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<span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pectin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektien" title="Pektien – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pektien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بكتين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بكتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektin_madd%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Pektin maddələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pektin maddələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="পেকটিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেকটিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Пекцінавыя рэчывы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пекцінавыя рэчывы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Пэктынавыя рэчывы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэктынавыя рэчывы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пектин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пектин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektin" title="Pektin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pektin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectina" title="Pectina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pectina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektin" title="Pektin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pektin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pectin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektin" title="Pektin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pektin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektine" title="Pektine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pektine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektiin" title="Pektiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pektiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B7%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Πηκτίνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πηκτίνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectina" title="Pectina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pectina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektino" title="Pektino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pektino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektina" title="Pektina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pektina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پکتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پکتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectine" title="Pectine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pectine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peictin" title="Peictin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peictin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectina" title="Pectina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pectina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%99%ED%8B%B4" title="펙틴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펙틴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պեկտինային նյութեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պեկտինային նյութեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektino" title="Pektino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pektino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektin" title="Pektin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pektin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectina" title="Pectina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pectina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פקטין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פקטין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пектин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пектин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пектиндер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пектиндер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekt%C4%ABnvielas" title="Pektīnvielas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pektīnvielas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektinas" title="Pektinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pektinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektin" title="Pektin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pektin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektin" title="Pektin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pektin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectine" title="Pectine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pectine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="ペクチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペクチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektin" title="Pektin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pektin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektin_moddalari" title="Pektin moddalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pektin moddalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektyny" title="Pektyny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pektyny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectina" title="Pectina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pectina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin%C4%83" title="Pectină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pectină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Пектины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пектины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pectin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekt%C3%ADn" title="Pektín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pektín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektin" title="Pektin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pektin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пектин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пектин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektin" title="Pektin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pektin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektiini" title="Pektiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pektiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektin" title="Pektin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pektin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பெக்டின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெக்டின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="పెక్టిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెక్టిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เพกทิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Structural carbohydrate in the cell walls of land plants and some algae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pecten_(biology)" title="Pecten (biology)">Pecten (biology)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pecten_oculi" title="Pecten oculi">Pecten oculi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pecten_(bivalve)" title="Pecten (bivalve)">Pecten (bivalve)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pectin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pectin.jpg/220px-Pectin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Pectin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Commercially produced powder of pectin, extracted from <a href="/wiki/Citrus_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus fruit">citrus fruits</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pectin</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">πηκτικός</span> <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pēktikós</i></span></i>: "congealed" and "curdled") is a <a href="/wiki/Heteropolysaccharide" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteropolysaccharide">heteropolysaccharide</a>, a structural polymer contained in the primary lamella, in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_lamella" title="Middle lamella">middle lamella</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a> of <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_plant" title="Terrestrial plant">terrestrial plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal chemical component of pectin is <a href="/wiki/Galacturonic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Galacturonic acid">galacturonic acid</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Sugar_acid" title="Sugar acid">sugar acid</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a>) which was isolated and described by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Braconnot" title="Henri Braconnot">Henri Braconnot</a> in 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-Braconnot-1825_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braconnot-1825-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keppler-2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppler-2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Uh, he discovered pectin, not galactic acid. (December 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pectin#Dubious" title="Talk:Pectin">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Commercially produced pectin is a white-to-light-brown powder, produced from <a href="/wiki/Citrus_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus fruit">citrus fruits</a> for use as an edible <a href="/wiki/Gelling_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelling agent">gelling agent</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">jams</a> and jellies, dessert fillings, medications, and sweets; as a <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(chemistry)#Food" title="Stabilizer (chemistry)">food stabiliser</a> in fruit juices and milk drinks,<sup id="cite_ref-Gerlat-2000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerlat-2000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a source of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pectin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pectin is composed of complex polysaccharides that are present in the primary cell walls of a plant, and are abundant in the green parts of terrestrial plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Bidhendi-2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bidhendi-2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pectin is the principal component of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_lamella" title="Middle lamella">middle lamella</a>, where it binds cells. Pectin is deposited by exocytosis into the cell wall via vesicles produced in the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Braidwood-2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braidwood-2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount, structure and chemical composition of pectin is different among plants, within a plant over time, and in various parts of a plant. Pectin is an important cell wall polysaccharide that allows primary cell wall extension and plant growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Bidhendi-2016_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bidhendi-2016-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During fruit <a href="/wiki/Ripening" title="Ripening">ripening</a>, pectin is broken down by the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> <a href="/wiki/Pectinase" title="Pectinase">pectinase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pectinesterase" title="Pectinesterase">pectinesterase</a>, in which process the fruit becomes softer as the middle lamellae break down and cells become separated from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Grierson-1986_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grierson-1986-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar process of cell separation caused by the breakdown of pectin occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Abscission_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Abscission zone">abscission zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> plants at leaf fall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pectin is a natural part of the human <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diet" class="extiw" title="wikt:diet">diet</a>, but does not contribute significantly to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nutrition" class="extiw" title="wikt:nutrition">nutrition</a>. The daily intake of pectin from fruits and vegetables can be estimated to be around 5 g if approximately 500 g of fruits and vegetables are consumed per day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In human digestion, pectin binds to cholesterol in the gastrointestinal tract and slows glucose absorption by trapping carbohydrates. Pectin is thus a soluble <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>. In <a href="/wiki/NOD_mice" title="NOD mice">non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice</a> pectin has been shown to increase the incidence of autoimmune type 1 diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-Toivonen-2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toivonen-2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study found that after consumption of fruit the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> in the human body increased by as much as an order of magnitude due to the degradation of natural pectin (which is esterified with methanol) in the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">colon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindinger-1997_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindinger-1997-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pectin has been observed to have some function in repairing the DNA of some types of plant seeds, usually desert plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang-2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang-2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pectinaceous surface pellicles, which are rich in pectin, create a mucilage layer that holds in dew that helps the cell repair its DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang-2008_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang-2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consumption of pectin has been shown to slightly (3–7%) reduce blood LDL cholesterol levels. The effect depends upon the source of pectin; apple and citrus pectins were more effective than orange pulp fibre pectin.<sup id="cite_ref-Brouns-2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brouns-2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanism appears to be an increase of viscosity in the intestinal tract, leading to a reduced absorption of cholesterol from bile or food.<sup id="cite_ref-Sriamornsak-2003_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sriamornsak-2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the large intestine and colon, microorganisms degrade pectin and liberate <a href="/wiki/Short-chain_fatty_acid" title="Short-chain fatty acid">short-chain fatty acids</a> that have a positive <a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">prebiotic</a> effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Gómez-2014_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gómez-2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pectin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galacturonic_acid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Galacturonic_acid.png/220px-Galacturonic_acid.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Galacturonic_acid.png/330px-Galacturonic_acid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Galacturonic_acid.png/440px-Galacturonic_acid.png 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galacturonic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Galacturonic acid">Galacturonic acid</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pectins, also known as pectic polysaccharides, are rich in galacturonic acid. Several distinct polysaccharides have been identified and characterised within the pectic group. Homogalacturonans are linear chains of α-(1–4)-linked <a href="/wiki/D-Galacturonic_acid" title="D-Galacturonic acid"><small>D</small>-galacturonic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Complex_Carbohydrate_Research_Centre_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Complex_Carbohydrate_Research_Centre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Substituted galacturonans are characterised by the presence of saccharide appendant residues (such as <small>D</small>-<a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">xylose</a> or <small>D</small>-<a href="/wiki/Apiose" title="Apiose">apiose</a> in the respective cases of xylogalacturonan and <a href="/wiki/Apiogalacturonan" title="Apiogalacturonan">apiogalacturonan</a>) branching from a backbone of <small>D</small>-galacturonic acid residues.<sup id="cite_ref-Complex_Carbohydrate_Research_Centre_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Complex_Carbohydrate_Research_Centre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan-2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan-2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhamnogalacturonan I pectins (RG-I) contain a backbone of the repeating disaccharide: 4)-α-<small>D</small>-galacturonic acid-(1,2)-α-<small>L</small>-<a href="/wiki/Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">rhamnose</a>-(1. From many of the rhamnose residues, sidechains of various neutral sugars branch off. The neutral sugars are mainly <small>D</small>-<a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a>, <small>L</small>-<a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">arabinose</a> and <small>D</small>-xylose, with the types and proportions of neutral sugars varying with the origin of pectin.<sup id="cite_ref-Complex_Carbohydrate_Research_Centre_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Complex_Carbohydrate_Research_Centre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan-2000_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan-2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ccr-RGI_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ccr-RGI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another structural type of pectin is <a href="/wiki/Rhamnogalacturonan_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhamnogalacturonan II">rhamnogalacturonan II</a> (RG-II), which is a less frequent, complex, highly branched polysaccharide.<sup id="cite_ref-Ccrc-RGII_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ccrc-RGII-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhamnogalacturonan II is classified by some authors within the group of substituted galacturonans since the rhamnogalacturonan II backbone is made exclusively of <small>D</small>-galacturonic acid units.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan-2000_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan-2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a> of isolated pectine greatly varies by the source and the method of isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Values have been reported as low as 28 kDa for apple pomace <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to 753 kDa for sweet potato peels.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In nature, around 80 percent of <a href="/wiki/Carboxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxyl group">carboxyl groups</a> of galacturonic acid are <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esterified</a> with <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>. This proportion is decreased to a varying degree during pectin extraction. Pectins are classified as high- versus low-methoxy pectins (short HM-pectins versus LM-pectins), with more or less than half of all the galacturonic acid esterified.<sup id="cite_ref-Liang-2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liang-2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratio of esterified to non-esterified galacturonic acid determines the behaviour of pectin in food applications – HM-pectins can form a gel under acidic conditions in the presence of high sugar concentrations, while LM-pectins form gels by interaction with divalent cations, particularly <a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Ca<sup>2+</sup></a>, according to the idealized 'egg box' model, in which ionic bridges are formed between calcium ions and the ionised carboxyl groups of the galacturonic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand-1990_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-1990-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Migliori-2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Migliori-2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liang-2012_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liang-2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In high-methoxy pectins at soluble solids content above 60% and a pH value between 2.8 and 3.6, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bonds">hydrogen bonds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic_interactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic interactions">hydrophobic interactions</a> bind the individual pectin chains together. These bonds form as water is bound by sugar and forces pectin strands to stick together. These form a three-dimensional molecular net that creates the macromolecular gel. The gelling-mechanism is called a low-water-activity gel or sugar-acid-pectin gel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While low-methoxy pectins need calcium to form a gel, they can do so at lower soluble solids and higher pH than high-methoxy pectins. Normally low-methoxy pectins form gels with a range of pH from 2.6 to 7.0 and with a soluble solids content between 10 and 70%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The non-esterified galacturonic acid units can be either free acids (carboxyl groups) or salts with sodium, potassium, or calcium. The salts of partially esterified pectins are called pectinates, if the degree of esterification is below 5 percent the salts are called pectates, the insoluble acid form, pectic acid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a>, potatoes and pears, contain pectins with acetylated galacturonic acid in addition to methyl esters. Acetylation prevents gel-formation but increases the stabilising and emulsifying effects of pectin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Amidated pectin is a modified form of pectin. Here, some of the galacturonic acid is converted with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a>. These pectins are more tolerant of varying calcium concentrations that occur in use.<sup id="cite_ref-Belitz-2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belitz-2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thiolated pectin exhibits substantially improved gelling properties since this <a href="/wiki/Thiomer" title="Thiomer">thiomer</a> is able to crosslink via <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" title="Disulfide">disulfide</a> bond formation. These high gelling properties are advantageous for various pharmaceutical applications and applications in food industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Majzoob-2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majzoob-2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perera-2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perera-2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chen-2023_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To prepare a pectin-gel, the ingredients are heated, dissolving the pectin. Upon cooling below gelling temperature, a gel starts to form. If gel formation is too strong, <a href="/wiki/Syneresis_(chemistry)" title="Syneresis (chemistry)">syneresis</a> or a granular texture are the result, while weak gelling leads to excessively soft gels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Amidated pectins behave like low-ester pectins but need less calcium and are more tolerant of excess calcium. Also, gels from amidated pectin are thermoreversible; they can be heated and after cooling solidify again, whereas conventional pectin-gels will afterwards remain liquid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>High-ester pectins set at higher temperatures than low-ester pectins. However, gelling reactions with calcium increase as the degree of esterification falls. Similarly, lower pH-values or higher soluble solids (normally sugars) increase gelling speeds. Suitable pectins can therefore be selected for jams and jellies, or for higher-sugar confectionery jellies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_production">Sources and production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pectin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources and production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pears, apples, guavas, <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quince</a>, plums, gooseberries, and oranges and other citrus fruits contain large amounts of pectin, while soft fruits, like cherries, grapes, and strawberries, contain small amounts of pectin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Typical levels of pectin in fresh fruits and vegetables are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apples" class="mw-redirect" title="Apples">Apples</a>, 1–1.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">Apricots</a>, 1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherries">Cherries</a>, 0.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">Oranges</a>, 0.5–3.5%</li> <li>Carrots 1.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Peel_(fruit)" title="Peel (fruit)">peels</a>, 30%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_hips" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose hips">Rose hips</a>, 15%<sup id="cite_ref-Wichtl-2004_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wichtl-2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The main raw materials for pectin production are dried citrus peels or apple <a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">pomace</a>, both by-products of juice production. Pomace from sugar beets is also used to a small extent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From these materials, pectin is extracted by adding hot dilute acid at pH values from 1.5 to 3.5. During several hours of extraction, the protopectin loses some of its branching and chain length and goes into solution. After filtering, the extract is concentrated in a vacuum and the pectin is then <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_precipitation" title="Ethanol precipitation">precipitated</a> by adding ethanol or isopropanol. An old technique of precipitating pectin with aluminium salts is no longer used (apart from alcohols and polyvalent cations, pectin also precipitates with proteins and detergents).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alcohol-precipitated pectin is then separated, washed, and dried. Treating the initial pectin with dilute acid leads to low-esterified pectins. When this process includes ammonium hydroxide (NH<sub>3</sub>(aq)), amidated pectins are obtained. After drying and milling, pectin is usually standardised<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with sugar, and sometimes calcium salts or organic acids, to optimise performance in a particular application.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenbrand-2006_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenbrand-2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pectin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main use for pectin is as a <a href="/wiki/Gelling_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelling agent">gelling agent</a>, thickening agent and stabiliser in food.<sup id="cite_ref-Han-2020_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries, pectin is also available as a solution or an extract, or as a blended powder, for home jam making.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The classical application is giving the jelly-like consistency to jams or <a href="/wiki/Marmalade" title="Marmalade">marmalades</a>, which would otherwise be sweet juices.<sup id="cite_ref-Surolia-2024_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surolia-2024-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pectin also reduces <a href="/wiki/Syneresis_(chemistry)" title="Syneresis (chemistry)">syneresis</a> in jams and marmalades and increases the gel strength of low-calorie jams. For household use, pectin is an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Gelling_sugar" title="Gelling sugar">gelling sugar</a> (also known as "jam sugar") where it is diluted to the right concentration with sugar and some citric acid to adjust pH.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For various food applications, different kinds of pectins can be distinguished by their properties, such as acidity, degree of esterification, relative number of methoxyl groups in the molecules, etc. For instance, the term "high methoxyl" refers to pectins that have a large proportion of the carboxyl groups in the pectin molecule that are esterified with methanol, compared to low methoxyl pectins:<sup id="cite_ref-Surolia-2024_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surolia-2024-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kontogiorgos_V-2020_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontogiorgos_V-2020-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Endress-2011_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endress-2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>high methoxyl pectins are defined as those with a degree of esterification equal to or above 50, are typically used in traditional jam and jelly making;<sup id="cite_ref-UniPECTINE_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UniPECTINE-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yang-2020_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-2020-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Han-2020_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such pectins require high sugar concentrations and acidic conditions to form gels, and provide a smooth texture and suitable to be used in bakery fillings and confectionery applications;<sup id="cite_ref-Han-2020_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Endress-2011_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endress-2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sultana-2023_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sultana-2023-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>low methoxyl pectins have a degree of esterification of less than 50,<sup id="cite_ref-Endress-2011_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endress-2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Han-2020_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be either amidated or non-amidated: the percentage level of substitution of the amide group, defined as the degree of amidation, defines the efficacy of a pectin;<sup id="cite_ref-Han-2020_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> low methoxyl pectins can provide a range of textures and rheological properties, depending on the calcium concentration and the calcium reactivity of the pectin chosen<sup id="cite_ref-Said-2023_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said-2023-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—amidated low methoxyl pectins are generally thermoreversible, meaning they can form gels that can melt and reform, whereas non-amidated low methoxyl pectins can form thermostable gels that withstand high temperatures;<sup id="cite_ref-Said-2023_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said-2023-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these properties make low methoxyl pectins suitable for low sugar and sugar-free applications, dairy products, and stabilizing acidic protein drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-UniPECTINE_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UniPECTINE-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kontogiorgos_V-2020_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontogiorgos_V-2020-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Han-2020_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>For conventional jams and marmalades that contain above 60% sugar and soluble fruit solids, high-ester (high methoxyl) pectins are used. With low-ester (low methoxyl) pectins and amidated pectins, less sugar is needed, so that diet products can be made. Water extract of <a href="/wiki/Ficus_pumila_var._awkeotsang" title="Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang">aiyu</a> seeds is traditionally used in Taiwan to make <a href="/wiki/Aiyu_jelly" title="Aiyu jelly">aiyu jelly</a>, where the extract gels without heating due to low-ester pectins from the seeds and the bivalent cations from the water.<sup id="cite_ref-Liang-2012_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liang-2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pectin is used in confectionery jellies to give a good gel structure, a clean bite and to confer a good flavour release. Pectin can also be used to stabilise acidic protein drinks, such as drinking yogurt, to improve the mouth-feel and the pulp stability in juice based drinks and as a <a href="/wiki/Fat_substitute" title="Fat substitute">fat substitute</a> in baked goods.<sup id="cite_ref-UniPECTINE_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UniPECTINE-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-May-1990_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May-1990-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typical levels of pectin used as a food additive are between 0.5 and 1.0% – this is about the same amount of pectin as in fresh fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-Thakur-1997_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thakur-1997-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In medicine, pectin increases <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> and volume of <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">stool</a> so that it is used against <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>. Until 2002, it was one of the main ingredients used in <a href="/wiki/Kaopectate" title="Kaopectate">Kaopectate</a> – a medication to combat diarrhea – along with <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a>. It has been used in gentle heavy metal removal from biological systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao-2008_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2008-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pectin is also used in throat lozenges as a <a href="/wiki/Demulcent" title="Demulcent">demulcent</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In cosmetic products, pectin acts as a stabiliser. Pectin is also used in wound healing preparations and speciality medical adhesives, such as <a href="/wiki/Colostomy" title="Colostomy">colostomy</a> devices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sriamornsak<sup id="cite_ref-Sriamornsak-2011_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sriamornsak-2011-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealed that pectin could be used in various oral drug delivery platforms, e.g., controlled release systems, gastro-retentive systems, colon-specific delivery systems and mucoadhesive delivery systems, according to its intoxicity and low cost. It was found that pectin from different sources provides different gelling abilities, due to variations in molecular size and chemical composition. Like other natural polymers, a major problem with pectin is inconsistency in reproducibility between samples, which may result in poor reproducibility in drug delivery characteristics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a> nutrition, depending on the extent of lignification of the cell wall, pectin is up to 90% digestible by bacterial enzymes. Ruminant nutritionists recommend that the digestibility and energy concentration in forages be improved by increasing pectin concentration in the forage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In cigars, pectin is considered an excellent substitute for vegetable glue and many cigar smokers and collectors use pectin for repairing damaged tobacco leaves on their cigars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Yablokov <i>et al.</i>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl:_Consequences_of_the_Catastrophe_for_People_and_the_Environment" title="Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment">Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment</a></i>, quote research conducted by the Ukrainian Center of Radiation Medicine and the Belarusian Institute of Radiation Medicine and Endocrinology, concluded, regarding pectin's radioprotective effects, that "adding pectin preparations to the food of inhabitants of the Chernobyl-contaminated regions promotes an effective excretion of incorporated <a href="/wiki/Radionuclides" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionuclides">radionuclides</a>" such as <a href="/wiki/Cesium-137" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium-137">cesium-137</a>. The authors reported on the positive results of using pectin food additive preparations in a number of clinical studies conducted on children in severely polluted areas, with up to 50% improvement over control groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Nesterenko-2009_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nesterenko-2009-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Second World War, Allied pilots were provided with maps printed on silk, for navigation in escape and evasion efforts. The printing process at first proved nearly impossible because the several layers of ink immediately ran, blurring outlines and rendering place names illegible until the inventor of the maps, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hutton" title="Christopher Hutton">Clayton Hutton</a>, mixed a little pectin with the ink and at once the pectin coagulated the ink and prevented it from running, allowing small topographic features to be clearly visible.<sup id="cite_ref-www.escape-maps.com_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.escape-maps.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pectin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/The_Joint_FAO/WHO_Expert_Committee_Report_on_Food_Additives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee Report on Food Additives">the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee Report on Food Additives</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, no numerical <a href="/wiki/Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">acceptable daily intake</a> (ADI) has been set, as pectin is considered safe.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO/WHO_Expert_Committee_on_Food_Additives_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO/WHO_Expert_Committee_on_Food_Additives-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Union (EU) has not set a daily intake limit for two types of pectin, known as E440(i) and Amidated Pectin E440(ii). The EU has established purity standards for these additives in the EU Commission Regulation (EU)/231/2012. Pectin can be used as needed in most food categories, a concept referred to as "quantum satis".<sup id="cite_ref-Commission_Regulation_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commission_Regulation-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) conducted a re-evaluation of Pectin E440(i) and Amidated Pectin E440(ii) in 2017. The EFSA concluded that the use of these food additives poses no safety concern for the general population. Furthermore, the agency stated that it is not necessary to establish a numerical value for the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI).<sup id="cite_ref-Mortensen-2017_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mortensen-2017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EFSA_Panel_on_Food_Additives_and_Flavourings_(FAF)-2021_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFSA_Panel_on_Food_Additives_and_Flavourings_(FAF)-2021-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, pectin is <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognised_as_safe" class="mw-redirect" title="Generally recognised as safe">generally recognised as safe</a> for human consumption.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/International_Numbering_System" class="mw-redirect" title="International Numbering System">International Numbering System</a> (INS), pectin has the number 440. In Europe, pectins are differentiated into the <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E numbers</a> E440(i) for non-amidated pectins and E440(ii) for <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amidated</a> pectins. There are specifications in all national and international legislation defining its quality and regulating its use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pectin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pectin was first isolated and described in 1825 by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Braconnot" title="Henri Braconnot">Henri Braconnot</a>, though the action of pectin to make jams and marmalades was known long before. To obtain well-set jams from fruits that had little or only poor quality pectin, pectin-rich fruits or their extracts were mixed into the recipe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the makers of fruit preserves turned to producers of apple juice to obtain dried apple <a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">pomace</a> that was cooked to extract pectin. Later, in the 1920s and 1930s, factories were built that commercially extracted pectin from dried apple pomace, and later citrus peel, in regions that produced apple juice in both the US and Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pectin was first sold as a liquid extract, but is now most often used as dried powder, which is easier than a liquid to store and handle.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Pectin_Producers_Association_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Pectin_Producers_Association-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pectin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_snacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit snacks">Fruit snacks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pectin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Liddell-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liddell_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=phktiko/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πηκτικός</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braconnot-1825-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Braconnot-1825_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBraconnot1825" class="citation journal cs1">Braconnot H (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Zg5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA173">"Recherches sur un nouvel acide universellement répandu dans tous les vegetaux"</a> [Investigations into a new acid spread throughout all plants]. <i>Annales de chimie et de physique</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>178. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907194655/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Zg5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA173#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>From page 178: ... <i>je propose le nom </i>pectique<i>, de <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πηχτες</span></span>, coagulum,</i> ... 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Decorporation of Chernobyl radionuclides"</a>. <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>1181</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">303–</span>310. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NYASA1181..303N">2009NYASA1181..303N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.04838.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04838.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57331-757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57331-757-3"><bdi>978-1-57331-757-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20002057">20002057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=13.+Decorporation+of+Chernobyl+radionuclides&rft.volume=1181&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.04838.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20002057&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009NYASA1181..303N&rft.isbn=978-1-57331-757-3&rft.aulast=Nesterenko&rft.aufirst=VB&rft.au=Nesterenko%2C+AV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg34tNlYOB3AC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APectin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.escape-maps.com-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www.escape-maps.com_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escape-maps.com/escape_maps/history_of_wwii_british_cloth_escape_maps.htm#_edn24">"history of wwii british cloth escape maps"</a>. <i>www.escape-maps.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190625005526/http://www.escape-maps.com/escape_maps/history_of_wwii_british_cloth_escape_maps.htm#_edn24">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EFSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Re-evaluation+of+pectin+%28E+440i%29+and+amidated+pectin+%28E+440ii%29+as+food+additives&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e04866&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7010145%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32625540&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2017.4866&rft.aulast=Mortensen&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Aguilar%2C+F&rft.au=Crebelli%2C+R&rft.au=Di+Domenico%2C+A&rft.au=Dusemund%2C+B&rft.au=Frutos%2C+MJ&rft.au=Galtier%2C+P&rft.au=Gott%2C+D&rft.au=Gundert-Remy%2C+U&rft.au=Lambr%C3%A9%2C+C&rft.au=Leblanc%2C+J&rft.au=Lindtner%2C+O&rft.au=Moldeus%2C+P&rft.au=Mosesso%2C+P&rft.au=Oskarsson%2C+A&rft.au=Parent-Massin%2C+D&rft.au=Stankovic%2C+I&rft.au=Waalkens-Berendsen%2C+I&rft.au=Wright%2C+M&rft.au=Younes%2C+M&rft.au=Tobback%2C+P&rft.au=Ioannidou%2C+S&rft.au=Tasiopoulou%2C+S&rft.au=Woutersen%2C+RA&rft.au=Woutersen%2C+RA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efsa.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fefsajournal%2Fpub%2F4866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APectin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFSA_Panel_on_Food_Additives_and_Flavourings_(FAF)-2021-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EFSA_Panel_on_Food_Additives_and_Flavourings_(FAF)-2021_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEFSA_Panel_on_Food_Additives_and_Flavourings_(FAF)2021" class="citation journal cs1">EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) (29 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/6387">"Opinion on the re-evaluation of pectin (E 440i) and amidated pectin (E 440ii) as food additives in foods for infants below 16 weeks of age and follow-up of their re-evaluation as food additives for uses in foods for all population groups | EFSA"</a>. <i>EFSA Journal</i>. <b>19</b> (1): e06387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2021.6387">10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6387</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11368%2F2979399">11368/2979399</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7845505">7845505</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33537069">33537069</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121064700/https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/6387">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EFSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Opinion+on+the+re-evaluation+of+pectin+%28E+440i%29+and+amidated+pectin+%28E+440ii%29+as+food+additives+in+foods+for+infants+below+16+weeks+of+age+and+follow-up+of+their+re-evaluation+as+food+additives+for+uses+in+foods+for+all+population+groups+%26%23124%3B+EFSA&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e06387&rft.date=2021-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7845505%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33537069&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11368%2F2979399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2021.6387&rft.au=EFSA+Panel+on+Food+Additives+and+Flavourings+%28FAF%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efsa.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fefsajournal%2Fpub%2F6387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APectin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Pectin_Producers_Association-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-International_Pectin_Producers_Association_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211200148/https://ippa.info/">"International Pectin Producers Association"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ippa.info">the original</a> on 11 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Pectin+Producers+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ippa.info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APectin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pectin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codexalimentarius.net/gsfaonline/additives/details.html?id=21">Codex General Standard for Food Additives (GSFA) Online Database; A list of permitted uses of pectin, further link to the JECFA (...) specification of pectin.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309150734/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/consleg/1995/L/01995L0002-20031120-en.pdf">European parliament and council directive No 95/2/EC of 20 February 1995 on food additives other than colours and sweeteners; EU-Directive that lists the foods, pectin may be used in.</a> Note: The link points to a "consleg"-version of the directive, that may not include the very latest changes. The Directive will be replaced by a new Regulation for food additives in the next few years.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.certohealth.co.uk/health.html">Certo Health: Information on reported health benefits of apple pectin, (UK).</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:name;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apples" title="Template:Apples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apples" title="Template talk:Apples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apples532" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" title="List of apple cultivars">List of apple cultivars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple"><i>Malus domestica</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_niedzwetzkyana" title="Malus niedzwetzkyana">Malus niedzwetzkyana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii">Malus sieversii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Table_apple" title="Table apple">Table apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Pearmain" title="Adams Pearmain">Adams Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aia_Ilu" title="Aia Ilu">Aia Ilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlie_Red_Flesh" title="Airlie Red Flesh">Airlie Red Flesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akane_(apple)" title="Akane (apple)">Akane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85ker%C3%B6" title="Åkerö">Åkerö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkmene_(apple)" title="Alkmene (apple)">Alkmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allington_Pippin" title="Allington Pippin">Allington Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_(apple)" title="Ambrosia (apple)">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_(apple)" title="Anna (apple)">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annurca" title="Annurca">Annurca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(apple)" title="Ariane (apple)">Ariane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Black" title="Arkansas Black">Arkansas Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashmead%27s_Kernel" title="Ashmead's Kernel">Ashmead's Kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Golden_Gala" title="Aurora Golden Gala">Aurora Golden Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Bough" title="Autumn Bough">Autumn Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Glory" title="Autumn Glory">Autumn Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_(apple)" title="Baldwin (apple)">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_(apple)" title="Beacon (apple)">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_of_Bath" title="Beauty of Bath">Beauty of Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_de_Boskoop" title="Belle de Boskoop">Belle de Boskoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellflower_apple" title="Bellflower apple">Bellflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Davis_(apple)" title="Ben Davis (apple)">Ben Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Bonnier" title="Birgit Bonnier">Birgit Bonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeburn" title="Braeburn">Braeburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brina" title="Brina">Brina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(apple)" title="Cameo (apple)">Cameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champion_(apple)" title="Champion (apple)">Champion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civni_apple" title="Civni apple">Civni (Rubens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claygate_Pearmain" title="Claygate Pearmain">Claygate Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivia_(apple)" title="Clivia (apple)">Clivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Aromatic" title="Cornish Aromatic">Cornish Aromatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Gilliflower" title="Cornish Gilliflower">Cornish Gilliflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortland_(apple)" title="Cortland (apple)">Cortland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Crisp" title="Cosmic Crisp">Cosmic Crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_Pendu_Plat" title="Court Pendu Plat">Court Pendu Plat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin" title="Cox's Orange Pippin">Cox's Orange Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Gold_(apple)" title="Crimson Gold (apple)">Crimson Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Red" title="Cripps Red">Cripps Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Pink" title="Cripps Pink">Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbard_Jubil%C3%A9e" title="Delbard Jubilée">Delbard Jubilée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbarestivale" title="Delbarestivale">Delbarestivale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delrouval" title="Delrouval">Delrouval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Quarrenden" title="Devonshire Quarrenden">Devonshire Quarrenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(apple)" title="Discovery (apple)">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsett_Golden" title="Dorsett Golden">Dorsett Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougherty_(apple)" title="Dougherty (apple)">Dougherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Oldenburg_(apple)" title="Duchess of Oldenburg (apple)">Duchess of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumelow%27s_Seedling" title="Dumelow's Seedling">Dumelow's Seedling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egremont_Russet" title="Egremont Russet">Egremont Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison%27s_Orange" title="Ellison's Orange">Ellison's Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstar" title="Elstar">Elstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(apple)" title="Empire (apple)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(apple)" title="Enterprise (apple)">Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy_(apple)" title="Envy (apple)">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esopus_Spitzenburg" title="Esopus Spitzenburg">Esopus Spitzenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_(apple)" title="Eva (apple)">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EverCrisp" title="EverCrisp">EverCrisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiesta_(apple)" title="Fiesta (apple)">Fiesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippa_(apple)" title="Filippa (apple)">Filippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_(apple)" title="Flamenco (apple)">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florina_(apple)" title="Florina (apple)">Florina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_(apple)" title="Fuji (apple)">Fuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala_(apple)" title="Gala (apple)">Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascoyne%27s_Scarlet" title="Gascoyne's Scarlet">Gascoyne's Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geheimrat_Dr._Oldenburg" title="Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg">Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Gold" title="Ginger Gold">Ginger Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Delicious" title="Golden Delicious">Golden Delicious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Orange_(apple)" title="Golden Orange (apple)">Golden Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldspur" title="Goldspur">Goldspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravenstein" title="Gravenstein">Gravenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Golden" title="Grimes Golden">Grimes Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haralson_(apple)" title="Haralson (apple)">Haralson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokuto_(apple)" title="Hokuto (apple)">Hokuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeycrisp" title="Honeycrisp">Honeycrisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeygold" title="Honeygold">Honeygold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idared" title="Idared">Idared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Marie" title="Ingrid Marie">Ingrid Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grieve_(apple)" title="James Grieve (apple)">James Grieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_(apple)" title="Jazz (apple)">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Black" title="Jersey Black">Jersey Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonadel" title="Jonadel">Jonadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonagold" title="Jonagold">Jonagold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(apple)" title="Jonathan (apple)">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_apple" title="Jubilee apple">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julieta_(apple)" title="Julieta (apple)">Julieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(apple)" title="Jupiter (apple)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzi_(apple)" title="Kanzi (apple)">Kanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmijn_de_Sonnaville" title="Karmijn de Sonnaville">Karmijn de Sonnaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidd%27s_Orange_Red" title="Kidd's Orange Red">Kidd's Orange Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Pippins" title="King of the Pippins">King of the Pippins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobby_Russet" title="Knobby Russet">Knobby Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Alice_(apple)" title="Lady Alice (apple)">Lady Alice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxton%27s_Superb" title="Laxton's Superb">Laxton's Superb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(apple)" title="Liberty (apple)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveland_Raspberry_apple" title="Liveland Raspberry apple">Liveland Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_(apple)" title="Lodi (apple)">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lambourne_(apple)" title="Lord Lambourne (apple)">Lord Lambourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucombe%27s_Seedling" title="Lucombe's Seedling">Lucombe's Seedling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macoun_apple" title="Macoun apple">Macoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIntosh_(apple)" title="McIntosh (apple)">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melba_(apple)" title="Melba (apple)">Melba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_(apple)" title="Melrose (apple)">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutsu_(apple)" title="Mutsu (apple)">Mutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtown_Pippin" title="Newtown Pippin">Newtown Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_(apple)" title="Nicola (apple)">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal_(apple)" title="Opal (apple)">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciros" title="Sciros">Sciros (Pacific Rose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam%27s_Delight" title="Pam's Delight">Pam's Delight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papirovka" title="Papirovka">Papirovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Red" title="Paula Red">Paula Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Pearl_(apple)" title="Pink Pearl (apple)">Pink Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinova" title="Pinova">Pinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_apple" title="Prima apple">Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristine_apple" title="Pristine apple">Pristine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajka_(apple)" title="Rajka (apple)">Rajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralls_Janet" title="Ralls Janet">Ralls Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambo_apple" title="Rambo apple">Rambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MN55_(apple)" title="MN55 (apple)">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Astrachan" title="Red Astrachan">Red Astrachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Delicious" title="Red Delicious">Red Delicious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Pineapple_(apple)" title="Red Pineapple (apple)">Red Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlove_apples" title="Redlove apples">Redlove apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Greening" title="Rhode Island Greening">Rhode Island Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribston_Pippin" title="Ribston Pippin">Ribston Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxbury_Russet" title="Roxbury Russet">Roxbury Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandow_(apple)" title="Sandow (apple)">Sandow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansa_apple" title="Sansa apple">Sansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekai_Ichi" title="Sekai Ichi">Sekai Ichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_(apple)" title="Spartan (apple)">Spartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splendour_(apple)" title="Splendour (apple)">Splendour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Devon" title="Star of Devon">Star of Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stayman_(apple)" title="Stayman (apple)">Stayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmer_Pippin" title="Sturmer Pippin">Sturmer Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SugarBee" title="SugarBee">SugarBee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerfree" title="Summerfree">Summerfree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Red" title="Cripps Red">Sundowner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_(apple)" title="Sunset (apple)">Sunset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suntan_(apple)" title="Suntan (apple)">Suntan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SweeTango" title="SweeTango">SweeTango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliaferro_(apple)" title="Taliaferro (apple)">Taliaferro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_Rose" title="Tartu Rose">Tartu Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentation" title="Tentation">Tentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tompkins_King" title="Tompkins King">Tompkins King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz_(apple)" title="Topaz (apple)">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealthy_(apple)" title="Wealthy (apple)">Wealthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winesap" title="Winesap">Winesap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_(apple)" title="Winston (apple)">Winston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Pearmain" title="Worcester Pearmain">Worcester Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyken_Pippin" title="Wyken Pippin">Wyken Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Imperial" title="York Imperial">York Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zestar_apple" title="Zestar apple">Zestar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cooking_apple" title="Cooking apple">Cooking apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonovka" title="Antonovka">Antonovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_(apple)" title="Bismarck (apple)">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Orange" title="Blenheim Orange">Blenheim Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramley_apple" title="Bramley apple">Bramley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calville_Blanc_d%27hiver" title="Calville Blanc d'hiver">Calville Blanc d'hiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanino" title="Campanino">Campanino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellini_(apple)" title="Cellini (apple)">Cellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_Wonder" title="Chelmsford Wonder">Chelmsford Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costard_(apple)" title="Costard (apple)">Costard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creston_(apple)" title="Creston (apple)">Creston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Bramley" title="Crimson Bramley">Crimson Bramley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_of_Kent" title="Flower of Kent">Flower of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Noble" title="Golden Noble">Golden Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granny_Smith" title="Granny Smith">Granny Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadier_(apple)" title="Grenadier (apple)">Grenadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Byerd" title="King Byerd">King Byerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manks_Codlin" title="Manks Codlin">Manks Codlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Wonder" title="Newton Wonder">Newton Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Biffin" title="Norfolk Biffin">Norfolk Biffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Spy" title="Northern Spy">Northern Spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinette_du_Canada" title="Reinette du Canada">Reinette du Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_apple" title="Rome apple">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton_Pyne_apple" title="Upton Pyne apple">Upton Pyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Transparent" title="White Transparent">White Transparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_River_(apple)" title="Wolf River (apple)">Wolf River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cider_apple" title="Cider apple">Cider apples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Snout" title="Brown Snout">Brown Snout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_Liberty_(apple)" title="Cap of Liberty (apple)">Cap of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel_Jersey" title="Chisel Jersey">Chisel Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccagee" title="Coccagee">Coccagee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_King_(apple)" title="Crimson King (apple)">Crimson King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabinett" title="Dabinett">Dabinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufflin_(apple)" title="Dufflin (apple)">Dufflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Bitter" title="Ellis Bitter">Ellis Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxwhelp" title="Foxwhelp">Foxwhelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Russet" title="Golden Russet">Golden Russet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Spire" title="Golden Spire">Golden Spire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangdown_(apple)" title="Hangdown (apple)">Hangdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Cider_Apple" title="Harrison Cider Apple">Harrison Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Black" title="Kingston Black">Kingston Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(cider_apple)" title="Major (cider apple)">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelin_(apple)" title="Michelin (apple)">Michelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poveshon" title="Poveshon">Poveshon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redstreak" title="Redstreak">Redstreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack-ma-Girdle" title="Slack-ma-Girdle">Slack-ma-Girdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styre" title="Styre">Styre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Putt" title="Tom Putt">Tom Putt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock_(apple)" title="Woodcock (apple)">Woodcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlington_Mill" title="Yarlington Mill">Yarlington Mill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">Ornamental apple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_(apple)" title="Flamenco (apple)">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldspur" title="Goldspur">Goldspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wijcik_McIntosh" title="Wijcik McIntosh">Wijcik McIntosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_dishes" title="List of apple dishes">Apple products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apfelk%C3%BCchle" title="Apfelküchle">Apfelküchle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_butter" title="Apple butter">Apple butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cake" title="Apple cake">Apple cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cheese" title="Apple cheese">Apple cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_chip" title="Apple chip">Apple chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar" title="Apple cider vinegar">Apple cider vinegar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_crisp" title="Apple crisp">Apple crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_dumpling" title="Apple dumpling">Apple dumpling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_flour" title="Apple flour">Apple flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">Apple pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_sauce" title="Apple sauce">Apple sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_strudel" title="Apple strudel">Apple strudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apples_and_honey" title="Apples and honey">Apples and honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_apple" title="Cooking apple">Baked apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Betty_(dessert)" title="Brown Betty (dessert)">Brown Betty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_apple" title="Candy apple">Candy apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramel_apple" title="Caramel apple">Caramel apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve%27s_pudding" title="Eve's pudding">Eve's pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himmel_und_Erde" title="Himmel und Erde">Himmel und Erde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apple_cake" title="Jewish apple cake">Jewish apple cake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pectin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apfelwein" title="Apfelwein">Apfelwein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_juice" title="Apple juice">Apple juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cider" title="Ice cider">Ice cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pommeau" title="Pommeau">Pommeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple picking">Apple picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_scab" title="Apple scab">Apple scab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applecrab" title="Applecrab">Applecrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Apples" title="Arctic Apples">Arctic Apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_pruning" title="Fruit tree pruning">Fruit tree pruning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnosporangium_juniperi-virginianae" title="Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae">Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed" title="Johnny Appleseed">Johnny Appleseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malling_series" title="Malling series">Malling series</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Malus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearmain" title="Pearmain">Pearmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_pollination#Apples" title="Fruit tree pollination">Pollination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">Pome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRI_disease_resistant_apple_breeding_program" title="PRI disease resistant apple breeding program">PRI disease resistant apple breeding program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinette" title="Reinette">Reinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russet_apple" title="Russet apple">Russeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Apple_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="US Apple Association">US Apple Association</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production" title="List of countries by apple production">Countries by apple production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_diseases" title="List of apple diseases">Apple diseases</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apples" title="Category:Apples">Apples</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars" title="Category:Apple cultivars">Cultivars</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_production" title="Category:Apple production">Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_carbohydrates184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carbohydrates" title="Template talk:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_carbohydrates184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose">Aldose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketose" title="Ketose">Ketose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanose" title="Furanose">Furanose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyranose" title="Pyranose">Pyranose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomer" title="Anomer">Anomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane_conformation" title="Cyclohexane conformation">Cyclohexane conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimer" title="Epimer">Epimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutarotation" title="Mutarotation">Mutarotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diose" title="Diose">Dioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldodiose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triose" title="Triose">Trioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">Glyceraldehyde</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrose" title="Tetrose">Tetroses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotetroses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrose" title="Erythrose">Erythrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threose" title="Threose">Threose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotetrose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrulose" title="Erythrulose">Erythrulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">Pentoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">Arabinose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyxose" title="Lyxose">Lyxose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">Ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribulose" title="Ribulose">Ribulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylulose" title="Xylulose">Xylulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxy_sugar" title="Deoxy sugar">Deoxy sugars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">Deoxyribose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldohexose">Aldohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allose" title="Allose">Allose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrose" title="Altrose">Altrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulose" title="Gulose">Gulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idose" title="Idose">Idose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">Mannose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talose" title="Talose">Talose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketohexose">Ketohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psicose" title="Psicose">Psicose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbose" title="Sorbose">Sorbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagatose" title="Tagatose">Tagatose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deoxy sugars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fucose" title="Fucose">Fucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuculose" title="Fuculose">Fuculose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">Rhamnose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heptose" title="Heptose">Heptoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ketoheptoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannoheptulose" title="Mannoheptulose">Mannoheptulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoheptulose" title="Sedoheptulose">Sedoheptulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Above 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octose" title="Octose">Octoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonose" title="Nonose">Nonoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuraminic_acid" title="Neuraminic acid">Neuraminic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellobiose" title="Cellobiose">Cellobiose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltose" title="Isomaltose">Isomaltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltulose" title="Isomaltulose">Isomaltulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactulose" title="Lactulose">Lactulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanose" title="Turanose">Turanose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trisaccharide" title="Trisaccharide">Trisaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltotriose" title="Maltotriose">Maltotriose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melezitose" title="Melezitose">Melezitose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">Raffinose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrasaccharide" title="Tetrasaccharide">Tetrasaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stachyose" title="Stachyose">Stachyose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acarbose" title="Acarbose">Acarbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide" title="Fructooligosaccharide">Fructooligosaccharide</a> (FOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactooligosaccharide" title="Galactooligosaccharide">Galactooligosaccharide</a> (GOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltooligosaccharide" title="Isomaltooligosaccharide">Isomaltooligosaccharide</a> (IMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">Maltodextrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Polysaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">Beta-glucan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oat_beta-glucan" title="Oat beta-glucan">Oat beta-glucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentinan" title="Lentinan">Lentinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophyllan" title="Schizophyllan">Sizofiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymosan" title="Zymosan">Zymosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">Chitosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">Dextrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">Dextran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">Fructan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glucan" title="Glucan">Glucan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">Glycogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levan_polysaccharide" title="Levan polysaccharide">Levan beta 2→6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannans" title="Mannans">Mannan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">Amylopectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">Amylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">Xanthan gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carbohydrates" title="Category:Carbohydrates">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antidiarrheals,_intestinal_anti-inflammatory_and_anti-infective_agents_(A07)627" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antidiarrheals,_intestinal_anti-inflammatory_and_anti-infective_agents" title="Template:Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory and anti-infective agents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antidiarrheals,_intestinal_anti-inflammatory_and_anti-infective_agents" title="Template talk:Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory and anti-infective agents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antidiarrheals,_intestinal_anti-inflammatory_and_anti-infective_agents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory and anti-infective agents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antidiarrheals,_intestinal_anti-inflammatory_and_anti-infective_agents_(A07)627" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antidiarrhoeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiarrhoeal">Antidiarrheals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intestinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal">intestinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-infective" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-infective">anti-infective</a> agents (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A07" title="ATC code A07">A07</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rehydration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">Oral rehydration therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intestinal anti-infectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">Antibiotics</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">Amphotericin B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colistin" title="Colistin">Colistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidaxomicin" title="Fidaxomicin">Fidaxomicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanamycin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanamycin">Kanamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natamycin" title="Natamycin">Natamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomycin" title="Neomycin">Neomycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nystatin" title="Nystatin">Nystatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paromomycin_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Paromomycin sulfate">Paromomycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymyxin_B" title="Polymyxin B">Polymyxin B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaximin" title="Rifaximin">Rifaximin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptomycin" title="Streptomycin">Streptomycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancomycin" title="Vancomycin">Vancomycin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">Sulfonamides</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phthalylsulfathiazole" title="Phthalylsulfathiazole">Phthalylsulfathiazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succinylsulfathiazole" title="Succinylsulfathiazole">Succinylsulfathiazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfaguanidine" title="Sulfaguanidine">Sulfaguanidine</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitrofuran" title="Nitrofuran">Nitrofuran</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nifuroxazide" title="Nifuroxazide">Nifuroxazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifurzide" title="Nifurzide">Nifurzide</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">Imidazole</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miconazole" title="Miconazole">Miconazole</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsenical" title="Arsenical">Arsenical</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetarsol" title="Acetarsol">Acetarsol</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/8-Hydroxyquinoline" title="8-Hydroxyquinoline">Oxyquinoline</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broxyquinoline" title="Broxyquinoline">Broxyquinoline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intestinal <a href="/wiki/Adsorbent" class="mw-redirect" title="Adsorbent">adsorbents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylate" title="Bismuth subsalicylate">bismuth subsalicylate</a>, known as Pepto-Bismol)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">Kaolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinylpyrrolidone" title="Polyvinylpyrrolidone">Crospovidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palygorskite" title="Palygorskite">Attapulgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosmectite" title="Diosmectite">Diosmectite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antipropulsive" title="Antipropulsive">Antipropulsives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">Opium tincture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">laudanum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paregoric" title="Paregoric">Camphorated opium tincture</a> (paregoric)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>crosses <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">BBB</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Diphenoxylate" title="Diphenoxylate">Diphenoxylate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atropine/diphenoxylate" title="Atropine/diphenoxylate">+atropine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difenoxin" title="Difenoxin">Difenoxin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>does not cross BBB:</i> <a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a><sup>#</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Loperamide/simethicone" title="Loperamide/simethicone">+simethicone</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a> acting locally</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolone" title="Prednisolone">Prednisolone</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Hydrocortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">Prednisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamethasone" title="Betamethasone">Betamethasone</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixocortol" title="Tixocortol">Tixocortol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budesonide" title="Budesonide">Budesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beclometasone_dipropionate" class="mw-redirect" title="Beclometasone dipropionate">Beclometasone</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiallergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiallergic">antiallergic</a> agents, excluding corticosteroids</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cromoglicic_acid" title="Cromoglicic acid">Cromoglicic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aminosalicylate" title="Aminosalicylate">Aminosalicylates</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfasalazine" title="Sulfasalazine">Sulfasalazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesalazine" title="Mesalazine">Mesalazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olsalazine" title="Olsalazine">Olsalazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balsalazide" title="Balsalazide">Balsalazide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antidiarrheal micro-organisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_boulardii" title="Saccharomyces boulardii">Saccharomyces boulardii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other antidiarrheals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumin_tannate" title="Albumin tannate">Albumin tannate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylate" title="Bismuth subsalicylate">Bismuth subsalicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carob" title="Carob">Ceratonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofelemer" title="Crofelemer">Crofelemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octreotide" title="Octreotide">Octreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racecadotril" title="Racecadotril">Racecadotril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaopectate" title="Kaopectate">Kaopectate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1481" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188154#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pektine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4173611-4">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pectin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85099115">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pectine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12258469t">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pectine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12258469t">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX535734">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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