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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تكرور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكرور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleur" title="Toucouleur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Toucouleur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%80" title="Тукулёр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тукулёр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toukouleured" title="Toukouleured – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Toukouleured" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuculor" title="Tuculor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tuculor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukulor" title="Tukulor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tukulor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucolor" title="Tucolor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tucolor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukuloroj" title="Tukuloroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tukuloroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7" title="توکولورها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توکولورها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleurs" title="Toucouleurs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toucouleurs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%9E%A4%92%F0%9E%A4%AD%F0%9E%A4%A5%F0%9E%A4%A9%F0%9E%A4%AB_%F0%9E%A4%9A%F0%9E%A4%B5%F0%9E%A4%B3%F0%9E%A4%B5%F0%9E%A4%A4%F0%9E%A4%AB%F0%9E%A5%85%F0%9E%A4%AA" title="𞤒𞤭𞤥𞤩𞤫 𞤚𞤵𞤳𞤵𞤤𞤫𞥅𞤪 – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="𞤒𞤭𞤥𞤩𞤫 𞤚𞤵𞤳𞤵𞤤𞤫𞥅𞤪" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%A5%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="투클로르족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투클로르족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleri" title="Toucouleri – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toucouleri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleur" title="Toucouleur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Toucouleur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleur" title="Toucouleur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Toucouleur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тукулер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тукулер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokolera_(vahoaka)" title="Tokolera (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tokolera (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleur" title="Toucouleur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toucouleur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%97%8F" title="トゥクロール族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トゥクロール族" data-language-autonym="日本語" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">West African ethnic group</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Toucouleur people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Haalpulaar<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">هَالْݒُلَارْ</span>‎<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r965231682">.mw-parser-output .script-adlam{font-family:Ebrima,"Noto Sans Adlam"}</style><span class="script-adlam">𞤖𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤨𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Boilat-20-Homme_et_femme_toucoulaures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Boilat-20-Homme_et_femme_toucoulaures.jpg/220px-Boilat-20-Homme_et_femme_toucoulaures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Boilat-20-Homme_et_femme_toucoulaures.jpg/330px-Boilat-20-Homme_et_femme_toucoulaures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Boilat-20-Homme_et_femme_toucoulaures.jpg/440px-Boilat-20-Homme_et_femme_toucoulaures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="650" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Tukulor man and woman<br />(1853 David Boilat painting)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1 million (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language" title="Pulaar language">Pulaar</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and Wolof and arabic</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Toucouleur people</b> or <b>Tukulor people</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">توكولور</span>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Toucouleur</i>), also called <b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Haalpulaar" class="extiw" title="wikt:Haalpulaar">Haalpulaar</a></b> (Ajami: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">هَالْݒُلَارْ</span>‎, Adlam: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r965231682"><span class="script-adlam">𞤖𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤨𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪</span>), are a <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> ethnic group native to the <a href="/wiki/Futa_Toro" class="mw-redirect" title="Futa Toro">Futa Toro</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. There are smaller communities in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Toucouleur were <a href="/wiki/Islamized" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamized">Islamized</a> in the 11th century; their early and strong Islamic heritage, which is seen as a defining feature, is a matter of great pride for them.<sup id="cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brittukulor_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittukulor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were among the first <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in the area that became Senegal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were influential in the spread of Islam to West Africa in the <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">medieval era</a>. </p><p>They founded the vast <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur Empire</a> in the 19th century under <a href="/wiki/Omar_Saidou_Tall" title="Omar Saidou Tall">Omar Saidou Tall</a> who led a religious war against the neighboring ethnic groups and the French colonial forces.<sup id="cite_ref-brittukulor_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittukulor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doniger1116_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger1116-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Toucouleur are traditionally sedentary, settled primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a> valley, with farming, fishing and raising cattle as their main activities. The Toucouleur society has been patrilineal, <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygynous</a> and with high social stratification that included slavery and a <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brittukulor_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittukulor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are an estimated 1 million Toucouleur people in West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toucouleur_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senegalrivermap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Senegalrivermap.png/170px-Senegalrivermap.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Senegalrivermap.png/255px-Senegalrivermap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Senegalrivermap.png/340px-Senegalrivermap.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Toucouleur trace their roots to the Senegal River valley at the border of Senegal and Mauritania.</figcaption></figure> <p>They are found primarily in the northern regions of Senegal where they constitute 15% of the population. This region is irrigated by the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a> valley, overlaps southern <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>. During the colonial era, and in the modern times, some of the Toucouleurs resettled in western <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brittukulor_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittukulor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are about a million Toucouleur people in Senegal River valley area, and about 100,000 in Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_and_language">Identification and language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toucouleur_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Identification and language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides <i>Toucouleur</i>, they are variously referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language" title="Pulaar language">Pulaar</a>: <i lang="fuc">Torooɓe</i></i>, <i>Futanke</i>, or <i>Haalpulaar</i> (French literature).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Toucouleur</i> is of unclear origin, with some sources stating it as a <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> derivation meaning "of every color", which itself may be a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>. More likely it is a deformation of <i>tekruri</i>, a precolonial term meaning "people from <a href="/wiki/Takrur" title="Takrur">Takrur</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Shoup2011p97_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoup2011p97-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The supposed distinction between Toucouleurs and <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula people</a> more generally was invented by French ethnographers in the 19th century. They differentiated between supposedly sedentary, agricultural, fanatical, and anti-European <i>Toucouleurs</i> on one hand and nomadic, pastoralist, docile and cooperative <i>Peulhs</i> on the other, but the dichotomy is false.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toucouleurs speak the <a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language" title="Pulaar language">Pulaar language</a>, a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>, an Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family of languages.<sup id="cite_ref-brittukulor_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittukulor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toucouleur_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a> of the Toucouleur and <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a>, the Toucouleurs are descendants of Serer and <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-Fol_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fol-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tradition is supported by many scholars including Foltz and Phillips.<sup id="cite_ref-Fol_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fol-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mutually acceptable bantering-style interaction, called the <a href="/wiki/Joking_relationship" title="Joking relationship">joking relationship</a> by anthropologists, exists <a href="/wiki/Serer_people#Joking_relationship_(Maasir_or_Kalir)" title="Serer people">between the Serers and Toucouleurs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Toucouleur people have long inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a> area, with roots of an organized Tekrur kingdom tracing back to the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoup2011p97_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoup2011p97-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were part of the 10th to the 18th century kingdom, but led by non-Toucouleur rulers from other ethnic groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 18th century, a Toucouleur empire emerged which reached its peak influence in the 19th century under the Islamic leader <a href="/wiki/Omar_Saidou_Tall" title="Omar Saidou Tall">Omar Saidou Tall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omar was born in a Toucouleur clerical family in 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his visit to Mecca in 1827, Omar was designated as the "Caliph of Black Africa." He returned to West Africa in 1833, and subsequently learned political and state building strategies from his father-in-law in the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-doniger1116_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger1116-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umars_jihad_state_map_general_c1864.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Umars_jihad_state_map_general_c1864.png/220px-Umars_jihad_state_map_general_c1864.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Umars_jihad_state_map_general_c1864.png/330px-Umars_jihad_state_map_general_c1864.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Umars_jihad_state_map_general_c1864.png/440px-Umars_jihad_state_map_general_c1864.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Omar_Saidou_Tall" title="Omar Saidou Tall">Omar Saidou Tall</a> expanded from <a href="/wiki/Futa_Tooro" title="Futa Tooro">Futa Toroo</a> into new regions (red) in the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Omar returned to Senegal in 1845, where he began preaching Islam among the Toucouleur. He obtained weapons from Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then mobilized the Toucouleur to pursue an <a href="/wiki/Jihad#Warfare" title="Jihad">Islamic holy war</a> in 1854 against the non-Muslim ethnic groups and those Muslims who had strayed.<sup id="cite_ref-doniger1116_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger1116-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Toucouleur armies succeeded. The <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur Empire</a> grew and extended from Senegal to much of Mali over the next ten years. His son Mustafa reigned over this empire and the Toucouleur between 1864 and 1870, followed by Omar's second son, Ahmadu Tall. The rule of Ahmadu, state Gallieni and Joffre, was a "Toucouleur-Muslim despot" over the <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire collapsed in the 1880s as the Fulani, <a href="/wiki/Tuaregs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuaregs">Tuaregs</a> and the Moors attacked the Toucouleurs,<sup id="cite_ref-doniger1116_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doniger1116-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a civil war between local Toucouleur leaders engulfed the region. The empire ended in 1891, after the French colonial forces invaded the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People_and_society">People and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toucouleur_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: People and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:291px;max-width:291px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boilat-19-Toucoulaure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Boilat-19-Toucoulaure.jpg/150px-Boilat-19-Toucoulaure.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Boilat-19-Toucoulaure.jpg/225px-Boilat-19-Toucoulaure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Boilat-19-Toucoulaure.jpg/300px-Boilat-19-Toucoulaure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="651" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ToucouleuresBoundou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/ToucouleuresBoundou.jpg/133px-ToucouleuresBoundou.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/ToucouleuresBoundou.jpg/200px-ToucouleuresBoundou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/ToucouleuresBoundou.jpg/266px-ToucouleuresBoundou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="623" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Toucouleur marabout (left) and women in traditional dresses (19th century).</div></div></div></div> <p>The Toucouleurs speak the Futa Tooro dialect of <a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language" title="Pulaar language">Pulaar</a>. They call themselves <i>Haalpulaar’en</i>, which means "those who speak Pulaar". They are Muslims. Culturally, the Toucouleur differ from other Fula people by the sedentary nature of their society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_stratification">Social stratification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toucouleur_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social stratification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toucouleur society is <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> and divided into strict and rigid caste <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest status among the five Toucouleur <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a> is of the aristocratic leaders and Islamic scholars called <i>Torobe</i>. Below them are the <i>Rimbe</i>, or the administrators, traders and farmers. The <i>Nyenbe</i> are the artisan castes of the Toucouleur society. The fourth caste strata is called the <i>Gallunkobe</i> or the slaves or descendants of slaves "who have been freed". The bottom strata among the Toucouleurs are the <i>Matyube</i> or slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p500-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milet2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milet2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slaves were acquired by <a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">raiding pagan ethnic groups</a> or purchased in slave markets,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the status was inherited.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hierarchical social stratification has been an economically closed system, which historically has meant a marked inequality. Property and land has been exclusively owned by the upper caste members.<sup id="cite_ref-brittukulor_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittukulor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occupations and caste memberships are inherited. The Toucouleur castes have been <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamous</a>, segregated and intermarriage has been rare.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seesemann154_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seesemann154-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clerics among Toucouleur like the <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof people</a> formed a separate group. The religious leaders were not necessarily endogamous nor an inherited post in Toucouleur people's long history, but it has been rare for lower caste people to become religious specialist, states Rüdiger Seesemann, as they were viewed as not sufficiently adhering to the "clerical standards of piety".<sup id="cite_ref-seesemann154_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seesemann154-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toucouleur_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toucouleur-Interpr%C3%A8te.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Toucouleur-Interpr%C3%A8te.jpg/220px-Toucouleur-Interpr%C3%A8te.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Toucouleur-Interpr%C3%A8te.jpg/330px-Toucouleur-Interpr%C3%A8te.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Toucouleur-Interpr%C3%A8te.jpg/440px-Toucouleur-Interpr%C3%A8te.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>A Toucouleur interpreter called Alpha Sega with his sisters. Image taken in 1882.</figcaption></figure> <p>Marriage among the Toucouleurs requires a <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> payable to the bride's family. A girl from high social status family such as of noble lineage expects substantially higher payment than one of lower status such as artisan castes or with slave lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-brittukulor_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittukulor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marriage is validated by a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>. The bride comes to live with her husband's joint family. Traditionally, before the marriage is consummated, the bride's aunt checks if the girl is a virgin, then bathes and massages her. The bride and groom then join in a wedding feast where the village members join in, marking the start of a new couple.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childbirth_and_naming">Childbirth and naming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toucouleur_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Childbirth and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One week after <i>pémbougale</i> (childbirth), the baby is named and a <i>gorgol</i> (sister of the father) cuts its hair. The father tells the <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">marabout</a> the name he has chosen, after which the marabout whispers the name in the infant's ear and prays. Following this, the marabout informs a <i>gawlo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griot</a>) of the name that has been chosen, and the griot announces the name to the village.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toucouleur_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gates2010p500-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p500_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_AppiahHenry_Louis_Gates2010" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC"><i>Encyclopedia of Africa</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 500–501. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa&rft.pages=500-501&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft.au=Anthony+Appiah&rft.au=Henry+Louis+Gates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brittukulor-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brittukulor_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittukulor_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittukulor_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittukulor_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittukulor_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittukulor_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittukulor_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tukulor">Tukulor</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrilloHudgens1995" class="citation book cs1">Trillo, Richard; Hudgens, Jim (November 1995). <i>West Africa: The Rough Guide</i>. Rough Guides (2nd ed.). London: The Rough Guides. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-101-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-101-8"><bdi>978-1-85828-101-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Africa%3A+The+Rough+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.series=Rough+Guides&rft.pages=144&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Rough+Guides&rft.date=1995-11&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-101-8&rft.aulast=Trillo&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Hudgens%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doniger1116-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doniger1116_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doniger1116_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doniger1116_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doniger1116_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a></span>. Merriam-Webster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/1116">1116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=1116&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTal_Tamari1991" class="citation journal cs1">Tal Tamari (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>32</b> (2). Cambridge University Press: 221–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700025718">10.1017/s0021853700025718</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/182616">182616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162509491">162509491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Caste+Systems+in+West+Africa&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-250&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162509491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F182616%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700025718&rft.au=Tal+Tamari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "Endogamous artisan and musician groups are characteristic of over fifteen West African peoples, including the Manding, Soninke, Wolof, Serer, Fulani, <b>Tukulor</b>, Songhay, Dogon, Senufo, Minianka, Moors, and Tuareg."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2001" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, David J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&pg=PA161"><i>Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World</i></a>. William Carey Library. pp. 155, 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-352-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-352-7"><bdi>978-0-87808-352-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+on+the+Move%3A+Introducing+the+Nomads+of+the+World&rft.pages=155%2C+161&rft.pub=William+Carey+Library&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87808-352-7&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54gyRnhIugkC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_M._Dilley2014" class="citation book cs1">Roy M. Dilley (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yK-2AgAAQBAJ"><i>Nearly Native, Barely Civilized: Henri Gaden's Journey through Colonial French West Africa (1894-1939)</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 1, 319–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26528-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26528-8"><bdi>978-90-04-26528-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nearly+Native%2C+Barely+Civilized%3A+Henri+Gaden%27s+Journey+through+Colonial+French+West+Africa+%281894-1939%29&rft.pages=1%2C+319-320&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26528-8&rft.au=Roy+M.+Dilley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyK-2AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoup2011p97-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup2011p97_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup2011p97_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_A._Shoup2011" class="citation book cs1">John A. Shoup (31 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC"><i>Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-362-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-362-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-362-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-362-0&rft.au=John+A.+Shoup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPBfnT_E1mgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, Andrew F. “The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 29, no. 1, 1996, p. 4. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/221416">https://doi.org/10.2307/221416</a>. Accessed 1 July 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fol-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fol_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fol_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foltz, William J., "From French West Africa to the Mali Federation", Volume 12 of Yale studies in political science, p 136, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> (1965)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2001" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, David J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&pg=PA161"><i>Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World</i></a>. William Carey Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-352-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-352-7"><bdi>978-0-87808-352-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+on+the+Move%3A+Introducing+the+Nomads+of+the+World&rft.pub=William+Carey+Library&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87808-352-7&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54gyRnhIugkC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span>, p 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foltz, William J., "From French West Africa to the Mali Federation", Volume 12. Yale studies in political science, p136. Yale University Press, 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_AppiahHenry_Louis_Gates2010" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC"><i>Encyclopedia of Africa</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 519. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa&rft.pages=519&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft.au=Anthony+Appiah&rft.au=Henry+Louis+Gates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_AppiahHenry_Louis_Gates2010" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC"><i>Encyclopedia of Africa</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft.au=Anthony+Appiah&rft.au=Henry+Louis+Gates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett_SingerJohn_LangdonJohn_W._Langdon2008" class="citation book cs1">Barnett Singer; John Langdon; John W. Langdon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAzkoxSB4MwC&pg=PA120"><i>Cultured Force: Makers and Defenders of the French Colonial Empire</i></a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-19904-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-19904-3"><bdi>978-0-299-19904-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultured+Force%3A+Makers+and+Defenders+of+the+French+Colonial+Empire&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-299-19904-3&rft.au=Barnett+Singer&rft.au=John+Langdon&rft.au=John+W.+Langdon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAzkoxSB4MwC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marie-Hélène Le Divelec (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41231043">Les "nouvelles" classes sociales en milieu urbain : le cas du Sénégal et celui du Nigéria du Nord</a>, <i>Civilisations</i>, Institut de Sociologie de l'Université de Bruxelles, Vol. 17, No. 3 (1967), pages 240-253; Quote: "In Senegal too the social structure is based on a rigid system of castes, each having a specific political, economic or ritual function. Caste antagonisms are much more important than tribal differences. "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milet2007-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milet2007_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Milet2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eric Milet (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DC0Dj2if8DwC_2"><i>Mali: Magie d'un fleuve aux confins du désert</i></a> (in French). Paris: Editions Olizane. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DC0Dj2if8DwC_2/page/n104">104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88086-351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88086-351-7"><bdi>978-2-88086-351-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mali%3A+Magie+d%27un+fleuve+aux+confins+du+d%C3%A9sert&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Paris%3A+Editions+Olizane&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-88086-351-7&rft.au=Eric+Milet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_DC0Dj2if8DwC_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmin1972" class="citation journal cs1">Amin, Samir (1972). "Underdevelopment and Dependence in Black Africa — Origins and Contemporary Forms". <i>The Journal of Modern African Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (4). Cambridge University Press: 503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022278x00022801">10.1017/s0022278x00022801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154467466">154467466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Underdevelopment+and+Dependence+in+Black+Africa+%E2%80%94+Origins+and+Contemporary+Forms&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=503&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022278x00022801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154467466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Samir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_A._Klein1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_A._Klein" title="Martin A. Klein">Martin A. Klein</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamimperialism0000klei"><i>Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamimperialism0000klei/page/7">7</a>–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0621-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0621-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-0621-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Imperialism+in+Senegal%3A+Sine-Saloum%2C+1847-1914&rft.pages=7-11&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0621-6&rft.au=Martin+A.+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamimperialism0000klei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTzeutschler1999" class="citation journal cs1">Tzeutschler, Gregory G. A. (1999). "Growing security: land rights and agricultural development in northern Senegal". <i>Journal of African Law</i>. <b>43</b> (1). Cambridge University Press: 36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021855300008718">10.1017/s0021855300008718</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143293506">143293506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Law&rft.atitle=Growing+security%3A+land+rights+and+agricultural+development+in+northern+Senegal&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021855300008718&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143293506%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tzeutschler&rft.aufirst=Gregory+G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John MOGEY and Heinz BACHMANN (1986), Kinship under two Strategies of Development, <i>Journal of Comparative Family Studies</i>, Vol. 17, No. 2 (SUMMER 1986), pages 233-244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seesemann154-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seesemann154_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seesemann154_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRüdiger_Seesemann2011" class="citation book cs1">Rüdiger Seesemann (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_PvtXMQDfgC&pg=PA154"><i>The Divine Flood</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 154–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538432-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538432-1"><bdi>978-0-19-538432-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Flood&rft.pages=154-155&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538432-1&rft.au=R%C3%BCdiger+Seesemann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De_PvtXMQDfgC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToucouleur+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>This article includes some content that is a translation of the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleurs" class="extiw" title="fr:Toucouleurs">corresponding article</a> from the French Wikipedia, accessed July 5, 2005.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Mali"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Mali"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Mali"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mali#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mali">Ethnic groups in Mali</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arma_people" title="Arma people">Arma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozo_people" title="Bozo people">Bozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwa_people" title="Bwa people">Bwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djimini_people" title="Djimini people">Djimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaksahak_people" title="Idaksahak people">Idaksahak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igdalen_people" title="Igdalen people">Igdalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwellemmedan_people" title="Iwellemmedan people">Iwellemmedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhanke people">Jakhanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khassonk%C3%A9_people" title="Khassonké people">Khassonké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunta_(tribe)" title="Kunta (tribe)">Kunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurtey_people" title="Kurtey people">Kurtey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marka_people" title="Marka people">Marka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senufo_people" title="Senufo people">Senufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellem" title="Tellem">Tellem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toucouleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toloy" title="Toloy">Toloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Mauritania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Mauritania" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Mauritania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Mauritania" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in 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title="Haratin">Haratin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imraguen_people" title="Imraguen people">Imraguen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhanke people">Jakhanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunta_(tribe)" title="Kunta (tribe)">Kunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reguibat_tribe" title="Reguibat tribe">Reguibat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toucouleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" title="Template:Ethnic groups in 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href="/wiki/Bedick_people" title="Bedick people">Bedick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafada_people" title="Biafada people">Biafada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhanke people">Jakhanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoninka_people" title="Karoninka people">Karoninka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyagui_people" title="Konyagui people">Konyagui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebu_people" title="Lebu people">Lebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjak_people" title="Manjak people">Manjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankanya_people" title="Mankanya people">Mankanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papel_people" title="Papel people">Papel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Laalaa" title="Serer-Laalaa">Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Ndut_people" title="Serer-Ndut people">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niominka_people" title="Niominka people">Niominka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Noon" title="Serer-Noon">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_people" title="Palor people">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saafi_people" title="Saafi people">Saafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toucouleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Senegal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Senegal" title="Template:Immigration to Senegal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Senegal" title="Template talk:Immigration to Senegal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Senegal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Senegal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Senegal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Senegal#Net_migration_rate" title="Demographics of Senegal">Immigration to Senegal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdeans_in_Senegal" title="Cape Verdeans in Senegal">Cape Verdeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Senegal" title="Chinese people in Senegal">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Senegal" title="French people in Senegal">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Senegal" title="Lebanese people in Senegal">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanians_in_Senegal" title="Mauritanians in Senegal">Mauritanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_community_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese community in Senegal">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Serer_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Serer_topics" title="Template:Serer topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Serer_topics" title="Template talk:Serer topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serer_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Serer topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Serer_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_people" title="Category:Serer people">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Laalaa" title="Serer-Laalaa">Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Ndut_people" title="Serer-Ndut people">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niominka_people" title="Niominka people">Niominka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Noon" title="Serer-Noon">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_people" title="Palor people">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saafi_people" title="Saafi people">Saafi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seex_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seex people (page does not exist)">Seex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_religion" title="Category:Serer religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cii%C9%97_(Serer_religion)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciiɗ (Serer religion) (page does not exist)">Ciiɗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndut_initiation_rite" title="Ndut initiation rite">Classical Ndut teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Serer_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criticism of Serer religion (page does not exist)">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Serer_festivals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Serer festivals (page does not exist)">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaaniiw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaaniiw (page does not exist)">Jaaniiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junjung" title="Junjung">Junjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangool" title="Pangool">Pangool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadax (page does not exist)">Sadax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_symbolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serer symbolism (page does not exist)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role_of_women_in_Serer_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Role of women in Serer religion (page does not exist)">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xooy" title="Xooy">Xooy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_deities" title="Category:Serer deities">Supreme deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokh_Kox" title="Kokh Kox">Kokh Kox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koox" class="mw-redirect" title="Koox">Koox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kop%C3%A9_Tiatie_Cac" title="Kopé Tiatie Cac">Kopé Tiatie Cac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roog" title="Roog">Roog (main)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumba_Njaay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumba Njaay (page does not exist)">Kumba Njaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takhar" title="Takhar">Takhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiurakh" title="Tiurakh">Tiurakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_holy_places" title="Category:Serer holy places">Sacred sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatick" title="Fatick">Fatick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine_River" title="Sine River">Sine River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine-Saloum" title="Sine-Saloum">Sine-Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somb" title="Somb">Somb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_Sangomar" title="Point of Sangomar">Point of Sangomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattaguine" title="Tattaguine">Tattaguine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukar" title="Tukar">Tukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaboyabo" title="Yaboyabo">Yaboyabo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_history" title="Category:Serer history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Godomat" title="Amar Godomat">Amar Godomat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cekeen_Tumuli" title="Cekeen Tumuli">Cekeen Tumuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasso" title="Khasso">Khasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baol" title="Baol">Kingdom of Baol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biffeche" title="Biffeche">Kingdom of Biffeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">kingdom of Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Kingdom of Sine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_prehistory" title="Serer prehistory">Serer prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_history" title="Serer history">Serer history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_headed_by_Serer_Lamanes" title="States headed by Serer Lamanes">States headed by Serer Lamanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fandane-Thiouthioune" title="Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune">Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Logand%C3%A8me" title="Battle of Logandème">Battle of Logandème</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serer_history" title="Timeline of Serer history">Timeline of Serer history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_country" title="Category:Serer country">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Gambia" title="Demographics of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mauritania" title="Demographics of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Senegal" title="Demographics of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_country&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serer country (page does not exist)">Serer country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_language" title="Category:Serer language">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangin_languages" title="Cangin languages">Cangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laalaa_language" title="Laalaa language">Lehar/Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndut_language" title="Ndut language">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noon_language" title="Noon language">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_language" title="Palor language">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safen_language" title="Safen language">Safen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birth in Serer society (page does not exist)">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiere" title="Thiere">Saadj (or Chere or saay)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death in Serer society (page does not exist)">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inheritance_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inheritance in Serer society (page does not exist)">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Serer society (page does not exist)">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">Mbalax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njuup" title="Njuup">Njuup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabar" title="Sabar">Sabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tassu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tassu (page does not exist)">Tassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_wrestling" title="Senegalese wrestling">Njom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_royalty" title="Category:Serer royalty">Royalty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maad" title="Category:Maad">Kings</a> (<i>Maad</i>) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Lamane" title="Category:Lamane">Lamanes</a> (ancient kings / landowners)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamane_Jegan_Joof" title="Lamane Jegan Joof">Lamane Jegan Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Famak_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Famak_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Fa_Ndeb_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Mahecor_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof">Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Maysa_Wali_Jaxateh_Manneh" title="Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh">Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Ama_Joof_Gnilane_Faye_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof">Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Ndaah_Njemeh_Joof" title="Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof">Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Semou_Njekeh_Joof" title="Maad Semou Njekeh Joof">Maad Semou Njekeh Joof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lingeer" title="Category:Lingeer">Queens & Queen Mothers</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Fatim_Beye" title="Lingeer Fatim Beye">Lingeer Fatim Beye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Ndoye_Demba" title="Lingeer Ndoye Demba">Lingeer Ndoye Demba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Ngon%C3%A9_Di%C3%A8ye" title="Lingeer Ngoné Dièye">Lingeer Ngoné Dièye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingeer_Selbeh_Ndoffene_Joof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof (page does not exist)">Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_maternal_clans" title="Serer maternal clans">Serer maternal clans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dynasties and<br />royal houses</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_family" title="Faye family">Faye family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelowar" title="Guelowar">Guelowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joof_family" title="Joof family">Joof family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joos_Maternal_Dynasty" title="Joos Maternal Dynasty">Joos Maternal Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Boureh_Gnilane_Joof" title="The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof">The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Jogo_Siga_Joof" title="The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof">The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Semou_Njekeh_Joof" title="The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof">The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_families" title="Category:Serer families">Families</a> and<br />royal titles</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buumi" title="Buumi">Buumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_family" title="Faye family">Faye family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joof_family" title="Joof family">Joof family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer" title="Lingeer">Lingeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loul" title="Loul">Loul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad" title="Maad">Maad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Saloum" title="Maad Saloum">Maad Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig" title="Maad a Sinig">Maad a Sinig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngum_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngum family (page does not exist)">Ngum family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Njie_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Njie family (page does not exist)">Njie family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarr_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarr family (page does not exist)">Sarr family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sene_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sene family (page does not exist)">Sene family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teigne" title="Teigne">Teigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilas" title="Thilas">Thilas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebu_people" title="Lebu people">Lebu people</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toucouleur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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