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Generatiewisseling - Wikipedia

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<div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Dieren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dieren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Dieren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dieren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Planten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monogenetische_cyclus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monogenetische_cyclus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Monogenetische cyclus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monogenetische_cyclus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Monogenetische cyclus-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Monogenetische_cyclus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zygotische_meiose_en_haplofasische_cyclus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zygotische_meiose_en_haplofasische_cyclus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Zygotische meiose en haplofasische cyclus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zygotische_meiose_en_haplofasische_cyclus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gametische_meiose_en_diplofasische_cyclus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gametische_meiose_en_diplofasische_cyclus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Gametische meiose en diplofasische cyclus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gametische_meiose_en_diplofasische_cyclus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digenetische_cyclus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digenetische_cyclus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Digenetische cyclus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Digenetische_cyclus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Digenetische cyclus-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Digenetische_cyclus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digenetische_gametische_cyclus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digenetische_gametische_cyclus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Digenetische gametische cyclus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digenetische_gametische_cyclus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digenetische_sporische_cyclus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digenetische_sporische_cyclus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Digenetische sporische cyclus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digenetische_sporische_cyclus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isomorfe_digenetische_cyclus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isomorfe_digenetische_cyclus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Isomorfe digenetische cyclus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isomorfe_digenetische_cyclus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heteromorfe_digenetische_cyclus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heteromorfe_digenetische_cyclus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Heteromorfe digenetische cyclus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heteromorfe_digenetische_cyclus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trigenetische_cyclus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trigenetische_cyclus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Trigenetische cyclus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trigenetische_cyclus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overzichten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overzichten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Overzichten</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overzichten-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Overzichten-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overzichten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samenvattend_overzicht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samenvattend_overzicht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Samenvattend overzicht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samenvattend_overzicht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uitgebreider_overzicht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uitgebreider_overzicht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Uitgebreider overzicht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uitgebreider_overzicht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overzicht_algen,_schimmels_en_planten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overzicht_algen,_schimmels_en_planten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Overzicht algen, schimmels en planten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overzicht_algen,_schimmels_en_planten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referenties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Generatiewisseling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 47 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generasiewisseling" title="Generasiewisseling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Generasiewisseling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generationswechsel" title="Generationswechsel – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Generationswechsel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تعاقب الأجيال – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعاقب الأجيال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternanza_de_xeneraciones" title="Alternanza de xeneraciones – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alternanza de xeneraciones" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagenez" title="Metagenez – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metagenez" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Метагенез (биология) – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Метагенез (биология)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Метагенез – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Метагенез" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="སྐྱེ་རབས་འཕོ་སྤེལ། – Tibetaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐྱེ་རབས་འཕོ་སྤེལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smjena_generacija" title="Smjena generacija – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Smjena generacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternan%C3%A7a_de_generacions" title="Alternança de generacions – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alternança de generacions" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodozm%C4%9Bna" title="Rodozměna – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rodozměna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generationswechsel" title="Generationswechsel – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Generationswechsel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Μεταγένεση – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταγένεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alternation of generations" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternancia_de_generaciones" title="Alternancia de generaciones – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alternancia de generaciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaunaldien_alternazio" title="Belaunaldien alternazio – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Belaunaldien alternazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="تناوب نسل – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تناوب نسل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukupolvenvuorottelu" title="Sukupolvenvuorottelu – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sukupolvenvuorottelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternance_de_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rations" title="Alternance de générations – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alternance de générations" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailt%C3%A9arn%C3%BA_na_ngl%C3%BAn" title="Ailtéarnú na nglún – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailtéarnú na nglún" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternancia_de_xeraci%C3%B3ns" title="Alternancia de xeracións – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alternancia de xeracións" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חילוף דורות – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חילוף דורות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzed%C3%A9kv%C3%A1ltakoz%C3%A1s" title="Nemzedékváltakozás – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzedékváltakozás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սերունդների հաջորդականություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սերունդների հաջորդականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergiliran_keturunan" title="Pergiliran keturunan – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pergiliran keturunan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_vitale_aplodiplonte" title="Ciclo vitale aplodiplonte – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciclo vitale aplodiplonte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="世代交代 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世代交代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="მეტაგენეზი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტაგენეზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%8C%80_%EA%B5%90%EB%B2%88" title="세대 교번 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세대 교번" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Метагенез – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Метагенез" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangan_generasi" title="Selangan generasi – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Selangan generasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generasjonsveksling" title="Generasjonsveksling – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Generasjonsveksling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemiana_pokole%C5%84" title="Przemiana pokoleń – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przemiana pokoleń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altern%C3%A2ncia_de_gera%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Alternância de 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cellspacing="0" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" style="background-color:gainsboro;border:dotted thin slategray;"><a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus" title="Levenscyclus">Levenscyclus</a> algemeen </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="border:solid medium slategray;border-radius:8px;">&#160;<b><a href="/wiki/Gametofyt" title="Gametofyt">Gametofyt</a></b>&#160;<br />(<a href="/wiki/Haplo%C3%AFdie" title="Haploïdie">n</a>) </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:mistyrose;"><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:transparent;border:solid thin darkslategray;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ongeslachtelijke_voortplanting" title="Ongeslachtelijke voortplanting">ongeslachtelijke voortplanting</a></i></span> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="border:solid medium slategray;border-radius:8px;"><a href="/wiki/Sporofyt" title="Sporofyt"><b>Meio-<br />&#160;sporofyt&#160;</b></a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Diplo%C3%AFdie" title="Diploïdie">2n</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;"> <td>→ &#160; </td> <td colspan="3">gelijkwaardige <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">sporen</a> </td> <td>&#160; ← </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:lavender;"> <td>→ &#160; </td> <td>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">gameten</a> (n) </td> <td style="background-color:gainsboro;">&#160; </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">meiosporen</a> (n) </td> <td>&#160; ← </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:lavender;"><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:transparent;border:solid thin darkslategray;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Geslachtelijke_voortplanting" title="Geslachtelijke voortplanting">geslachtelijke voortplanting</a></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">Morfologische</a> <b>generatiewisseling</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> is het aspect van de <a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus" title="Levenscyclus">levenscyclus</a> dat betrekking heeft op de afwisseling van <a href="/wiki/Generatie_(biologie)" title="Generatie (biologie)">generaties</a>. Een <b><a href="/wiki/Generatie_(biologie)" title="Generatie (biologie)">generatie</a></b> is een meercellig stadium in de ontwikkeling van een organisme, dat begint met een voortplantingscel zoals een <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a> of een <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>, en dat - na een periode van duidelijke vegetatieve <a href="/wiki/Groei_(fysiologie)" title="Groei (fysiologie)">groei en ontwikkeling</a> - eindigt met de vorming van andere reproductieve cellen, zoals sporen of <a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">gameten (geslachtscellen)</a>. </p><p>Generatiewisseling is in 1848 voor het eerst beschreven door <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hofmeister" title="Wilhelm Hofmeister">Wilhelm Hofmeister</a> waarbij hij de <a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus" title="Levenscyclus">levenscyclus</a> van <a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen">mossen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens">varens</a> en <a href="/wiki/Zaadplanten" title="Zaadplanten">zaadplanten</a> vergeleek. Het begrip wordt vooral gebruikt in de <a href="/wiki/Plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">plantkunde</a> in de oude, zeer ruime omgrenzing bij <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a> en <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten</a>. </p><p>Vaak worden de termen <b><a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus" title="Levenscyclus">levenscyclus</a></b> en <b>generatiewisseling</b> zonder onderscheid gebruikt, en wordt er gedoeld op <b><a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">kernfasewisseling</a></b>, de afwisseling van de <a href="/wiki/Haplofase" title="Haplofase">haplofase</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Diplofase" title="Diplofase">diplofase</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dieren">Dieren</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Dieren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Dieren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" style="background-color:white;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:100%;" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:silver;"><i>Diplont</i> met monogenetische cyclus (bij dieren)<sup id="cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrdKleurRand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <th colspan="5" style="border:solid thin red;"><i>kernfase</i> </th> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td colspan="3" style="border:solid thin red;"><i>diplofase (2n)</i> </td> <td style="background-color:Lightgrey;">←<br />→ </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>haplofase (1n)</i> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4" style="border:solid thin red;">Ge-<br />ne-<br />ra-<br />tie </th> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♀&#160;zygote</span><br />&#160; </td> <td> </td> <td>&#160;<br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♂&#160;zygote</span> </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td>←<br />← </td> <td><big>}</big> </td> <td><small>&#160;bevruch-&#160;<br />&#160;ting&#160;</small> </td> <td><i>B!</i> <big>{</big> </td> <td>←<br />← </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>&#160;&#160;<span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">(♂)&#160;zaadcellen</span><br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">(♀)&#160;eicellen</span>&#160;&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↑&#160;↑ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <th style="border:double thick blue;background-color:lavender;">♀&#160;dier </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td>→<i>R!</i> </td> <td><small>&#160;gametische&#160;<br />meiose</small> </td> <td>→ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>↗&#160;&#160;↑ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <th style="border:double thick blue;background-color:lavender;">♂&#160;dier </th> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td>→<i>R!</i> </td> <td><small>&#160;gametische&#160;<br />meiose</small> </td> <td>→ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>&#160;↗ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bij <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">dieren</a> en bij enkele <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten</a> zoals bij verschillende <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slijmzwammen" title="Slijmzwammen">slijmzwammen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a> ontwikkelen na de bevruchting de <a href="/wiki/Mannelijk_(biologie)" title="Mannelijk (biologie)">mannelijke</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Vrouwelijk_(biologie)" title="Vrouwelijk (biologie)">vrouwelijke</a> zygoten zich tot volledig diploïde mannelijke en vrouwelijke individuen. </p><p>Bij geslachtelijke rijpheid vormt het individu door <a href="/wiki/Meiose_(voortplanting)" title="Meiose (voortplanting)">meiose</a> de haploïde <a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">geslachtscellen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zaadcel" title="Zaadcel">zaadcel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eicel" title="Eicel">eicel</a>). Na de <a href="/wiki/Bevruchting" title="Bevruchting">bevruchting</a> (na de versmelting van de geslachtscellen) vormt de zygote weer het begin van de diploïde generatie. De volledige cyclus wordt hier gevormd door <a href="/wiki/Monogenetische_cyclus" title="Monogenetische cyclus">één enkele generatie</a> en er kan dus niet gesproken worden van <i>generatiewisseling</i>. </p><p>Bij veel andere organismen verloopt de ontwikkeling anders: uit de zygote ontwikkelt zich een organisme dat <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">morfologisch</a> verschilt van het individu dat de geslachtscellen vormt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planten">Planten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Planten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Planten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De termen <a href="/wiki/Sporofyt" title="Sporofyt">sporofyt</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gametofyt" title="Gametofyt">gametofyt</a> bij planten (in de oude, ruime betekenis, vrijwel alle eukaryotische organismen, zoals <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen">mossen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a>, zonder de dieren) zijn verbonden met de <a href="/wiki/Geslachtelijke_voortplanting" title="Geslachtelijke voortplanting">geslachtelijke voortplanting</a>: </p> <ul><li>een generatie heet <i>gametofyt</i> als het de haploïde gameten (geslachtscellen) produceert.</li> <li>een generatie wordt <i>sporofyt</i> genoemd als het haploïde sporen produceert. In het laatste geval worden meestal na de <a href="/wiki/Meiose_(voortplanting)" title="Meiose (voortplanting)">meiose</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reductiedeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductiedeling">reductiedeling</a>) meiosporen gevormd door de generatie die dan 'meiosporofyt' genoemd kan worden.</li></ul> <p>Op grond van het <i>aantal generaties</i> tussen een zygote en de volgende vorming van een zygote, gelet op het onderscheid tussen gametofyt en sporofyt, zijn er drie typen levenscycli te onderscheiden: <i>monogenetische</i>, <i>digenetische</i> en <i>trigenetische</i> cyclus. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;background-color:lavenderblush;font-size:95%;line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="font-size:120%;line-height:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Levenscyclus (hoofdbetekenis)">Biologische levenscycli</a> van <a href="/wiki/Meercellig_organisme" title="Meercellig organisme">meercellige organismen</a> met <a href="/wiki/Geslachtelijke_voortplanting" title="Geslachtelijke voortplanting">geslachtelijke voortplanting</a> </th></tr> <tr style="border-top:double thick navy;font-size:110%;letter-spacing:3px;"> <th colspan="2" style="border-right:solid teal;"> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">Cytologische kernfasewisseling</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid teal;"><a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">Organisme</a> type → </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Haplont" title="Haplont">Haplont</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Diplont" title="Diplont">Diplont</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diplohaplont" title="Diplohaplont"><b>Diplohaplont</b> = <b>Haplodiplont</b></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:paleturquoise;"> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid teal;"><a href="/wiki/Kernfase" title="Kernfase">Kernfase</a> en<br /><a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">kernfasewisseling</a> → </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haplofase" title="Haplofase">Haplofase</a>,<br />Haplofasisch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diplofase" title="Diplofase">Diplofase</a>,<br />Diplofasisch </td> <td>Haplofase ↔ Diplofase afwisselend,<br />Diplohaplofasisch = Heterofasisch </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:khaki;border-bottom:double thick navy;"> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid teal;"><a href="/wiki/Meiose_(voortplanting)" title="Meiose (voortplanting)">Meiose moment</a> → </td> <td>Zygotisch </td> <td>Gametisch </td> <td>Sporisch = Intermediair </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="font-size:110%;letter-spacing:3px;background-color:papayawhip;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morfo-<br />logische<br /><br />generatie-<br />wisseling</a> </th> <td style="background-color:papayawhip;border-right:solid teal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Monogenetische_cyclus" title="Monogenetische cyclus">Monogenetisch:</a></b><br />(monofasisch) → </td> <td><i>Monogenetische<br />haplont</i> </td> <td><i>Monogenetische<br />diplont</i> </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:papayawhip;border-right:solid teal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Digenetische_cyclus" title="Digenetische cyclus">Digenetisch:</a></b><br />(difasisch) → </td> <th> </th> <td><i>Digenetische<br />diplont</i> </td> <td><i>Digenetische diplohaplonten</i> <table class="vatop" style="font-variant:small-caps;" align="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:lightyellow;"> <td rowspan="2" style="border:dotted thin gray;"><a href="/wiki/Isomorfie_(levenscyclus)" title="Isomorfie (levenscyclus)">Isomorf</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:dotted thin gray;">↓ Heteromorf ↓ </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:lemonchiffon;"> <td style="border:dotted thin gray;"><a href="/wiki/Isosporie" title="Isosporie">isospoor</a> </td> <td style="border:dotted thin gray;"><a href="/wiki/Heterosporie" title="Heterosporie">heterospoor</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:papayawhip;border-right:solid teal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Trigenetische_cyclus" title="Trigenetische cyclus">Trigenetisch:</a></b><br />(trifasisch) → </td> <th> </th> <th> </th> <td><i>Trigenetische diplohaplont</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monogenetische_cyclus">Monogenetische cyclus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Monogenetische cyclus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Monogenetische cyclus"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Monogenetische_cyclus" title="Monogenetische cyclus">Monogenetische cyclus</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Bij de monogenetische cyclus ontwikkelt zich uit de zygote de gameten producerende gametofyt. Er is maar één generatie en hier kan dan ook niet gesproken worden van generatiewisseling. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zygotische_meiose_en_haplofasische_cyclus">Zygotische meiose en haplofasische cyclus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zygotische meiose en haplofasische cyclus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zygotische meiose en haplofasische cyclus"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" style="background-color:white;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:100%;" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;">Eenhuizige <i>haplont</i> met monogenetische cyclus<sup id="cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrdKleurRand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <th colspan="3" style="border:solid thin red;"><i>kernfase</i> </th> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>diplofase</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Diplo%C3%AFdie" title="Diploïdie">(2n)</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Lightgrey;">←<br />→ </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>haplofase</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Haplo%C3%AFdie" title="Haploïdie">(1n)</a> </td> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <th rowspan="5" style="border:solid thin red;">Ge-<br />ne-<br />ra-<br />tie </th> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">zygote</span> </td> <td> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>← </td> <td><small>&#160;bevruch-&#160;<br />&#160;ting&#160;</small> </td> <td><i>B!</i> <big>{</big> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>&#160;←&#160;<span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♂&#160;gameten</span><br />←<span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♀&#160;gameten</span>&#160;&#160; </td> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td>↑<sup><big>↑</big></sup> </td> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>↓ </td> <th style="border:solid green;background-color:lightgreen;">&#160;gametofyt </th> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>↑ </td> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>↘ </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td>→<i>R!</i> </td> <td><small>&#160;zygotische&#160;<br />meiose</small> </td> <td>→ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">spore</span> </td> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Diplo%C3%AFd" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploïd">diploïde</a> zygote kan <a href="/wiki/Meiose_(voortplanting)" title="Meiose (voortplanting)">meiose</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reductiedeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductiedeling">reductiedeling</a>) ondergaan, waarna zich een <a href="/wiki/Haplo%C3%AFd" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploïd">haploïde</a> gametofyt ontwikkelt. Men spreekt dan van zygotische meiose en van een haplofasische cyclus. Bij dit type cyclus komt eenhuizigheid (individuën zijn <a href="/wiki/Tweeslachtigheid" title="Tweeslachtigheid">tweeslachtig</a>) en tweehuizigheid (individuën zijn of mannelijk of vrouwelijk) voor. </p><p>Organismen met alleen een haploïde generatie zijn <a href="/wiki/Haplont" title="Haplont">haplonten</a>. </p><p>Dit type cyclus komt voor bij verschillende <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algengroepen</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellaten" title="Dinoflagellaten">Dinophyta</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Heterokontophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokontophyta">Heterokontophyta</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">Chlorophyta</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Slijmzwammen" title="Slijmzwammen">slijmzwammen</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Slijmzwammen#Cellulaire_slijmzwammen" title="Slijmzwammen">Acrasiomycota</a></i>) en <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ascomyceten" title="Ascomyceten">Ascomycota</a></i> en <i><a href="/wiki/Waterschimmels" title="Waterschimmels">Oomycota</a></i>). </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gametische_meiose_en_diplofasische_cyclus">Gametische meiose en diplofasische cyclus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Gametische meiose en diplofasische cyclus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Gametische meiose en diplofasische cyclus"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" style="background-color:white;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:100%;" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"><i>Diplont</i> met monogenetische cyclus<sup id="cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrdKleurRand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <th colspan="3" style="border:solid thin red;"><i>kernfase</i> </th> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>diplofase</i><br />(2n) </td> <td style="background-color:Lightgrey;">←<br />→ </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>haplofase</i><br />(<i>1n</i>) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border:solid thin red;"><b>Ge-<br />ne-<br />ra-<br />tie</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td>&#160;<br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">zygote</span> </td> <td> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>← </td> <td><small>&#160;bevruch-&#160;<br />&#160;ting&#160;</small> </td> <td><i>B!</i> <big>{</big> </td> <td>←<br />← </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>&#160;<span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♂&#160;gameten</span><br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♀&#160;gameten</span>&#160;&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↑ ↑ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td style="border:double thick blue;background-color:lavender;">&#160;<b>gameto-&#160;<br />fyt</b> </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td>→<i>R!</i> </td> <td><small>&#160;gametische&#160;<br />meiose</small> </td> <td>→&#160;<br />&#160;→ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>↗↗&#160;<br />&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>De andere mogelijkheid is dat de diploïde zygote zich door gewone celdeling (mitose) ontwikkelt tot een eveneens diploïde gametofyt, die de gameten vormt na een reductiedeling (meiose). Men spreekt dan van gametische meiose en van een diplofasische cyclus. </p><p>Organismen met alleen een diploïde generatie zijn <a href="/wiki/Diplont" title="Diplont">diplonten</a>. </p><p>Dit type cyclus komt voor bij verschillende <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algengroepen</a> (<i>Heterokontophyta</i>, <i>Chlorophyta</i>), en <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Waterschimmels" title="Waterschimmels">Oomycota</a></i> en <i><a href="/wiki/Ascomyceten" title="Ascomyceten">Ascomycota</a></i>). </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digenetische_cyclus">Digenetische cyclus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Digenetische cyclus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Digenetische cyclus"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="sjabloon_zie" class="hatnote" style="padding:0.5em; margin-bottom:0.5em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span style="padding-right:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Disambig-dark.svg/25px-Disambig-dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Disambig-dark.svg/38px-Disambig-dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Disambig-dark.svg/50px-Disambig-dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="340" /></span></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Digenetische_levenscyclus" class="mw-disambig" title="Digenetische levenscyclus">Digenetische levenscyclus</a> voor andere betekenissen van dit onderwerp.</i> </div> <p>Bij de <b>digenetische cyclus</b> is er een afwisseling van twee verschillende generaties: een gametofyt, ontstaan uit een (meio-)spore - eventueel een mannelijke en een vrouwelijke gametofyt - en een (meio-)sporofyt. </p><p>Bij de digenetische cyclus valt onderscheid te maken tussen een gametische cyclus en een sporische cyclus op grond van het moment van de reductiedeling: </p> <ol><li><b>gametische meiose</b>: de gameten worden meiotisch gevormd door een <u>diploïde</u> individu (gametofyt), die zich na de bevruchting uit de zygote gevormd heeft. Er is dus <u>geen haploïde generatie</u> te onderscheiden, maar alleen een diploïde generatie. Een dergelijke levenscyclus wordt daarom <b>diplofasische cyclus</b> genoemd.</li> <li><b>sporische</b> of <b>intermediaire meiose</b>: door meiose worden aan een diploïde individu (sporofyt) de haploïde sporen gevormd. Er is zowel een diploïde generatie als een haploïde generatie te onderscheiden. Een dergelijke levenscyclus wordt daarom <b>diplohaplofasische cyclus</b> genoemd. Bij de sporische cyclus zijn een- en tweehuizige soorten te onderscheiden.</li></ol> <p>Op grond van het verschil in grootte, morfologie en levensduur van de individuen onderscheidt men de <a href="/wiki/Isomorfie_(levenscyclus)" title="Isomorfie (levenscyclus)"><b>isomorfe</b></a> en de <b>heteromorfe</b> generatiewisseling. Dominantie in de ruimte gaat meestal gepaard met dominantie in de tijd: de morfologisch meest ontwikkelde fase leeft meestal ook het langst. De dominante generatie kan de gametofyt zijn, zoals bij mossen, of de sporofyt, zoals bij varens en zaadplanten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digenetische_gametische_cyclus">Digenetische gametische cyclus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Digenetische gametische cyclus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Digenetische gametische cyclus"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" style="background-color:white;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:100%;" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"><i>Diplont</i> met digenetische cyclus<sup id="cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrdKleurRand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <th colspan="3" style="border:solid thin red;"><i>kernfase</i> </th> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>diplofase</i><br />(2n) </td> <td style="background-color:Lightgrey;">←<br />→ </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>haplofase</i><br />(1n) </td> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7" style="border:solid thin red;">Ge-<br />ne-<br />ra-<br />ties </th> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td>&#160;<br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">zygote</span> </td> <td> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>← </td> <td><small>&#160;bevruch-&#160;<br />&#160;ting&#160;</small> </td> <td><i>B!</i> <big>{</big> </td> <td>←<br />← </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>&#160;&#160;<span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♂&#160;gameten</span><br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♀&#160;gameten</span>&#160;&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td>↓ </td> <td rowspan="5"> </td> <td>↑<sup><big>↑</big></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="border:double thick blue;background-color:lavender;">mito-<br />&#160;sporofyt&#160; </th> <td rowspan="4">↑↑ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td>↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">mitospore</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td>↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <th style="border:double thick blue;background-color:lavender;">&#160;gametofyt </th> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td>→<i>R!</i> </td> <td><small>&#160;gametische&#160;<br />meiose</small> </td> <td>→&#160;<br />&#160;→ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>↗↗&#160;<br />&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bij de <b>gametische cyclus</b> worden door <a href="/wiki/Mitose" title="Mitose">mitose</a> de diploïde sporen gevormd, de zgn. mitosporen. De gametofyt die hieruit ontstaat is dan diploïde. In de gametangia ontstaan door meiose de haploïde gameten. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digenetische_sporische_cyclus">Digenetische sporische cyclus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Digenetische sporische cyclus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Digenetische sporische cyclus"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" style="background-color:white;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:100%;" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"><i>Diplohaplont</i> met digenetische cyclus<sup id="cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrdKleurRand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <th colspan="3" style="border:solid thin red;"><i>kernfase</i> </th> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>diplofase</i><br />(2n) </td> <td style="background-color:Lightgrey;">←<br />→ </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>haplofase</i><br />(1n) </td> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <th rowspan="5" style="border:solid thin red;">Ge-<br />ne-<br />ra-<br />ties </th> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td>&#160;<span style="border:double blue;background-color:lavender;border-radius:8px;">&#160;zygote&#160;</span> </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:80%;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td>← </td> <td><small>&#160;bevruch-&#160;<br />&#160;ting&#160;</small> </td> <td><i>B!</i> <big>{</big> </td> <td>←<br />← </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>&#160;&#160;<span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♂&#160;gameten</span><br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♀&#160;gameten</span>&#160;&#160; </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">↓ </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td>↑<sup><big>↑</big></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="border:solid green;background-color:lightgreen;">&#160;gametofyt </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="border:double thick blue;background-color:lavender;">(meio-)<br />&#160;sporofyt </th> <td>↑ </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:80%;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td>→<i>R!</i> </td> <td><small>sporische<br />(intermediaire)<br />meiose</small> </td> <td>→ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">spore</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bij de <i>sporische cyclus</i> worden door <a href="/wiki/Meiose_(voortplanting)" title="Meiose (voortplanting)">meiose</a> de haploïde (meio-)sporen gevormd. De levensduur en de complexiteit van de bouw van de gametofyt, vergeleken met die van de sporofyt, is een volgend indelingscriterium dat bepaalt of de gametofyt en de sporofyt van vergelijkbare bouw en levensduur zijn (isomorfe digenetische cyclus) dan wel verschillend (heteromorfe digenetische cyclus). Daarbij kan de gametofyt overheersen, of de sporofyt kan overheersen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isomorfe_digenetische_cyclus">Isomorfe digenetische cyclus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Isomorfe digenetische cyclus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Isomorfe digenetische cyclus"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bij een <a href="/wiki/Isomorfie_(levenscyclus)" title="Isomorfie (levenscyclus)"><i>isomorfe</i></a> diplohaplont zijn de haploïde generatie (gametofyt) en de diploïde generatie (sporofyt) morfologisch en in levensduur vrijwel gelijk; men spreekt dan van <i>isomorfe</i> generatiewisseling. </p><p>Een dergelijke cyclus wordt aangetroffen bij enkele <a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren">Bruinwieren</a> (Phaeophyta), <a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">Roodwieren</a> (Rhodophyta) en <a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">Groenwieren</a> (Chlorophyta), evenals bij alle <a href="/wiki/Slijmzwammen" title="Slijmzwammen">slijmzwammen</a> van de divisie Plasmodiophoromycota en enkele <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a> van de divisies <a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ascomyceten" title="Ascomyceten">Ascomycota</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heteromorfe_digenetische_cyclus">Heteromorfe digenetische cyclus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Heteromorfe digenetische cyclus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Heteromorfe digenetische cyclus"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Als de gametofyt overheerst spreekt men van heteromorfe generatiewisseling met <i>dominante gametofyt</i>. Een dergelijke cyclus wordt gevonden bij talrijke algen (<a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" title="Haptophyta">Haptophyta</a>, verscheidene <a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren">Bruinwieren</a> (Phaeophyta), <a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">Groenwieren</a> (Chlorophyta) en <a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">Roodwieren</a> (Rhodophyta), <a href="/wiki/Levermossen" title="Levermossen">Levermossen</a> (Marchantiophyta), <a href="/wiki/Hauwmossen" title="Hauwmossen">Hauwmossen</a> (Anthocerotophyta) en <a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen">Mossen</a> (Bryophyta). </p><p>Als de sporofyt overheerst spreekt men van heteromorfe generatiewisseling met <i>dominante sporofyt</i>. Dit type cyclus komt voor bij enkele algen (diverse <a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren">Bruinwieren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">Groenwieren</a>), enkele <a href="/wiki/Slijmzwammen" title="Slijmzwammen">slijmzwammen</a>, bepaalde groepen <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a> (enkele <a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a>) en bij <a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens">varens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naaktzadigen" title="Naaktzadigen">Naaktzadigen</a> (gymnospermen) en <a href="/wiki/Bedektzadigen" title="Bedektzadigen">Bedektzadigen</a>). Een voorbeeld van twee verwante groepen die verschillen in de <a href="/wiki/Geslachtsverdeling" title="Geslachtsverdeling">geslachtsverdeling</a>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolfsklauw_(geslacht)" title="Wolfsklauw (geslacht)">Lycopodium</a></i> is een isosporangiate, isospore diplohaplont met dominante, eenhuizige sporofyt</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">Selaginella</a></i> is een heterosporangiate, heterospore diplohaplont met dominante, eenhuizige sporofyt.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trigenetische_cyclus">Trigenetische cyclus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Trigenetische cyclus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Trigenetische cyclus"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Trigenetische_cyclus" title="Trigenetische cyclus">Trigenetische cyclus</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <table cellspacing="0" style="background-color:white;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:100%;" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"><i>Diplohaplont</i> met trigenetische cyclus<sup id="cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrdKleurRand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <th colspan="3" style="border:solid thin red;"><i>kernfase</i> </th> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>diplofase</i><br />(2n) </td> <td style="background-color:Lightgrey;">←<br />→ </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>haplofase</i><br />(1n) </td> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7" style="border:solid thin red;">Ge-<br />ne-<br />ra-<br />ties </th> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td>&#160;<br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">zygote</span> </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td>← </td> <td><small>&#160;bevruch-&#160;<br />&#160;ting&#160;</small> </td> <td><i>B!</i> <big>{</big> </td> <td>←<br />← </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>&#160;&#160;<span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♂&#160;gameten</span><br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♀&#160;gameten</span>&#160;&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td>↓ </td> <td rowspan="5"> </td> <td>↑<sup><big>↑</big></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="border:double thick blue;background-color:lavender;">mito-<br />&#160;sporofyt&#160; </th> <th rowspan="3" style="border:solid green;background-color:lightgreen;">&#160;<br />&#160;gametofyt&#160; </th></tr> <tr> <td>↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">mitospore</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>↓ </td> <td>↑ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="border:double thick blue;background-color:lavender;">(meio-)<br />&#160;sporofyt </th> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:80%;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td>→<i>R!</i>&#160; </td> <td><small>sporische<br />(intermediaire)<br />meiose</small> </td> <td>→ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">spore</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bij de trigenetische cyclus met sporische meiose is er een afwisseling van drie verschillende generaties: één gametofyt-generatie en twee sporofyt-generaties. Men kent dit type cyclus bij de Florideophycideae, behorende bij de <a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">Roodwieren</a> (Rhodophyta), bij de <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a> en bij enkele groepen van de <a href="/wiki/Ascomyceten" title="Ascomyceten">Ascomycota</a> (de <a href="/wiki/Taphrinomycetidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Taphrinomycetidae">Taphrinomycetidae</a> en Ascomycetidae). In het geval van de Roodwieren wordt de extra generatie gevormd door een uit de zygote ontwikkelde diploïde <i>carposporofyt</i>. De carposporofyt vormt (door <a href="/wiki/Mitose" title="Mitose">mitose</a>) de <i>carposporen</i>, die zich ontwikkelen tot de diploïde <i>meiosporofyt</i>, ook wel <i>tetrasporofyt</i> geheten. Deze laatste vormt dan (door <a href="/wiki/Meiose_(voortplanting)" title="Meiose (voortplanting)">meiose</a>) de <i>tetrasporen</i>. Deze sporen ontwikkelen zich tot de haploïde gametofyt. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overzichten">Overzichten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Overzichten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Overzichten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samenvattend_overzicht">Samenvattend overzicht</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Samenvattend overzicht" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Samenvattend overzicht"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het samenvattende overzicht laat het verband zien tussen de kernfasewisseling en de generatiewisseling. Om de typen kernfasewisseling aan te geven zijn er verschillende terminologieën, afhankelijk van het centraal gestelde verschijnsel: het type meiose, de aard van de levenscyclus of van het type organisme. Bij de generatiewisseling staan het aantal (een, twee of drie) en de onderverdeling in typen van generaties centraal. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;background-color:lavenderblush;font-size:95%;line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="font-size:120%;line-height:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Levenscyclus (hoofdbetekenis)">Biologische levenscycli</a> van <a href="/wiki/Meercellig_organisme" title="Meercellig organisme">meercellige organismen</a> met <a href="/wiki/Geslachtelijke_voortplanting" title="Geslachtelijke voortplanting">geslachtelijke voortplanting</a> </th></tr> <tr style="border-top:double thick navy;font-size:110%;letter-spacing:3px;"> <th colspan="2" style="border-right:solid teal;"> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">Cytologische kernfasewisseling</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid teal;"><a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">Organisme</a> type → </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Haplont" title="Haplont">Haplont</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Diplont" title="Diplont">Diplont</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diplohaplont" title="Diplohaplont"><b>Diplohaplont</b> = <b>Haplodiplont</b></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:paleturquoise;"> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid teal;"><a href="/wiki/Kernfase" title="Kernfase">Kernfase</a> en<br /><a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">kernfasewisseling</a> → </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haplofase" title="Haplofase">Haplofase</a>,<br />Haplofasisch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diplofase" title="Diplofase">Diplofase</a>,<br />Diplofasisch </td> <td>Haplofase ↔ Diplofase afwisselend,<br />Diplohaplofasisch = Heterofasisch </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:khaki;border-bottom:double thick navy;"> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid teal;"><a href="/wiki/Meiose_(voortplanting)" title="Meiose (voortplanting)">Meiose moment</a> → </td> <td>Zygotisch </td> <td>Gametisch </td> <td>Sporisch = Intermediair </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="font-size:110%;letter-spacing:3px;background-color:papayawhip;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morfo-<br />logische<br /><br />generatie-<br />wisseling</a> </th> <td style="background-color:papayawhip;border-right:solid teal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Monogenetische_cyclus" title="Monogenetische cyclus">Monogenetisch:</a></b><br />(monofasisch) → </td> <td><i>Monogenetische<br />haplont</i> </td> <td><i>Monogenetische<br />diplont</i> </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:papayawhip;border-right:solid teal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Digenetische_cyclus" title="Digenetische cyclus">Digenetisch:</a></b><br />(difasisch) → </td> <th> </th> <td><i>Digenetische<br />diplont</i> </td> <td><i>Digenetische diplohaplonten</i> <table class="vatop" style="font-variant:small-caps;" align="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:lightyellow;"> <td rowspan="2" style="border:dotted thin gray;"><a href="/wiki/Isomorfie_(levenscyclus)" title="Isomorfie (levenscyclus)">Isomorf</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:dotted thin gray;">↓ Heteromorf ↓ </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:lemonchiffon;"> <td style="border:dotted thin gray;"><a href="/wiki/Isosporie" title="Isosporie">isospoor</a> </td> <td style="border:dotted thin gray;"><a href="/wiki/Heterosporie" title="Heterosporie">heterospoor</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:papayawhip;border-right:solid teal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Trigenetische_cyclus" title="Trigenetische cyclus">Trigenetisch:</a></b><br />(trifasisch) → </td> <th> </th> <th> </th> <td><i>Trigenetische diplohaplont</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uitgebreider_overzicht">Uitgebreider overzicht</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Uitgebreider overzicht" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Uitgebreider overzicht"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het onderstaande overzicht laat het verband zien tussen de kernfasewisseling, de generatiewisseling en de afwisseling van individuen. De overeenkomst tussen de verschillende typen levenscyclus is de vorming van de gamete en de daaropvolgende bevruchting en de vorming van een zygote, waarbij echter het voorkomen van een <a href="/wiki/Dikaryon" title="Dikaryon">dikaryonfase</a> (door een 'uitgestelde <a href="/wiki/Karyogamie" title="Karyogamie">kernversmelting</a>') bij sommige soorten met een trigenetische cyclus niet is gespecificeerd. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;line-height:110%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgray;font-size:135%;letter-spacing:3px;"><a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Levenscyclus (hoofdbetekenis)">Levenscyclus</a>. Afwisseling van <a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">kernfasen</a>, van <a class="mw-selflink selflink">generaties</a> en van <a href="/wiki/Afwisseling_van_individuen" title="Afwisseling van individuen">individuen</a>. </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="font-size:125%;background-color:peachpuff;"><a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">Cytologische<br />kernfase-<br />↓ wisseling ↓</a> </th> <th colspan="3" style="font-size:125%;">Morfologische <a class="mw-selflink selflink">generatiewisseling</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Monogenetische_cyclus" title="Monogenetische cyclus">Monogenetische cyclus</a><br />(1 generatie) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Digenetische_cyclus" title="Digenetische cyclus">Digenetische cyclus</a><br />(2 generaties) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trigenetische_cyclus" title="Trigenetische cyclus">Trigenetische cyclus</a><br />(3 generaties) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:peachpuff;"><a href="/wiki/Haplont" title="Haplont">Haplont</a><br /><br />Haplofasische<br />cyclus<br /><br />(alleen haploïde<br />generatie)<br /><br />Zygotische<br />meiose<br /><br />→ </th> <td> <table cellspacing="0" style="background-color:white;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:100%;" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;">Eenhuizige <i>haplont</i> met monogenetische cyclus<sup id="cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrdKleurRand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <th colspan="3" style="border:solid thin red;"><i>kernfase</i> </th> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>diplofase</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Diplo%C3%AFdie" title="Diploïdie">(2n)</a> </td> <td style="background-color:Lightgrey;">←<br />→ </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>haplofase</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Haplo%C3%AFdie" title="Haploïdie">(1n)</a> </td> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <th rowspan="5" style="border:solid thin red;">Ge-<br />ne-<br />ra-<br />tie </th> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">zygote</span> </td> <td> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>← </td> <td><small>&#160;bevruch-&#160;<br />&#160;ting&#160;</small> </td> <td><i>B!</i> <big>{</big> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>&#160;←&#160;<span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♂&#160;gameten</span><br />←<span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♀&#160;gameten</span>&#160;&#160; </td> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td>↑<sup><big>↑</big></sup> </td> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>↓ </td> <th style="border:solid green;background-color:lightgreen;">&#160;gametofyt </th> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>↑ </td> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>↘ </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td>→<i>R!</i> </td> <td><small>&#160;zygotische&#160;<br />meiose</small> </td> <td>→ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">spore</span> </td> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:peachpuff;"><a href="/wiki/Diplont" title="Diplont">Diplont</a><br /><br />Diplofasische<br />cyclus<br /><br />(alleen diploïde<br />generatie)<br /><br />Gametische<br />meiose<br /><br />→ </th> <td> <table cellspacing="0" style="background-color:white;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:100%;" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"><i>Diplont</i> met monogenetische cyclus<sup id="cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrdKleurRand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <th colspan="3" style="border:solid thin red;"><i>kernfase</i> </th> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>diplofase</i><br />(2n) </td> <td style="background-color:Lightgrey;">←<br />→ </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>haplofase</i><br />(<i>1n</i>) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border:solid thin red;"><b>Ge-<br />ne-<br />ra-<br />tie</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td>&#160;<br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">zygote</span> </td> <td> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>← </td> <td><small>&#160;bevruch-&#160;<br />&#160;ting&#160;</small> </td> <td><i>B!</i> <big>{</big> </td> <td>←<br />← </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>&#160;<span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♂&#160;gameten</span><br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♀&#160;gameten</span>&#160;&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↑ ↑ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td style="border:double thick blue;background-color:lavender;">&#160;<b>gameto-&#160;<br />fyt</b> </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td>→<i>R!</i> </td> <td><small>&#160;gametische&#160;<br />meiose</small> </td> <td>→&#160;<br />&#160;→ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>↗↗&#160;<br />&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" style="background-color:white;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:100%;" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"><i>Diplont</i> met digenetische cyclus<sup id="cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrdKleurRand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <th colspan="3" style="border:solid thin red;"><i>kernfase</i> </th> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>diplofase</i><br />(2n) </td> <td style="background-color:Lightgrey;">←<br />→ </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>haplofase</i><br />(1n) </td> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7" style="border:solid thin red;">Ge-<br />ne-<br />ra-<br />ties </th> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td>&#160;<br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">zygote</span> </td> <td> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>← </td> <td><small>&#160;bevruch-&#160;<br />&#160;ting&#160;</small> </td> <td><i>B!</i> <big>{</big> </td> <td>←<br />← </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>&#160;&#160;<span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♂&#160;gameten</span><br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♀&#160;gameten</span>&#160;&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td>↓ </td> <td rowspan="5"> </td> <td>↑<sup><big>↑</big></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="border:double thick blue;background-color:lavender;">mito-<br />&#160;sporofyt&#160; </th> <td rowspan="4">↑↑ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td>↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">mitospore</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td>↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <th style="border:double thick blue;background-color:lavender;">&#160;gametofyt </th> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td>→<i>R!</i> </td> <td><small>&#160;gametische&#160;<br />meiose</small> </td> <td>→&#160;<br />&#160;→ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>↗↗&#160;<br />&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:peachpuff;"><a href="/wiki/Diplohaplont" title="Diplohaplont">Diplohaplont</a><br /><br />Diplohaplo-<br />fasische<br />cyclus<br /><br />(afzonderlijke<br />haploïde<br />en diploïde<br />generaties)<br /><br />Sporische<br />meiose<br /><br />→ </th> <td> </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" style="background-color:white;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:100%;" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"><i>Diplohaplont</i> met digenetische cyclus<sup id="cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrdKleurRand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <th colspan="3" style="border:solid thin red;"><i>kernfase</i> </th> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>diplofase</i><br />(2n) </td> <td style="background-color:Lightgrey;">←<br />→ </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>haplofase</i><br />(1n) </td> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <th rowspan="5" style="border:solid thin red;">Ge-<br />ne-<br />ra-<br />ties </th> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td>&#160;<span style="border:double blue;background-color:lavender;border-radius:8px;">&#160;zygote&#160;</span> </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:80%;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td>← </td> <td><small>&#160;bevruch-&#160;<br />&#160;ting&#160;</small> </td> <td><i>B!</i> <big>{</big> </td> <td>←<br />← </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>&#160;&#160;<span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♂&#160;gameten</span><br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♀&#160;gameten</span>&#160;&#160; </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">↓ </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td>↑<sup><big>↑</big></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="border:solid green;background-color:lightgreen;">&#160;gametofyt </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="border:double thick blue;background-color:lavender;">(meio-)<br />&#160;sporofyt </th> <td>↑ </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:80%;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td>→<i>R!</i> </td> <td><small>sporische<br />(intermediaire)<br />meiose</small> </td> <td>→ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">spore</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" style="background-color:white;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:100%;" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"><i>Diplohaplont</i> met trigenetische cyclus<sup id="cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrdKleurRand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <th colspan="3" style="border:solid thin red;"><i>kernfase</i> </th> <td style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>diplofase</i><br />(2n) </td> <td style="background-color:Lightgrey;">←<br />→ </td> <td style="border:solid thin red;"><i>haplofase</i><br />(1n) </td> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:silver;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7" style="border:solid thin red;">Ge-<br />ne-<br />ra-<br />ties </th> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td> <td>&#160;<br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">zygote</span> </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td>← </td> <td><small>&#160;bevruch-&#160;<br />&#160;ting&#160;</small> </td> <td><i>B!</i> <big>{</big> </td> <td>←<br />← </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>&#160;&#160;<span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♂&#160;gameten</span><br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">♀&#160;gameten</span>&#160;&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <td>↓ </td> <td rowspan="5"> </td> <td>↑<sup><big>↑</big></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="border:double thick blue;background-color:lavender;">mito-<br />&#160;sporofyt&#160; </th> <th rowspan="3" style="border:solid green;background-color:lightgreen;">&#160;<br />&#160;gametofyt&#160; </th></tr> <tr> <td>↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">mitospore</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>↓ </td> <td>↑ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="border:double thick blue;background-color:lavender;">(meio-)<br />&#160;sporofyt </th> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:80%;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td>→<i>R!</i>&#160; </td> <td><small>sporische<br />(intermediaire)<br />meiose</small> </td> <td>→ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">spore</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:silver;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overzicht_algen,_schimmels_en_planten"><span id="Overzicht_algen.2C_schimmels_en_planten"></span>Overzicht algen, schimmels en planten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Overzicht algen, schimmels en planten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Overzicht algen, schimmels en planten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;line-height:120%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:blanchedalmond;text-align:center;font-size:120%;letter-spacing:3.0pt;font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus" title="Levenscyclus"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><b>Biologische levenscyclus bij algen, schimmels en planten</b></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"></sup></a><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4" style="border-right:double dimgray;"><a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling"><big>Cytologische<br />kernfase<br />wisseling</big></a> </th> <th colspan="5"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><big>Morfologische generatiewisseling</big></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Monogenetische_cyclus" title="Monogenetische cyclus">Monogenetische<br />cyclus</a><br /><br />(<i>met 1 generatie</i>) </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Digenetische_cyclus" title="Digenetische cyclus">Digenetische cyclus</a> (<i>met 2 generaties</i>) </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Trigenetische_cyclus" title="Trigenetische cyclus">Trigenetische<br />cyclus</a><br /><br />(<i>met 3 generaties</i>) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isomorfie_(levenscyclus)" title="Isomorfie (levenscyclus)">Isomorfe</a><br />digenetische cyclus<br />&#160; </th> <th colspan="2">Heteromorfe<br />digenetische cyclus met dominante </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gametofyt" title="Gametofyt">gametofyt</a>: </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sporofyt" title="Sporofyt">sporofyt</a>: </th></tr> <tr style="border-top:double dimgray;"> <th rowspan="3" style="border-right:double dimgray;"><a href="/wiki/Haplont" title="Haplont">Haplont</a><br /><br />Haplofasische<br />cyclus,<br /><br />zygotische<br />meiose </th> <td style="background-color:burlywood;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellaten" title="Dinoflagellaten">Dinophyta<br />(dinoflagellaten)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthophyta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Xanthophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Xanthophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysophyta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chrysophyta</a></li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:palegreen;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">Chlorophyta<br />(groenwieren)</a> p.p.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasinophyta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasinophyta (de pagina bestaat niet)">Prasinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kranswieren" title="Kranswieren">Charophyta<br />(kranswieren)</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:yellow;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slijmzwammen#Cellulaire_slijmzwammen" title="Slijmzwammen">Acrasiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a> p.p.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagere_schimmels" title="Lagere schimmels">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomyceten" title="Ascomyceten">Ascomycota</a> p.p.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:double dimgray;"> <th rowspan="3" style="border-right:double dimgray;"><a href="/wiki/Diplont" title="Diplont">Diplont</a><br /><br />Diplofasische<br />cyclus,<br /><br />gametische<br />meiose </th> <td style="background-color:burlywood;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diatomee%C3%ABn" title="Diatomeeën">Bacillariophyta<br />(diatomeeën)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren">Phaeophyta</a> p.p.</li></ul> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:palegreen;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">Chlorophyta<br />(groenwieren)</a> p.p.</li></ul> </td> <td style="background-color:palegreen;"> <ul><li><i>Cladophora glomerata</i><br />(groenwieren)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:yellow;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterschimmels" title="Waterschimmels">Oomycota<br />(waterschimmels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomyceten" title="Ascomyceten">Ascomycota</a> p.p.</li></ul> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:double dimgray;"> <th rowspan="5" style="border-right:double dimgray;"><a href="/wiki/Diplohaplont" title="Diplohaplont">Diplohaplont</a><br /><br />Diplohaplo-<br />fasische<br />cyclus,<br /><br />intermediaire<br />of sporische<br />meiose </th> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:burlywood;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren">Phaeohyta<br />(bruinwieren)</a> p.p.</li></ul> </td> <td style="background-color:burlywood;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren">Phaeohyta <br />(bruinwieren)</a> p.p.</li></ul> </td> <td style="background-color:burlywood;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren">Phaeohyta<br />(bruinwieren)</a> p.p.</li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:palegreen;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dambordwier" title="Dambordwier">Prasiola stipitata</a></i><br />(groenwier)</li></ul> </td> <td style="background-color:palegreen;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">Chlorophyta<br />(groenwieren)</a> p.p.</li></ul> </td> <td style="background-color:palegreen;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">Chlorophyta<br />(groenwieren)</a> p.p.</li></ul> </td> <td style="background-color:palegreen;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">Chlorophyta<br />(groenwieren)</a> p.p.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:pink;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">Rhodophyta<br />(roodwieren)</a> p.p. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangiophyceae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangiophyceae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Bangiophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:pink;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">Rhodophyta<br />(roodwieren)</a> p.p. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florideophyceae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Florideophyceae (de pagina bestaat niet)">Florideophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:yellow;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmodiophoromycota&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmodiophoromycota (de pagina bestaat niet)">Plasmodiophoromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a> p.p.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomyceten" title="Ascomyceten">Ascomycota</a> p.p.</li></ul> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:yellow;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodiale_slijmzwammen" title="Plasmodiale slijmzwammen">Myxomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a> p.p.</li></ul> </td> <td style="background-color:yellow;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascomyceten" title="Ascomyceten">Ascomycota</a> p.p. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taphrinomycetes" title="Taphrinomycetes">Taphrinomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezizomycotina" title="Pezizomycotina">Pezizomycotina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomyceten" title="Basidiomyceten">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:mediumspringgreen;">"mossen": <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen">Bryophyta<br />('echte' mossen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levermossen" title="Levermossen">Marchantiophyta<br />(levermossen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauwmossen" title="Hauwmossen">Anthocerotophyta<br />(hauwmossen)</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="background-color:mediumspringgreen;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lycopsida" title="Lycopsida">Lycopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteropsida" title="Pteropsida">Pteropsida</a> (varens) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilotopsida" title="Psilotopsida">Psilotopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophioglossales" title="Ophioglossales">Ophioglossales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilotales" title="Psilotales">Psilotales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equisetopsida" title="Equisetopsida">Equisetopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marattiopsida" title="Marattiopsida">Marattiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypodiopsida" title="Polypodiopsida">Polypodiopsida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaadplanten" title="Zaadplanten">Spermatophyta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycadopsida" title="Cycadopsida">Cycadopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetales" title="Gnetales">Gnetales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedektzadigen" title="Bedektzadigen">Angiospermae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenties">Referenties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Referenties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generatiewisseling&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Referenties"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <p><b>Externe links</b> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Spaans">(<span>es</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Díaz González, T.E., C. Fernandez-Carvajal Alvarez &amp; J.A. Fernández Prieto</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bos.uniovi.es/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=6f928afe-29c9-4322-8396-124cb1499a32&amp;groupId=788272"><i>Ciclos biológicos de vegetatles. Noción de generación. Noción de alternancia de fases nucleares. Ciclos monogenéticos, digenéticos y trigenéticos.</i> (pdf)</a></li></ul> <p><b>Referenties</b> </p> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unioviedo.es/bos/Asignaturas/Botanica/4.htm"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Díaz González, T.E., C. Fernandez-Carvajal Alvarez &amp; J.A. Fernández Prieto</span> <i>Ciclos biológicos de vegetales. 3. Alternancia de generaciones</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051119180821/http://hypnea.botany.uwc.ac.za/phylogeny/bioCycles/Default.htm"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Keats D.W.</span> <i>Life Cycles in Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WrdKleurRand-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WrdKleurRand_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Verklaring kleuren en randen: <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;line-height:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;line-height:150%;"> <ul><li><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">lichtgroen, enkele rand</span>: haploïde</li> <li><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">lichtblauw, dubbele rand</span>: diploïde</li></ul> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:left;line-height:150%;"> <ul><li><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid medium green;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>dikke</b></span><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double thick blue;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><b>randen</b></span>: meercellig</li> <li><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lightgreen;border:solid thin green;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">ronde, dunne</span><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:lavender;border:double medium blue;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">randen</span>: eencellig</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Spaans">(<span>es</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Díaz González, T.E., C. Fernandez-Carvajal Alvarez &amp; J.A. Fernández Prieto</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922121046/https://www.unioviedo.es/bos/Asignaturas/Botanica/8.htm">7. Diversidad de los ciclos biológicos en los vegetales</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_levenscyclus&amp;action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Levenscyclus_en_voortplanting_van_organismen" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Levenscyclus (hoofdbetekenis)">Levenscyclus</a> en <a href="/wiki/Voortplanting_(biologie)" title="Voortplanting (biologie)">voortplanting</a> van organismen</div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:17em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ongeslachtelijke_voortplanting" title="Ongeslachtelijke voortplanting">Ongeslachtelijke voortplanting</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Apomixie" title="Apomixie">apomixis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Automixie" title="Automixie">automixie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Binaire_deling" title="Binaire deling">binaire deling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Maagdelijke_voortplanting" title="Maagdelijke voortplanting">maagdelijke voortplanting · parthenogenese</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatieve_vermeerdering" title="Vegetatieve vermeerdering">vegetatieve vermeerdering</a> · <a href="/wiki/Knopvorming" title="Knopvorming">knopvorming</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Geslachtelijke_voortplanting" title="Geslachtelijke voortplanting">Geslachtelijke voortplanting</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Mannelijk_(biologie)" title="Mannelijk (biologie)">mannelijk&#160;(♂)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vrouwelijk_(biologie)" title="Vrouwelijk (biologie)">vrouwelijk&#160;(♀)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eenslachtig" title="Eenslachtig">eenslachtig</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tweeslachtigheid" title="Tweeslachtigheid">tweeslachtig&#160;(<big style="line-height: 50%;">⚥</big>)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geslachtsverdeling" title="Geslachtsverdeling">geslachtsverdeling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eenhuizig" title="Eenhuizig">eenhuizig</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dichogamie" title="Dichogamie">dichogamie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Protandrie" title="Protandrie">protandrie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Protogynie" title="Protogynie">protogynie</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Tweehuizig" title="Tweehuizig">tweehuizig</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Metamorfose_(biologie)" title="Metamorfose (biologie)">Metamorfose</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Gedaanteverwisseling" title="Gedaanteverwisseling">gedaanteverwisseling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volledige_gedaanteverwisseling" title="Volledige gedaanteverwisseling">volledige gedaanteverwisseling</a> - <a href="/wiki/Onvolledige_gedaanteverwisseling" title="Onvolledige gedaanteverwisseling">onvolledige gedaanteverwisseling</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Ei_(dier)" title="Ei (dier)">ei</a> · <a href="/wiki/Imago_(biologie)" title="Imago (biologie)">imago</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stadium_(biologie)" title="Stadium (biologie)">instar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Larve" title="Larve">larve</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nimf_(biologie)" title="Nimf (biologie)">nimf</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verpopping" title="Verpopping">pop</a> · <a href="/wiki/Subimago" title="Subimago">subimago</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vervelling" title="Vervelling">vervelling</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Parasiet" title="Parasiet">Parasitisme</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Infestatie" title="Infestatie">ectoparasiet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endoparasiet" title="Endoparasiet">endoparasiet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gastheer_(biologie)" title="Gastheer (biologie)">gastheer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gastheerwisseling" title="Gastheerwisseling">gastheerwisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Infestatie" title="Infestatie">infestatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parasiet" title="Parasiet">parasiet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tussengastheer" title="Tussengastheer">tussengastheer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tussenwaardplant" title="Tussenwaardplant">tussenwaardplant</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vector_(overbrenger_van_ziekten)" title="Vector (overbrenger van ziekten)">vector</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gastheer_(biologie)" title="Gastheer (biologie)">waard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Waardplant" title="Waardplant">waardplant</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus_(hoofdbetekenis)#Mijlpalen_van_de_levenscyclus" class="mw-redirect" title="Levenscyclus (hoofdbetekenis)">Mijlpalen van de levenscyclus</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Meiose_(voortplanting)" title="Meiose (voortplanting)">meiose, reductiedeling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">gameet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eicel" title="Eicel">eicel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaadcel" title="Zaadcel">zaadcel</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Bevruchting" title="Bevruchting">bevruchting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plasmogamie" title="Plasmogamie">plasmogamie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karyogamie" title="Karyogamie">karyogamie</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Generatiewisseling</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Monogenetische_cyclus" title="Monogenetische cyclus">monogenetische cyclus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Digenetische_cyclus" title="Digenetische cyclus">digenetische cyclus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trigenetische_cyclus" title="Trigenetische cyclus">trigenetische cyclus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gametofoor" title="Gametofoor">gametofoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gametofyt" title="Gametofyt">gametofyt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gametogenese" title="Gametogenese">gametogenese</a> · <a href="/wiki/Generatie_(biologie)" title="Generatie (biologie)">generatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sporofyt" title="Sporofyt">sporofyt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Voorkiem" title="Voorkiem">voorkiem</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">Kernfasewisseling</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Dikaryon" title="Dikaryon">dikaryon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diplofase" title="Diplofase">diplofase</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diplohaplont" title="Diplohaplont">diplohaplofasische · diplohaplont</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diplont" title="Diplont">diplofasische cyclus · diplont</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diplo%C3%AFdie" title="Diploïdie">diploïdie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Haplofase" title="Haplofase">haplofase</a> · <a href="/wiki/Haplo%C3%AFdie" title="Haploïdie">haploïdie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kernfase" title="Kernfase">kernfase</a> · <a href="/wiki/Haplont" title="Haplont">haplofasische cyclus · haplont</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diplohaplont" title="Diplohaplont">heterofasische cyclus</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Meiose_(voortplanting)" title="Meiose (voortplanting)">Meiotische deling</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Diplont" title="Diplont">gametische meiose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diplohaplont" title="Diplohaplont">intermediaire meiose · sporische meiose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Haplont" title="Haplont">zygotische meiose</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Plo%C3%AFdie" title="Ploïdie">Ploïdie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Haplo%C3%AFdie" title="Haploïdie">haploïdie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diplo%C3%AFdie" title="Diploïdie">diploïdie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diplo%C3%AFdisatie" title="Diploïdisatie">diploïdisatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fractionatie_(genetica)" title="Fractionatie (genetica)">fractionatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Triplo%C3%AFdie" title="Triploïdie">triploïdie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tetraplo%C3%AFdie" title="Tetraploïdie">tetraploïdie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hexaplo%C3%AFdie" title="Hexaploïdie">hexaploïdie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Octoplo%C3%AFdie" title="Octoploïdie">octoploïdie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Euplo%C3%AFdie" title="Euploïdie">euploïdie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alloplo%C3%AFdie" title="Alloploïdie">alloploïdie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Autoplo%C3%AFdie" title="Autoploïdie">autoploïdie</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Aneuplo%C3%AFdie" title="Aneuploïdie">aneuploïdie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Polyplo%C3%AFdie" title="Polyploïdie">polyploïdie</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Afwisseling_van_individuen" title="Afwisseling van individuen">Afwisseling van individuen</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Haplobiont" title="Haplobiont">haplobiont</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diplobiont" title="Diplobiont">diplobiont</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Verdere:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus_(zaadplanten)" title="Levenscyclus (zaadplanten)">levenscyclus (zaadplanten)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levensfase" title="Levensfase">levensfase</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chronologie_van_de_menselijke_zwangerschapsontwikkeling" title="Chronologie van de menselijke zwangerschapsontwikkeling">zwangerschapsontwikkeling (mens)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Embryogenese" title="Embryogenese">embryogenese</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67837862"> <div class="navigatie mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Plantkunde_en_deelgebieden" data-expandtext="Uitklappen" data-collapsetext="Inklappen"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_plantkunde" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie plantkunde"><img 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deelgebieden</div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <div style="background-color: var(--navigatie-titelbalkkleur,#ddeef8);"><b><a href="/wiki/Geobotanie" title="Geobotanie">Geobotanie</a></b> (planten als onderdeel van de biosfeer)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531"><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:19em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Plantengeografie" title="Plantengeografie">Plantengeografie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Adventief_(plant)" title="Adventief (plant)">adventief</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verspreidingsgebied" title="Verspreidingsgebied">areaal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Beschermingsstatus" title="Beschermingsstatus">beschermingsstatus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bioom" title="Bioom">bioom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endemie_(biogeografie)" title="Endemie (biogeografie)">endemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Exoot" title="Exoot">exoot</a> · <a href="/wiki/Flora_(plantkunde)" title="Flora (plantkunde)">flora</a> · <a href="/wiki/Floradistrict" title="Floradistrict">floradistrict</a> · <a href="/wiki/Floristiek" title="Floristiek">floristiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiezonering_in_gebergten" title="Vegetatiezonering in gebergten">hoogtezonering</a> · <a href="/wiki/Invasieve_soort" title="Invasieve soort">invasieve soort</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantengeografie" title="Plantengeografie">Plantengeografie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Status_(biogeografie)" title="Status (biogeografie)">status</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stinsenplant" title="Stinsenplant">stinsenplant</a> · <a href="/wiki/Uitsterven" title="Uitsterven">uitsterven</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verspreidingsgebied" title="Verspreidingsgebied">verspreidingsgebied</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Paleobotanie" title="Paleobotanie">Paleobotanie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Archeobotanie" title="Archeobotanie">archeobotanie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronologie" title="Dendrochronologie">dendrochronologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fossiele_planten" title="Fossiele planten">fossiele planten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gyttja" title="Gyttja">gyttja</a> · <a href="/wiki/Palynologie" title="Palynologie">palynologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pollenzone" title="Pollenzone">pollenzone</a> · <a href="/wiki/Varens_(fossiel)" title="Varens (fossiel)">varens</a> · <a href="/wiki/Veen_(grondsoort)" title="Veen (grondsoort)">veen</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Vegetatiekunde" title="Vegetatiekunde">Vegetatiekunde</a> &amp; <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">plantenoecologie</a>:</b></span></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Abundantie_(ecologie)" title="Abundantie (ecologie)">abundantie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Associatie_(vegetatiekunde)" title="Associatie (vegetatiekunde)">associatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bedekking_(vegetatiekunde)" title="Bedekking (vegetatiekunde)">bedekking</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biodiversiteit" title="Biodiversiteit">biodiversiteit</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biotoop" title="Biotoop">biotoop</a> · <a href="/wiki/Boomlaag" title="Boomlaag">boomlaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bos_(vegetatie)" title="Bos (vegetatie)">bos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Braun-Blanquet-methode" title="Braun-Blanquet-methode">Braun-Blanquet-methode</a> · <a href="/wiki/Broekbos" title="Broekbos">broekbos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Climaxvegetatie" title="Climaxvegetatie">climaxvegetatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Clusteranalyse" title="Clusteranalyse">clusteranalyse</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gemeenschapsgradi%C3%ABnt" title="Gemeenschapsgradiënt">coenocline</a> · <a href="/wiki/Concurrentie_(ecologie)" title="Concurrentie (ecologie)">concurrentie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Constant_taxon" title="Constant taxon">constant taxon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Contactgemeenschap" title="Contactgemeenschap">contactgemeenschap</a> · <a href="/wiki/Differenti%C3%ABrend_taxon" title="Differentiërend taxon">differentiërend taxon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dwergstruweel" title="Dwergstruweel">dwergstruweel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ecologische_gradi%C3%ABnt" title="Ecologische gradiënt">ecologische gradiënt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ecologische_groep" title="Ecologische groep">ecologische groep</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ellenberg-indicatorwaarde" title="Ellenberg-indicatorwaarde">Ellenberg-indicatorwaarde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gemeenschapsgradi%C3%ABnt" title="Gemeenschapsgradiënt">gemeenschapsgradiënt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Grasland" title="Grasland">grasland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Heide_(vegetatie)" title="Heide (vegetatie)">heide</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kentaxon" title="Kentaxon">kentaxon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kruidlaag" title="Kruidlaag">kruidlaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kwelder" title="Kwelder">kwelder</a> · <a href="/wiki/Minimumareaal" title="Minimumareaal">minimumareaal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moeras" title="Moeras">moeras</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moslaag" title="Moslaag">moslaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ordinatie" title="Ordinatie">ordinatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pioniersoort" title="Pioniersoort">pioniersoort</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantengemeenschap" title="Plantengemeenschap">plantengemeenschap</a> · <a href="/wiki/Potentieel_natuurlijke_vegetatie" title="Potentieel natuurlijke vegetatie">potentieel natuurlijke vegetatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Presentie_(vegetatiekunde)" title="Presentie (vegetatiekunde)">presentie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Regenwoud" title="Regenwoud">regenwoud</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatieopname" title="Vegetatieopname">relevé</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ruigte" title="Ruigte">ruigte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Savanne_(landschap)" title="Savanne (landschap)">savanne</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kwelder" title="Kwelder">schor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Struiklaag" title="Struiklaag">struiklaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Struweel" title="Struweel">struweel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Successie_(ecologie)" title="Successie (ecologie)">successie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Syntaxon" title="Syntaxon">syntaxon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Syntaxonomie" title="Syntaxonomie">syntaxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatieschaal_van_Tansley" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetatieschaal van Tansley">Tansley (methode)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra">toendra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tropisch_regenwoud" title="Tropisch regenwoud">tropisch regenwoud</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trouw_(vegetatiekunde)" title="Trouw (vegetatiekunde)">trouw</a> · <a href="/wiki/Veen_(grondsoort)" title="Veen (grondsoort)">veen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatie" title="Vegetatie">vegetatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatielaag" title="Vegetatielaag">vegetatielaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatieopname" title="Vegetatieopname">vegetatieopname</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiestructuur" title="Vegetatiestructuur">vegetatiestructuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantengemeenschap" title="Plantengemeenschap">vegetatietype</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vergrassing" title="Vergrassing">vergrassing</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verlanding" title="Verlanding">verlanding</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="background-color: var(--navigatie-titelbalkkleur,#ddeef8);"><b><a href="/wiki/Idiobotanie" title="Idiobotanie">Idiobotanie</a></b> (planten onder gecontroleerde omstandigheden)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531"><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:19em;"></td><td class="rechts"></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Plantenmorfologie" title="Plantenmorfologie">Plantenmorfologie</a> &amp; <a href="/wiki/Plantenanatomie" title="Plantenanatomie">-anatomie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Beschrijvende_plantkunde" title="Beschrijvende plantkunde">beschrijvende plantkunde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adventief_(morfologie)" title="Adventief (morfologie)">adventief</a> · <a href="/wiki/Apoplast" title="Apoplast">apoplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Blad_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blad (hoofdbetekenis)">blad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">bladgroenkorrel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fyllotaxis" title="Fyllotaxis">bladstand</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bloeiwijze" title="Bloeiwijze">bloeiwijze</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bloem_(plant)" title="Bloem (plant)">bloem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kroonblad" title="Kroonblad">bloemkroon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kroon_(plant)" title="Kroon (plant)">boomkruin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celwand" title="Celwand">celwand</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Collenchym" title="Collenchym">collenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Schors" title="Schors">cortex</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cuticula_(planten)" title="Cuticula (planten)">cuticula</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eicel" title="Eicel">eicel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurk_(weefsel)" title="Kurk (weefsel)">felleem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurkcambium" title="Kurkcambium">fellogeen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurkschors" title="Kurkschors">felloderm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fenologie" title="Fenologie">fenologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Flo%C3%ABem" title="Floëem">floëem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Beschrijvende_plantkunde" title="Beschrijvende plantkunde">fytografie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">gameet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gametofyt" title="Gametofyt">gametofyt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Groeivorm" title="Groeivorm">groeivorm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Haar_(plant)" title="Haar (plant)">haar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Houtvat" title="Houtvat">houtvat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Huidmondje" title="Huidmondje">huidmondje</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hypodermis" title="Hypodermis">hypodermis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intercellulaire_ruimte" title="Intercellulaire ruimte">intercellulair</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intercellulaire_ruimte" title="Intercellulaire ruimte">intercellulaire ruimte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kelk_(bloem)" title="Kelk (bloem)">kelk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kroonblad" title="Kroonblad">kroonblad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurk_(weefsel)" title="Kurk (weefsel)">kurk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurkcambium" title="Kurkcambium">kurkcambium</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurkschors" title="Kurkschors">kurkschors</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levensduur_(plant)" title="Levensduur (plant)">levensduur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levensvorm" title="Levensvorm">levensvorm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Merg_(plant)" title="Merg (plant)">merg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meristeem" title="Meristeem">meristeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Middenlamel" title="Middenlamel">middenlamel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Palissadeparenchym" title="Palissadeparenchym">palissadeparenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parenchym_(plantkunde)" title="Parenchym (plantkunde)">parenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Periderm_(plant)" title="Periderm (plant)">periderm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantaardige_cel" title="Plantaardige cel">plantaardige cel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plastide" title="Plastide">plastide</a> · <a href="/wiki/Schors" title="Schors">schors</a> · <a href="/wiki/Steencel" title="Steencel">sclereïde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sclerenchym" title="Sclerenchym">sclerenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaadcel" title="Zaadcel">spermatozoïde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sponsparenchym" title="Sponsparenchym">sponsparenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sporofyt" title="Sporofyt">sporofyt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stam_(plant)" title="Stam (plant)">stam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Steencel" title="Steencel">steencel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stengel" title="Stengel">stengel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stippel" title="Stippel">stippel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Symplast" title="Symplast">symplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tak_(plant)" title="Tak (plant)">tak</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thallus" title="Thallus">thallus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Topmeristeem" title="Topmeristeem">topmeristeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Houtvat" title="Houtvat">trachee</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trache%C3%AFde" title="Tracheïde">tracheïde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thyllen" title="Thyllen">thyllen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vaatbundel" title="Vaatbundel">vaatbundel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuole</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vrucht_(plant)" title="Vrucht (plant)">vrucht</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wortel_(plant)" title="Wortel (plant)">wortel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Xyleem" title="Xyleem">xyleem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaad_(plant)" title="Zaad (plant)">zaad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaadcel" title="Zaadcel">zaadcel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Flo%C3%ABem" title="Floëem">zeefvat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Plantenfysiologie" title="Plantenfysiologie">Plantenfysiologie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Ademhaling_(plant)" title="Ademhaling (plant)">ademhaling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bladzuigkracht" title="Bladzuigkracht">bladzuigkracht</a> · <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiratie" title="Evapotranspiratie">evapotranspiratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fotoperiodiciteit" title="Fotoperiodiciteit">fotoperiodiciteit</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fotosynthese" title="Fotosynthese">fotosynthese</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fototropie" title="Fototropie">fototropie </a> · <a href="/wiki/Fytochemie" title="Fytochemie">fytochemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gaswisseling" title="Gaswisseling">gaswisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geotropie" title="Geotropie">geotropie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Heliotropisme" title="Heliotropisme">heliotropisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nastie" title="Nastie">nastie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantenfysiologie" title="Plantenfysiologie">plantenfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantenhormoon" title="Plantenhormoon">plantenhormoon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rubisco" title="Rubisco">rubisco</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stikstoffixatie" title="Stikstoffixatie">stikstoffixatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stratificatie_(botanie)" title="Stratificatie (botanie)">stratificatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Transpiratie_(biologie)" title="Transpiratie (biologie)">transpiratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Turgordruk" title="Turgordruk">turgordruk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vernalisatie" title="Vernalisatie">vernalisatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Winterhard" title="Winterhard">winterhard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Worteldruk" title="Worteldruk">worteldruk</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie)">Plantensystematiek</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">taxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Botanische_nomenclatuur" title="Botanische nomenclatuur">botanische nomenclatuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> · <a href="/wiki/APG-systeem" title="APG-systeem">APG I-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/APG_II-systeem" title="APG II-systeem">APG II-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/APG_III-systeem" title="APG III-systeem">APG III-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/APG_IV-systeem" title="APG IV-systeem">APG IV-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Botanische_naam" title="Botanische naam">botanische naam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cladistiek" title="Cladistiek">cladistiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" title="Embryophyta">Cormophyta</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cryptogamen" title="Cryptogamen">cryptogamen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Classificatie" title="Classificatie">classificatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" title="Embryophyta">embryophyta</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiontentheorie" title="Endosymbiontentheorie">endosymbiontentheorie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" title="Endosymbiose">endosymbiose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">evolutie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaadplanten" title="Zaadplanten">fanerogamen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fylogenie" title="Fylogenie">fylogenie</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">generatiewisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">groenwieren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hauwmossen" title="Hauwmossen">hauwmossen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">kernfasewisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Korstmos" title="Korstmos">korstmossen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kranswieren" title="Kranswieren">kranswieren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" title="Embryophyta">landplanten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Levenscyclus (hoofdbetekenis)">levenscyclus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levermossen" title="Levermossen">levermossen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen">mossen</a> · <a href="/wiki/PPG_I-systeem" title="PPG I-systeem">PPG I-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group" title="Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group">Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group</a> · <a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">roodwieren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens">varens</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaadplanten" title="Zaadplanten">zaadplanten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zeewier" title="Zeewier">zeewier</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="background-color: var(--navigatie-titelbalkkleur,#ddeef8);"><b>Overig</b></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531"><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:19em;"></td><td class="rechts"></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Plantkunde#Bijzondere_plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">Bijzondere plantkunde</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Fycologie" title="Fycologie">algologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bryologie" title="Bryologie">bryologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dendrologie" title="Dendrologie">dendrologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fycologie" title="Fycologie">fycologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lichenologie" title="Lichenologie">lichenologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mycologie" title="Mycologie">mycologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens">pteridologie</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67837862"> <div class="navigatie mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Biologie" data-expandtext="Uitklappen" data-collapsetext="Inklappen"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_biologie" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie biologie"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nl:Overleg_sjabloon:Navigatie_biologie" title="Overleg sjabloon"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_biologie&amp;action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Biologie" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">Biologie</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531"><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:17em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie">Biochemie</a> &amp; <a href="/wiki/Fysiologie" title="Fysiologie">fysiologie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Bioanorganische_chemie" title="Bioanorganische chemie">Bioanorganische chemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biofysica" title="Biofysica">Biofysica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celfysiologie" title="Celfysiologie">Celfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Elektrofysiologie" title="Elektrofysiologie">Elektrofysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endocrinologie" title="Endocrinologie">Endocrinologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Glycobiologie" title="Glycobiologie">Glycobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Immunologie" title="Immunologie">Immunologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Immuunhistochemie" title="Immuunhistochemie">Immuunhistochemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Klinische_biologie" title="Klinische biologie">Klinische biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moleculaire_biologie" title="Moleculaire biologie">Moleculaire biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neurobiologie" title="Neurobiologie">Neurobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neurofysiologie" title="Neurofysiologie">Neurofysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ontwikkelingsfysiologie" title="Ontwikkelingsfysiologie">Ontwikkelingsfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantenfysiologie" title="Plantenfysiologie">Plantenfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Radiobiologie" title="Radiobiologie">Radiobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Spierfysiologie" title="Spierfysiologie">Spierfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Toxicologie" title="Toxicologie">Toxicologie</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">Genetica</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetica" title="Cytogenetica">Cytogenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Epigenetica" title="Epigenetica">Epigenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Farmacogenetica" title="Farmacogenetica">Farmacogenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gedragsgenetica" title="Gedragsgenetica">Gedragsgenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Genomica" title="Genomica">Genomica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Optogenetica" title="Optogenetica">Optogenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paleogenetica" title="Paleogenetica">Paleogenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Populatiegenetica" title="Populatiegenetica">Populatiegenetica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Synthetische_biologie" title="Synthetische biologie">Synthetische biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Toxicogenomica" title="Toxicogenomica">Toxicogenomica</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">Morfologie</a> &amp; <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Celbiologie" title="Celbiologie">Celbiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Embryologie" title="Embryologie">Embryologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie">Histologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Morfologie_(biologie)" title="Morfologie (biologie)">Morfologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ontwikkelingsbiologie" title="Ontwikkelingsbiologie">Ontwikkelingsbiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantenanatomie" title="Plantenanatomie">Plantenanatomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantenmorfologie" title="Plantenmorfologie">Plantenmorfologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%B6tomie" title="Zoötomie">Zoötomie</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">Ecologie</a> &amp; <a href="/wiki/Gedrag" title="Gedrag">gedrag</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Aerobiologie" title="Aerobiologie">Aerobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Astrobiologie" title="Astrobiologie">Astrobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologie" title="Epidemiologie">Epidemiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ecosysteem" title="Ecosysteem">Ecosysteem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ethologie" title="Ethologie">Ethologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fenologie" title="Fenologie">Fenologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hydrobiologie" title="Hydrobiologie">Hydrobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie">Histologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levensgemeenschap" title="Levensgemeenschap">Levensgemeenschap</a> · <a href="/wiki/Limnologie" title="Limnologie">Limnologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mariene_biologie" title="Mariene biologie">Mariene biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Populatie_(biologie)" title="Populatie (biologie)">populatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiezonering_in_gebergten" title="Vegetatiezonering in gebergten">Montane ecologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parasitologie" title="Parasitologie">Parasitologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Populatiebiologie" title="Populatiebiologie">Populatiebiologie · Populatiedynamica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Syntaxonomie" title="Syntaxonomie">Syntaxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiekunde" title="Vegetatiekunde">Vegetatiekunde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Voedselketen" title="Voedselketen">Voedselketen</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie)">Systematiek</a> &amp; <a href="/wiki/Evolutietheorie" title="Evolutietheorie">evolutietheorie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Bio-informatica" title="Bio-informatica">Bio-informatica</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chemotaxonomie" title="Chemotaxonomie">Chemotaxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cladistiek" title="Cladistiek">Cladistiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fylogenie" title="Fylogenie">Fylogenie</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Generatiewisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">Kernfasewisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus" title="Levenscyclus">Levenscyclus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Metamorfose_(biologie)" title="Metamorfose (biologie)">Metamorfose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paleontologie" title="Paleontologie">Paleontologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fylogenetische_stamboom" title="Fylogenetische stamboom">Stamboom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Synthetische_biologie" title="Synthetische biologie">Synthetische biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Systeembiologie" title="Systeembiologie">Systeembiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">Taxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Voortplanting_(biologie)" title="Voortplanting (biologie)">Voortplanting</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Bijzondere_biologie" title="Bijzondere biologie">Bijzondere&#160;biologie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Arachnologie" title="Arachnologie">Arachnologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Acarologie" title="Acarologie">Acarologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bryologie" title="Bryologie">Bryologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Entomologie" title="Entomologie">Entomologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fycologie" title="Fycologie">Fycologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herpetologie" title="Herpetologie">Herpetologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ichtyologie" title="Ichtyologie">Ichtyologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lichenologie" title="Lichenologie">Lichenologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malacologie" title="Malacologie">Malacologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mammalogie" title="Mammalogie">Mammalogie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Microbiologie" title="Microbiologie">Microbiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mycologie" title="Mycologie">Mycologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ornithologie" title="Ornithologie">Ornithologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">Plantkunde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens">Pteridologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Virologie" title="Virologie">Virologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%B6logie" title="Zoölogie">Zoölogie</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Biogeografie" title="Biogeografie">Biogeografie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Biogeologie" title="Biogeologie">Biogeologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eilandbiogeografie" title="Eilandbiogeografie">Eilandbiogeografie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endemie_(biogeografie)" title="Endemie (biogeografie)">Endemisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Floristiek" title="Floristiek">Floristiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kolonisatie_(biologie)" title="Kolonisatie (biologie)">Kolonisatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kosmopolitische_verspreiding" title="Kosmopolitische verspreiding">Kosmopolitische verspreiding</a> · <a href="/wiki/Migratie_(dieren)" title="Migratie (dieren)">Migratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Uitsterven" title="Uitsterven">Uitsterven</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verspreidingsgebied" title="Verspreidingsgebied">Verspreidingsgebied</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Mens_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mens (hoofdbetekenis)">Mens</a> &amp; <a href="/wiki/Milieu" title="Milieu">milieu</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Biologische_antropologie" title="Biologische antropologie">Biologische antropologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biologische_psychologie" title="Biologische psychologie">Biologische psychologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biomedische_wetenschappen" title="Biomedische wetenschappen">Biomedische wetenschappen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biotechnologie" title="Biotechnologie">Biotechnologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Medische_biologie" title="Medische biologie">Medische biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Menselijke_biologie" title="Menselijke biologie">Menselijke biologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Milieubiologie" title="Milieubiologie">Milieubiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Psychobiologie" title="Psychobiologie">Psychobiologie</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐646d5c5fc6‐7lrl4 Cached time: 20241128094520 Cache 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