJA, delivered a total effective tax rate (ETR) of 0–2.5% on profits that can be fully repatriated to the US without incurring any additional US taxation. In July 2018, one of Ireland's leading tax economists forecasted a "boom" in the use of the Irish CAIA BEPS tool as US multinationals close existing Double Irish BEPS schemes before the 2020 deadline. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Double_Irish">Double Irish</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Double Irish">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corporate_haven#IP-based_BEPS_tools" title="Corporate haven">Corporate haven § IP-based BEPS tools</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_and_origin_(1991)">Concept and origin (1991)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Concept and origin (1991)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting" title="Base erosion and profit shifting">Base erosion and profit shifting</a></div> The Double Irish is an IP–based BEPS tool.<a href="#cite_note-be-13">[7]</a> Under OECD rules, corporations with <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> (IP), which are mostly technology and life sciences firms, can turn this into an <a href="/wiki/Intangible_asset" title="Intangible asset">intangible asset</a> (IA) on their balance sheet, and charge it out as a tax-deductible <a href="/wiki/Royalty_payment" title="Royalty payment">royalty payment</a> to end-customers.<a href="#cite_note-be-13">[7]</a> Without such IP, if Microsoft charged a German end-customer $100, for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a>, a profit of about $95 (as the cost to Microsoft for copies of Microsoft Office is small) would be realised in Germany, and German tax would be payable on this profit. However, if Germany allows such an intangible asset, Microsoft can additionally charge Microsoft Germany $95 in IP royalty payments on each copy of Microsoft Office, reducing its German profits to zero. The $95 is paid to the entity in which the IP is legally housed. Microsoft would prefer to house this IP in a tax haven; however, higher-tax locations like Germany do not sign full tax treaties with tax havens, and would not accept the IP charged from a tax haven as deductible against German taxation. The Double Irish fixes this problem.<a href="#cite_note-zew-14">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-tilburg-15">[9]</a> The Double Irish enables the IP to be charged-out from Ireland, which has a large global network of full bilateral <a href="/wiki/Tax_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax treaties">tax treaties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-treaty-17">[g]</a> The Double Irish enables the hypothetical $95, which was sent from Germany to Ireland, to be sent on to a tax haven such as Bermuda without incurring any Irish taxation. The techniques of using IP to relocate profits from higher-tax locations to low-tax locations are called base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) tools.<a href="#cite_note-be-13">[7]</a> There are many types of BEPS tools (e.g. Debt–based BEPS tools); however, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_haven#IP-based_BEPS_tools" title="Corporate haven">IP–based BEPS tool</a> are the largest group.<a href="#cite_note-raw-18">[11]</a> As with all Irish BEPS tools, the Irish subsidiary must conduct a "relevant trade" on the IP in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-employment-19">[h]</a> A "business plan" must be produced with Irish employment and salary levels that are acceptable to the Irish State during the period the BEPS tool is in operation.<a href="#cite_note-tsg-20">[i]</a> Despite these requirements, the effective tax rate (ETR) of the Double Irish is almost 0%, as the EU Commission discovered with Apple in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[12]</a> Most major U.S. technology and life sciences multinationals have been <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Double_Irish">identified as using the Double Irish</a>. By 2010, US$95 billion of U.S. profits were shifted annually to Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-bbg-22">[13]</a> which increased to US$106 billion by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-gabrielzucmanx-23">[14]</a> As the BEPS tool with which U.S. multinationals built up untaxed offshore reserves of circa US$1 trillion from 2004 to 2017,<a href="#cite_note-bush-8">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-bush2-9">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-mck-25">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-mck2-26">[17]</a> the Double Irish is the largest tax avoidance tool in history. In 2016, when the <a href="/wiki/EU_illegal_State_aid_case_against_Apple_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland">EU levied a €13 billion fine on Apple</a>, the largest tax fine in history,<a href="#cite_note-mck3-27">[18]</a> it only covered the period 2004–14, during which Apple shielded €111 billion in profits from U.S (and Irish) tax. The earliest recorded versions of the Double Irish-type BEPS tools are by Apple in the late 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-DUHIGG-28">[19]</a> and the EU discovered Irish Revenue tax rulings on the Double Irish for Apple in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[12]</a> Irish state documents released to the Irish national archives in December 2018 showed that <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a> ministers in 1984 sought legal advice on how U.S. corporations could avoid taxes by operating from Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-archive-29">[20]</a> The former Irish <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bruton" title="John Bruton">John Bruton</a>, wrote to the then Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dukes" title="Alan Dukes">Alan Dukes</a> saying: "In order to retain the maximum tax advantage, US corporations will wish to locate FSCs in a country where they will have to pay little or no tax. Therefore unless FSCs are given favourable tax treatment in Ireland, they will not locate here."<a href="#cite_note-archive-29">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Feargal_O%27Rourke" title="Feargal O'Rourke">Feargal O'Rourke</a>, <a href="/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">PwC</a> tax <a href="/wiki/Partner_(business_rank)" title="Partner (business rank)">partner</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Financial_Services_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Financial Services Centre">IFSC</a> (and son of Minister <a href="/wiki/Mary_O%27Rourke" title="Mary O'Rourke">Mary O'Rourke</a>, cousin of the 2008–2011 Irish Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Jnr" title="Brian Lenihan Jnr">Brian Lenihan Jnr</a>) is regarded as its "grand architect".<a href="#cite_note-for0-30">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-fer-31">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-for1-32">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-for2-33">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_structure_(no_Dutch_sandwich)">Basic structure (no Dutch sandwich)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basic structure (no Dutch sandwich)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_Double_Irish_with_a_Dutch_Sandwich_BEPS_tool.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Diagram_of_the_Double_Irish_with_a_Dutch_Sandwich_BEPS_tool.png" decoding="async" width="395" height="545" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Chart 1: Reproduction of the classic IMF diagram of the full "Double Irish with a Dutch Sandwich" BEPS tool: From the corporation:<div><ol><li>CORP (X) creates the software.</li><li>CORP (X) sells IP to BER1 (H).</li><li>BER1 (H) revalues IP higher.</li><li>BER1 (H) licenses IP to IRL2 (A).</li><li>IRL2 (A) licenses IP to DUT1 (S).</li><li>DUT1 (S) licenses IP to IRL1 (B).</li><li>IRL1 (B) sells software to customer.</li></ol></div> From the customer:<div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"><li>Customer pays $100 to IRL1 (B).</li><li>IRL1 (B) pays $100 to DUT1 (S) as royalty.</li><li>DUT1 (S) pays $100 to IRL2 (A) as royalty.</li><li>IRL2 (A) pays $100 to BER1 (H) as royalty.</li><li>BER1 (H) accumulates the cash.</li><li>BER1 (H) can lend cash to CORP (X).</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> While there have been variations (e.g. Apple), the standard Double Irish arrangement, in simplified form, takes the following structure (note that the steps below initially exclude the Dutch sandwich component for simplicity, which is explained in the next section; <a href="#Chart_1">Chart 1</a> includes the Dutch sandwich):<a href="#cite_note-35">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-ft-37">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-rose-38">[28]</a> <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman"><li>A U.S. corporate (CORP, or X) develops new software in the U.S. costing $1 to build;</li><li>CORP sells it to its wholly owned Bermuda company (BER1, or H) for $1 (at cost, ideally);</li><li>BER1 revalues it to $100 (as an intangible asset under <a href="/wiki/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles_(United_States)" title="Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (United States)">GAAP</a>), and books gain in Bermuda (tax free);</li><li>BER1 licenses it to its wholly owned Irish subsidiary (IRL1, or B) for $100;</li><li>IRL1 then sells it in Germany to a customer for $100;</li><li>IRL1 uses the $100 from Germany to pay the $100 royalty to BER1 (no profit in Ireland);</li><li>BER1 holds the $100 cash in perpetuity, thus avoiding U.S. 35% tax;</li><li>BER1 lends the $100 cash back to CORP (and other subsidiaries).</li></ol></div> This structure has a problem. The pre–<a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">TCJA</a> U.S. tax code allows foreign income to be left in foreign subsidiaries (deferring U.S. taxes), but it will consider BER1 to be a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_foreign_corporation" title="Controlled foreign corporation">controlled foreign corporation</a> (or "CFC"), sheltering income from a <a href="/wiki/Related_party_transaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Related party transaction">related party transaction</a> (i.e. IRL1). It will apply full U.S. taxes to BER1 at 35%.<a href="#cite_note-rose-38">[28]</a> To get around this, the U.S. corporation needs to create a second Irish company (IRL2, or A), legally <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(business)" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporated</a> in Ireland (so under the U.S. tax code it is Irish), but which is "managed and controlled" from Bermuda (so under the Irish tax code it is from Bermuda). IRL2 will be placed between BER1 and IRL1 (i.e. owned by BER1, and owning IRL1). Up until the 2015 shut-down of the Double Irish, the Irish tax code was one of the few that allowed a company to be legally incorporated in its jurisdiction, but not be subject to its taxes (if managed and controlled elsewhere).<a href="#cite_note-rose-38">[28]</a> The U.S. corporation will <a href="/wiki/Entity_classification_election" title="Entity classification election">"check-the-box"</a> for IRL1, declaring it a foreign subsidiary selling to non–U.S. locations. Then the U.S. tax code will ignore IRL1 from U.S. tax calculations. However, because the U.S. tax code also views IRL2 as foreign (i.e. Irish), it also ignores the transactions between IRL1 and IRL2 (even though they are related parties). This is the essence of the Double Irish arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-39">[29]</a> Note that in some explanations and diagrams BER1 is omitted (the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Black_Hole" title="Bermuda Black Hole">Bermuda black hole</a>); however, it is rare for a U.S. corporation to "own" IRL2 directly. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elimination_of_Dutch_sandwich_(2010)">Elimination of Dutch sandwich (2010)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elimination of Dutch sandwich (2010)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sandwich" title="Dutch Sandwich">Dutch Sandwich</a></div> The Irish tax code historically levied a 20% <a href="/wiki/Withholding_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Withholding tax">withholding tax</a> on transfers from an Irish company like IRL1, to companies in <a href="/wiki/Tax_havens" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax havens">tax havens</a> like BER1.<a href="#cite_note-40">[30]</a> However, if IRL1 sends the money to a new Dutch company DUT1 (or S), via another <a href="/wiki/Royalty_payment" title="Royalty payment">royalty payment</a> scheme, no Irish withholding tax is payable as Ireland does not levy withholding tax on transfers within EU states. In addition, under the Dutch tax code DUT1 can send money to IRL2 (an Irish company that is legally incorporated in Ireland, and thus the US-tax code regards it as foreign, but is "managed and controlled" from, say, Bermuda and thus the Irish tax code also regards it as foreign) under another royalty scheme without incurring Dutch withholding tax, as the Dutch do not charge withholding tax on royalty payment schemes.<a href="#cite_note-rose-38">[28]</a> This is called the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_sandwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch sandwich">dutch sandwich</a> and DUT1 is described as the "dutch slice" (sitting between IRL1 and IRL2).<a href="#cite_note-guardian-39">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[31]</a> Thus, with the addition of IRL2 and DUT1, we have the "Double Irish dutch sandwich" tax structure.<a href="#cite_note-google1-42">[32]</a> In 2010, the Irish government, on lobbying from PwC Ireland's <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin" title="International Financial Services Centre, Dublin">IFSC</a> tax partner, <a href="/wiki/Feargal_O%27Rourke" title="Feargal O'Rourke">Feargal O'Rourke</a>,<a href="#cite_note-for1-32">[23]</a> relaxed the rules for sending royalty payments to non–EU countries without incurring Irish <a href="/wiki/Withholding_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Withholding tax">withholding tax</a> (thus ending the dutch sandwich), but they are subject to conditions that will not suit all Double Irish arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-43">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[34]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">O'Rourke set out to simplify those structures, eliminating the need for a Dutch intermediary. In October 2007, he met at Google's Dublin headquarters on Barrow Street with Tadhg O'Connell, the head of the Revenue division that audits tech companies. O'Connell is understood to have rejected O'Rourke's request that royalties like Google's should be able to flow directly to units in Bermuda and Cayman without being taxed. In 2008, O'Rourke's cousin Brian Lenihan became finance minister, setting much of the Revenue's policy. Two years later, after continued entreaties by O'Rourke, the Revenue's office announced that it would no longer impose withholding taxes on such transactions.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jesse Drucker, Bloomberg, "Man Making Ireland Tax Avoidance Hub Proves Local Hero", 28 October 2013<a href="#cite_note-for0-30">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-for1-32">[23]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_closure_(2015)">Controversial closure (2015)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Controversial closure (2015)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven#Political_compromises" title="Ireland as a tax haven">Ireland as a tax haven § Political compromises</a></div> The 2014–16 EU investigation into Apple in Ireland (see below), showed that the Double Irish existed as far back as 1991. Early U.S. academic research in 1994 into U.S. multinational use of tax havens identified profit shifting accounting techniques.<a href="#cite_note-be-13">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-h3-45">[35]</a> U.S. congressional investigations into the tax practices of U.S. multinationals were aware of such BEPS tools for many years.<a href="#cite_note-congress1-46">[36]</a> However, the U.S. did not try to force the closure of the Double Irish BEPS tool, instead it was the EU which forced Ireland to close the Double Irish to new schemes in October 2014.<a href="#cite_note-euclose-47">[37]</a> Nevertheless, existing users of the Double Irish BEPS tool (e.g. Apple, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, amongst many others), were given five more years until January 2020, before the tool would be fully shut-down to all users.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-39">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-googledi-48">[38]</a> This approach by successive U.S. administrations is explained by an early insight that one of the most cited U.S. academic researchers into tax havens, and corporate taxation, <a href="/wiki/James_R._Hines_Jr." title="James R. Hines Jr.">James R. Hines Jr.</a>, had in 1994. Hines realised in 1994, that: "low foreign tax rates [from tax havens] ultimately enhance U.S. tax collections".<a href="#cite_note-h3-45">[35]</a> Hines would revisit this concept several times,<a href="#cite_note-h1-49">[39]</a> as would others,<a href="#cite_note-dryng-50">[40]</a> and it would guide U.S. policy in this area for decades, including introducing the "<a href="/wiki/Entity_classification_election" title="Entity classification election">check-the-box</a>"<a href="#cite_note-check-52">[k]</a> rules in 1996, curtailing the 2000–10 OECD initiative on tax havens,<a href="#cite_note-crs2-53">[42]</a> and not signing the 2016 OECD anti-BEPS initiative.<a href="#cite_note-baker-54">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[44]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Lower foreign tax rates entail smaller credits for foreign taxes and greater ultimate U.S. tax collections (Hines and Rice, 1994).<a href="#cite_note-h3-45">[35]</a> Dyreng and Lindsey (2009),<a href="#cite_note-dryng-50">[40]</a> offer evidence that U.S. firms with foreign affiliates in certain tax havens pay lower foreign taxes and higher U.S. taxes than do otherwise-similar large U.S. companies.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/James_R._Hines_Jr." title="James R. Hines Jr.">James R. Hines Jr.</a>, "Treasure Islands" p. 107 (2010)<a href="#cite_note-h1-49">[39]</a></cite></div></blockquote> By September 2018, tax academics proved U.S. multinationals were the largest users of BEPS tools,<a href="#cite_note-zucwright-51">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-56">[45]</a> and that Ireland was the largest global BEPS hub.<a href="#cite_note-gabrielzucmanx-23">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-zuc10-57">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-zuc11-58">[47]</a> In December 2018, <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Coffey" title="Seamus Coffey">Seamus Coffey</a>, the Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Fiscal_Advisory_Council" title="Irish Fiscal Advisory Council">Irish Fiscal Advisory Council</a>, told <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> in relation to the closure of the Double Irish that "A lot of emphasis has been put on residency rules and I think that emphasis has been misplaced and the changes didn't have that much [of an] effect".<a href="#cite_note-59">[48]</a> On 3 January 2019, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that Google avoided corporate taxes on US$23 billion of profits in 2017 by using the Double Irish with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_sandwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch sandwich">Dutch sandwich</a> extension.<a href="#cite_note-60">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apple's_€13_billion_EU_fine_(2016)">Apple's €13 billion EU fine (2016)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Apple's €13 billion EU fine (2016)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/EU_illegal_state_aid_case_against_Apple_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="EU illegal state aid case against Apple in Ireland">EU illegal state aid case against Apple in Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_State_Aid_Case_Ireland_Apple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/EU_State_Aid_Case_Ireland_Apple.jpg/220px-EU_State_Aid_Case_Ireland_Apple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/EU_State_Aid_Case_Ireland_Apple.jpg/330px-EU_State_Aid_Case_Ireland_Apple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/EU_State_Aid_Case_Ireland_Apple.jpg/440px-EU_State_Aid_Case_Ireland_Apple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>The EU Commission's diagram of Apple's "Double Irish" BEPS tool</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margrethe_Vestager_EU_Commission_Apple_Ireland_State_Aid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Margrethe_Vestager_EU_Commission_Apple_Ireland_State_Aid.jpg/220px-Margrethe_Vestager_EU_Commission_Apple_Ireland_State_Aid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Margrethe_Vestager_EU_Commission_Apple_Ireland_State_Aid.jpg/330px-Margrethe_Vestager_EU_Commission_Apple_Ireland_State_Aid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Margrethe_Vestager_EU_Commission_Apple_Ireland_State_Aid.jpg/440px-Margrethe_Vestager_EU_Commission_Apple_Ireland_State_Aid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4031" data-file-height="3036" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_Vestager" title="Margrethe Vestager">Margrethe Vestager</a>, announcing Apple's €13 billion fine for Irish taxes avoided from 2004 to 2014 via an illegal "Double Irish" BEPS scheme</figcaption></figure> By 2017, Apple was Ireland's largest company, and post <a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">leprechaun economics</a>, accounted for over one quarter of Irish GDP growth.<a href="#cite_note-imf1-61">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-imf2-62">[51]</a> Apple's use of the Double Irish BEPS tool to achieve tax rates <1%, dates back to the late 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-DUHIGG-28">[19]</a> and was investigated by the U.S. Senate in May 2013,<a href="#cite_note-63">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-apple1-64">[53]</a> and covered in the main financial media.<a href="#cite_note-apple-65">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[55]</a> On 29 August 2016 the <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Competition" title="European Commissioner for Competition">European Commissioner for Competition</a> concluded Apple had received <a href="/wiki/EU_illegal_State_aid_case_against_Apple_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland">illegal State aid from Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[12]</a> The commission ordered Apple to pay €13 billion, plus interest, in unpaid Irish taxes on circa €111 billion of profits, for the ten-year period, 2004–2014.<a href="#cite_note-eu1-67">[56]</a> It was the largest corporate tax fine in history.<a href="#cite_note-mck3-27">[18]</a> Apple was not using the standard Double Irish arrangement of two Irish companies (IRL1 in Ireland, and IRL2 in Bermuda). Instead, Apple combined the functions of the two companies inside one Irish company (namely, Apple Sales International, or ASI), which was split into two internal "branches".<a href="#cite_note-68">[57]</a> The Irish <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Commissioners" title="Revenue Commissioners">Revenue</a> issued private rulings to Apple in 1991 and 2007 regarding this hybrid-double Irish structure, which the EU Commission considered as illegal <a href="/wiki/State_aid_(European_Union)" title="State aid (European Union)">State aid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[58]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This selective treatment allowed Apple to pay an effective corporate tax rate of 1 per cent on its European profits in 2003 down to 0.005 per cent in 2014.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_Vestager" title="Margrethe Vestager">Margrethe Vestager</a>, "<a href="/wiki/EU_illegal_State_aid_case_against_Apple_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland">State aid (SA.38373): Ireland gave illegal tax benefits to Apple worth up to €13 billion</a>", 30 August 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[12]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Single_Malt">Single Malt</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Single Malt">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paschal_Donohue_(September_2017).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paschal_Donohue_%28September_2017%29.jpeg/220px-Paschal_Donohue_%28September_2017%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paschal_Donohue_%28September_2017%29.jpeg/330px-Paschal_Donohue_%28September_2017%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Paschal_Donohue_%28September_2017%29.jpeg/440px-Paschal_Donohue_%28September_2017%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>Irish Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Paschal_Donohoe" title="Paschal Donohoe">Paschal Donohoe</a> reversed some of the benefits ex-Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Noonan_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="Michael Noonan (Fine Gael politician)">Michael Noonan</a> gave the CAIA BEPS tool for Apple in 2015, and promised to investigate the Single Malt BEPS tool.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_and_origin_(2014)">Concept and origin (2014)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Concept and origin (2014)">edit</a>]</div> In an October 2013 interview, PwC tax partner <a href="/wiki/Feargal_O%27Rourke" title="Feargal O'Rourke">Feargal O'Rourke</a> (see above),<a href="#cite_note-for0-30">[21]</a> said that: "the days of the Double Irish tax scheme are numbered".<a href="#cite_note-fear20-70">[59]</a> In October 2014, as the EU forced the Irish State to close the Double Irish BEPS tool,<a href="#cite_note-euclose-47">[37]</a> the influential U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Tax_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Tax Journal">National Tax Journal</a> published an article by Jeffrey L Rubinger and Summer Lepree, showing that Irish based subsidiaries of U.S. corporations could replace the Double Irish arrangement with a new structure (now known as Single Malt).<a href="#cite_note-aa-71">[60]</a> If the Bermuda–controlled Irish company (IRL2) was relocated to a country with whom (a) Ireland had a tax treaty, (b) with wording on "management and control" tax residency, and (c) had a zero corporate tax rate, then the Double Irish effect could be replicated. They highlighted Malta as a candidate.<a href="#cite_note-aa-71">[60]</a> The Irish media picked up the article,<a href="#cite_note-xx-72">[61]</a> but when an Irish <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEP</a> notified the then Finance Minister, Michael Noonan, he was told to "<a href="/wiki/Put_on_the_green_jersey" title="Put on the green jersey">put on the green jersey</a>".<a href="#cite_note-pearse-10">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_structure">Basic structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Basic structure">edit</a>]</div> The Single Malt is also an IP–based BEPS tool, and as a small variation of the Double Irish, required little additional development, except choosing specific locations with the necessary specific wording in their Irish bilateral tax treaties (e.g. Malta and the UAE); thus the basic structure is almost identical to the Double Irish with often a Maltese company replacing BER1 in the earlier example.<a href="#cite_note-teleflex-73">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_(2017)">Discovery (2017)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Discovery (2017)">edit</a>]</div> A November 2017 report by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Aid" title="Christian Aid">Christian Aid</a>, titled Impossible Structures, showed how quickly the Single Malt BEPS tool was replacing the Double Irish.<a href="#cite_note-ca-74">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[65]</a> The report detailed Microsoft subsidiary LinkedIn, and Allergen's schemes and extracts from advisers to their clients.<a href="#cite_note-ca-74">[63]</a> The report also showed that Ireland was behaving like a "<a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven#Captured_state" title="Ireland as a tax haven">Captured State</a>", and for example had opted out of Article 12 of the <a href="/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting#Failure_of_OECD_(2012–2016)" title="Base erosion and profit shifting">2016 OECD anti-BEPS initiative</a> to protect the Single Malt BEPS tool (it was also later pointed out in September 2018, that Malta had similarly opted out of Article 4 of the initiative to enable it to be the recipient of the Single Malt<a href="#cite_note-teleflex-73">[62]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-itm-77">[66]</a> The then Irish Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Paschal_Donohoe" title="Paschal Donohoe">Paschal Donohoe</a> said that it would be investigated;<a href="#cite_note-pas-78">[67]</a> however, questions were raised regarding the Irish State's policy of addressing corporate tax avoidance.<a href="#cite_note-79">[68]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Figures released in April 2017 show that since 2015 there has been a dramatic increase in companies using Ireland as a low-tax or no-tax jurisdiction for intellectual property (IP) and the income accruing to it, via a nearly 1000% increase in the uptake of a tax break expanded between 2014 and 2017.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Christian_Aid" title="Christian Aid">Christian Aid</a>. Impossible Structures, November 2017 (p. 3)<a href="#cite_note-ca-74">[63]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In September 2018, <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a> revealed that U.S. medical device manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Teleflex" title="Teleflex">Teleflex</a>, had created a new Single Malt scheme in July 2018, and had reduced their overall effective corporate tax rate to circa 3%.<a href="#cite_note-teleflex-73">[62]</a> The same article quoted a spokesman from the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Finance_(Ireland)" title="Department of Finance (Ireland)">Department of Finance (Ireland)</a> saying they had not as yet taken any action regarding the Single Malt BEPS tool, but they were keeping the matter, "under consideration".<a href="#cite_note-teleflex-73">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_closure_(2018)">Partial closure (2018)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Partial closure (2018)">edit</a>]</div> In November 2018, the Irish Government amended the Ireland–Malta tax treaty to prevent the Single Malt BEPS tool being used between Ireland and Malta (it can still be used with the UAE for example);<a href="#cite_note-80">[69]</a> however, the exact closure date of the Irish Single Malt BEPS tool with Malta was deferred until September 2019.<a href="#cite_note-81">[70]</a> On the same day that the closure was announced, The Irish Times reported that <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> (Ireland), identified as a user of the Single Malt tool in 2017 (see above), had announced in filings that it had sold a major IP asset to its parent, Microsoft (Ireland).<a href="#cite_note-82">[71]</a> Earlier in July 2018, Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Business_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Business Post">Sunday Business Post</a>, disclosed that Microsoft (Ireland) were preparing a restructure of their Irish BEPS tools into a <a href="#Microsoft's_Green_Jersey_(2018)">CAIA (or Green Jersey) Irish tax structure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-em-83">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rediscovery_(2021)">Rediscovery (2021)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rediscovery (2021)">edit</a>]</div> In September 2021, The Irish Times reported that US pharmaceutical firm <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories" title="Abbott Laboratories">Abbott Laboratories</a> was still using the Single Malt tool to shield profits on its <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing#Nucleic_acid_tests" title="COVID-19 testing">COVID-19 testing kits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abbotlabs-84">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capital_Allowances_for_Intangible_Assets_(CAIA)">Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets (CAIA)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets (CAIA)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven#Green_Jersey" title="Ireland as a tax haven">Ireland as a tax haven § Green Jersey</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_and_origin_(2009)">Concept and origin (2009)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Concept and origin (2009)">edit</a>]</div> The Double Irish and Single Malt BEPS tools enable Ireland to act as a confidential "<a href="/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs#Conduit_OFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduit and Sink OFCs">Conduit OFC</a>" rerouting untaxed profits to places like Bermuda (e.g. it must be confidential as higher-tax locations would not sign full tax treaties with locations like Bermuda), the Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets (CAIA) BEPS tool (also called the Green Jersey), enables Ireland to act as the terminus for the untaxed profits (e.g. Ireland becomes Bermuda, a "<a href="/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs#Conduit_OFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduit and Sink OFCs">Sink OFC</a>"). The CAIA uses the accepted tax concept of providing <a href="/wiki/Capital_allowance" title="Capital allowance">capital allowances</a> for the purchase of assets.<a href="#cite_note-86">[l]</a> However, Ireland turns it into a BEPS tool by providing the allowances for the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Intangible_assets" class="mw-redirect" title="Intangible assets">intangible assets</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> assets, and critically, where the owner of the intangible assets is a "connected party" (e.g. a Group subsidiary). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A hypothetical multinational with an equity market capitalisation of €1,000 million, but tangible assets of €100 million, can argue that the gap of €900 million represents its intangible asset base, which can be legally created and appropriately located.<a href="#cite_note-87">[m]</a> .. Ireland's Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets program enables these intangible assets to be turned into tax deductible charges. .. With appropriate structuring, the intergroup acquisition financing for the purchase of these intangible assets, can also be used to further amplify the quantum of tax deductible charges.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>KPMG, "Intellectual Property Tax" (4 December 2017)<a href="#cite_note-88">[75]</a></cite></div></blockquote> For example, in Q1 2015, Apple used the CAIA tool when its Irish subsidiary purchased US$300 billion in intangible assets from an Apple subsidiary based in Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-patrick.smyth-89">[76]</a> The CAIA tool enabled Apple to write-off the US$300 billion price as a capital allowance against future Irish profits (e.g. the next US$300 billion of profits Apple books in Ireland are free of Irish tax). The CAIA capitalises the effect of the Double Irish or Single Malt BEPS tools, and behaves like a <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Corporate_tax_inversions" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">corporate tax inversion</a> of a U.S. multinational's non–U.S. business. However, the CAIA is more powerful, as Apple demonstrated by effectively doubling the tax shield (e.g. to US$600 billion in allowances), via Irish interest relief on the intergroup virtual loans used to purchase the IP.<a href="#cite_note-90">[n]</a><a href="#cite_note-emma-91">[77]</a> While Apple's CAIA had an ETR of 0%, some have an ETR of 2.5%.<a href="#cite_note-cap-92">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-coxx-93">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-acox-94">[79]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I cannot see a justification for giving large amounts of Irish tax relief to the intragroup acquisition of a virtual group asset, except that it is for the purposes of facilitating corporate tax avoidance.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Professor Jim Stewart, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, "MNE Tax Strategies in Ireland" (2016)<a href="#cite_note-jims-95">[80]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In June 2009, the Irish State established the Commission on Taxation, to review Ireland's tax regime, and included <a href="/wiki/Feargal_O%27Rourke" title="Feargal O'Rourke">Feargal O'Rourke</a>, the "grand architect" of the Double Irish tool.<a href="#cite_note-fear20-70">[59]</a> In September 2009, the commission recommended that the Irish State provide <a href="/wiki/Capital_allowance" title="Capital allowance">capital allowances</a> for the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Intangible_assets" class="mw-redirect" title="Intangible assets">intangible assets</a>, creating the CAIA BEPS tool.<a href="#cite_note-cot-96">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[82]</a> The 2009 Finance Act, materially expanded the range of intangible assets attracting Irish capital allowances<a href="#cite_note-acox-94">[79]</a> deductible against Irish taxable profits.<a href="#cite_note-coxx-93">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-ida2-98">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-rev1-99">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref2-100">[85]</a> These "specified intangible assets"<a href="#cite_note-101">[86]</a> cover more esoteric intangibles such as types of general rights, general know-how, general goodwill, and the right to use software.<a href="#cite_note-acox-94">[79]</a> It includes types of "internally developed" group intangible assets and intangible assets purchased from "connected parties".<a href="#cite_note-102">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[88]</a> The control is that the intangible assets must be acceptable under GAAP (older 2004 Irish GAAP is used), and auditable by an Irish <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin" title="International Financial Services Centre, Dublin">IFSC</a> accounting firm, like PwC or Ernst & Young.<a href="#cite_note-rev1-99">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref2-100">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[89]</a> In the 2010 Finance Act, on the recommendation of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Finance_(Ireland)" title="Department of Finance (Ireland)">Department of Finance</a>'s Tax Strategy Group, the CAIA BEPS tool was upgraded, reducing the amortisation and "clawback" period from 15 to 10 years, and expanding the range of intangible assets to include "a broader definition of know-how".<a href="#cite_note-tsg1-105">[90]</a> In the 2011 and 2012 Finance Acts, the Tax Strategy Group made additional amendments to the rules regarding the acquisition of intangible assets from "connected parties", and the "employment tax" users of the CAIA BEPS tool must pay.<a href="#cite_note-employment-19">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-tsg2-106">[91]</a> The 2012 Finance Act removed the minimum amortisation period for the acquired intangible assets, and reduced the "clawback" to 5 years for CAIA schemes set up after February 2013.<a href="#cite_note-acox-94">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-matheson1-107">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[93]</a> The first known user of the CAIA BEPS tool was by <a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a>, the first U.S. <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Corporate_tax_inversions" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">corporate tax inversion</a> to Ireland in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-coxx-93">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-coxx1-109">[94]</a> By March 2017, Bloomberg would report that Ireland had become <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#U.S._inversions" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">the most popular destination</a> for U.S. corporate tax inversions in history,<a href="#cite_note-bloominv-110">[95]</a> and would have the largest <a href="/wiki/Medtronic" title="Medtronic">Medtronic</a> (2015), 3rd-largest <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Controls" title="Johnson Controls">Johnson Controls</a> (2016), 4th-largest <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Corporation" title="Eaton Corporation">Eaton Corporation</a> (2012) and 6th-largest <a href="/wiki/Perrigo" title="Perrigo">Perrigo</a> (2013) U.S. corporate tax inversions in history.<a href="#cite_note-bloominv-110">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-medtronic-111">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_structure_2">Basic structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Basic structure">edit</a>]</div> The CAIA follows the first three steps of the Double Irish, and Single Malt, basic structure (see above, except in this case the example is not a per-unit example, but for the entire sales of a block of intellectual property), namely:<a href="#cite_note-coxx-93">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-mhc-112">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-acox-94">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-maples-113">[98]</a> <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman"><li>A U.S. corporate (CORP) develops new software in the U.S. costing $1 million to build;</li><li>CORP sells it to its wholly owned Bermuda company (BER1) for $1 million (at cost, ideally);</li><li>BER1 revalues it to $1 billion (as an intangible asset under <a href="/wiki/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles_(United_States)" title="Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (United States)">GAAP</a>), and books gain in Bermuda (tax-free);</li><li>An Irish subsidiary, IRL1, purchases this intangible asset from BER1, for $1 billion;</li><li>Under the CAIA rules, IRL1 can write-off the $1 billion paid for this group intangible asset against Irish tax;</li><li>Additionally, BER1 gives IRL1 a $1 billion 10-year inter-group loan to buy the intangible asset, at an interest rate of circa 7%;</li><li>Over the next 10 years IRL1 claims tax relief on both the $1 billion purchase (under CAIA), and the inter-group loan interest;</li><li>During the 10 years, IRL1 charges out this asset to end-customers globally (as per step v. in the Double Irish), accumulating profits;</li><li>During the 10 years, CORP in line with its product cycle, has created new software and repeated step i. to iii. above;</li><li>At the end of the 10 years, IRL1 has shielded $1.7 billion of Irish profits against Irish tax;</li><li>At the end of the 10 years, BER1, who received the $1 billion purchase price, and $0.7 billion in loan interest, has paid no tax;</li><li>At the end of the 10 years, IRL1, repeats steps iv. to ix. above, and buys a new intangible asset from BER1 for $1 billion.</li></ol></div> The CAIA and Double Irish (and Single Malt) share the same basic components and techniques (e.g. an intangible asset needs to be created and significantly re-valued in a tax haven). The key differences between the CAIA BEPS tool and the Double Irish (and Single Malt) BEPS tools are noted as follows: <ul><li>CAIA capitalises the effect of the Double Irish in the Irish national accounts, leading to even greater <a href="#Distortion_of_Irish_GDP/GNP">§ Distortion of Irish GDP/GNP</a>;</li> <li>While the ETR of the Double Irish is close to zero, the Irish State has from time-to-time capped the level of allowances under CAIA to 80%, giving an ETR of 2.5%;<a href="#cite_note-cap-92">[o]</a></li> <li>By providing the inter-group finance to purchase the intangible asset (step vi. above), the tax avoided by CAIA is almost twice that of the Double Irish;</li> <li>While the loophole behind the Double Irish has been closed, CAIA is a more established tax concept internationally, although only for tangible assets.</li></ul> As with all Irish BEPS tools, the Irish subsidiary must conduct a "relevant trade" on the acquired IP.<a href="#cite_note-employment-19">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-acox-94">[79]</a> A "business plan" must be produced with Irish employment and salary levels that are acceptable to the Irish State during the period capital allowances are claimed.<a href="#cite_note-tsg-20">[i]</a> If the Irish subsidiary is wound up within 5 years,<a href="#cite_note-116">[p]</a> the CAIA intangible capital allowances are repayable, which is called "clawback". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing_of_the_CAIA_BEPS_tool">Marketing of the CAIA BEPS tool</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marketing of the CAIA BEPS tool">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Marketing_brochures" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland § Marketing brochures</a></div> Irish BEPS tools are not overtly marketed, as brochures showing near-zero effective tax rates (ETR) would damage Ireland's ability to sign and operate bilateral tax treaties (i.e. higher-tax countries do not sign full treaties with known tax havens).<a href="#cite_note-treaty-17">[g]</a> However, in the Irish financial crisis, some Irish tax law firms in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Financial_Services_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Financial Services Centre">IFSC</a> produced CAIA brochures openly marketing that its ETR was 2.5%.<a href="#cite_note-cap-92">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-coxx-93">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-mhc-112">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-acox-94">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-maples-113">[98]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Intellectual Property: The effective corporation tax rate can be reduced to as low as 2.5% for Irish companies whose trade involves the exploitation of intellectual property. The Irish IP regime is broad and applies to all types of IP. A generous scheme of capital allowances ... in Ireland offer significant incentives to companies who locate their activities in Ireland. A well-known global company [Accenture in 2009] recently moved the ownership and exploitation of an IP portfolio worth approximately $7 billion to Ireland.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Arthur Cox Law Firm,<a href="#cite_note-law-118">[q]</a> Uses of Ireland for German Companies (January 2012)<a href="#cite_note-coxx-93">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-coxx1-109">[94]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The tax deduction can be used to achieve an effective tax rate of 2.5% on profits from the exploitation of the IP purchased [via the CAIA scheme]. Provided the IP is held for five years, a subsequent disposal of the IP will not result in a clawback.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Matheson_(law_firm)" title="Matheson (law firm)">Matheson</a> Law Firm,<a href="#cite_note-law-118">[q]</a> Ireland as a European gateway (March 2013)<a href="#cite_note-matheson1-107">[92]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Structure 1: The profits of the Irish company will typically be subject to the corporation tax rate of 12.5% if the company has the requisite level of substance to be considered trading. The tax depreciation and interest expense can reduce the effective rate of tax to a minimum of 2.5%.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Maples_and_Calder" class="mw-redirect" title="Maples and Calder">Maples and Calder</a> Law Firm,<a href="#cite_note-law-118">[q]</a> Irish Intellectual Property Tax Regime (February 2018)<a href="#cite_note-maples-113">[98]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apple's_"leprechaun_economics"_(2015)">Apple's "leprechaun economics" (2015)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Apple's "leprechaun economics" (2015)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">Leprechaun economics</a></div> The EU Commission's 30 August 2016 findings against Apple's hybrid–Double Irish BEPS tool, Apple Sales International (ASI), covered the period from 2004 to end 2014 (see above). The EU's August 2016 report on Apple, notes that Apple had informed the commission at the start of 2015 that they had closed their hybrid–Double Irish BEPS tool.<a href="#cite_note-eu1-67">[56]</a> In January 2018, Irish economist <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Coffey" title="Seamus Coffey">Seamus Coffey</a>, Chairman of the State's <a href="/wiki/Irish_Fiscal_Advisory_Council" title="Irish Fiscal Advisory Council">Irish Fiscal Advisory Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[102]</a> and author of the State's 2017 Review of Ireland's Corporation Tax Code,<a href="#cite_note-coffey1-120">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-cof3-121">[104]</a> showed Apple restructured ASI into the CAIA BEPS tool in Q1 2015.<a href="#cite_note-cof2-122">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-cofr-123">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-brads-124">[107]</a> During Q1 2018, Coffey and international economists,<a href="#cite_note-cofr-123">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-brads-124">[107]</a> proved Ireland's 2015 "<a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">leprechaun economics</a>" GDP growth of 33.4%, was attributable to Apple's new CAIA BEPS tool.<a href="#cite_note-IT9-125">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-patrick.smyth-89">[76]</a> Coffey noted the significance of Apple's endorsement of the CAIA BEPS tool, given Apple's status as one of the longest users of the Double Irish BEPS tool,<a href="#cite_note-DUHIGG-28">[19]</a> and one of the largest users of BEPS tools worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-apple-65">[54]</a> In January 2018, there was <a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics#Further_concerns" title="Leprechaun economics">further controversy</a> over Apple's CAIA BEPS tool when Coffey pointed out that it is prohibited under Ireland's tax code (Section 291A(c) of the Taxes Consolidation Act 1997), to use the CAIA BEPS tool for reasons that are not "commercial bona fide reasons", and in schemes where the main purpose is "the avoidance of, or reduction in, liability to tax". In addition, it was realised in hindsight, that changes former Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Noonan_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="Michael Noonan (Fine Gael politician)">Michael Noonan</a> made in the Irish 2015 Finance Budget, was to ensure the ETR of Apple's CAIA tool was reduced to zero.<a href="#cite_note-app1-114">[99]</a> In June 2018, Apple's post Q1 2015 BEPS tax structure in Ireland was labelled "<a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven#Green_Jersey" title="Ireland as a tax haven">the Green Jersey</a>" by the EU Parliament's <a href="/wiki/European_United_Left%E2%80%93Nordic_Green_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="European United Left–Nordic Green Left">GUE–NGL</a> body and described in detail.<a href="#cite_note-emma-91">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-emmaclancy-126">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microsoft's_Green_Jersey_(2018)">Microsoft's Green Jersey (2018)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Microsoft's Green Jersey (2018)">edit</a>]</div> In December 2017, the Irish Government accepted the recommendation of Coffey that corporation tax relief for the Irish CAIA BEPS tool be capped at 80% for new arrangements, to restore the CAIA's effective Irish corporate tax rate (ETR) back to 2.5%.<a href="#cite_note-cap-92">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[111]</a> This was enacted in the 2017 Finance Budget, but only for new CAIA BEPS schemes (e.g. Apple's 2015 CAIA scheme would not be affected).<a href="#cite_note-app1-114">[99]</a> Given the dramatic take-up in the CAIA tool in 2015, when the cap lifted (e.g. the ETR was 0%), Irish commentators challenged Coffey's recommendation. He responded in a paper in late 2017.<a href="#cite_note-ssc-129">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[113]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In 2015 there were a number of "balance-sheet relocations" with companies who had acquired IP while resident outside the country becoming Irish-resident. It is possible that companies holding IP for which capital allowances are currently being claimed could become non-resident and remove themselves from the charge to tax in Ireland. If they leave in this fashion there will be no transaction that triggers an exit tax liability.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Seamus Coffey, "Intangibles, taxation and Ireland's contribution to the EU Budget", December 2017<a href="#cite_note-ssc-129">[112]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In July 2018, it was reported that Microsoft was preparing to execute another "Green Jersey" CAIA BEPS transaction.<a href="#cite_note-em-83">[72]</a> which, due to <a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven#Technical_issues_with_TCJA" title="Ireland as a tax haven">technical issues with the TCJA</a>, makes the CAIA BEPS tool attractive to U.S. multinationals. In July 2018, Coffey posted that Ireland could see a "boom" in the onshoring of U.S. IP, via the CAIA BEPS tool, between now and 2020, when the Double Irish is fully closed.<a href="#cite_note-seamus_coffey_green_jersey-131">[114]</a> In May 2019, it was reported Microsoft moved $52.8bn of IP assets to Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-132">[115]</a> In January 2020, The Irish Times speculated that <a href="/wiki/Google_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Google Inc.">Google Inc.</a>, was also considering using the CAIA BEPS tool.<a href="#cite_note-IT9-125">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_of_BEPS_tools_on_Ireland's_economy">Effect of BEPS tools on Ireland's economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Effect of BEPS tools on Ireland's economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Low_tax_economy" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland § Low tax economy</a></div> In June 2018, academic tax researcher <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a> (et alia) estimated Ireland was the world's largest BEPS hub,<a href="#cite_note-gabrielzucmanx-23">[14]</a> and also the world's largest tax haven.<a href="#cite_note-zuc10-57">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-zuc11-58">[47]</a> In September 2018, Zucman and Wright showed that US corporates were the largest users of BEPS tools, representing almost half of all BEPS activity.<a href="#cite_note-zucwright-51">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-56">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[116]</a> The concentration of BEPS activity impacted Ireland's economy in a number of ways: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distortion_of_Irish_GDP/GNP">Distortion of Irish GDP/GNP</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Distortion of Irish GDP/GNP">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OECD_Public_Debt_per_Capita_(2015).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/OECD_Public_Debt_per_Capita_%282015%29.png/350px-OECD_Public_Debt_per_Capita_%282015%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/OECD_Public_Debt_per_Capita_%282015%29.png/525px-OECD_Public_Debt_per_Capita_%282015%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/OECD_Public_Debt_per_Capita_%282015%29.png/700px-OECD_Public_Debt_per_Capita_%282015%29.png 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>OECD public debt per-capita table for 2015<a href="#cite_note-oecd-134">[117]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Modified_gross_national_income" title="Modified gross national income">Modified gross national income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">Leprechaun economics</a></div> An "<a href="/wiki/Tax_haven#Inflated_GDP-per-capita" title="Tax haven">artificially inflated GDP-per-capita statistic</a>", is a feature of tax havens, due to the BEPS flows.<a href="#cite_note-be-13">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ber-135">[118]</a> In February 2017, Ireland's national accounts became so distorted by BEPS flows that the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland">Central Bank of Ireland</a> replaced Irish GDP and Irish GNP with a new economic measure, Irish <a href="/wiki/Modified_gross_national_income" title="Modified gross national income">Modified GNI*</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gni3-136">[119]</a> However, in December 2017, <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> reported that Modified GNI* did not remove all of the distortions from Irish economic data.<a href="#cite_note-eurostat1-137">[120]</a> By September 2018, the Irish <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)" title="Central Statistics Office (Ireland)">Central Statistics Office</a> (CSO) reported that <a href="/wiki/Modified_gross_national_income#Irish_GDP_versus_Modified_GNI_(2009-2017)" title="Modified gross national income">Irish GDP was 162% of Irish GNI*</a> (e.g. BEPS tools artificially inflated Ireland's GDP by 62%). In contrast EU–28 2017 GDP was 100% of GNI.<a href="#cite_note-eurostat2-138">[121]</a> Irish public indebtedness changes dramatically depending on whether Debt-to-GDP, Debt-to-GNI* or Debt-per-Capita is used (Per-Capita removes all BEPS tool distortion).<a href="#cite_note-139">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concentration_of_US_multinationals">Concentration of US multinationals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Concentration of US multinationals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven#Global_"knowledge_hub"_for_"selling_into_Europe"" title="Ireland as a tax haven">Ireland as a tax haven § Global "knowledge hub" for "selling into Europe"</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OECD_countries_with_worldwide_tax_systems.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/OECD_countries_with_worldwide_tax_systems.png/220px-OECD_countries_with_worldwide_tax_systems.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/OECD_countries_with_worldwide_tax_systems.png/330px-OECD_countries_with_worldwide_tax_systems.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/OECD_countries_with_worldwide_tax_systems.png/440px-OECD_countries_with_worldwide_tax_systems.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>OECD "worldwide tax" countries<a href="#cite_note-wharton-142">[125]</a></figcaption></figure> Tax academics show multinationals from countries with "territorial" tax systems make little use of tax havens like Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-hines2016-143">[126]</a> Since the UK changed its tax regime to a "territorial" system in 2009–12, Ireland has failed to attract corporates from any other jurisdiction except the US, one of the last "worldwide" tax systems.<a href="#cite_note-worldwide-6">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-taxhaven-12">[f]</a> By September 2018, US–controlled corporates were <a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven#Table_1" title="Ireland as a tax haven">25 of Ireland's 50 largest companies</a>, paid 80% of Irish business taxes,<a href="#cite_note-rev-144">[127]</a> and directly employed 25% of the Irish labour force,<a href="#cite_note-oecdx-145">[128]</a> and created 57% of Irish value-add.<a href="#cite_note-ber-135">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-oecdx-145">[128]</a> The past president of the Irish Tax Institute stated they pay 50% of all Irish salary taxes (due to higher paying jobs), 50% of all Irish VAT, and 92% of all Irish customs and excise duties.<a href="#cite_note-suzkelly-146">[129]</a> The American-Ireland Chamber of Commerce estimated the value of US investment in Ireland in 2018 was €334 billion, exceeding Irish GDP (€291 billion in 2016), and exceeding the combined investment of US investment in the <a href="/wiki/BRIC" title="BRIC">BRIC</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-amc-147">[130]</a> The US multinational subsidiaries in Ireland, are not simply used for booking EU sales, in most cases, they handle the entire non–US business of the Group.<a href="#cite_note-mistake-5">[a]</a> Apart from US corporates, and legacy UK corporates (pre 2009–12), there are no foreign corporates in Ireland's top 50 firms. Academics say Ireland is more accurately described as a "US corporate tax haven", and a shield for non–US profits from the historic US "worldwide" tax system.<a href="#cite_note-desai-148">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disagreement_on_Irish_ETRs">Disagreement on Irish ETRs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Disagreement on Irish ETRs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven#Effective_tax_rates" title="Ireland as a tax haven">Ireland as a tax haven § Effective tax rates</a></div> One of the most contested aspects of Ireland's economy is the aggregate "effective tax rate" (ETR) of Ireland's corporate tax regime. The Irish State refutes <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a> labels as unfair criticism of its low, but legitimate, 12.5% Irish corporate tax rate,<a href="#cite_note-149">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[133]</a> which it defends as being the effective tax rate (ETR).<a href="#cite_note-pwcrates-151">[134]</a> Independent studies show that Ireland's aggregate <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Effective_tax_rate_(ETR)" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">effective corporate tax rate</a> is between 2.2% to 4.5% (depending on assumptions made).<a href="#cite_note-152">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-gabrielzucman-153">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbbg-154">[137]</a> This lower aggregate effective tax rate is consistent with the individual effective tax rates of US multinationals in Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-google1-42">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-jims-95">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-face3-156">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-oracle-157">[140]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Corporate_haven#IP-based_BEPS_tools" title="Corporate haven">IP-based BEPS tools</a> openly marketed by the main Irish tax-law firms, in the <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin" title="International Financial Services Centre, Dublin">IFSC</a>, with ETRs of 0–2.5% (see "<a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Effective_tax_rate_(ETR)" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">effective tax rate</a>").<a href="#cite_note-coxx-93">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-mhc-112">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-matheson1-107">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-maples-113">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_of_the_Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_(TCJA)">Effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_corporate_tax_haven_(to_2017)">US corporate tax haven (to 2017)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: US corporate tax haven (to 2017)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven#Global_"knowledge_hub"_for_"selling_into_Europe"" title="Ireland as a tax haven">Ireland as a tax haven § Global "knowledge hub" for "selling into Europe"</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EUROSTAT_Ireland_Gross_Operating_Surplus_by_Controlling_Country,_%E2%82%ACmillion_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/EUROSTAT_Ireland_Gross_Operating_Surplus_by_Controlling_Country%2C_%E2%82%ACmillion_2015.png/220px-EUROSTAT_Ireland_Gross_Operating_Surplus_by_Controlling_Country%2C_%E2%82%ACmillion_2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/EUROSTAT_Ireland_Gross_Operating_Surplus_by_Controlling_Country%2C_%E2%82%ACmillion_2015.png/330px-EUROSTAT_Ireland_Gross_Operating_Surplus_by_Controlling_Country%2C_%E2%82%ACmillion_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/EUROSTAT_Ireland_Gross_Operating_Surplus_by_Controlling_Country%2C_%E2%82%ACmillion_2015.png/440px-EUROSTAT_Ireland_Gross_Operating_Surplus_by_Controlling_Country%2C_%E2%82%ACmillion_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Dominance of US companies: Irish corporate Gross Operating Surplus (i.e. profits), by the controlling country of the company (note: a material part of the Irish figure is also from US <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Corporate_tax_inversions" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">tax inversions</a> who are US–controlled). Eurostat (2015).<a href="#cite_note-158">[141]</a></figcaption></figure> In June 2018, tax academics showed that Ireland had become the world's largest global BEPS hub,<a href="#cite_note-gabrielzucmanx-23">[14]</a> or corporate-focused tax haven.<a href="#cite_note-zuc10-57">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-zuc11-58">[47]</a> In September 2018, tax academics showed that US multinationals were the largest users of BEPS tools.<a href="#cite_note-zucwright-51">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-56">[45]</a> In 2016, leading tax academic <a href="/wiki/James_R._Hines_Jr." title="James R. Hines Jr.">James R. Hines Jr.</a>, showed that multinationals from "territorial" tax systems, the system used by almost all global economies bar a handful but which included the US,<a href="#cite_note-worldwide-6">[b]</a> make little use of tax havens.<a href="#cite_note-hines2016-143">[126]</a> Hines, and others, had previously quoted the example of the U.K., who transitioned from a "worldwide" system to a "territorial" system in 2009–2012, which led to a reversal of many UK inversions to Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-uuk1-160">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-uuk2-161">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-HMRC-164">[147]</a> and turned the U.K. into one of the leading destinations for U.S. corporate <a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">tax inversions</a> (although Ireland is still the most popular).<a href="#cite_note-bloominv-110">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-economist-165">[148]</a> A similar case study was cited in the switch by Japan in 2009 from a full US "worldwide" tax system (e.g. very high domestic tax rate, partially mitigated by a controlled foreign corporation regime), to a full "territorial" tax system, with positive results.<a href="#cite_note-jap1-162">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-jap2-163">[146]</a> As discussed in <a href="#Controversial_closure_(2015)">§ Controversial closure (2015)</a>, Hines had shown as early as 1994, that under the U.S. "worldwide" tax system, U.S. multinational use of tax havens and BEPS tools, had increased long-term U.S. treasury returns. Academics point to these facts as the explanation for the extraordinary <a href="#Concentration_of_US_multinationals">§ Concentration of US multinationals</a> in Ireland's economy, and the equal failure of Ireland to attract non-U.S. multinationals or any multinationals from "territorial" tax systems. While Ireland sometimes describes itself as a "global knowledge hub for selling into Europe", it is more accurately described as a U.S. corporate tax haven for shielding non-U.S. revenues from the historical U.S. "worldwide" tax system.<a href="#cite_note-desai-148">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-taxhaven-12">[f]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._change_to_a_territorial_system_(post_2017)">U.S. change to a territorial system (post 2017)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: U.S. change to a territorial system (post 2017)">edit</a>]</div> In December 2017, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">Tax Cuts and Jobs Act</a> (TCJA), the U.S. changed from a "worldwide" tax system to a hybrid–"territorial" tax system,<a href="#cite_note-hybrid-167">[r]</a> to encourage U.S. multinationals to relocate functions back from tax havens.<a href="#cite_note-worldwide-6">[b]</a> In addition, the US, as the UK had done in 2009–12, aimed to become a favoured destination for foreign multinational to relocate. In their October 2017 report on the proposed TCJA legalisation, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisors" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Economic Advisors">Council of Economic Advisors</a>, quoted Hines' work on tax havens, and used Hines' calculations, to estimate the quantum of U.S. investment that should return as a result of the TCJA.<a href="#cite_note-crs2-53">[42]</a> As well as switching to a hybrid–"territorial" tax system,<a href="#cite_note-hybrid-167">[r]</a> the TCJA contains a unique "carrot" and a "stick" aimed at U.S. multinationals in Ireland:<a href="#cite_note-tf1-166">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-carrot-168">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-lexology-169">[151]</a> <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman"><li>As a "carrot", the TCJA enables these firms to charge out their IP globally (just like with a Double Irish or Single Malt arrangement) but from a U.S. base, at a preferential foreign-derived intangible income (FDII) tax rate of 13.125% . In addition, the extra reliefs of 100% capital expensing, and 21% relief on U.S. costs, make the effective FDII rate 1–2% lower again (or 11–12%).</li><li>As a "stick", the TCJA’s global intangible low-tax income (GILTI) tax rate forces these firms to pay a minimum U.S. tax rate of 10.5% on their global IP, regardless of where their IP is located. In addition, only getting 80% relief (not 100%), against foreign taxes paid, means that the effective GILTI rate is 1–2% higher again (or 11–12%, similar to the net FDII rate).</li></ol></div> In March–April 2018, major U.S. tax law firms showed that pre the TCJA, U.S. multinationals with the IP needed to use Irish BEPS tools, would achieve effective Irish tax rates (ETR) of 0–2.5%<a href="#cite_note-170">[s]</a> versus 35% under the historical U.S. system. However, post the TCJA, these multinationals can use their IP to achieve U.S. ETRs, which net of the TCJA's 100% capital relief provisions, are similar to the ETRs they would achieve in Ireland when the TCJA's new GILTI provisions are taken into account (e.g. ETR of circa 11–12%).<a href="#cite_note-lexology-169">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-example-171">[152]</a> In Q1 2018, U.S. multinationals like Pfizer announced in Q1 2018, a post-TCJA global tax rate for 2019 of circa 17%, which is close to the circa 15–16% 2019 tax rate announced by past U.S. corporate <a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">tax inversions</a> to Ireland, Eaton, Allergan, and Medtronic.<a href="#cite_note-example2-172">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_implications_for_Ireland_(2018)">Early implications for Ireland (2018)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Early implications for Ireland (2018)">edit</a>]</div> As the TCJA was being passed in December 2017, the new corporate tax provisions were recognised by the Irish media, as a challenge.<a href="#cite_note-tcja1-173">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-tcja2-174">[155]</a> Donald Trump had "singled out" Ireland in 2017 speeches promoting the TCJA,<a href="#cite_note-175">[156]</a> and Trump administration economic advisor, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Moore_(writer)" title="Stephen Moore (writer)">Stephen Moore</a>, predicted "a flood of companies" would leave Ireland due to the TCJA.<a href="#cite_note-176">[157]</a> Leading U.S. tax academic, <a href="/wiki/Mihir_A._Desai" title="Mihir A. Desai">Mihir A. Desai</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[t]</a> in a post–TCJA 26 December 2017 interview in the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a> said that: "So, if you think about a lot of technology companies that are housed in Ireland and have massive operations there, they're not going to maybe need those in the same way, and those can be relocated back to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-hbr-178">[158]</a> In December 2017, U.S technology firm <a href="/wiki/Worldpay,_Inc." title="Worldpay, Inc.">Vantiv</a>, the world's largest payment processing company, confirmed that it had abandoned its plan to execute a corporate <a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">tax inversion</a> to Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-vantiv-179">[159]</a> In March 2018, the Head of Life Sciences in <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>, Jami Rubin, stated that: "Now that [U.S.] corporate tax reform has passed, the advantages of being an <a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">inverted</a> company are less obvious".<a href="#cite_note-example2-172">[153]</a> In August 2018, U.S. multinational <a href="/wiki/Afilias" title="Afilias">Afilias</a>, who had been headquartered in Ireland since 2001, announced that as a result of the TCJA, it was moving back to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-180">[160]</a> However, in contrast, it was reported in May–July 2018, that U.S. tax academics and tax economists were discovering <a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven#Technical_issues_with_TCJA" title="Ireland as a tax haven">material technical flaws in the TCJA</a> that incentivise the U.S. use of tax havens like Ireland. Of particular note was the exclusion from the GILTI tax of the first 10% of profits on overseas tangible assets, which incentivises investment in tangible assets abroad.<a href="#cite_note-181">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[162]</a> However, a more serious concern, was the acceptance of capital allowances, both tangible and intangible, as deductible against GILTI taxation, which would enable U.S. users of the CAIA BEPS tool to convert their Irish ETR of 0–2.5%, into a final U.S. ETR of 0–2.5%.<a href="#cite_note-harvd-183">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-brook-184">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[165]</a> In May–July 2018, Google and Facebook announced large expansions of their Dublin office campuses in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-186">[166]</a> A June 2018 IMF country report on Ireland, while noting the significant exposure of Ireland's economy to U.S. corporates, concluded that the TCJA may not be as effective as Washington expects in addressing Ireland as a U.S. corporate tax haven. In writing its report, the IMF conducted confidential anonymous interviews with Irish corporate tax experts.<a href="#cite_note-187">[167]</a> In July 2018, it was reported that Microsoft was preparing to execute Apple's "Green Jersey" CAIA BEPS transaction.<a href="#cite_note-em-83">[72]</a> In July 2018, <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Coffey" title="Seamus Coffey">Seamus Coffey</a>, Chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Fiscal_Advisory_Council" title="Irish Fiscal Advisory Council">Irish Fiscal Advisory Council</a> and author of the Irish State's 2016 review of the Irish corporate tax code,<a href="#cite_note-coffz-188">[168]</a> posted that Ireland could see a "boom" in the onshoring of U.S. IP, via the CAIA BEPS tool, between now and 2020, when the Double Irish is fully closed.<a href="#cite_note-seamus_coffey_green_jersey-131">[114]</a> In February 2019, <a href="/wiki/Brad_Setser" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad Setser">Brad Setser</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> wrote a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> article highlighting material issues with TCJA in terms of combatting tax havens.<a href="#cite_note-189">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multinationals_that_used_Irish_BEPS_tools">Multinationals that used Irish BEPS tools</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Multinationals that used Irish BEPS tools">edit</a>]</div> This is not a comprehensive list as many US multinationals in Ireland use "unlimited liability companies" (ULCs), which do not file public accounts with the Irish <a href="/wiki/Companies_Registration_Office_(Ireland)" title="Companies Registration Office (Ireland)">CRO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_Irish_2">Double Irish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Double Irish">edit</a>]</div> Major companies in Ireland known to employ the Double Irish BEPS tool, include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories" title="Abbott Laboratories">Abbott Laboratories</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom-195">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbnb" title="Airbnb">Airbnb</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.#Tax_practices" title="Criticism of Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>[<a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS">broken anchor</a>] original user, and known in operation since the late 1980s<a href="#cite_note-DUHIGG-28">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-apple1-64">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-apple-65">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-appletax-198">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company" title="Eli Lilly and Company">Eli Lilly and Company</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom-195">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a><a href="#cite_note-face3-156">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom2010-199">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-face1-200">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-face2-201">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Laboratories" title="Forest Laboratories">Forest Laboratories</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom-195">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom2010-199">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilead_Sciences" title="Gilead Sciences">Gilead</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Google#Tax_evasion" title="Criticism of Google">Google</a><a href="#cite_note-google1-42">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-googledi-48">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom2010-199">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-google2-203">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson" title="Johnson & Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom2010-199">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medtronic_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Medtronic Inc.">Medtronic Inc.</a><a href="#cite_note-forbes2014-205">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom-195">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Corp_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corp (2013–present)">News Corp</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom-195">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle Corp.">Oracle Corp.</a><a href="#cite_note-oracle-157">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom-195">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Pfizer Inc.">Pfizer Inc.</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom-195">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a><a href="#cite_note-bloom2010-199">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a><a href="#cite_note-yahoo-208">[188]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single_malt_2">Single malt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Single malt">edit</a>]</div> Major companies in Ireland known to employ the single-malt BEPS tool, include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft (LinkedIn)</a>, using Malta<a href="#cite_note-ca-74">[63]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergan" title="Allergan">Allergan (Zeitiq)</a>, using Malta<a href="#cite_note-ca-74">[63]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleflex" title="Teleflex">Teleflex</a>, using Malta<a href="#cite_note-teleflex-73">[62]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories" title="Abbott Laboratories">Abbott Laboratories</a>, using Malta<a href="#cite_note-abbotlabs-84">[73]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_allowances_for_intangible_assets">Capital allowances for intangible assets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Capital allowances for intangible assets">edit</a>]</div> Major companies in Ireland known to employ the capital-allowances for intangible assets (CAIA) BEPS tool, include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>, started in 2015<a href="#cite_note-cof2-122">[105]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">leprechaun economics</a> affair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a>, started in 2009<a href="#cite_note-coxx1-109">[94]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Economy">Economy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Google" title="Criticism of Google">Criticism of Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Apple_Inc." title="Criticism of Apple Inc.">Criticism of Apple Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_illegal_State_aid_case_against_Apple_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland">EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax_haven" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate tax haven">Corporate tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">Leprechaun economics</a> Apple BEPS tool in Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_gross_national_income" title="Modified gross national income">Modified gross national income</a> replaced Irish GDP/GNP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_jersey_agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Green jersey agenda">Green jersey agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feargal_O%27Rourke" title="Feargal O'Rourke">Feargal O'Rourke</a> architect of Ireland's BEPS tools</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matheson_(law_firm)" title="Matheson (law firm)">Matheson (law firm)</a> Ireland's largest U.S. tax advisor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualifying_investor_alternative_investment_fund_(QIAIF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualifying investor alternative investment fund (QIAIF)">Qualifying investor alternative investment fund (QIAIF)</a> Irish tax-free vehicles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Section_110_Special_Purpose_Vehicle_(SPV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)">Section 110 SPV</a> debt-based BEPS tool</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduit and Sink OFCs">Conduit and Sink OFCs</a> analysis of tax havens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven" title="Ireland as a tax haven">Ireland as a tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_as_a_tax_haven" title="Panama as a tax haven">Panama as a tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_as_a_tax_haven" title="United States as a tax haven">United States as a tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Hines_Jr." title="James R. Hines Jr.">James R. Hines Jr.</a>, leader in academic research on tax havens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammika_Dharmapala" title="Dhammika Dharmapala">Dhammika Dharmapala</a>, leader in academic research on tax havens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a>, leader in academic research on tax havens</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mistake-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mistake_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mistake_5-1">b</a> The Double Irish is sometimes misunderstood as being only used for EU–sourced revenues and business. For example, in 2016, Facebook recorded global revenues of $27 billion, while Facebook in Ireland paid €30 million in Irish tax on Irish revenues of €13 billion (approximately half of all global revenues).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Similarly, when the EU introduced the <a href="/wiki/GDPR" class="mw-redirect" title="GDPR">GDPR</a> regulations in 2018, Facebook disclosed that all of its non-U.S. accounts (circa 1.9 billion, of which 1.5 billion were non-E.U), were legally based in Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Similarly, Google is also believed to run most of its non–U.S. sales revenue and profits through its Dublin operation.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldwide-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worldwide_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldwide_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldwide_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldwide_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldwide_6-4">e</a> Before the passing of the TCJA in December 2017, the US was one of eight remaining jurisdictions to run a "worldwide" taxation system, which was the principal obstacle to US corporate tax reform, as it was not possible to differentiate between the source of income. The seven other "worldwide" tax systems, are: Chile, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Korea, Mexico, and Poland.<a href="#cite_note-159">[142]</a> The positive experience of the UK switch to a "territorial" system in 2009–12,<a href="#cite_note-uuk1-160">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-uuk2-161">[144]</a> and the Japanese switch to a "territorial" system in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-jap1-162">[145]</a> amongst others,<a href="#cite_note-jap2-163">[146]</a> was continually highlighted by US tax academics. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Before the US 2017 TCJA repatriation tax, the Double Irish shielded all non–US profits of US multinationals from: (a) taxation in the end-consumer market, (b) from taxation in Ireland, and (c) from US taxation. The 2017 TCJA placed a 15.5% US tax on these untaxed profits, and they were deemed to be automatically repatriated (regardless of whether the US multinational wanted to repatriate the untaxed profits or not). </li> <li id="cite_note-bush-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bush_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bush_8-1">b</a> 2004 was the date of the last Bush Administration tax amnesty, when pre–2004 offshore untaxed cash was repatriated at a special U.S. tax rate of 5%; in 2018, the TCJA repatriation tax rate was 15.5%. </li> <li id="cite_note-bush2-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bush2_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bush2_9-1">b</a> While various sources quote the amount of untaxed cash reserves as being closer to USD 2 trillion, a component of this figure represents cash flow that is awaiting reinvestment in the overseas markets, non-cash assets, and U.S. banking flows; the strong consensus is that the pure cash figure is at least over USD 1 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-24">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-taxhaven-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taxhaven_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taxhaven_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taxhaven_12-2">c</a> It is believed that Ireland's extreme economic exposure to US corporate BEPS activity had led Ireland to expand into more traditional <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a>–type tools, such as the <a href="/wiki/Qualifying_investor_alternative_investment_fund_(QIAIF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualifying investor alternative investment fund (QIAIF)">Qualifying investor alternative investment fund (QIAIF)</a> (designed to compete with the Cayman Islands SPC), and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Section_110_Special_Purpose_Vehicle_(SPV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)">Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)</a> (designed to compete with the Luxembourg SPV).<a href="#cite_note-ftt-11">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-treaty-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-treaty_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-treaty_17-1">b</a> In September 2018, Ireland had a global network of 73 bilateral tax treaties, and a 74th with Ghana awaiting ratification.<a href="#cite_note-16">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-employment-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-employment_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-employment_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-employment_19-2">c</a> Under Section 291A of the 1997 Irish Tax and Consolidated Acts, users of Irish BEPS tools must conduct a "relevant trade" and perform "relevant activities" in Ireland to give the BEPS tool a degree of credibility and substance.<a href="#cite_note-rev1-99">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref2-100">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[100]</a> In effect, it can equate to an "employment tax" on the Irish subsidiary, however, to the extent that the "relevant activities" are needed within the Group (e.g. they are performing real tasks), then the effect of this "employment tax" is mitigated. While the Irish State has never published the employment metrics for using Irish BEPS tools, the evidence is that even where the "relevant activities" were completely unnecessary, the "employment tax" equates to circa 2–3% of profits shifted through Ireland (see <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Multinational_job_focus" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">here</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-tsg-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tsg_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsg_20-1">b</a> In documents released under <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">FOI</a> from the Irish Department of Finance Tax Strategy Group, they describe the CAIA BEPS tool as a: "measure was introduced to support the development of the knowledge economy and the provision of high-quality employment.<a href="#cite_note-tsg1-105">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-tsg2-106">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The most cited academic explanation of the Double Irish Dutch Sandwich, is <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kleinbard" title="Edward Kleinbard">Edward Kleinbard</a>'s 2011 Stateless Income, however it is not possible to reference a copy online.<a href="#cite_note-34">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-check-52"><a href="#cite_ref-check_52-0">^</a> Before 1996, the United States, like other high-income countries, had anti-avoidance rules—known as "controlled foreign corporations" provisions—designed to immediately tax in the United States some foreign income (such as royalties and interest) conducive of profit shifting. In 1996, the IRS issued regulations that enabled U.S. multinationals to avoid some of these rules by electing to treat their foreign subsidiaries as if they were not corporations but disregarded entities for tax purposes. This move is called "checking the box" because that is all that needs to be done on IRS form 8832 to make it work and use Irish BEPS tools on non–U.S. revenues was a compromise to keep U.S. multinationals from leaving the U.S. (page 10.)<a href="#cite_note-zucwright-51">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Most tax codes in developed countries have <a href="/wiki/Capital_allowance" title="Capital allowance">capital allowance</a> programs that give tax relief on capital expenditure that is amortised over the life of the capital asset on which the capital was invested in. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> While not stating it explicitly, it is implied in the document, that the location is one where the rate of tax is zero, such as Bermuda or Jersey </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> In simple terms, Apple gave its Irish subsidiary a USD 300 billion intergroup loan to buy the intangible assets from the Apple subsidiary in Jersey. Apple in Ireland can charge the interest on this intergroup loan against Irish tax, while the Apple subsidiary in Jersey, who is receiving the loan interest, pays no tax. If a rate of circa 7% was used, and the loan runs for 15 years, the full amortisation period of the CAIA, that will add another USD 315 billion in Irish tax relief from loan interest charges paid to Jersey </li> <li id="cite_note-cap-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cap_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cap_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cap_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cap_92-3">d</a> When the Irish State applied a cap of 80% on the total amount of Irish intangible capital allowances that can be used against taxable profits in any year, it gave an Irish effective tax rate (ETR) of 2.5%, being the Irish corporation tax rate of 12.5% multiplied by 20%. Therefore, the ETR of the CAIA is often described as being 0–2.5%, depending on the Irish State rules regarding caps. During Apple's creation of an Irish CAIA BEPS tool in 2015, the CAIA cap was temporarily lifted to 100% (e.g. the ETR was 0%).<a href="#cite_note-app1-114">[99]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> For CAIA plans after 13 February 2013; before 13 February 2013, it is 10 years </li> <li id="cite_note-law-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-law_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_118-2">c</a> Arthur Cox is Ireland's largest law firm,<a href="#cite_note-big-117">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matheson_(law_firm)" title="Matheson (law firm)">Matheson</a> describes itself as the Irish law firm with the largest tax practice group, and <a href="/wiki/Maples_and_Calder" class="mw-redirect" title="Maples and Calder">Maples and Calder</a> is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Offshore_magic_circle" title="Offshore magic circle">offshore magic circle</a> law firm </li> <li id="cite_note-hybrid-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hybrid_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hybrid_167-1">b</a> The TCJA's GILTI tax regime, which acts like an international <a href="/wiki/Alternative_minimum_tax" title="Alternative minimum tax">alternative minimum tax</a> for IP–heavy U.S. multinationals, has led some to qualify the new U.S. TCJA system as a hybrid–"territorial" system.<a href="#cite_note-tf1-166">[149]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Close to 0% for the Double Irish and Single Malt BEPS tools; 0–2.5% for the CAIA BEPS tool depending on whether the cap on capital allowances was 80% or 100% when the tool was started </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Desai had written <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven#Important_papers_on_tax_havens" title="Tax haven">several major academic papers on tax havens</a> with James R. Hines Jr., including the second most cited academic paper on tax havens, The demand for tax haven operations (2006).<a href="#cite_note-desai-148">[131]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Weckler2017" class="citation news cs1">Adrian Weckler (29 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/technology/facebook-paid-just-30m-tax-in-ireland-despite-earning-12bn-36362527.html">"Facebook paid just €30m tax in Ireland despite earning €12bn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030708/https://www.independent.ie/business/technology/facebook-paid-just-30m-tax-in-ireland-despite-earning-12bn-36362527.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2018. 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Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>Intellectual property (IP) has become the leading tax avoidance vehicle</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Property+Law+Solutions+to+Tax+Avoidance&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=UCLA+Law+Review&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uclalawreview.org%2Fpdf%2F62-1-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-2923_en.htm">"European Commission – Press Releases – Press release – State aid: Ireland gave illegal tax benefits to Apple worth up to €13 billion"</a>. europa.eu. EU Commission. 30 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180518162649/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-2923_en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2016. <q>This selective treatment allowed Apple to pay an effective corporate tax rate of 1 per cent on its European profits in 2003 down to 0.005 per cent in 2014.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europa.eu&rft.atitle=European+Commission+%E2%80%93+Press+Releases+%E2%80%93+Press+release+%E2%80%93+State+aid%3A+Ireland+gave+illegal+tax+benefits+to+Apple+worth+up+to+%E2%82%AC13+billion&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2Fpress-release_IP-16-2923_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbg-22"><a href="#cite_ref-bbg_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_Drucker2013" class="citation web cs1">Jesse Drucker (23 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/infographics/u-s-profits-in-ireland-pile-up.html">"Ireland: Where Profits Pile Up, Helping Multinationals Keep Taxes Low"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516033549/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/infographics/u-s-profits-in-ireland-pile-up.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland%3A+Where+Profits+Pile+Up%2C+Helping+Multinationals+Keep+Taxes+Low&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft.au=Jesse+Drucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fgraphics%2Finfographics%2Fu-s-profits-in-ireland-pile-up.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gabrielzucmanx-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gabrielzucmanx_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gabrielzucmanx_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gabrielzucmanx_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gabrielzucmanx_23-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_ZucmanThomas_TorslovLudvig_Wier2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a>; Thomas Torslov; Ludvig Wier (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gabriel-zucman.eu/">"The Missing Profits of Nations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a>, Working Papers. p. 31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522074245/http://gabriel-zucman.eu/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>Table 2: Shifted Profits: Country-by-Country Estimates (2015)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Missing+Profits+of+Nations&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research%2C+Working+Papers&rft.date=2018-06&rft.au=Gabriel+Zucman&rft.au=Thomas+Torslov&rft.au=Ludvig+Wier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgabriel-zucman.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Cederwall2015" class="citation web cs1">Eric Cederwall (15 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taxfoundation.org/making-sense-profit-shifting-edward-kleinbard/">"Making Sense of Profit Shifting: Edward Kleinbard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181204125655/https://taxfoundation.org/making-sense-profit-shifting-edward-kleinbard/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018. <q>We also know that the cash component of that is about $1 trillion. Therefore, we know from this that we're not talking simply about foreign investment in real foreign assets because somewhere in the neighborhood of $1 trillion is in cash and cash equivalents</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+Profit+Shifting%3A+Edward+Kleinbard&rft.pub=Tax+Foundation&rft.date=2015-03-15&rft.au=Eric+Cederwall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaxfoundation.org%2Fmaking-sense-profit-shifting-edward-kleinbard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mck-25"><a href="#cite_ref-mck_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_CogmanTim_Koller2017" class="citation web cs1">David Cogman; Tim Koller (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/the-real-story-behind-us-companies-off-shore-cash-reserves">"The real story behind U.S. companies' offshore cash reserves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813180122/https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/the-real-story-behind-us-companies-off-shore-cash-reserves">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018. <q>By our reckoning, the 500 largest U.S. nonfinancial companies have now accumulated around $1 trillion more than their businesses need. The majority of this is held offshore, in non-U.S. overseas subsidiaries, to avoid the incremental U.S. income taxes they would pay if they repatriated the money under current U.S. laws</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+real+story+behind+U.S.+companies%27+offshore+cash+reserves&rft.pub=McKinsey+%26+Company&rft.date=2017-06&rft.au=David+Cogman&rft.au=Tim+Koller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Fbusiness-functions%2Fstrategy-and-corporate-finance%2Four-insights%2Fthe-real-story-behind-us-companies-off-shore-cash-reserves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mck2-26"><a href="#cite_ref-mck2_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJill_Treanor2016" class="citation news cs1">Jill Treanor (20 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/may/20/us-corporate-giants-hoarding-over-a-trillion-dollars-apple-microsoft-google">"U.S. corporate giants hoarding more than a trillion dollars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232158/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/may/20/us-corporate-giants-hoarding-over-a-trillion-dollars-apple-microsoft-google">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018. <q>Earlier this year, anti-poverty charity Oxfam had estimated U.S. companies had $1.4tn in subsidiaries based offshore, while the $1.68tn that Moody's estimates is being stashed by U.S. companies is a sum equivalent to the size of the Canadian economy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=U.S.+corporate+giants+hoarding+more+than+a+trillion+dollars&rft.date=2016-05-20&rft.au=Jill+Treanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2Fmay%2F20%2Fus-corporate-giants-hoarding-over-a-trillion-dollars-apple-microsoft-google&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mck3-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mck3_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mck3_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRana_Foroohar2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Rana Foroohar (30 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4472500/apple-eu-irish-tax-bill/">"Apple vs the EU is the biggest tax battle in history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114131815/http://time.com/4472500/apple-eu-irish-tax-bill/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2018. <q>Ever hear of a Double Irish? It's not a drink, but one of the dodgy tax strategies that help American companies keep their profits nearly tax free abroad. Such strategies are at the heart of what may well turn out to be the most important corporate tax case in history</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Apple+vs+the+EU+is+the+biggest+tax+battle+in+history&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft.au=Rana+Foroohar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4472500%2Fapple-eu-irish-tax-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DUHIGG-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DUHIGG_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUHIGG_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUHIGG_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DUHIGG_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuhiggKocieniewski2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duhigg" title="Charles Duhigg">Duhigg, Charles</a>; Kocieniewski, David (28 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/29/business/apples-tax-strategy-aims-at-low-tax-states-and-nations.html">"How Apple Sidesteps Billions in Global Taxes"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321214738/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/29/business/apples-tax-strategy-aims-at-low-tax-states-and-nations.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018. <q>In the late 1980s, Apple was among the pioneers in creating a tax structure – known as the Double Irish – that allowed the company to move profits into tax havens around the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Apple+Sidesteps+Billions+in+Global+Taxes&rft.date=2012-04-28&rft.aulast=Duhigg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Kocieniewski%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F04%2F29%2Fbusiness%2Fapples-tax-strategy-aims-at-low-tax-states-and-nations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRónán_Duffy2018" class="citation news cs1">Rónán Duffy (29 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/tax-arrangements-state-papers-4405807-Dec2018/">"Fine Gael ministers discussed US corporations paying 'little or no tax' here in the 1980s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheJournal.ie" title="TheJournal.ie">TheJournal.ie</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233310/https://www.thejournal.ie/tax-arrangements-state-papers-4405807-Dec2018/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=Fine+Gael+ministers+discussed+US+corporations+paying+%27little+or+no+tax%27+here+in+the+1980s&rft.date=2018-12-29&rft.au=R%C3%B3n%C3%A1n+Duffy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Ftax-arrangements-state-papers-4405807-Dec2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-for0-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-for0_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-for0_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-for0_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_Drucker2013" class="citation web cs1">Jesse Drucker (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-10-28/man-making-ireland-tax-avoidance-hub-globally-proves-local-hero">"Man Making Ireland Tax Avoidance Hub Proves Local Hero"</a>. Bloomberg News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612234526/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-10-28/man-making-ireland-tax-avoidance-hub-globally-proves-local-hero">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018. <q>The grand architect of much of that success: Feargal O'Rourke, the scion of a political dynasty who heads the tax practice in PriceWaterhouseCoopers in Ireland</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Man+Making+Ireland+Tax+Avoidance+Hub+Proves+Local+Hero&rft.pub=Bloomberg+News&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.au=Jesse+Drucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2013-10-28%2Fman-making-ireland-tax-avoidance-hub-globally-proves-local-hero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fer-31"><a href="#cite_ref-fer_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiona_Reddan2015" class="citation news cs1">Fiona Reddan (8 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/scion-of-a-prominent-political-dynasty-who-gave-his-vote-to-accountancy-1.2203820?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fscion-of-a-prominent-political-dynasty-who-gave-his-vote-to-accountancy-1.2203820">"Scion of a prominent political dynasty who gave his vote to accountancy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612152414/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/scion-of-a-prominent-political-dynasty-who-gave-his-vote-to-accountancy-1.2203820?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fscion-of-a-prominent-political-dynasty-who-gave-his-vote-to-accountancy-1.2203820">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Scion+of+a+prominent+political+dynasty+who+gave+his+vote+to+accountancy&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft.au=Fiona+Reddan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fscion-of-a-prominent-political-dynasty-who-gave-his-vote-to-accountancy-1.2203820%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Ffinancial-services%252Fscion-of-a-prominent-political-dynasty-who-gave-his-vote-to-accountancy-1.2203820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-for1-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-for1_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-for1_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-for1_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_Drucker2013" class="citation news cs1">Jesse Drucker (3 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/controversial-tax-strategies-brainchild-of-orourkes-son-29721835.html">"Controversial tax strategies brainchild of O'Rourke's son"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920120538/https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/controversial-tax-strategies-brainchild-of-orourkes-son-29721835.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Controversial+tax+strategies+brainchild+of+O%27Rourke%27s+son&rft.date=2013-11-03&rft.au=Jesse+Drucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Firish%2Fcontroversial-tax-strategies-brainchild-of-orourkes-son-29721835.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-for2-33"><a href="#cite_ref-for2_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadsheet.ie/2013/10/29/turning-ireland-into-a-global-tax-avoidance-hub/">"Feargal O'Rourke Turning Ireland Into 'A Global Tax-Avoidance Hub'"</a>. Broadsheet Ireland. 29 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429222310/http://www.broadsheet.ie/2013/10/29/turning-ireland-into-a-global-tax-avoidance-hub/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feargal+O%27Rourke+Turning+Ireland+Into+%27A+Global+Tax-Avoidance+Hub%27&rft.pub=Broadsheet+Ireland&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadsheet.ie%2F2013%2F10%2F29%2Fturning-ireland-into-a-global-tax-avoidance-hub%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Kleinbard2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kleinbard" title="Edward Kleinbard">Edward Kleinbard</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ftaxr11&div=30&id=&page=">"Stateless Income"</a>. Florida Tax Review. 11 (9): 699–744.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Tax+Review&rft.atitle=Stateless+Income&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E699-%3C%2Fspan%3E744&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Edward+Kleinbard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fftaxr11%26div%3D30%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.ie/2014/07/double-irish-dutch-sandwich.html">"Fiscal Monitor: Taxing Times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 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Rice (February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825172644/http://taxdoctoralseminar.web.unc.edu/files/2016/02/Hines-Rice.pdf">"Fiscal Paradise: Foreign Tax Havens and American Business"</a> (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics (Harvard/MIT). 9 (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxdoctoralseminar.web.unc.edu/files/2016/02/Hines-Rice.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>Together the seven tax havens with populations greater than one million (Hong Kong, Ireland, Liberia, Lebanon, Panama, Singapore, and Switzerland) account for 80 percent of total tax haven population and 89 percent of tax haven GDP</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics+%28Harvard%2FMIT%29&rft.atitle=Fiscal+Paradise%3A+Foreign+Tax+Havens+and+American+Business&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1994-02&rft.au=James+R.+Hines+Jr.&rft.au=Eric+M.+Rice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaxdoctoralseminar.web.unc.edu%2Ffiles%2F2016%2F02%2FHines-Rice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-congress1-46"><a href="#cite_ref-congress1_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gao.gov/assets/290/284522.pdf">"International Taxation: Large U.S. Corporations and Federal Contractors with Subsidiaries in Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>Table 1: Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions and the Sources of Those Jurisdictions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Taxation%3A+Large+U.S.+Corporations+and+Federal+Contractors+with+Subsidiaries+in+Jurisdictions+Listed+as+Tax+Havens+or+Financial+Privacy+Jurisdictions&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=U.S.+GAO&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fassets%2F290%2F284522.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-euclose-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-euclose_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-euclose_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_BarkerVincent_BolandVanessa_Houlder2014" class="citation news cs1">Alex Barker; Vincent Boland; Vanessa Houlder (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/ba95cff0-4fcd-11e4-a0a4-00144feab7de">"Brussels in crackdown on 'Double Irish' tax loophole"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722112759/https://www.ft.com/content/ba95cff0-4fcd-11e4-a0a4-00144feab7de">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018. <q>Brussels is challenging the 'Double Irish' tax avoidance measure prized by big U.S. tech and pharma groups, putting pressure on Dublin to close it down or face a full-blown investigation. .. The initial enquiries have signalled that Brussels wants Dublin to call time on the tax gambit, which has helped Ireland become a hub for American tech and pharma giants operating in Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Brussels+in+crackdown+on+%27Double+Irish%27+tax+loophole&rft.date=2014-10&rft.au=Alex+Barker&rft.au=Vincent+Boland&rft.au=Vanessa+Houlder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fba95cff0-4fcd-11e4-a0a4-00144feab7de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-googledi-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-googledi_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-googledi_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/google-ireland-tax-3-3-4367701-Dec2018/">"Two years after the 'double Irish' was shelved, Google used it to shift billions to Bermuda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheJournal.ie" title="TheJournal.ie">TheJournal.ie</a>. 28 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503133827/https://www.thejournal.ie/google-ireland-tax-3-3-4367701-Dec2018/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2018. <q>Two Years After the controversial 'double Irish' loophole was closed to new entrants, Google continued using the system to funnel billions in untaxed profits to Bermuda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=Two+years+after+the+%27double+Irish%27+was+shelved%2C+Google+used+it+to+shift+billions+to+Bermuda&rft.date=2018-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Fgoogle-ireland-tax-3-3-4367701-Dec2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-h1-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h1_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-h1_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_R._Hines_Jr.2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Hines_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="James R. Hines Jr">James R. Hines Jr.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.ie/&httpsredir=1&article=1716&context=articles">"Treasure Islands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives" title="Journal of Economic Perspectives">Journal of Economic Perspectives</a>. 4 (24): 103–125. <q>Table 1: 52 Tax Havens</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Treasure+Islands&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2010&rft.au=James+R.+Hines+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2F%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1716%26context%3Darticles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dryng-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dryng_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dryng_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_DyrengBradley_P._Lindsey2009" class="citation journal cs1">Scott Dyreng; Bradley P. Lindsey (12 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-679X.2009.00346.x">"Using Financial Accounting Data to Examine the Effect of Foreign Operations Located in Tax Havens and Other Countries on U.S. Multinational Firms' Tax Rates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Accounting_Research" title="Journal of Accounting Research">Journal of Accounting Research</a>. 47 (5): 1283–1316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-679X.2009.00346.x">10.1111/j.1475-679X.2009.00346.x</a>. <q>Finally, we find that U.S. firms with operations in some tax haven countries have higher federal tax rates on foreign income than other firms. This result suggests that in some cases, tax haven operations may increase U.S. tax collections at the expense of foreign country tax collections.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Accounting+Research&rft.atitle=Using+Financial+Accounting+Data+to+Examine+the+Effect+of+Foreign+Operations+Located+in+Tax+Havens+and+Other+Countries+on+U.S.+Multinational+Firms%27+Tax+Rates&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1283-%3C%2Fspan%3E1316&rft.date=2009-10-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-679X.2009.00346.x&rft.au=Scott+Dyreng&rft.au=Bradley+P.+Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1475-679X.2009.00346.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zucwright-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zucwright_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zucwright_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zucwright_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zucwright_51-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_ZucmanThomas_Wright2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a>; Thomas Wright (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/WrightZucman2018.pdf">"The Exorbitant Tax Privilege"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a>: 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152016/http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/WrightZucman2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>U.S. multinationals use tax havens more than multinationals from other countries which have kept their controlled foreign corporations regulations. No other non-haven OECD country records as high a share of foreign profits booked in tax havens as the United States. ... This suggests that half of all the global profits shifted to tax havens are shifted by U.S. multinationals</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Exorbitant+Tax+Privilege&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2018-09&rft.au=Gabriel+Zucman&rft.au=Thomas+Wright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgabriel-zucman.eu%2Ffiles%2FWrightZucman2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-crs2-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crs2_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crs2_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_K._Jackson2010" class="citation web cs1">James K. Jackson (11 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.publicintelligence.net/R40114.pdf">"The OECD Initiative on Tax Havens"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630094806/https://info.publicintelligence.net/R40114.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>As a result of the Bush Administration's efforts, the OECD backed away from its efforts to target 'harmful tax practices' and shifted the scope of its efforts to improving exchanges of tax information between member countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+OECD+Initiative+on+Tax+Havens&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft.au=James+K.+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.publicintelligence.net%2FR40114.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-baker-54"><a href="#cite_ref-baker_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522042953/https://www.bna.com/treasury-official-explains-n73014453413/">"Treasury Official Explains Why U.S. Didn't Sign OECD Super-Treaty"</a>. Bloomberg BNA. 8 June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bna.com/treasury-official-explains-n73014453413/">the original</a> on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>The U.S. didn't sign the groundbreaking tax treaty inked by 68 [later 70] countries in Paris June 7, [2017] because the U.S. tax treaty network has a low degree of exposure to base erosion and profit shifting issues", a U.S. Department of Treasury official said at a transfer pricing conference co-sponsored by Bloomberg BNA and <a href="/wiki/Baker_McKenzie" title="Baker McKenzie">Baker McKenzie</a> in Washington</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treasury+Official+Explains+Why+U.S.+Didn%27t+Sign+OECD+Super-Treaty&rft.pub=Bloomberg+BNA&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bna.com%2Ftreasury-official-explains-n73014453413%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alston.com/en/insights/publications/2017/07/impact-of-mli-on-taxpayers">"International Tax Advisory: Impact of the Multilateral Instrument on U.S. Taxpayers: Why Didn't the United States Choose to Sign the MLI?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alston_%26_Bird" title="Alston & Bird">Alston & Bird</a>. 14 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002347/https://www.alston.com/en/insights/publications/2017/07/impact-of-mli-on-taxpayers">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Tax+Advisory%3A+Impact+of+the+Multilateral+Instrument+on+U.S.+Taxpayers%3A+Why+Didn%27t+the+United+States+Choose+to+Sign+the+MLI%3F&rft.pub=Alston+%26+Bird&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alston.com%2Fen%2Finsights%2Fpublications%2F2017%2F07%2Fimpact-of-mli-on-taxpayers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-japantimes-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-japantimes_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-japantimes_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-japantimes_56-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/09/11/business/half-u-s-foreign-profits-booked-tax-havens-especially-ireland-paper/#.W5eRKkZKhPY">"Half of U.S. foreign profits booked in tax havens, especially Ireland: NBER paper"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. 10 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911110309/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/09/11/business/half-u-s-foreign-profits-booked-tax-havens-especially-ireland-paper/#.W5eRKkZKhPY">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018. <q>'Ireland solidifies its position as the #1 tax haven,' Zucman said on Twitter. 'U.S. firms book more profits in Ireland than in China, Japan, Germany, France & Mexico combined. Irish tax rate: 5.7%.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Half+of+U.S.+foreign+profits+booked+in+tax+havens%2C+especially+Ireland%3A+NBER+paper&rft.date=2018-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2018%2F09%2F11%2Fbusiness%2Fhalf-u-s-foreign-profits-booked-tax-havens-especially-ireland-paper%2F%23.W5eRKkZKhPY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zuc10-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zuc10_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zuc10_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zuc10_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401">"Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics"</a>. The Irish Times. 13 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824044322/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018. <q>Study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Ireland+is+the+world%27s+biggest+corporate+%27tax+haven%27%2C+say+academics&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Feconomy%252Fireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zuc11-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zuc11_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zuc11_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zuc11_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/corporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659">"Zucman:Corporations Push Profits Into Corporate Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Gabrial Zucman Study Says"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. 10 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404203053/https://www.wsj.com/articles/corporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2018. <q>Such profit shifting leads to a total annual revenue loss of $200 billion globally</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Zucman%3ACorporations+Push+Profits+Into+Corporate+Tax+Havens+as+Countries+Struggle+in+Pursuit%2C+Gabrial+Zucman+Study+Says&rft.date=2018-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fcorporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_O'Donoghue2018" class="citation news cs1">Paul O'Donoghue (31 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/ireland/double-irish-move-was-not-enough-to-tax-close-loophole-0ms6kft7p">"Double Irish move 'was not enough to tax close loophole'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231194327/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/ireland/double-irish-move-was-not-enough-to-tax-close-loophole-0ms6kft7p">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Double+Irish+move+%27was+not+enough+to+tax+close+loophole%27&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft.au=Paul+O%27Donoghue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Fedition%2Fireland%2Fdouble-irish-move-was-not-enough-to-tax-close-loophole-0ms6kft7p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jan/03/google-tax-haven-bermuda-netherlands">"Google shifted $23bn to tax haven Bermuda in 2017, filing shows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 3 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190104112343/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jan/03/google-tax-haven-bermuda-netherlands">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Google+shifted+%2423bn+to+tax+haven+Bermuda+in+2017%2C+filing+shows&rft.date=2019-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2019%2Fjan%2F03%2Fgoogle-tax-haven-bermuda-netherlands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf1-61"><a href="#cite_ref-imf1_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2018/0417/955163-iphone-effect-on-irish-economy/">"Quarter of Irish economic growth due to Apple's iPhone, says IMF"</a>. RTE News. 17 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418162336/https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2018/0417/955163-iphone-effect-on-irish-economy/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quarter+of+Irish+economic+growth+due+to+Apple%27s+iPhone%2C+says+IMF&rft.pub=RTE+News&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F2018%2F0417%2F955163-iphone-effect-on-irish-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-62"><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/iphone-exports-accounted-for-quarter-of-irish-economic-growth-in-2017-imf-1.3464658">"iPhone exports accounted for quarter of Irish economic growth in 2017 – IMF"</a>. The Irish Times. 17 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418225318/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/iphone-exports-accounted-for-quarter-of-irish-economic-growth-in-2017-imf-1.3464658">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2018. 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Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111133831/http://www.cnbc.com/id/100751799">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2013. 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Retrieved 23 April 2018. <q>Brussels. 30.8.2016 C(2016) 5605 final. Total Pages (130)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commission+Decision+of+30.8.2016+on+State+Aid+SA.+38373+%282014%2FC%29+%28ex+2014%2FNN%29+%28ex+2014%2FCP%29+implemented+by+Ireland+to+Apple&rft.pub=EU+Commission&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcompetition%2Fstate_aid%2Fcases%2F253200%2F253200_1851004_674_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliff_Taylor" class="citation news cs1">Cliff Taylor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/apple-s-irish-company-structure-key-to-eu-tax-finding-1.2775684">"Apple's Irish company structure key to EU tax finding"</a>. 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The International Trade Journal. 32: 150–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08853908.2017.1356250">10.1080/08853908.2017.1356250</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158385468">158385468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Trade+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Rotten+Apple%3A+Tax+Avoidance+in+Ireland&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08853908.2017.1356250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158385468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Rita+Barrera&rft.au=Jessica+Bustamante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fear20-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fear20_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fear20_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColm_Kelpie2013" class="citation news cs1">Colm Kelpie (30 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/days-of-double-irish-tax-scheme-are-numbered-says-pwcs-orourke-29709354.html">"Days of 'Double Irish' tax scheme are numbered, says PwC's O'Rourke"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325172845/https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/days-of-double-irish-tax-scheme-are-numbered-says-pwcs-orourke-29709354.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018. <q>However, Mr O'Rourke, who is also a cousin of the late Finance Minister Brian Lenihan, told Bloomberg that changes in Ireland and across the globe on tax was inevitable. Mr O'Rourke was also a member of the Government's Commission on Taxation, which sat in 2008 and 2009.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Days+of+%27Double+Irish%27+tax+scheme+are+numbered%2C+says+PwC%27s+O%27Rourke&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.au=Colm+Kelpie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Firish%2Fdays-of-double-irish-tax-scheme-are-numbered-says-pwcs-orourke-29709354.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aa-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aa_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aa_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_L._RubingerSummer_Ayers_LePree2014" class="citation web cs1">Jeffrey L. Rubinger; Summer Ayers LePree (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taxeswithoutbordersblog.com/2014/10/death-of-the-double-irish-dutch-sandwich-not-so-fast/">"Death of the "Double Irish Dutch Sandwich"? Not so Fast"</a>. Taxes Without Borders. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322020534/https://www.taxeswithoutbordersblog.com/2014/10/death-of-the-double-irish-dutch-sandwich-not-so-fast/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2018. 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Christian Aid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322020723/https://www.christianaid.ie/sites/default/files/2018-02/impossible-structures-tax-report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2018. 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Retrieved 21 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=How+often+is+the+%27Single+Malt%27+tax+loophole+used%3F+The+government+is+finding+out&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Fsingle-malt-tax-evasion-3698512-Nov2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-itm-77"><a href="#cite_ref-itm_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Power2017" class="citation news cs1">Jack Power (10 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/ireland-resists-closing-corporation-tax-loophole-1.3286199">"Ireland resists closing corporation tax 'loophole'"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181204122054/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/ireland-resists-closing-corporation-tax-loophole-1.3286199">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>Global legal firm <a href="/wiki/Baker_McKenzie" title="Baker McKenzie">Baker McKenzie</a> representing a coalition of 24 multinational U.S. software firms, including Microsoft, lobbied Michael Noonan, as [Irish] minister for finance, to resist the [OECD MLI] proposals in January 2017. In a letter to him, the group recommended Ireland not adopt article 12, as the changes 'will have effects lasting decades' and could 'hamper global investment and growth due to uncertainty around taxation'. The letter said that 'keeping the current standard will make Ireland a more attractive location for a regional headquarters by reducing the level of uncertainty in the tax relationship with Ireland's trading partners'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Ireland+resists+closing+corporation+tax+%27loophole%27&rft.date=2017-11-10&rft.au=Jack+Power&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Fireland-resists-closing-corporation-tax-loophole-1.3286199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pas-78"><a href="#cite_ref-pas_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzanne_Lynch2017" class="citation news cs1">Suzanne Lynch (14 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/paschal-donohoe-says-government-will-examine-single-malt-loophole-1.3291889?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fpaschal-donohoe-says-government-will-examine-single-malt-loophole-1.3291889">"Paschal Donohoe says Government will examine 'Single Malt' loophole"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322022539/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/paschal-donohoe-says-government-will-examine-single-malt-loophole-1.3291889?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fpaschal-donohoe-says-government-will-examine-single-malt-loophole-1.3291889">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Paschal+Donohoe+says+Government+will+examine+%27Single+Malt%27+loophole&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft.au=Suzanne+Lynch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fpaschal-donohoe-says-government-will-examine-single-malt-loophole-1.3291889%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Feconomy%252Fpaschal-donohoe-says-government-will-examine-single-malt-loophole-1.3291889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantillion2017" class="citation news cs1">Cantillion (16 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/three-years-of-silence-on-single-malt-tax-loophole-raises-questions-1.3293313?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fthree-years-of-silence-on-single-malt-tax-loophole-raises-questions-1.3293313">"Three years of silence on 'Single Malt' tax loophole raises questions"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135949/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/three-years-of-silence-on-single-malt-tax-loophole-raises-questions-1.3293313?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fthree-years-of-silence-on-single-malt-tax-loophole-raises-questions-1.3293313">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Three+years+of+silence+on+%27Single+Malt%27+tax+loophole+raises+questions&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.au=Cantillion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fthree-years-of-silence-on-single-malt-tax-loophole-raises-questions-1.3293313%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Feconomy%252Fthree-years-of-silence-on-single-malt-tax-loophole-raises-questions-1.3293313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_O'Halloran2018" class="citation news cs1">Barry O'Halloran (28 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/revenue-to-close-single-malt-tax-loophole-1.3712238">"Revenue to close 'single malt' tax loophole"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128145324/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/revenue-to-close-single-malt-tax-loophole-1.3712238">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018. <q>Using a structure dubbed the 'single malt', some US multinationals have been using Irish-registered, Malta-resident, companies to cut tax liabilities in countries where they sell their goods and services. Minister for Finance Paschal Donohoe confirmed on Tuesday that a new agreement between Revenue and the Maltese tax authorities will close the loophole.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Revenue+to+close+%27single+malt%27+tax+loophole&rft.date=2018-11-28&rft.au=Barry+O%27Halloran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Frevenue-to-close-single-malt-tax-loophole-1.3712238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_O'Donoghue2018" class="citation news cs1">Paul O'Donoghue (28 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/ireland/corporate-tax-loophole-closure-won-t-stop-firms-nbh5r0v2q">"Corporate tax loophole closure 'won't stop firms'"</a>. The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164922/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/ireland/corporate-tax-loophole-closure-won-t-stop-firms-nbh5r0v2q">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018. <q>The new agreement will not come into force until near the end of September 2019 but a Department of Finance spokesman said that this would effectively shut off the loophole immediately because companies needed a lead-in time of about a year to use it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Corporate+tax+loophole+closure+%27won%27t+stop+firms%27&rft.date=2018-11-28&rft.au=Paul+O%27Donoghue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Fedition%2Fireland%2Fcorporate-tax-loophole-closure-won-t-stop-firms-nbh5r0v2q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlie_Taylor2018" class="citation news cs1">Charlie Taylor (28 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/linkedin-s-irish-subsidiary-pays-127m-on-2-67bn-profit-1.3713088">"LinkedIn's Irish subsidiary pays $127m on $2.67bn profit"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128134612/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/linkedin-s-irish-subsidiary-pays-127m-on-2-67bn-profit-1.3713088">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018. <q>The Irish arm of LinkedIn reported a 20 per cent rise in revenues last year and returned to the black, helped by the disposal of intellectual property assets to its parent Microsoft Ireland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=LinkedIn%27s+Irish+subsidiary+pays+%24127m+on+%242.67bn+profit&rft.date=2018-11-28&rft.au=Charlie+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Flinkedin-s-irish-subsidiary-pays-127m-on-2-67bn-profit-1.3713088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-em-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-em_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-em_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-em_83-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Guider2018" class="citation news cs1">Ian Guider (24 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesspost.ie/news/irish-microsoft-firm-worth-100bn-ahead-merger-419721">"Irish Microsoft firm worth $100bn ahead of merger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Business_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Business Post">The Sunday Business Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716111632/https://www.businesspost.ie/news/irish-microsoft-firm-worth-100bn-ahead-merger-419721">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Business+Post&rft.atitle=Irish+Microsoft+firm+worth+%24100bn+ahead+of+merger&rft.date=2018-06-24&rft.au=Ian+Guider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesspost.ie%2Fnews%2Firish-microsoft-firm-worth-100bn-ahead-merger-419721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abbotlabs-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abbotlabs_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abbotlabs_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeahy2021" class="citation news cs1">Leahy, Pat (15 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/pharma-giant-abbott-using-irish-single-malt-scheme-to-avoid-tax-on-profits-1.4674126">"Pharma giant Abbott using Irish 'single-malt' scheme to avoid tax on profits"</a>. The Irish Times. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Pharma+giant+Abbott+using+Irish+%27single-malt%27+scheme+to+avoid+tax+on+profits&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft.aulast=Leahy&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fhealth%2Fpharma-giant-abbott-using-irish-single-malt-scheme-to-avoid-tax-on-profits-1.4674126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2021" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Cliff (15 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/how-abbott-labs-devised-its-formula-for-single-malt-taxation-1.4674058?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fhow-abbott-labs-devised-its-formula-for-single-malt-taxation-1.4674058">"How Abbott Labs devised its formula for 'single Malt' taxation"</a>. The Irish Times. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=How+Abbott+Labs+devised+its+formula+for+%27single+Malt%27+taxation&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fhow-abbott-labs-devised-its-formula-for-single-malt-taxation-1.4674058%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Feconomy%252Fhow-abbott-labs-devised-its-formula-for-single-malt-taxation-1.4674058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kpmgpublications.ie/publication/intellectual-property-tax/">"Intellectual Property Tax"</a>. KPMG. 4 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502070128/https://www.kpmgpublications.ie/publication/intellectual-property-tax/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Property+Tax&rft.pub=KPMG&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kpmgpublications.ie%2Fpublication%2Fintellectual-property-tax%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-patrick.smyth-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patrick.smyth_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patrick.smyth_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Syth2019" class="citation news cs1">Patrick Syth (13 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/explainer-apple-s-13bn-tax-appeal-has-huge-implications-1.4017044">"Explainer: Apple's €13bn tax appeal has huge implications"</a>. The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 October 2019. <q>Apple has changed its own corporate structure, restructured a new Irish Beps tool called Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets (CAIA), also nicknamed the 'Green Jersey'. The bookkeeping change was so significant that it contributed to the extraordinary one-off revision in Irish GDP for 2015 by 26 per cent (later revised to 34.4 per cent).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+Apple%27s+%E2%82%AC13bn+tax+appeal+has+huge+implications&rft.date=2019-09-13&rft.au=Patrick+Syth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fexplainer-apple-s-13bn-tax-appeal-has-huge-implications-1.4017044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emma-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emma_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emma_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Brehm_ChristensenEmma_Clancy2018" class="citation web cs1">Martin Brehm Christensen; Emma Clancy (21 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://src.bna.com/zNy">"Apple's Irish Tax Deals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_United_Left%E2%80%93Nordic_Green_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="European United Left–Nordic Green Left">European United Left–Nordic Green Left</a> EU Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714041128/http://src.bna.com/zNy">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple%27s+Irish+Tax+Deals&rft.pub=European+United+Left%E2%80%93Nordic+Green+Left+EU+Parliament&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft.au=Martin+Brehm+Christensen&rft.au=Emma+Clancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsrc.bna.com%2FzNy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coxx-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coxx_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coxx_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coxx_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coxx_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coxx_93-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coxx_93-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coxx_93-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finfacts.com/biz10/Ireland_tax_multinationals_IP_intellectual_Property.pdf">"Uses of Ireland for German Companies: Irish "Intellectual Property" Tax of 2.5% ETR"</a> (PDF). Arthur Cox Law Firm. January 2012. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319051816/http://www.finfacts.com/biz10/Ireland_tax_multinationals_IP_intellectual_Property.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2018. <q>Intellectual Property: The effective corporation tax rate can be reduced to as low as 2.5% for Irish companies whose trade involves the exploitation of intellectual property. The Irish IP regime is broad and applies to all types of IP. A generous scheme of capital allowances in Ireland offers significant incentives to companies who locate their activities in Ireland. A well-known global company [Accenture in 2009] recently moved the ownership and exploitation of an IP portfolio worth approximately $7 billion to Ireland</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uses+of+Ireland+for+German+Companies%3A+Irish+%22Intellectual+Property%22+Tax+of+2.5%25+ETR&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Arthur+Cox+Law+Firm&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finfacts.com%2Fbiz10%2FIreland_tax_multinationals_IP_intellectual_Property.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-acox-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acox_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acox_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acox_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acox_94-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acox_94-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acox_94-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-acox_94-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arthurcox.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Arthur-Cox-Ireland-as-a-location-for-your-IP-Trading-Company-April-20152.pdf">"Ireland as a Location for Your Intellectual Property Trading Company"</a> (PDF). Arthur Cox Law. April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092245/http://www.arthurcox.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Arthur-Cox-Ireland-as-a-location-for-your-IP-Trading-Company-April-20152.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 March 2018. 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Retrieved 28 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Capital+Allowances+for+Intangible+Assets+under+section+291A+of+the+Taxes+Consolidation+Act+1997+%28Part+9+%2F+Chapter+2%29&rft.pub=Irish+Revenue&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revenue.ie%2Fen%2Ftax-professionals%2Ftdm%2Fincome-tax-capital-gains-tax-corporation-tax%2Fpart-09%2F09-02-05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revenue.ie/en/companies-and-charities/reliefs-and-exemptions/capital-allowances-for-intangible-assets/index.aspx">"Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets "Specified Assets""</a>. Irish Revenue. September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324101652/https://www.revenue.ie/en/companies-and-charities/reliefs-and-exemptions/capital-allowances-for-intangible-assets/index.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2018. 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PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517005518/https://www.pwc.com/ca/en/services/tax/corporate-tax/transfer-pricing/base-erosion-profit-sharing-tax-diagnostic-toolkit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Base+Erosion+and+Profit+Shifting+%28BEPS%29+tax+diagnostic+toolkit&rft.pub=PriceWaterhouseCoopers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwc.com%2Fca%2Fen%2Fservices%2Ftax%2Fcorporate-tax%2Ftransfer-pricing%2Fbase-erosion-profit-sharing-tax-diagnostic-toolkit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsg1-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tsg1_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsg1_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxpolicy.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/10.18-Corporation-Tax.pdf">"Department of Finance Tax Strategy Group: Irish Corporate Taxation"</a> (PDF). 10 June 2011. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424213614/http://taxpolicy.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/10.18-Corporation-Tax.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018. <q>(23–26) Tax relief for acquisition of intangible assets: A number of amendments to the scheme were made in Finance Act 2010 on foot, among other reasons, of the recommendations of the Innovation Taskforce Report. (1) The period in which a specified intangible asset must be used in the trade to avoid a clawback of allowances was reduced from 15 years to 10 years. (2) The list of specified intangible assets covered by the scheme was augmented by the inclusion of applications for the grant or registration of patents, copyright etc. and a broader definition of 'know-how'. (3) Relief will now be available for capital expenditure incurred prior to the commencement of a trade on the provision of specified intangible assets for the purposes of the trade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Finance+Tax+Strategy+Group%3A+Irish+Corporate+Taxation&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2011-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaxpolicy.gov.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F06%2F10.18-Corporation-Tax.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsg2-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tsg2_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsg2_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxpolicy.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/11.19-Corporation-Tax.pdf">"Department of Finance Tax Strategy Group: Irish Corporate Taxation"</a> (PDF). 19 November 2012. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424201818/http://taxpolicy.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/11.19-Corporation-Tax.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018. <q>2.2 Tax Relief for Acquisition of Intangible Assets: A scheme of tax relief for the acquisition of specified intangible assets was announced in the 2009 Supplementary Budget and introduced in Finance Act 2009. 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Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>The tax deduction can be used to achieve an effective tax rate of 2.5% on profits from the exploitation of the IP purchased. Provided the IP is held for five years, a subsequent disposal of the IP will not result in a clawback.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland+as+a+European+gateway+jurisdiction+for+China+%E2%80%93+outbound+and+inbound+investments&rft.pub=Matheson+%28law+firm%29&rft.date=2013-03&rft.au=John+Ryan&rft.au=Alan+Connell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.matheson.com%2Fimages%2Fuploads%2Fdocuments%2FChina_Article_-_March_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charteredaccountants.ie/taxsource/1997/en/act/pub/0039/nfg/sec0291A-nfg.html">"Irish Revenue Note for Guidance on Intangible Assets"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+Revenue+Note+for+Guidance+on+Intangible+Assets&rft.pub=Chartered+Accountants+of+Ireland&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charteredaccountants.ie%2Ftaxsource%2F1997%2Fen%2Fact%2Fpub%2F0039%2Fnfg%2Fsec0291A-nfg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coxx1-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coxx1_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coxx1_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coxx1_109-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_Ryan2012" class="citation news cs1">Vincent Ryan (24 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/business/firm-gets-tax-relief-on-7bn-rights-211760.html">"Firm gets tax relief on $7bn rights: Accenture"</a>. Irish Examiner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501004957/https://www.irishexaminer.com/business/firm-gets-tax-relief-on-7bn-rights-211760.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018. <q>Multinational management consultancy Accenture is receiving tax relief on the $7bn (€5.4bn) it spent building up a portfolio of intellectual property rights. ... The Arthur Cox document, 'Uses of Ireland for German Companies', states: 'A well-known global company recently moved the ownership and exploitation of an intellectual property portfolio worth approximately $7bn to Ireland.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Examiner&rft.atitle=Firm+gets+tax+relief+on+%247bn+rights%3A+Accenture&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft.au=Vincent+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffirm-gets-tax-relief-on-7bn-rights-211760.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloominv-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloominv_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloominv_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloominv_110-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/tax-inversion-tracker/">"Tracking Tax Runaways"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. 1 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031060724/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/tax-inversion-tracker/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2018. 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Retrieved 22 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+Treasury+Moves+to+Bring+Back+Inversions%2C+Here+are+7+of+the+Biggest+Recent+Deals&rft.pub=TheStreet&rft.date=2017-07-22&rft.au=Emily+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestreet.com%2Fslideshow%2F14222919%2F1%2Fas-treasury-moves-to-bring-back-inversions-here-are-seven-of-the-biggest-recent-deals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mhc-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mhc_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mhc_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mhc_112-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mhc.ie/latest/e-zines/world-ip-day-2014/P1">"World IP Day: Ireland'S 2.5% IP Tax Rate (Section 4.1.1)"</a>. Mason Hayes and Curran (Law Firm). 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Retrieved 30 April 2018. <q>When combined with other features of Ireland's IP tax regime, an effective rate as low as 2.5% can be achieved on IP related income</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+IP+Day%3A+Ireland%27S+2.5%25+IP+Tax+Rate+%28Section+4.1.1%29&rft.pub=Mason+Hayes+and+Curran+%28Law+Firm%29&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhc.ie%2Flatest%2Fe-zines%2Fworld-ip-day-2014%2FP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maples-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maples_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maples_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maples_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maples_113-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/377485537/Maples-and-Calder-Ireland-Intellectual-Property-2018">"Maples and Calder Irish Intellectual Property Tax Regime – 2.5% Effective Tax"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maples_and_Calder" class="mw-redirect" title="Maples and Calder">Maples and Calder</a> Law Firm. February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516033549/https://www.scribd.com/document/377485537/Maples-and-Calder-Ireland-Intellectual-Property-2018">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018. <q>Structure 1: The profits of the Irish company will typically be subject to the corporation tax rate of 12.5% if the company has the requisite level of substance to be considered trading. The tax depreciation and interest expense can reduce the effective rate of tax to a minimum of 2.5%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maples+and+Calder+Irish+Intellectual+Property+Tax+Regime+%E2%80%93+2.5%25+Effective+Tax&rft.pub=Maples+and+Calder+Law+Firm&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F377485537%2FMaples-and-Calder-Ireland-Intellectual-Property-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-app1-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-app1_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-app1_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-app1_114-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliff_Taylor2017" class="citation news cs1">Cliff Taylor (8 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/cliff-taylor-noonan-and-donohoe-rule-switching-could-cost-1bn-next-year-1.3283383?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fcliff-taylor-noonan-and-donohoe-rule-switching-could-cost-1bn-next-year-1.3283383">"Change in tax treatment of intellectual property and subsequent and reversal hard to fathom"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321151140/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/cliff-taylor-noonan-and-donohoe-rule-switching-could-cost-1bn-next-year-1.3283383?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fcliff-taylor-noonan-and-donohoe-rule-switching-could-cost-1bn-next-year-1.3283383">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2018. 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Irish Independent. 18 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319214323/https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/chairman-fiscal-advisory-council-theres-been-a-very-strong-recovery-we-are-now-living-within-our-means-36500320.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2018. 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Department of Finance. 21 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424214409/http://www.finance.gov.ie/updates/minister-donohoe-publishes-review-of-irelands-corporation-tax-code/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2018. 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Department of Finance. 30 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219112543/http://www.finance.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/170912-Review-of-Irelands-Corporation-Tax-Code.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2018. 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Economic Perspectives, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330153810/http://economic-incentives.blogspot.ie/2018/01/what-apple-did-next.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Apple+did+next&rft.pub=Economic+Perspectives%2C+University+College+Cork&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft.au=Seamus+Coffey+Irish+Fiscal+Advisory+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomic-incentives.blogspot.ie%2F2018%2F01%2Fwhat-apple-did-next.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cofr-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cofr_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cofr_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrad_Setser2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brad_Setser" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad Setser">Brad Setser</a> (25 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/tax-avoidance-and-irish-balance-payments">"Tax Avoidance and the Irish Balance of Payments"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428162831/https://www.cfr.org/blog/tax-avoidance-and-irish-balance-payments">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tax+Avoidance+and+the+Irish+Balance+of+Payments&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft.au=Brad+Setser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblog%2Ftax-avoidance-and-irish-balance-payments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brads-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brads_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brads_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrad_Setser2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brad_Setser" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad Setser">Brad Setser</a> (30 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/apples-exports-arent-missing-they-are-ireland">"Apple's Exports Aren't Missing: They Are in Ireland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025322/https://www.cfr.org/blog/apples-exports-arent-missing-they-are-ireland">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple%27s+Exports+Aren%27t+Missing%3A+They+Are+in+Ireland&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft.au=Brad+Setser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblog%2Fapples-exports-arent-missing-they-are-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IT9-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IT9_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IT9_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Chance2020" class="citation news cs1">David Chance (3 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/why-google-might-still-benefit-from-irish-tax-breaks-38830700.html">"Why Google might still benefit from Irish tax breaks"</a>. The Irish Times. Retrieved 30 January 2020. <q>Apple restructured its tax operations in 2015 using the State's capital allowance for intangible assets (CAIA), helping trigger the so-called Leprechaun Economics effect that year when the Irish economy suddenly surged by 26pc</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Google+might+still+benefit+from+Irish+tax+breaks&rft.date=2020-01-03&rft.au=David+Chance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Fwhy-google-might-still-benefit-from-irish-tax-breaks-38830700.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emmaclancy-126"><a href="#cite_ref-emmaclancy_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaomi_Fowler2018" class="citation web cs1">Naomi Fowler (25 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taxjustice.net/2018/06/25/new-report-is-apple-paying-less-than-1-tax-in-the-eu/">"New Report on Apple's New Irish Tax Structure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702064405/https://www.taxjustice.net/2018/06/25/new-report-is-apple-paying-less-than-1-tax-in-the-eu/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Report+on+Apple%27s+New+Irish+Tax+Structure&rft.pub=Tax+Justice+Network&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft.au=Naomi+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxjustice.net%2F2018%2F06%2F25%2Fnew-report-is-apple-paying-less-than-1-tax-in-the-eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/budget/tax-break-for-ip-transfers-is-cut-to-80pc-36215540.html">"Tax break for IP transfers is cut to 80pc"</a>. Department of Finance. 11 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322015127/https://www.independent.ie/business/budget/tax-break-for-ip-transfers-is-cut-to-80pc-36215540.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tax+break+for+IP+transfers+is+cut+to+80pc&rft.pub=Department+of+Finance&rft.date=2017-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Fbudget%2Ftax-break-for-ip-transfers-is-cut-to-80pc-36215540.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revenue.ie/en/tax-professionals/ebrief/2018/no-0162018.aspx">"Revenue eBrief No. 016/18 Capital allowances for specified intangible assets"</a>. Irish Revenue. 2 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328231308/https://www.revenue.ie/en/tax-professionals/ebrief/2018/no-0162018.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revenue+eBrief+No.+016%2F18+Capital+allowances+for+specified+intangible+assets&rft.pub=Irish+Revenue&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revenue.ie%2Fen%2Ftax-professionals%2Febrief%2F2018%2Fno-0162018.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssc-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssc_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssc_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_p5wXj7Q88MOGJxZVpLZGFNMUE/view">"Intangibles, taxation and Ireland's contribution to the EU Budget"</a>. Seamus Coffey. 19 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412194856/https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_p5wXj7Q88MOGJxZVpLZGFNMUE/view">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intangibles%2C+taxation+and+Ireland%27s+contribution+to+the+EU+Budget&rft.pub=Seamus+Coffey&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B_p5wXj7Q88MOGJxZVpLZGFNMUE%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irisheconomy.ie/index.php/2017/10/19/the-taxation-of-profits-from-intangible-assets-and-irelands-contribution-to-the-eu-budget/">"Irish Economy: Intangibles, taxation and Ireland's contribution to the EU Budget"</a>. irisheconomy.ie. 19 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501161524/http://www.irisheconomy.ie/index.php/2017/10/19/the-taxation-of-profits-from-intangible-assets-and-irelands-contribution-to-the-eu-budget/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+Economy%3A+Intangibles%2C+taxation+and+Ireland%27s+contribution+to+the+EU+Budget&rft.pub=irisheconomy.ie&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irisheconomy.ie%2Findex.php%2F2017%2F10%2F19%2Fthe-taxation-of-profits-from-intangible-assets-and-irelands-contribution-to-the-eu-budget%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seamus_coffey_green_jersey-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seamus_coffey_green_jersey_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seamus_coffey_green_jersey_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeamus_Coffey,_Irish_Fiscal_Advisory_Council2018" class="citation web cs1">Seamus Coffey, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Fiscal_Advisory_Council" title="Irish Fiscal Advisory Council">Irish Fiscal Advisory Council</a> (18 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economic-incentives.blogspot.com/2018/07/when-can-we-expect-next-wave-of-ip.html">"When can we expect the next wave of IP onshoring?"</a>. Economics Incentives, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804140642/http://economic-incentives.blogspot.com/2018/07/when-can-we-expect-next-wave-of-ip.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018. <q>IP onshoring is something we should be expecting to see much more of as we move towards the end of the decade. Buckle up!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+can+we+expect+the+next+wave+of+IP+onshoring%3F&rft.pub=Economics+Incentives%2C+University+College+Cork&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.au=Seamus+Coffey%2C+Irish+Fiscal+Advisory+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomic-incentives.blogspot.com%2F2018%2F07%2Fwhen-can-we-expect-next-wave-of-ip.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Paul2019" class="citation news cs1">Mark Paul (25 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/microsoft-moves-52-8bn-of-assets-and-its-asian-trading-operation-to-ireland-1.3903630">"Microsoft moves $52.8bn of assets and its Asian trading operation to Ireland"</a>. The Irish Times. Retrieved 29 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Microsoft+moves+%2452.8bn+of+assets+and+its+Asian+trading+operation+to+Ireland&rft.date=2019-05-25&rft.au=Mark+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Fmicrosoft-moves-52-8bn-of-assets-and-its-asian-trading-operation-to-ireland-1.3903630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Rubin2018" class="citation news cs1">Richard Rubin (10 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/corporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659">"Corporations Push Profits Into Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Study Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404203053/https://www.wsj.com/articles/corporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2018. <q>U.S. companies are the most aggressive users of profit-shifting techniques, which often relocate paper profits without bringing jobs and wages, according to the study by economists Thomas Torslov and Ludvig Wier of the University of Copenhagen and Gabriel Zucman of the University of California, Berkeley</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Corporations+Push+Profits+Into+Tax+Havens+as+Countries+Struggle+in+Pursuit%2C+Study+Says&rft.date=2018-06-10&rft.au=Richard+Rubin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fcorporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oecd-134"><a href="#cite_ref-oecd_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finance.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/OECD-survey.pdf">OECD Ireland Survey 2018</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. March 2018. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-29177-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-29177-5"><bdi>978-92-64-29177-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404202024/http://www.finance.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/OECD-survey.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD+Ireland+Survey+2018&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2018-03&rft.isbn=978-92-64-29177-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finance.gov.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F03%2FOECD-survey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ber-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ber_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ber_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeike_Joebges2017" class="citation web cs1">Heike Joebges (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/p_imk_wp_175_2017.pdf">"Crisis Recovery in a Country With a High Presence of Foreign-Owned Companies: The Case of Ireland"</a> (PDF). IMK Macroeconomic Policy Institute, <a href="/wiki/Hans-B%C3%B6ckler-Stiftung" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans-Böckler-Stiftung">Hans-Böckler-Stiftung</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412082814/https://www.socialeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/p_imk_wp_175_2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crisis+Recovery+in+a+Country+With+a+High+Presence+of+Foreign-Owned+Companies%3A+The+Case+of+Ireland&rft.pub=IMK+Macroeconomic+Policy+Institute%2C+Hans-B%C3%B6ckler-Stiftung&rft.date=2017-01&rft.au=Heike+Joebges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialeurope.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F01%2Fp_imk_wp_175_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gni3-136"><a href="#cite_ref-gni3_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/dd3a6f1c-6aea-11e7-bfeb-33fe0c5b7eaa">"Ireland's deglobalised data to calculate a smaller economy"</a>. Financial Times. 17 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012312/https://www.ft.com/content/dd3a6f1c-6aea-11e7-bfeb-33fe0c5b7eaa">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Ireland%27s+deglobalised+data+to+calculate+a+smaller+economy&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fdd3a6f1c-6aea-11e7-bfeb-33fe0c5b7eaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurostat1-137"><a href="#cite_ref-eurostat1_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilke_Stapel-WeberJohn_Verrinder2017" class="citation web cs1">Silke Stapel-Weber; John Verrinder (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/system/files/euronaissue2-2016-art2.pdf">"Globalisation at work in statistics — Questions arising from the 'Irish case'"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/EuroStat" class="mw-redirect" title="EuroStat">EuroStat</a>. p. 31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428205432/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/system/files/euronaissue2-2016-art2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>Nevertheless the rise in [Irish] GNI is still very substantial because the additional income flows of the companies (interest and dividends) concerned are considerably smaller than the value added of their activities</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Globalisation+at+work+in+statistics+%E2%80%94+Questions+arising+from+the+%27Irish+case%27&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=EuroStat&rft.date=2017-12&rft.au=Silke+Stapel-Weber&rft.au=John+Verrinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fcros%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Feuronaissue2-2016-art2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurostat2-138"><a href="#cite_ref-eurostat2_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/sdg_08_10">"Real GDP per capita"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126221404/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/sdg_08_10">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+GDP+per+capita&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fweb%2Fproducts-datasets%2F-%2Fsdg_08_10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/who-owes-more-money-the-irish-or-the-greeks-1.2236034">"Who owes more money – the Irish or the Greeks?"</a>. The Irish Times. 4 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181204130246/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/who-owes-more-money-the-irish-or-the-greeks-1.2236034">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Who+owes+more+money+%E2%80%93+the+Irish+or+the+Greeks%3F&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fwho-owes-more-money-the-irish-or-the-greeks-1.2236034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/why-do-the-irish-still-owe-more-than-the-greeks-1.3001026">"Why do the Irish still owe more than the Greeks?"</a>. The Irish Times. 7 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004094602/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/why-do-the-irish-still-owe-more-than-the-greeks-1.3001026">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018. <q>Why, then, when we look at debt on a per-capita basis, is it still so high? Per person, the Irish are right up the top of the leaderboard, with government debt per person of $45,941 (€43,230) as of March 1st, behind only Japan ($80,465) and the US ($48,203).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Why+do+the+Irish+still+owe+more+than+the+Greeks%3F&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fwhy-do-the-irish-still-owe-more-than-the-greeks-1.3001026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiona_Reddan2018" class="citation news cs1">Fiona Reddan (12 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/budget-2019-who-still-owes-more-the-irish-or-the-greeks-1.3625800">"Who still owes more, Ireland or the Greeks"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180912064327/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/budget-2019-who-still-owes-more-the-irish-or-the-greeks-1.3625800">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Who+still+owes+more%2C+Ireland+or+the+Greeks&rft.date=2018-09-12&rft.au=Fiona+Reddan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fbudget-2019-who-still-owes-more-the-irish-or-the-greeks-1.3625800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wharton-142"><a href="#cite_ref-wharton_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu/live/news/1492-corporate-inversions-a-policy-primer">"Corporate Inversions: A Policy Primer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wharton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Wharton University">Wharton University</a>. 24 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421011201/https://publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu/live/news/1492-corporate-inversions-a-policy-primer">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corporate+Inversions%3A+A+Policy+Primer&rft.pub=Wharton+University&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu%2Flive%2Fnews%2F1492-corporate-inversions-a-policy-primer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hines2016-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hines2016_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hines2016_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_R._Hines_Jr.Anna_GumpertMonika_Schnitzer2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Hines_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="James R. Hines Jr">James R. Hines Jr.</a>; Anna Gumpert; Monika Schnitzer (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2831&context=articles">"Multinational Firms and Tax Havens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Review_of_Economics_and_Statistics" title="The Review of Economics and Statistics">The Review of Economics and Statistics</a>. 98 (4): 714. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417133943/https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2831&context=articles">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>Germany taxes only 5% of the active foreign business profits of its resident corporations. .. Furthermore, German firms do not have incentives to structure their foreign operations in ways that avoid repatriating income. Therefore, the tax incentives for German firms to establish tax haven affiliates are likely to differ from those of U.S. firms and bear strong similarities to those of other G–7 and OECD firms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Economics+and+Statistics&rft.atitle=Multinational+Firms+and+Tax+Havens&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=714&rft.date=2016&rft.au=James+R.+Hines+Jr.&rft.au=Anna+Gumpert&rft.au=Monika+Schnitzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2831%26context%3Darticles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rev-144"><a href="#cite_ref-rev_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revenue.ie/en/corporate/documents/research/corporation-tax-returns-2016.pdf">"An Analysis of 2015 Corporation Tax Returns and 2016 Payments"</a> (PDF). Revenue Commissioners. April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171128143457/https://revenue.ie/en/corporate/documents/research/corporation-tax-returns-2016.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Analysis+of+2015+Corporation+Tax+Returns+and+2016+Payments&rft.pub=Revenue+Commissioners&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revenue.ie%2Fen%2Fcorporate%2Fdocuments%2Fresearch%2Fcorporation-tax-returns-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oecdx-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oecdx_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecdx_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/investment/IRELAND-trade-investment-statistical-country-note.pdf">"Ireland Trade and Statistical Note 2017"</a> (PDF). OECD. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180410201752/http://www.oecd.org/investment/IRELAND-trade-investment-statistical-country-note.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland+Trade+and+Statistical+Note+2017&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Finvestment%2FIRELAND-trade-investment-statistical-country-note.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suzkelly-146"><a href="#cite_ref-suzkelly_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejournal.ie/multinationals-tax-contribution-ireland-facts-2972139-Sep2016/">"FactCheck: How much do multinationals actually contribute in taxes?"</a>. thejournal.ie. 9 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427233542/http://www.thejournal.ie/multinationals-tax-contribution-ireland-facts-2972139-Sep2016/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FactCheck%3A+How+much+do+multinationals+actually+contribute+in+taxes%3F&rft.pub=thejournal.ie&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Fmultinationals-tax-contribution-ireland-facts-2972139-Sep2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amc-147"><a href="#cite_ref-amc_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/denouncing-ireland-as-a-tax-haven-is-as-dated-as-calling-it-homophobic-because-of-our-past-37032219.html">"Denouncing Ireland as a tax haven is as dated as calling it homophobic because of our past"</a>. Irish Independent. 21 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621055202/https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/denouncing-ireland-as-a-tax-haven-is-as-dated-as-calling-it-homophobic-because-of-our-past-37032219.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018. <q>The total value of U.S. business investment in Ireland – ranging from data centres to the world's most advanced manufacturing facilities – stands at $387bn (€334bn) – this is more than the combined U.S. investment in South America, Africa and the Middle East, and more than the BRIC countries combined.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Denouncing+Ireland+as+a+tax+haven+is+as+dated+as+calling+it+homophobic+because+of+our+past&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Firish%2Fdenouncing-ireland-as-a-tax-haven-is-as-dated-as-calling-it-homophobic-because-of-our-past-37032219.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-desai-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-desai_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-desai_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-desai_148-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihir_A._DesaiC_Fritz_FoleyJames_R._Hines_Jr.2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mihir_A._Desai" title="Mihir A. Desai">Mihir A. Desai</a>; C Fritz Foley; <a href="/wiki/James_R._Hines_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="James R. Hines Jr">James R. Hines Jr.</a> (February 2006). "The demand for tax haven operations". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Public_Economics" title="Journal of Public Economics">Journal of Public Economics</a>. 90 (3): 513–531. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2005.04.004">10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.04.004</a>. <q>Examples of such tax havens include Ireland and Luxembourg in Europe, Hong Kong and Singapore in Asia, and various Caribbean island nations in the Americas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Economics&rft.atitle=The+demand+for+tax+haven+operations&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E513-%3C%2Fspan%3E531&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2005.04.004&rft.au=Mihir+A.+Desai&rft.au=C+Fritz+Foley&rft.au=James+R.+Hines+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/oireachtas/taoiseach-rebuts-oxfam-claim-that-ireland-is-a-tax-haven-1.2906486">"Irish Taoiseach rebuts Oxfam claim that Ireland is a tax haven"</a>. The Irish Times. 14 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181204125400/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/oireachtas/taoiseach-rebuts-oxfam-claim-that-ireland-is-a-tax-haven-1.2906486">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>But Mr Kenny noted that Oxfam included Ireland's 12.5 per cent corporation tax rate as one of the factors for deeming it a tax haven. 'The 12.5 per cent is fully in line with the OECD and international best practice in having a low rate and applying it to a very wide tax base.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Irish+Taoiseach+rebuts+Oxfam+claim+that+Ireland+is+a+tax+haven&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Foireachtas%2Ftaoiseach-rebuts-oxfam-claim-that-ireland-is-a-tax-haven-1.2906486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-tax-haven-study-4068018-Jun2018/">"'Ireland is not a tax haven': Department of Finance dismisses 'tax haven' research findings"</a>. thejournal.ie. 13 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924074059/http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-tax-haven-study-4068018-Jun2018/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>Suggestions that Ireland are a tax haven simply because of our longstanding 12.5% corporate tax rate are totally out of line with the agreed global consensus that a low corporate tax rate applied to a wide tax base is good economic policy for attracting investment and supporting economic growth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Ireland+is+not+a+tax+haven%27%3A+Department+of+Finance+dismisses+%27tax+haven%27+research+findings&rft.pub=thejournal.ie&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Fireland-tax-haven-study-4068018-Jun2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pwcrates-151"><a href="#cite_ref-pwcrates_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.budget.gov.ie/Budgets/2015/Documents/Technical_Paper_Effective_Rates_Corporation_Tax_Ireland.pdf">"Effective Corporate Tax in Ireland: April 2014"</a> (PDF). Department of Finance. April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424174535/http://www.budget.gov.ie/Budgets/2015/Documents/Technical_Paper_Effective_Rates_Corporation_Tax_Ireland.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Effective+Corporate+Tax+in+Ireland%3A+April+2014&rft.pub=Department+of+Finance&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.budget.gov.ie%2FBudgets%2F2015%2FDocuments%2FTechnical_Paper_Effective_Rates_Corporation_Tax_Ireland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/corporate-tax-calculations-1.1689233?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fcorporate-tax-calculations-1.1689233">"Effective Corporate Tax calculations: 2.2%"</a>. The Irish Times. 14 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426215100/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/corporate-tax-calculations-1.1689233?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fcorporate-tax-calculations-1.1689233">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018. <q>A study by Dr Jim Stewart, associate professor in finance at Trinity College Dublin, suggests that in 2011 the subsidiaries of U.S. multinationals in Ireland paid an effective tax rate of 2.2 per cent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Effective+Corporate+Tax+calculations%3A+2.2%25&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fcorporate-tax-calculations-1.1689233%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Feconomy%252Fcorporate-tax-calculations-1.1689233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gabrielzucman-153"><a href="#cite_ref-gabrielzucman_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_ZucmanThomas_TorslovLudvig_Wier2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a>; Thomas Torslov; Ludvig Wier (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gabriel-zucman.eu/">"APPENDIX 1 Table 2 : The Missing Profits of Nations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a>, Working Papers. p. 31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522074245/http://gabriel-zucman.eu/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>Ireland's effective tax rate on all foreign corporates (U.S. and non-U.S.) is 4%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APPENDIX+1+Table+2+%3A+The+Missing+Profits+of+Nations&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research%2C+Working+Papers&rft.date=2018-06&rft.au=Gabriel+Zucman&rft.au=Thomas+Torslov&rft.au=Ludvig+Wier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgabriel-zucman.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbbg-154"><a href="#cite_ref-bbbg_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_Drucker2013" class="citation web cs1">Jesse Drucker (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/infographics/u-s-profits-in-ireland-pile-up.html">"Ireland: Where Profits Pile Up, Helping Multinationals Keep Taxes Low"</a>. Bloomberg News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516033549/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/infographics/u-s-profits-in-ireland-pile-up.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018. <q>Meanwhile, the tax rate reported by those Irish subsidiaries of U.S. companies plummeted to 3% from 9% by 2010</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland%3A+Where+Profits+Pile+Up%2C+Helping+Multinationals+Keep+Taxes+Low&rft.pub=Bloomberg+News&rft.date=2013-10&rft.au=Jesse+Drucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fgraphics%2Finfographics%2Fu-s-profits-in-ireland-pile-up.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-01/pinning-down-apple-s-alleged-0-005-tax-rate-mission-impossible">"Pinning Down Apple's Alleged 0.005% Tax Rate in Ireland Is Nearly Impossible"</a>. Bloomberg News. 1 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901155812/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-01/pinning-down-apple-s-alleged-0-005-tax-rate-mission-impossible">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pinning+Down+Apple%27s+Alleged+0.005%25+Tax+Rate+in+Ireland+Is+Nearly+Impossible&rft.pub=Bloomberg+News&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-09-01%2Fpinning-down-apple-s-alleged-0-005-tax-rate-mission-impossible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-face3-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-face3_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-face3_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/business/facebook-ireland-pays-tax-of-just-30m-on-126bn-816238.html">"Facebook Ireland pays tax of just €30m on €12.6bn"</a>. Irish Examiner. 29 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142137/https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/business/facebook-ireland-pays-tax-of-just-30m-on-126bn-816238.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. 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Irish Independent. 28 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427045219/https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/oracle-paid-just-11m-tax-on-irish-turnover-of-7bn-30223532.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Oracle+paid+just+%E2%82%AC11m+tax+on+Irish+turnover+of+%E2%82%AC7bn&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Firish%2Foracle-paid-just-11m-tax-on-irish-turnover-of-7bn-30223532.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeamus_Coffey,_Irish_Fiscal_Advisory_Council2018" class="citation web cs1">Seamus Coffey, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Fiscal_Advisory_Council" title="Irish Fiscal Advisory Council">Irish Fiscal Advisory Council</a> (18 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economic-incentives.blogspot.com/2018/06/who-shifts-profits-to-ireland.html">"Who shifts profits to Ireland"</a>. Economic Incentives, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221020/http://economic-incentives.blogspot.com/2018/06/who-shifts-profits-to-ireland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018. <q>Eurostat's structural business statistics give a range of measures of the business economy broken down by the controlling country of the enterprises. Here is the Gross Operating Surplus generated in Ireland in 2015 for the countries with figures reported by Eurostat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+shifts+profits+to+Ireland&rft.pub=Economic+Incentives%2C+University+College+Cork&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft.au=Seamus+Coffey%2C+Irish+Fiscal+Advisory+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomic-incentives.blogspot.com%2F2018%2F06%2Fwho-shifts-profits-to-ireland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/wp13205.pdf">"Territorial vs. Worldwide Corporate Taxation: Implications for Developing Countries"</a> (PDF). IMF. 2013. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029033956/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/wp13205.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2018. 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Tax Foundation. 14 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417155717/https://taxfoundation.org/tax-reform-uk-reversed-tide-corporate-tax-inversions/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Tax+Reform+solved+UK+inversions&rft.pub=Tax+Foundation&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaxfoundation.org%2Ftax-reform-uk-reversed-tide-corporate-tax-inversions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uuk2-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uuk2_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uuk2_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taxfoundation.org/united-kingdom-s-experience-inversions/">"The United Kingdom's Experience with Inversions"</a>. Tax Foundation. 5 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927112909/https://taxfoundation.org/united-kingdom-s-experience-inversions/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+Kingdom%27s+Experience+with+Inversions&rft.pub=Tax+Foundation&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaxfoundation.org%2Funited-kingdom-s-experience-inversions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jap1-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jap1_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jap1_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTF_Editorial2012" class="citation web cs1">TF Editorial (13 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taxfoundation.org/japan-disproves-fears-territorial-taxation-0/">"Japan Disproves Fears of Territorial Taxation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926130733/https://taxfoundation.org/japan-disproves-fears-territorial-taxation-0/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+Disproves+Fears+of+Territorial+Taxation&rft.pub=Tax+Foundation&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft.au=TF+Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaxfoundation.org%2Fjapan-disproves-fears-territorial-taxation-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jap2-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jap2_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jap2_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Dittmer2012" class="citation web cs1">Philip Dittmer (10 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taxfoundation.org/global-perspective-territorial-taxation/">"A Global Perspective on Territorial Taxation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014052032/https://taxfoundation.org/global-perspective-territorial-taxation/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018. <q>Case Studies of transitions from "Worldwide" to "Territorial"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Global+Perspective+on+Territorial+Taxation&rft.date=2012-08-10&rft.au=Philip+Dittmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaxfoundation.org%2Fglobal-perspective-territorial-taxation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMRC-164"><a href="#cite_ref-HMRC_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Williams_(HMRC_Director_of_International_Tax)2015" class="citation web cs1">Mike Williams (HMRC Director of International Tax) (23 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/WILLIAMS_slides.pdf">"The inversion experience in the US and the UK"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue and Customs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115195041/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/WILLIAMS_slides.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018. <q>In 2007 to 2009, WPP, United Business Media, Henderson Group, Shire, Informa, Regus, Charter and Brit Insurance all left the UK. By 2015, WPP, UBM, Henderson Group, Informa and Brit Insurance have all returned</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+inversion+experience+in+the+US+and+the+UK&rft.pub=HM+Revenue+and+Customs&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft.au=Mike+Williams+%28HMRC+Director+of+International+Tax%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F01%2FWILLIAMS_slides.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist-165"><a href="#cite_ref-economist_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21608751-restricting-companies-moving-abroad-no-substitute-corporate-tax-reform-how-stop">"How to stop the inversion perversion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 26 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420193157/https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21608751-restricting-companies-moving-abroad-no-substitute-corporate-tax-reform-how-stop">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+to+stop+the+inversion+perversion&rft.date=2014-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fleaders%2F21608751-restricting-companies-moving-abroad-no-substitute-corporate-tax-reform-how-stop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tf1-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tf1_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tf1_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyle_Pomerleau2018" class="citation web cs1">Kyle Pomerleau (3 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taxfoundation.org/treatment-foreign-profits-tax-cuts-jobs-act/">"A Hybrid Approach: The Treatment of Foreign Profits under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401141245/https://taxfoundation.org/treatment-foreign-profits-tax-cuts-jobs-act/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Hybrid+Approach%3A+The+Treatment+of+Foreign+Profits+under+the+Tax+Cuts+and+Jobs+Act&rft.pub=Tax+Foundation&rft.date=2018-05-03&rft.au=Kyle+Pomerleau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaxfoundation.org%2Ftreatment-foreign-profits-tax-cuts-jobs-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-carrot-168"><a href="#cite_ref-carrot_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyle_Pomerleau2018" class="citation web cs1">Kyle Pomerleau (13 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taxfoundation.org/inversions-new-tax-law/">"Inversions under the New Tax Law: Carrot and Stick"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415120425/https://taxfoundation.org/inversions-new-tax-law/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inversions+under+the+New+Tax+Law%3A+Carrot+and+Stick&rft.pub=Tax+Foundation&rft.date=2018-03-13&rft.au=Kyle+Pomerleau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaxfoundation.org%2Finversions-new-tax-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexology-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lexology_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lexology_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes_and_Boone_LLP2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Haynes_and_Boone" title="Haynes and Boone">Haynes and Boone</a> LLP (9 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=04adc5c2-639a-45ce-8680-e080b5dacdbf">"Tax Reform – Considerations for U.S. Multinationals"</a>. Lexology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424202538/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=04adc5c2-639a-45ce-8680-e080b5dacdbf">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tax+Reform+%E2%80%93+Considerations+for+U.S.+Multinationals&rft.pub=Lexology&rft.date=2018-03-09&rft.au=Haynes+and+Boone+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexology.com%2Flibrary%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fg%3D04adc5c2-639a-45ce-8680-e080b5dacdbf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-example-171"><a href="#cite_ref-example_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis_J._GreenwaldWitold_JurewiczJohn_Wei2018" class="citation web cs1">Lewis J. 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Taxnotes International. p. 1235. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415115353/https://www.scribd.com/document/379507225/TCJA-US-Multinationals-Winners-and-Losers">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Tax+Cuts+and+Jobs+Act%3A+Corporate+tax+reform+%E2%80%93+Winners+and+Losers&rft.pages=1235&rft.pub=Taxnotes+International&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.au=Amanda+Athanasiou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F379507225%2FTCJA-US-Multinationals-Winners-and-Losers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcja1-173"><a href="#cite_ref-tcja1_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliff_Taylor2017" class="citation news cs1">Cliff Taylor (30 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/trump-s-us-tax-reform-a-significant-challenge-for-ireland-1.3310866">"Trump's U.S. tax reform a significant challenge for Ireland"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213509/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/trump-s-us-tax-reform-a-significant-challenge-for-ireland-1.3310866">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+U.S.+tax+reform+a+significant+challenge+for+Ireland&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.au=Cliff+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Ftrump-s-us-tax-reform-a-significant-challenge-for-ireland-1.3310866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcja2-174"><a href="#cite_ref-tcja2_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzanne_Lynch2018" class="citation news cs1">Suzanne Lynch (17 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/us-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fus-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050">"U.S. corporations could be saying goodbye to Ireland"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409233616/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/us-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fus-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+corporations+could+be+saying+goodbye+to+Ireland&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft.au=Suzanne+Lynch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fus-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Feconomy%252Fus-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzanne_Lynch2017" class="citation news cs1">Suzanne Lynch (29 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/donald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdonald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149">"Donald Trump singles out Ireland in tax speech"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403112427/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/donald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdonald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+singles+out+Ireland+in+tax+speech&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft.au=Suzanne+Lynch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdonald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Fdonald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiall_O'ConnorColm_KelpieLaura_Larkinand_Brian_Hutton2017" class="citation web cs1">Niall O'Connor; Colm Kelpie; Laura Larkin; and Brian Hutton (11 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/flood-of-companies-to-leave-ireland-due-to-us-tax-cuts-35206322.html">"'Flood of companies' to leave Ireland due to U.S. tax cuts"</a>. Irish Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925142252/https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/flood-of-companies-to-leave-ireland-due-to-us-tax-cuts-35206322.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=%27Flood+of+companies%27+to+leave+Ireland+due+to+U.S.+tax+cuts&rft.date=2017-11-11&rft.au=Niall+O%27Connor&rft.au=Colm+Kelpie&rft.au=Laura+Larkin&rft.au=and+Brian+Hutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Firish%2Fflood-of-companies-to-leave-ireland-due-to-us-tax-cuts-35206322.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hbr-178"><a href="#cite_ref-hbr_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihir_A._Desai2017" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mihir_A._Desai" title="Mihir A. Desai">Mihir A. Desai</a> (26 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/ideacast/2017/12/breaking-down-the-new-u-s-corporate-tax-law">"Breaking Down the New U.S. Corporate Tax Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722112253/https://hbr.org/ideacast/2017/12/breaking-down-the-new-u-s-corporate-tax-law">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018. <q>So, if you think about a lot of technology companies that are housed in Ireland and have massive operations there, they're not going to maybe need those in the same way, and those can be relocated back to the U.S.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Breaking+Down+the+New+U.S.+Corporate+Tax+Law&rft.date=2017-12-26&rft.au=Mihir+A.+Desai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2Fideacast%2F2017%2F12%2Fbreaking-down-the-new-u-s-corporate-tax-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vantiv-179"><a href="#cite_ref-vantiv_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2017-08-10/vantiv-won-t-be-the-last-buyer-to-forego-an-inversion">"Vantiv decides against Inversion"</a>. Bloomberg News. 10 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417030226/https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2017-08-10/vantiv-won-t-be-the-last-buyer-to-forego-an-inversion">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vantiv+decides+against+Inversion&rft.pub=Bloomberg+News&rft.date=2017-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fgadfly%2Farticles%2F2017-08-10%2Fvantiv-won-t-be-the-last-buyer-to-forego-an-inversion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin_McLaughlin2018" class="citation news cs1">Gavin McLaughlin (31 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/us-tech-firm-leaves-ireland-for-us-after-trump-tax-cuts-37268690.html">"U.S. tech firm leaves Ireland for U.S. after Trump tax cuts"</a>. Irish Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925142247/https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/us-tech-firm-leaves-ireland-for-us-after-trump-tax-cuts-37268690.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=U.S.+tech+firm+leaves+Ireland+for+U.S.+after+Trump+tax+cuts&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft.au=Gavin+McLaughlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Firish%2Fus-tech-firm-leaves-ireland-for-us-after-trump-tax-cuts-37268690.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_ErmanTom_Bergin2018" class="citation news cs1">Michael Erman; Tom Bergin (18 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-tax-abbvie/how-u-s-tax-reform-rewards-companies-that-shift-profit-to-tax-havens-idUSKBN1JE12Q">"How U.S. tax reform rewards companies that shift profit to tax havens"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922121645/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-tax-abbvie/how-u-s-tax-reform-rewards-companies-that-shift-profit-to-tax-havens-idUSKBN1JE12Q">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=How+U.S.+tax+reform+rewards+companies+that+shift+profit+to+tax+havens&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft.au=Michael+Erman&rft.au=Tom+Bergin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-tax-abbvie%2Fhow-u-s-tax-reform-rewards-companies-that-shift-profit-to-tax-havens-idUSKBN1JE12Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhammika_Dharmapala2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dhammika_Dharmapala" title="Dhammika Dharmapala">Dhammika Dharmapala</a> (August 2018). "The Consequences of the TCJA's International Provisions: Lessons from Existing Research (RP No. 856)". University of Chicago Coase-Sandor Institute for Law & Economics. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3212072">3212072</a>. <q>It concludes that the TCJA increases the tax burden on U.S. residence for many, and perhaps most, U.S. MNCs. The paper also argues that the GILTI and 'Foreign-Derived Intangible Income' (FDII) provisions are likely to create substantial distortions to the ownership of assets, both in the U.S. and around the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Consequences+of+the+TCJA%27s+International+Provisions%3A+Lessons+from+Existing+Research+%28RP+No.+856%29&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3212072%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Dhammika+Dharmapala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-harvd-183"><a href="#cite_ref-harvd_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihir_A._Desai2018" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mihir_A._Desai" title="Mihir A. Desai">Mihir A. Desai</a> (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardmagazine.com/2018/05/mihir-desai-tax-reform">"Tax Reform: Round One"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Magazine" title="Harvard Magazine">Harvard Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906152458/https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2018/05/mihir-desai-tax-reform">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Tax+Reform%3A+Round+One&rft.date=2018-06&rft.au=Mihir+A.+Desai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardmagazine.com%2F2018%2F05%2Fmihir-desai-tax-reform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brook-184"><a href="#cite_ref-brook_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Harris_(economist)2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Harris_(economist)" title="Ben Harris (economist)">Ben Harris (economist)</a> (25 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2018/05/25/6-ways-to-fix-the-tax-system-post-tcja/">"6 ways to fix the tax system post TCJA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728131439/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2018/05/25/6-ways-to-fix-the-tax-system-post-tcja/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6+ways+to+fix+the+tax+system+post+TCJA&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2018-05-25&rft.au=Ben+Harris+%28economist%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Fup-front%2F2018%2F05%2F25%2F6-ways-to-fix-the-tax-system-post-tcja%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrad_Setser2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brad_Setser" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad Setser">Brad Setser</a> (30 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/gone-fishing-0">"Gone Fishing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813144051/https://www.cfr.org/blog/gone-fishing-0">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018. <q>most of the profits booked by U.S. firms abroad continue to appear in a few low tax jurisdictions, and well, the resulting data distortions are getting pretty big. I am pretty confident the U.S. tax reform didn't solve the issue of profit-shifting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gone+Fishing&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft.au=Brad+Setser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblog%2Fgone-fishing-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/commercial-property/google-to-pay-over-115m-to-buy-treasury-building/37154126.html">"Google, Facebook and Salesforce.com dramatically expand their Dublin office hubs"</a>. Irish Independent. 26 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731093127/https://amp.independent.ie/business/commercial-property/google-to-pay-over-115m-to-buy-treasury-building-37154126.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Google%2C+Facebook+and+Salesforce.com+dramatically+expand+their+Dublin+office+hubs&rft.date=2018-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Fcommercial-property%2Fgoogle-to-pay-over-115m-to-buy-treasury-building%2F37154126.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/CR/2018/cr18195.ashx">"Ireland Selected Issues Section E: The U.S. Tax Reform"</a>. IMF. 11 June 2018. pp. 27–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170822/https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/CR/2018/cr18195.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland+Selected+Issues+Section+E%3A+The+U.S.+Tax+Reform&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=IMF&rft.date=2018-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FPublications%2FCR%2F2018%2Fcr18195.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coffz-188"><a href="#cite_ref-coffz_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEoin_Burke-Kennedy2017" class="citation news cs1">Eoin Burke-Kennedy (12 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/strong-corporate-tax-receipts-sustainable-until-2020-1.3218290?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fstrong-corporate-tax-receipts-sustainable-until-2020-1.3218290">"Seamus Coffey: Strong Irish corporate tax receipts 'sustainable' until 2020"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417131628/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/strong-corporate-tax-receipts-sustainable-until-2020-1.3218290?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fstrong-corporate-tax-receipts-sustainable-until-2020-1.3218290">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Seamus+Coffey%3A+Strong+Irish+corporate+tax+receipts+%27sustainable%27+until+2020&rft.date=2017-09-12&rft.au=Eoin+Burke-Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fstrong-corporate-tax-receipts-sustainable-until-2020-1.3218290%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Feconomy%252Fstrong-corporate-tax-receipts-sustainable-until-2020-1.3218290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrad_Setser,_Council_on_Foreign_Relations2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brad_Setser" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad Setser">Brad Setser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> (6 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/06/opinion/business-economics/trump-tax-reform-state-of-the-union-2019.html">"The Global Con Hidden in Trump's Tax Reform Law, Revealed"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224231631/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/06/opinion/business-economics/trump-tax-reform-state-of-the-union-2019.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Global+Con+Hidden+in+Trump%27s+Tax+Reform+Law%2C+Revealed&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft.au=Brad+Setser%2C+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F02%2F06%2Fopinion%2Fbusiness-economics%2Ftrump-tax-reform-state-of-the-union-2019.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taxjustice.net/2018/06/25/new-report-is-apple-paying-less-than-1-tax-in-the-eu/">"New report: is Apple paying less than 1% tax in the EU?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a>. 28 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702064405/https://www.taxjustice.net/2018/06/25/new-report-is-apple-paying-less-than-1-tax-in-the-eu/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2018. <q>The use of private 'unlimited liability company' (ULC) status, which exempts companies from filing financial reports publicly. The fact that Apple, Google and many others continue to keep their Irish financial information secret is due to a failure by the Irish government to implement the 2013 EU Accounting Directive, which would require full public financial statements, until 2017, and even then retaining an exemption from financial reporting for certain holding companies until 2022</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+report%3A+is+Apple+paying+less+than+1%25+tax+in+the+EU%3F&rft.pub=Tax+Justice+Network&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxjustice.net%2F2018%2F06%2F25%2Fnew-report-is-apple-paying-less-than-1-tax-in-the-eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2018/07/04/irelands-playing-games-in-the-last-chance-saloon-of-tax-justice/">"Ireland's playing games in the last chance saloon of tax justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Murphy_(tax_campaigner)" title="Richard Murphy (tax campaigner)">Richard Murphy</a>. 4 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708221837/http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2018/07/04/irelands-playing-games-in-the-last-chance-saloon-of-tax-justice/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018. <q>Local subsidiaries of multinationals must always be required to file their accounts on public record, which is not the case at present. Ireland is not just a tax haven at present, it is also a corporate secrecy jurisdiction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland%27s+playing+games+in+the+last+chance+saloon+of+tax+justice&rft.pub=Richard+Murphy&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxresearch.org.uk%2FBlog%2F2018%2F07%2F04%2Firelands-playing-games-in-the-last-chance-saloon-of-tax-justice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Bodkin2019" class="citation news cs1">Peter Bodkin (19 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/abbott-ireland-tax-avoidance-4528308-Mar2019/">"How the IDA's top client used Ireland to siphon billions offshore tax-free"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheJournal.ie" title="TheJournal.ie">TheJournal.ie</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190319121457/https://www.thejournal.ie/abbott-ireland-tax-avoidance-4528308-Mar2019/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019. <q>Meanwhile, through a myriad of subsidiaries and system of inter-company charges involving a variation on the infamous so-called 'double Irish' structure, its local operations have also legally shaved their tax bills with the Exchequer despite pulling in huge sales.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=How+the+IDA%27s+top+client+used+Ireland+to+siphon+billions+offshore+tax-free&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft.au=Peter+Bodkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Fabbott-ireland-tax-avoidance-4528308-Mar2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/abbott-laboratories-irish-subsidiary-paid-no-tax-on-1-8-billion-profit-1.1408230">"Abbott Laboratories Irish subsidiary paid no tax on €1.8 billion profit"</a>. The Irish Times. 31 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022175656/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/abbott-laboratories-irish-subsidiary-paid-no-tax-on-1-8-billion-profit-1.1408230">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Abbott+Laboratories+Irish+subsidiary+paid+no+tax+on+%E2%82%AC1.8+billion+profit&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fabbott-laboratories-irish-subsidiary-paid-no-tax-on-1-8-billion-profit-1.1408230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130809235815/http://sligotoday.ie/details.php?id=26040">"Abbott subsidiaries paid no tax on €2.9 billion profits"</a>. Sligo Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sligotoday.ie/details.php?id=26040">the original</a> on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sligo+Today&rft.atitle=Abbott+subsidiaries+paid+no+tax+on+%E2%82%AC2.9+billion+profits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sligotoday.ie%2Fdetails.php%3Fid%3D26040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloom-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloom_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloom_195-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloom_195-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloom_195-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloom_195-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloom_195-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloom_195-6">g</a> Chitum, Ryan (2007). "How 60 billion are lost in tax loopholes", Bloomberg. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-06/the-sharing-economy-doesn-t-share-the-wealth">"The Sharing Economy Doesn't Share the Wealth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. 6 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170408043808/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-06/the-sharing-economy-doesn-t-share-the-wealth">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=The+Sharing+Economy+Doesn%27t+Share+the+Wealth&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-04-06%2Fthe-sharing-economy-doesn-t-share-the-wealth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euractiv.com/section/innovation-industry/news/low-irish-taxes-boost-airbnb-profits/">"Low Irish taxes boost Airbnb profits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euractiv" title="Euractiv">Euractiv</a>. 22 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233907/http://www.euractiv.com/section/innovation-industry/news/low-irish-taxes-boost-airbnb-profits/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euractiv&rft.atitle=Low+Irish+taxes+boost+Airbnb+profits&rft.date=2014-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Finnovation-industry%2Fnews%2Flow-irish-taxes-boost-airbnb-profits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-appletax-198"><a href="#cite_ref-appletax_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-01/pinning-down-apple-s-alleged-0-005-tax-rate-mission-impossible">"Pinning Down Apple's Alleged 0.005% Tax Rate Is Nearly Impossible"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. 1 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901155812/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-01/pinning-down-apple-s-alleged-0-005-tax-rate-mission-impossible">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Pinning+Down+Apple%27s+Alleged+0.005%25+Tax+Rate+Is+Nearly+Impossible&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-09-01%2Fpinning-down-apple-s-alleged-0-005-tax-rate-mission-impossible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloom2010-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloom2010_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloom2010_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloom2010_199-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloom2010_199-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloom2010_199-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_Drucker2010" class="citation news cs1">Jesse Drucker (21 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-21/google-2-4-rate-shows-how-60-billion-u-s-revenue-lost-to-tax-loopholes.html/">"Google 2.4% Rate Shows How $60 Billion Lost to Tax Loopholes – Bloomberg"</a>. www.bloomberg.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622045148/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-21/google-2-4-rate-shows-how-60-billion-u-s-revenue-lost-to-tax-loopholes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Google+2.4%25+Rate+Shows+How+%2460+Billion+Lost+to+Tax+Loopholes+%E2%80%93+Bloomberg&rft.date=2010-10-21&rft.au=Jesse+Drucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2010-10-21%2Fgoogle-2-4-rate-shows-how-60-billion-u-s-revenue-lost-to-tax-loopholes.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-face1-200"><a href="#cite_ref-face1_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/ca64f938-5dc0-11e3-95bd-00144feabdc0">"'Double Irish' limits Facebook's tax bill to €1.9m in Ireland"</a>. Financial Times. 5 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180519085405/https://www.ft.com/content/ca64f938-5dc0-11e3-95bd-00144feabdc0">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2018. 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Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Facebook+paid+just+%E2%82%AC30m+tax+in+Ireland+despite+earning+%E2%82%AC12bn&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Ffacebook-paid-just-30m-tax-in-ireland-despite-earning-12bn-36362527.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_O'Donoghue2018" class="citation news cs1">Paul O'Donoghue (26 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/us-pharma-giant-gilead-uses-double-irish-tax-loophole-j9gq5rdb7">"US pharma giant Gilead uses 'Double Irish' tax loophole"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=US+pharma+giant+Gilead+uses+%27Double+Irish%27+tax+loophole&rft.date=2018-12-26&rft.au=Paul+O%27Donoghue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fus-pharma-giant-gilead-uses-double-irish-tax-loophole-j9gq5rdb7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-203"><a href="#cite_ref-google2_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-02/google-s-dutch-sandwich-shielded-16-billion-euros-from-tax">"Google's 'Dutch Sandwich' Shielded 16 Billion Euros From Tax"</a>. Bloomberg. 2 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180605192813/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-02/google-s-dutch-sandwich-shielded-16-billion-euros-from-tax">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google%27s+%27Dutch+Sandwich%27+Shielded+16+Billion+Euros+From+Tax&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2018-01-02%2Fgoogle-s-dutch-sandwich-shielded-16-billion-euros-from-tax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/business/2014/02/report-ibm-gooses-its-sales-numbers-thanks-to-overseas-tax-tricks/">"IBM gooses its sales numbers thanks to overseas tax tricks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. 4 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113203849/http://arstechnica.com/business/2014/02/report-ibm-gooses-its-sales-numbers-thanks-to-overseas-tax-tricks/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2017. 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Forbes. 14 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924101443/https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/06/16/medtronics-43-billion-covidien-buyout-is-more-than-just-a-tax-saving-deal/#3eef394f5237">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2017. 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Retrieved 19 November 2018. <q>Round Island's legal address is in the headquarters of a Dublin law firm, Matheson Ormsby Prentice, that advertises its expertise in helping multinational companies use Ireland to shelter income from taxes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Irish+Subsidiary+Lets+Microsoft+Slash+Taxes+in+U.S.+and+Europe&rft.date=2005-11-07&rft.au=Glenn+R.+Simpson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB113132761685289706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/WSJ_-_Microsoft_slashes_taxes_in_US_and_EU_through_Irish_subsidiary_-_7_NOV_2005.pdf">"Tax Justice Network: Irish Subsidiary Lets Microsoft Slash Taxes in U.S. and Europe"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a>. 7 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705151435/http://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/WSJ_-_Microsoft_slashes_taxes_in_US_and_EU_through_Irish_subsidiary_-_7_NOV_2005.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tax+Justice+Network%3A+Irish+Subsidiary+Lets+Microsoft+Slash+Taxes+in+U.S.+and+Europe&rft.pub=Tax+Justice+Network&rft.date=2005-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxjustice.net%2Fcms%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2FWSJ_-_Microsoft_slashes_taxes_in_US_and_EU_through_Irish_subsidiary_-_7_NOV_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yahoo-208"><a href="#cite_ref-yahoo_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1027216.shtml">"Corporate Tax 2014: Yahoo! joins "Double Irish Dutch Sandwich" club; IDA Ireland wants more members"</a>. FinFacts Ireland. 10 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222100608/http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1027216.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FinFacts+Ireland&rft.atitle=Corporate+Tax+2014%3A+Yahoo%21+joins+%22Double+Irish+Dutch+Sandwich%22+club%3B+IDA+Ireland+wants+more+members&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finfacts.ie%2Firishfinancenews%2Farticle_1027216.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrucker2010" class="citation news cs1">Drucker, Jesse (13 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100701072642/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-05-13/american-companies-dodge-60-billion-in-taxes-even-tea-party-would-condemn.html">"U.S. Companies Dodge $60 Billion in Taxes With Global Odyssey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-05-13/american-companies-dodge-60-billion-in-taxes-even-tea-party-would-condemn.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=U.S.+Companies+Dodge+%2460+Billion+in+Taxes+With+Global+Odyssey&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft.aulast=Drucker&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2010-05-13%2Famerican-companies-dodge-60-billion-in-taxes-even-tea-party-would-condemn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouble+Irish+arrangement" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/reslib/201211/r1039486_11965856.jpg">An illustration of the "Double Irish Dutch Sandwich"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&oldid=1274536168">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_Irish_arrangement&oldid=1274536168</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_taxation" title="Category:International taxation">International taxation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Category:Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation in the Republic of Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corporate_tax_avoidance" title="Category:Corporate tax avoidance">Corporate tax avoidance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corporate_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Corporate taxation in the United States">Corporate taxation in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Category:Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2024">Articles with dead external links from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2023">Use dmy dates from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Hiberno-English_from_March_2023" title="Category:Use Hiberno-English from March 2023">Use Hiberno-English from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Hiberno-English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Hiberno-English">All Wikipedia articles written in Hiberno-English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_broken_anchors" title="Category:Pages with broken anchors">Pages with broken anchors</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 February 2025, at 22:13 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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