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href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Bahasa+Melayu" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Bahasa+Melayu" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Asal_usul_bahasa_Melayu_اصل_أصول_بهاس_ملايو" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal_usul_bahasa_Melayu_اصل_أصول_بهاس_ملايو"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Asal usul bahasa Melayu اصل أصول بهاس ملايو</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asal_usul_bahasa_Melayu_اصل_أصول_بهاس_ملايو-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_Bahasa_Melayu_سجاره_بهاس_ملايو" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_Bahasa_Melayu_سجاره_بهاس_ملايو"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah Bahasa Melayu سجاره بهاس ملايو</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_Bahasa_Melayu_سجاره_بهاس_ملايو-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengelasan_bahasa_ڤڠلسن_بهاس" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengelasan_bahasa_ڤڠلسن_بهاس"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pengelasan bahasa ڤڠلسن بهاس</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengelasan_bahasa_ڤڠلسن_بهاس-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistem_tulisan_سيستم_توليسن" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_tulisan_سيستم_توليسن"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sistem tulisan سيستم توليسن</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_tulisan_سيستم_توليسن-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistem_fonologi_سيستم_فونولوݢي" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_fonologi_سيستم_فونولوݢي"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sistem fonologi سيستم فونولوݢي</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sistem_fonologi_سيستم_فونولوݢي-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Sistem fonologi سيستم فونولوݢي</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sistem_fonologi_سيستم_فونولوݢي-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bunyi-bunyi_konsonan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bunyi-bunyi_konsonan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bunyi-bunyi konsonan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bunyi-bunyi_konsonan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bunyi-bunyi_vokal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bunyi-bunyi_vokal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bunyi-bunyi vokal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bunyi-bunyi_vokal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perbezaan_antara_Bahasa_Melayu_Piawai_dan_Bahasa_Indonesia_ڤربيذاءن_انتارا_بهاس_ملايو_ڤياواي_دان_بهاس_ايندونيسيا" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perbezaan_antara_Bahasa_Melayu_Piawai_dan_Bahasa_Indonesia_ڤربيذاءن_انتارا_بهاس_ملايو_ڤياواي_دان_بهاس_ايندونيسيا"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Perbezaan antara Bahasa Melayu Piawai dan Bahasa Indonesia ڤربيذاءن انتارا بهاس ملايو ڤياواي دان بهاس ايندونيسيا</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perbezaan_antara_Bahasa_Melayu_Piawai_dan_Bahasa_Indonesia_ڤربيذاءن_انتارا_بهاس_ملايو_ڤياواي_دان_بهاس_ايندونيسيا-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_daripada_bahasa_asing_ڤڠاروه_درڤد_بهاس_اسيڠ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_daripada_bahasa_asing_ڤڠاروه_درڤد_بهاس_اسيڠ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pengaruh daripada bahasa asing ڤڠاروه درڤد بهاس اسيڠ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pengaruh_daripada_bahasa_asing_ڤڠاروه_درڤد_بهاس_اسيڠ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Pengaruh daripada bahasa asing ڤڠاروه درڤد بهاس اسيڠ</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_daripada_bahasa_asing_ڤڠاروه_درڤد_بهاس_اسيڠ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_Bahasa_Sanskrit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_Bahasa_Sanskrit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Pengaruh Bahasa Sanskrit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_Bahasa_Sanskrit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_Bahasa_Jawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_Bahasa_Jawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Pengaruh Bahasa Jawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_Bahasa_Jawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_Arab-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_Arab-Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Pengaruh Arab-Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_Arab-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perbendaharaan_Kata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perbendaharaan_Kata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Perbendaharaan Kata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perbendaharaan_Kata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sebutan_Kata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sebutan_Kata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Sebutan Kata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sebutan_Kata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tulisan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tulisan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Tulisan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tulisan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_Bahasa_Cina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_Bahasa_Cina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Pengaruh Bahasa Cina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_Bahasa_Cina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_Portugis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_Portugis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Pengaruh Portugis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_Portugis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_Inggeris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_Inggeris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Pengaruh Inggeris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_Inggeris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definisi_bahasa_Melayu_tinggi_dan_bahasa_Melayu_baku_ديفينيسي_بهاس_ملايو_تيڠݢي_دان_بهاس_ملايو_باکو" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisi_bahasa_Melayu_tinggi_dan_bahasa_Melayu_baku_ديفينيسي_بهاس_ملايو_تيڠݢي_دان_بهاس_ملايو_باکو"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Definisi bahasa Melayu tinggi dan bahasa Melayu baku ديفينيسي بهاس ملايو تيڠݢي دان بهاس ملايو باکو</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definisi_bahasa_Melayu_tinggi_dan_bahasa_Melayu_baku_ديفينيسي_بهاس_ملايو_تيڠݢي_دان_بهاس_ملايو_باکو-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frasa_mudah_dalam_Bahasa_Melayu_فراسا_موده_دالم_بهاس_ملايو" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frasa_mudah_dalam_Bahasa_Melayu_فراسا_موده_دالم_بهاس_ملايو"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Frasa mudah dalam Bahasa Melayu فراسا موده دالم بهاس ملايو </span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Frasa_mudah_dalam_Bahasa_Melayu_فراسا_موده_دالم_بهاس_ملايو-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Frasa mudah dalam Bahasa Melayu فراسا موده دالم بهاس ملايو </span> </button> <ul id="toc-Frasa_mudah_dalam_Bahasa_Melayu_فراسا_موده_دالم_بهاس_ملايو-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penggunaan_tidak_formal_pada_zaman_kontemporari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan_tidak_formal_pada_zaman_kontemporari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Penggunaan tidak formal pada zaman kontemporari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan_tidak_formal_pada_zaman_kontemporari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galeri_ݢالري" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galeri_ݢالري"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Galeri ݢالري</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galeri_ݢالري-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga_ليهت_جوݢ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga_ليهت_جوݢ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Lihat juga ليهت جوݢ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga_ليهت_جوݢ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan_روجوعکن" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan_روجوعکن"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Rujukan روجوعکن</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan_روجوعکن-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nota_نوتا" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nota_نوتا"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Nota نوتا</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nota_نوتا-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar_ڤاءوتن_لوار" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar_ڤاءوتن_لوار"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Pautan luar ڤاءوتن لوار</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar_ڤاءوتن_لوار-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Isi Kandungan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bahasa Melayu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 139 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Meulayu" title="Bahsa Meulayu – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Meulayu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleis" title="Maleis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maleis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="መላይኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መላይኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मलय भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मलय भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الملايوية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الملايوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_malayo" title="Idioma malayo – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma malayo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="মালয় ভাষা – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মালয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_malayu" title="Idioma malayu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma malayu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A1jo_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Malájo ñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Malájo ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_dili" title="Malay dili – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Malay dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مالای دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مالای دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Melayu" title="Basa Melayu – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Melayu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="মালয় ভাষা – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মালয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Malayu" title="Basa Malayu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Malayu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1-l%C3%A2i-g%C3%AD" title="Má-lâi-gí – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Má-lâi-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Melayu" title="Basa Melayu – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Melayu" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Малай теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Малай теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Малайская мова – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Малайская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2sa_Malaju" title="Bhâsa Malaju – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâsa Malaju" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Malay" title="Tataramon na Malay – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Malay" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajski_jezik" title="Malajski jezik – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Malajski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayeg" title="Malayeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Malayeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Малайски език – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Малайски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malai" title="Malai – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Malayo" title="Pinulongang Malayo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Malayo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaj%C5%A1tina" title="Malajština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Malajština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleieg" title="Maleieg – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Maleieg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajisk_(sprog)" title="Malajisk (sprog) – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Malajisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaiische_Sprache" title="Malaiische Sprache – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Malaiische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malai_keel" title="Malai keel – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Malai keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μαλαϊκή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαλαϊκή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Malay language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_malayo" title="Idioma malayo – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma malayo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaja_lingvo" title="Malaja lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malaja lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiera" title="Malaysiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Malaysiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان مالایی – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان مالایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_bhasa" title="Malay bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Malay bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malais_(langue)" title="Malais (langue) – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Malais (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleisk" title="Maleisk – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Maleisk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhalaeis" title="An Mhalaeis – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mhalaeis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_malaia" title="Lingua malaia – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua malaia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2-l%C3%B2i-ng%C3%AE" title="Mâ-lòi-ngî – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mâ-lòi-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Малаймудин келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Малаймудин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="말레이어 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말레이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Malay" title="Harshen Malay – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Malay" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Malaia" title="ʻŌlelo Malaia – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Malaia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Մալայերեն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մալայերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मलय भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मलय भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaj%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Malajšćina – Sorbian Atas" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Malajšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Atas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajski_jezik" title="Malajski jezik – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Malajski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaya-linguo" title="Malaya-linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Malaya-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Malayo" title="Pagsasao a Malayo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Malayo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_malay" title="Lingua malay – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua malay" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Малайаг æвзаг – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Малайаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiMalay" title="IsiMalay – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiMalay" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_malese" title="Lingua malese – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua malese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מלאית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Malayu" title="Basa Malayu – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Malayu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მალაიური ენა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მალაიური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DB%92_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ملے زَبان – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ملے زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Малай тілі – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Малай тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Малай тили – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Малай тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimalay" title="Kimalay – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimalay" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Малай кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Малай кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Malaica" title="Lingua Malaica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Malaica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Malajiešu valoda – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Malajiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaj%C5%B3_kalba" title="Malajų kalba – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Malajų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_maleise" title="Lengua maleise – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua maleise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleis" title="Maleis – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Maleis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaiu_(lingua)" title="Melaiu (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Melaiu (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A1j_nyelv" title="Maláj nyelv – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maláj nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Малајски јазик – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Малајски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_malay" title="Fiteny malay – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny malay" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="മലയ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മലയ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Mar%C4%93o" title="Reo Marēo – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Marēo" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मलाय भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मलाय भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მალაიური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მალაიური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%89" title="ملايوى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملايوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مالایی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مالایی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯃꯂꯦ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯂꯦ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Malayu" title="Bahaso Malayu – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Malayu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81-l%C3%A0i-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Mā-lài-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mā-lài-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ပသျှူးဘာသာစကား – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပသျှူးဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleis" title="Maleis – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maleis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="マレー語 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マレー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Малайн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Малайн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaiisk_spriak" title="Malaiisk spriak – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Malaiisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayisk" title="Malayisk – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Malayisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayisk" title="Malayisk – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Malayisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malai_(lenga)" title="Malai (lenga) – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Malai (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_tili" title="Malay tili – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Malay tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਲਾਇ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਲਾਇ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%92_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مالے بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مالے بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="مالېزيايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مالېزيايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A1%E1%9F%81" title="ភាសាម៉ាឡេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាម៉ាឡេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Malay" title="Lenga Malay – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Malay" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaische_un_indonessche_Spraak" title="Malaische un indonessche Spraak – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Malaische un indonessche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_malajski" title="Język malajski – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język malajski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_malaia" title="Língua malaia – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua malaia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_tili" title="Malay tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Malay tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_malaiez%C4%83" title="Limba malaieză – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba malaieză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayu_simi" title="Malayu simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Malayu simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Малайский язык – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Малайский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Малаай тыла – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Малаай тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AD_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_leid" title="Malay leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Malay leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Malay language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ملائي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ملائي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Malajskŏ gŏdka – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Malajskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زمانی مالایی – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی مالایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Малајски језик – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Малајски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajski_jezik" title="Malajski jezik – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Malajski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Malayu" title="Basa Malayu – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Malayu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaijin_kieli" title="Malaijin kieli – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Malaijin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malajiska" title="Malajiska – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Malajiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Malayo" title="Wikang Malayo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Malayo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="மலாய் மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலாய் மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Малайя теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Малайя теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9" title="ภาษามลายู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษามลายู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_M%C3%A3_Lai" title="Tiếng Mã Lai – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Mã Lai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D3%A3" title="Забони малайӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони малайӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayca" title="Malayca – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malayca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Малайська мова – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Малайська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%92_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مالے زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مالے زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="مالاي تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مالاي تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_ma%C5%82eze" title="Łéngua małeze – Venetia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua małeze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minalayo" title="Minalayo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Minalayo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="马来语 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马来语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9" title="מאלייאיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאלייאיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A9%B1" title="馬來話 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬來話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayki" title="Malayki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Malayki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="马来语 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马来语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Malayu" title="Boros Malayu – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Malayu" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Melayu" title="Jaku Melayu – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Melayu" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Malayu" title="Basa Malayu – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Malayu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ – Tamazight Maghribi Standard" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maghribi Standard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9237#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9237" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rencana_pilihan" title="Rencana ini ialah rencana pilihan. Klik di sini untuk maklumat lanjut."><img alt="Rencana pilihan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:130%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Bahasa Melayu</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><span title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms">Bahasa 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Mono","EversonMono","Unifont","Quivira","sans-serif";direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override}.mw-parser-output .script-Sarb{font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old South Arabian"}.mw-parser-output .script-Saur{font-family:"Noto Sans Saurashtra"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sgnw{font-family:"Noto Sans SignWriting"}.mw-parser-output .script-Shaw{font-family:"Noto Sans Shavian"}.mw-parser-output .script-Shrd{font-family:"Noto Sans Sharada"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sidd{font-family:"Noto Sans Siddham","Muktamsiddham","ApDevaSanskrit","ApDevaSiddham","ApDevaSiddhamEx","ApSiddham","MuktamsiddhamG","和田研中丸ゴシック2004絵文字","WadaLabChuMaruGo2004Emoji","和田研細丸ゴシック2004絵文字","WadaLabMaruGo2004Emoji"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sind{font-family:"Noto Sans Khudawadi"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sinh{font-family:"Iskoola Pota","Noto Sans Sinhala","Noto Sans Sinhala","Nirmala UI"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sogd{font-family:"Noto Sans Sogdian"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sogo{font-family:"Noto Sans Old Sogdian"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sora{font-family:"Nirmala UI","Noto Sans Sora Sompeng"}.mw-parser-output .script-Soyo{font-family:"Noto Sans Soyombo"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sund{font-family:"Sundanese Unicode 2013","Sundanese Unicode","Noto Sans Sundanese"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sylo{font-family:"Noto Sans Syloti Nagri","Surma"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrc{font-family:"Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tagb{font-family:"Tagbanwa","Quivira","Noto Sans Tagbanwa","Code2000"}.mw-parser-output .script-Takr{font-family:"Noto Sans Takri"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tale{font-family:"Microsoft Tai Le","Noto Sans Tai Le"}.mw-parser-output .script-Talu{font-family:"Dai Banna SIL","Noto Sans New Tai Lue","Microsoft New Tai Lue"}.mw-parser-output .script-Taml{font-family:"Nirmala UI",Latha,"Noto Serif Tamil","Noto Sans Tamil"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tang{font-family:"Tangut Yinchuan","Tangut N4694","New Tangut","New Tangut Std","Tangut TWU","TH-Tshyn-P1","TH-Feon-B","Babelstone Tangut Wenhai","Noto Serif Tangut"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tavt{font-family:"Noto Sans Tai Viet"}.mw-parser-output .script-Telu{font-family:"Nirmala UI",Gautami,"Noto Serif Telugu","Noto Sans Telugu"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tfng{font-family:"DejaVu Sans","Ebrima","FreeSans","Noto Sans Tifinagh"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tglg{font-family:"Noto Sans Tagalog","Tagalog Doctrina 1593","Baybayin Lopez","Tagalog Stylized","Code2000"}.mw-parser-output .script-Thaa{font-family:"MV Boli","Noto Sans Thaana"}.mw-parser-output .script-Thai{font-family:"Noto Serif Thai",Leelawadee,Tahoma,"Noto Sans Thai"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tibt{font-family:"Microsoft Himalaya","Noto Sans Tibetan"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tirh{font-family:"Noto Sans Tirhuta"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tnsa{font-family:"Noto Sans Tangsa"}.mw-parser-output .script-Toto{font-family:"Noto Serif Toto"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic","Aegean"}.mw-parser-output .script-Vaii{font-family:Ebrima,"Noto Sans Vai"}.mw-parser-output .script-Vith{font-family:"Noto Serif Vithkuqi","Noto Sans Vithkuqi"}.mw-parser-output .script-Wara{font-family:"Noto Sans Warang Citi"}.mw-parser-output .script-Wcho{font-family:"Noto Sans Wancho"}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian","Artaxerxes","Xerxes","Aegean"}.mw-parser-output .script-Xsux{font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cuneiform"}.mw-parser-output .script-Yezi{font-family:"Noto Sans Yezidi","Noto Serif Yezidi"}.mw-parser-output .script-Yiii{font-family:"Nuosu SIL","SIL Yi","Microsoft Yi Baiti","Noto Sans Yi","NSimSun-18030","SimSun-18030","Code2000"}.mw-parser-output .script-Zanb{font-family:"BabelStone Zanabazar","Noto Sans Zanabazar Square"}.mw-parser-output .script-Zsye{font-family:"Apple Color Emoji","Noto Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbols"}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Latg{font-family:Duibhlinn,Ceanannas,Corcaigh,Bunchló,"Bunchló Ársa GC","Bunchlo Arsa GC",Gaelic,Gadelica,Junicode,Cardo}.mw-parser-output .script-Latn{font-family:"Palemonas MUFI","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Garamond Libre","Cormorant Garamond","Cormorant","Cardo","ETBookOT","ETBembo","Junicode","Andron Freefont LAT","PFEFFER MEDIÆVAL","Open Baskerville","Adobe Garamond Pro","Adobe Caslon Pro","Baskerville Ten","Garamond","serif"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syre{font-family:"Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrj{font-family:"Serto Antioch Bible","Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Western"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrn{font-family:"East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Noto Sans Syriac Eastern","Noto Sans Syriac",FreeSans,Code2000}.mw-parser-output .script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}</style><span class="script-Rjng">ꤷꥁꤼ ꤸꥍꤾꤿꥈ</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Asli kepada</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><div style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><div style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a><div style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a><div style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>)<div style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pattani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani">Pattani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narathiwat" class="mw-redirect" title="Narathiwat">Narathiwat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yala" class="mw-redirect" title="Yala">Yala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Songkhla" title="Wilayah Songkhla">Songkhla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranong" title="Ranong">Ranong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trang" class="mw-redirect" title="Trang">Trang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Satun" class="mw-redirect" title="Satun">Satun</a>)<div style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Tanintharyi" title="Wilayah Tanintharyi">Tanintharyi</a>)<div style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kemboja" title="Kemboja">Kemboja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, Kampong Cham, Kampong Speu, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Thom, Battambang, dan Pursat)<div style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pulau_Krismas" title="Pulau Krismas">Pulau Krismas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Cocos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepulauan Cocos">Kepulauan Cocos</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Kawasan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a> (terutama di <a href="/wiki/Nusantara" title="Nusantara">Nusantara</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Penutur bahasa</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_pertama" title="Bahasa pertama">B1</a>: 82 juta (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Jumlah (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_pertama" title="Bahasa pertama">B1</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_kedua" title="Bahasa kedua">B2</a>): 200–290 juta (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (termasuk penutur <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">Bahasa Indonesia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Keluarga_bahasa" title="Keluarga bahasa">Keluarga bahasa</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Austronesia" title="Bahasa-bahasa Austronesia">Austronesia</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Polinesia-Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa-bahasa Polinesia-Melayu">Subkeluarga Melayu-Polinesia</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Sumbawa-Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa-bahasa Sumbawa-Melayu">Rumpun Melayu-Sumbawa</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa-bahasa Melayu">Kumpulan bahasa-bahasa Melayik</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Bahasa Melayu</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Bentuk piawai</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Malaysia" title="Bahasa Melayu Malaysia">Bahasa Melayu Malaysia</a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">Bahasa Indonesia</a></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_penulisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem penulisan">Sistem penulisan</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Rumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Rumi">Rumi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin">latin</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Arab">Arab</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Thai">Thai</a> (Khususnya Melayu di Thailand)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_berkod_secara_manual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa berkod secara manual (laman tidak wujud)">Bentuk bahasa isyarat</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="plainlist"><ul style=""><li style=""><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_isyarat_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa isyarat Malaysia">Bahasa isyarat Malaysia</a></li><li style=""><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Isyarat_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Isyarat Indonesia">Bahasa Isyarat Indonesia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Status rasmi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Bahasa rasmi di</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (Kelainan dialek-dialek Melayu yang terdapat di Indonesia merupakan bahasa-bahasa daerah, manakala <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">bahasa Indonesia</a> ialah bahasa kebangsaan & rasmi)<div style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (Bahasa Melayu ialah bahasa kebangsaan mengikut <a href="/wiki/Perlembagaan_Persekutuan_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia">Perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia</a> yang dikawalselia pemiawaiannya oleh Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia)<div style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> (Bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa kebangsaan dan bahasa rasmi manakala dialek <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Brunei" title="Bahasa Melayu Brunei">bahasa Melayu Brunei</a> dituturkan sebagai bahasa sosial)<div style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> (bahasa Melayu ialah salah satu daripada empat bahasa rasmi)<div style="clear:both;"></div> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Bahasa Indonesia salah satu bahasa rasmi)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Bahasa minoriti<br />dikenali di</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">bahasa Indonesia</a> dipakai dalam <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Keselamatan_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a>) <div style="clear:both;"></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kelantan" title="Bahasa Melayu Kelantan">Bahasa Melayu Pattani</a> dan sebahagian penutur <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kedah" title="Bahasa Melayu Kedah">Bahasa Melayu Kedah</a>) </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kedah" title="Bahasa Melayu Kedah">Bahasa Melayu Kedah</a> dituturkan oleh orang <a href="/wiki/Orang_Melayu_Myanmar" title="Orang Melayu Myanmar">Melayu Burma</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Moken" class="mw-redirect" title="Moken">Moken</a>) </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kemboja" title="Kemboja">Kemboja</a> (Bahasa Melayu ialah bahasa yang popular dituturkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Orang_Cam" title="Orang Cam">Orang Cam</a> di Kemboja) </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a> sebagai bahasa perdagangan dengan Malaysia dan di <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Autonomi_Islam_Mindanao" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah Autonomi Islam Mindanao">Wilayah Autonomi Islam Mindanao</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Balabac" title="Balabac">Balabac</a>) </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Sri_Lanka" title="Bahasa Melayu Sri Lanka">Bahasa Melayu Sri Lanka</a> adalah bahasa kreol Melayu dituturkan dalam kalangan masyarakat Melayu Sri Lanka, Sinhala, dan Hambantota) </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">Bahasa Indonesia</a> digunakan sebagai bahasa kerja dan bahasa perdagangan) </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pulau_Krismas" title="Pulau Krismas">Pulau Krismas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Cocos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepulauan Cocos">Kepulauan Cocos</a>) (sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Cocos" title="Bahasa Melayu Cocos">bahasa Melayu Cocos</a>) </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a> (Bahasa Melayu dipakai oleh penduduk Melayu yang bermukim di wilayah <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>. Bentuk piawai Malaysia yang paling lazim dipakai)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Senarai_pengawal_bahasa" title="Senarai pengawal bahasa">Dikawal selia oleh</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><b>Peringkat rantau</b>:<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"><img alt="Brunei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Majlis_Bahasa_Brunei_Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia" title="Majlis Bahasa Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia">Majlis Bahasa Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia</a> (MABBIM) <b>Peringkat kebangsaan</b>:<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Badan_Pengembangan_Bahasa_dan_Perbukuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan">Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa</a><div style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"><img alt="Brunei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura"><img alt="Singapura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majlis_Bahasa_Melayu_Singapura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majlis Bahasa Melayu Singapura (laman tidak wujud)">Majlis Bahasa Melayu Singapura</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Kod bahasa</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=">ms</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=288">may</a></span> (B)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=288">msa</a></span> (T)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Pelbagai:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/zlm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:zlm">zlm</a></code> – Bahasa Melayu (generik)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/msa" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:msa">msa</a></code> – Bahasa Melayu (tertentu)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/btj" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:btj">btj</a></code> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Melayu_Bacan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Melayu Bacan (laman tidak wujud)">Bahasa Melayu Bacan</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bve" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bve">bve</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Berau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Melayu Berau">Bahasa Melayu Berau</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bvu" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bvu">bvu</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Bukit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Melayu Bukit">Bahasa Melayu Bukit</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/coa" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:coa">coa</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Cocos" title="Bahasa Melayu Cocos">Bahasa Melayu Cocos</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/jax" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:jax">jax</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Jambi" title="Bahasa Melayu Jambi">Bahasa Melayu Jambi</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bke" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bke">bke</a></code> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Melayu_Bengkulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Melayu Bengkulu (laman tidak wujud)">Bahasa Melayu Bengkulu</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/plm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:plm">plm</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Palembang" title="Bahasa Melayu Palembang">Bahasa Melayu Palembang</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bsm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bsm">bsm</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Basemah" title="Bahasa Melayu Basemah">Bahasa Melayu Basemah</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mfb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mfb">mfb</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Bangka" title="Bahasa Melayu Bangka">Bahasa Melayu Bangka</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/meo" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:meo">meo</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kedah" title="Bahasa Melayu Kedah">Bahasa Melayu Kedah</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mqg" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mqg">mqg</a></code> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Melayu_Kutai_Kota_Bangun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Melayu Kutai Kota Bangun (laman tidak wujud)">Bahasa Melayu Kutai Kota Bangun</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xmm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xmm">xmm</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Manado" title="Bahasa Melayu Manado">Bahasa Melayu Manado</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/max" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:max">max</a></code> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Melayu_Maluku_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Melayu Maluku Utara (laman tidak wujud)">Bahasa Melayu Maluku Utara</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mfa" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mfa">mfa</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kelantan" title="Bahasa Melayu Kelantan">Bahasa Melayu Kelantan-Pattani</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/msi" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:msi">msi</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Sabah" title="Bahasa Melayu Sabah">Bahasa Melayu Sabah</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/vkt" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:vkt">vkt</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kutai_Tenggarong" title="Bahasa Melayu Kutai Tenggarong">Bahasa Melayu Kutai Tenggarong</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hji" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hji">hji</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Haji" title="Bahasa Haji">Bahasa Haji</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bew" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bew">bew</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Betawi" title="Bahasa Betawi">Bahasa Betawi</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pmy" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pmy">pmy</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Papua" title="Bahasa Melayu Papua">Bahasa Melayu Papua</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bjn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bjn">bjn</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Banjar" title="Bahasa Banjar">Bahasa Banjar</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/zsm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:zsm">zsm</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Malaysia" title="Bahasa Melayu Malaysia"> Bahasa Melayu Standard</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ind" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ind">ind</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">Bahasa Indonesia</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/zmi" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:zmi">zmi</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Negeri_Sembilan" title="Bahasa Melayu Negeri Sembilan">Bahasa Melayu Negeri Sembilan</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tiada" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tiada">tiada</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Sarawak" title="Bahasa Melayu Sarawak">Bahasa Melayu Sarawak</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bln" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bln">bln</a></code> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Melayu_Bulungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Melayu Bulungan (laman tidak wujud)">Bahasa Melayu Bulungan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1326">indo1326</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: [[:Templat:Infobox Bahasa/family-color]];line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="float:left;margin-left:0.2em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_bahasa/Sampel" title="Templat:Kotak info bahasa/Sampel"><img alt="Informasi penggunaan templat turunan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div>Sampel</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em"> <div style="border-radius:0.7em; margin-right:1em;margin-left:1em;margin-bottom:0.2em;opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: [[:Templat:Infobox Bahasa/family-color]];line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><center><b>Sampel teks</b></center></div>Logo <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> dalam bahasa Melayu yang berisi transkripsi "Wikipedia" (atas) ke dalam ortografi masing-masing dan slogan "Ensiklopedia Bebas" (bawah) yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa tersebut.<div style="font-family: times, Times New Roman, serif; margin-left:0.8em;margin-top:0.4em;margin-right:0.8em"><div class="bg-wp"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipedia-logo-v2-ms.svg/170px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-ms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipedia-logo-v2-ms.svg/255px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-ms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipedia-logo-v2-ms.svg/340px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-ms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:normal;text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em"><center><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Halaman_artikel_bahasa_dengan_sampel_teks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Halaman artikel bahasa dengan sampel teks (laman tidak wujud)">Sampel teks lainnya</a></span></center></td></tr></tbody></table> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Malayophone_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Malayophone_world.svg/220px-Malayophone_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Malayophone_world.svg/330px-Malayophone_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Malayophone_world.svg/440px-Malayophone_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="190" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Negara-negara yang mana Bahasa Melayu dituturkan <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5537384">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#000075; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Bahasa rasmi</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#439dd4; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Diiktiraf sebagai bahasa minoriti atau bahasa perdagangan</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bahasa Melayu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Tulisan Jawi</a>: بهاس ملايو; <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Rejang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Rejang">Rejang</a>: ꤷꥁꤼ ꤸꥍꤾꤿꥈ) ialah salah satu daripada <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Melayu-Polinesia" title="Bahasa-bahasa Melayu-Polinesia">bahasa-bahasa Melayu-Polinesia</a> di bawah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Austronesia" title="Bahasa-bahasa Austronesia">keluarga bahasa Austronesia</a>, yang merupakan bahasa rasmi di <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>, serta dituturkan di <a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a> dan sebahagian wilayah di <a href="/wiki/Kemboja" title="Kemboja">Kemboja</a> , <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. Jumlah penutur bahasa ini mencakupi lebih daripada 290 juta penutur<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (termasuk sebanyak 260 juta orang penutur <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">bahasa Indonesia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> merentasi <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara_Maritim" title="Asia Tenggara Maritim">kawasan maritim</a> <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a>. </p><p>Sebagai salah satu daripada bahasa-bahasa yang paling luas digunakan di Asia Tenggara, bahasa Melayu mempunyai istilah perundangan yang berbeza di negara-negara terlibat bergantung pada <a href="/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah">sejarah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya">budaya</a> penggunaan bahasa Melayu di negara-negara tersebut. Di Malaysia, istilah "bahasa Melayu" ialah istilah <i>de jure</i> untuk pentakrifan rasmi bahasa kebangsaan negara Malaysia,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> manakala istilah "bahasa Malaysia" atau "bahasa Melayu Malaysia" seringkali digunakan mewakili perkara yang sama secara tidak formal di kalangan rakyat Malaysia. Di <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>, Bahasa Melayu mempunyai status bahasa kebangsaan pada waktu yang sama merupakan salah satu daripada empat bahasa rasmi (tiga lagi bahasa rasmi lain ialah bahasa Inggeris, bahasa Cina, dan bahasa Tamil).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Brunei, "bahasa Melayu" juga ditakrifkan sebagai bahasa rasmi negara dan bahasa Melayu diutamakan apabila berlakunya percanggahan dengan versi bahasa Inggeris teks undang-udang.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Indonesia, bentuk piawai bahasa Melayu dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">bahasa Indonesia</a> yang berperanan sebagai bahasa pemersatu di negara Indonesia. Penggunaan istilah "bahasa Melayu" di Indonesia pula hanya terhad kepada bentuk-bentuk vernakular bahasa Melayu (yakni bahasa Melayu tempatan) yang dituturkan di kawasan yang pernah di bawah pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Melayu_Johor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Melayu Johor">Kesultanan Johor-Riau</a> terletak di zon tengah <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> (seperti <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Riau" title="Kepulauan Riau">Kepulauan Riau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a> dan lain-lain), <a href="/wiki/Sumatra_Selatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumatra Selatan">Sumatra Selatan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Barat" title="Kalimantan Barat">Kalimantan Barat</a> Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di <a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a>, Bahasa Indonesia masih tetap dikekalkan sebagai bahasa rasmi utamanya sebagai "bahasa bekerja" walaupun telah merdeka daripada negara Indonesia. Di selatan <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, bahasa Melayu digunakan oleh orang-orang dari <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Melayu_Patani" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Melayu Patani">Kesultanan Melayu Patani</a> (orang Melayu <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Pattani" title="Wilayah Pattani">Pattani</a>), tetapi tidak memperolehi sebarang pengiktirafan daripada kerajaan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fail:WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Zairul_speaking_Malay.webm&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Seorang penutur bahasa Melayu piawai di Langkawi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="126" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fail:WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Senful_speaking_Malay.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Seorang pemuda sedang bercakap dalam dialek Kedah</figcaption></figure> <p>Bahasa Melayu Klasik, secara spesifiknya "bahasa istana" (atau dikenali sebagai <i>Court Malay</i> dalam bahasa Inggeris), ialah bahasa piawai sastera bersusurgalur daripada kesultanan <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Melaka">Melaka</a> dan kesultanan <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Johor-Riau" title="Kesultanan Johor-Riau">Johor</a>, disebabkan itulah bahasa ini juga dikenali sebagai bahasa Melayu Melaka, Johor, Riau (atau pelbagai jenis gabungan nama yang berasaskan mana-mana dari tiga nama tempat ini) untuk membezakannya daripada <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Melayik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa-bahasa Melayik">bahasa-bahasa Melayik</a> yang lain. Menurut <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> 26, beberapa kelainan bahasa-bahasa Melayik disenaraikan sebagai bahasa-bahasa yang terpisah, termasuklah kelainan bahasa-bahasa <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Tanah_Melayu" title="Semenanjung Tanah Melayu">Melayu Semenanjung</a> yang dituturkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a>, yang sangat rapat hubungannya dengan bahasa Melayu Baku yang boleh dianggap sebagai dialek-dialeknya.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terdapat beberapa bahasa dagang atau bahasa kreol Melayu yang berdasarkan satu bentuk <i>lingua franca</i> yang disusurgalurkan ke bahasa Melayu Klasik. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asal_usul_bahasa_Melayu_اصل_أصول_بهاس_ملايو"><span id="Asal_usul_bahasa_Melayu_.D8.A7.D8.B5.D9.84_.D8.A3.D8.B5.D9.88.D9.84_.D8.A8.D9.87.D8.A7.D8.B3_.D9.85.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.8A.D9.88"></span>Asal usul bahasa Melayu اصل أصول بهاس ملايو</h2></div> <p>Ahli-ahli linguistik bahasa Melayu bersetuju dengan kemungkinan bahawa asal usul bahasa Melayu terletak di barat pulau <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satu bentuk bahasa yang kini dikenali sebagai bahasa Melayu Purba (dari segi linguistik dikenali sebagai bahasa Melayik Purba) dituturkan di pulau Borneo sekurang-kurangnya pada 1000 tahun sebelum Masihi dan dianggap sebagai leluhur kepada kesemua bahasa di bawah kumpulan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa-bahasa Melayu">Melayik</a>. Leluhur bahasa purba ini ialah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu-Polinesia_Purba" title="Bahasa Melayu-Polinesia Purba">bahasa Melayu-Polinesia Purba</a>, yang merupakan turunan dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Austronesia_Purba" title="Bahasa Austronesia Purba">bahasa Austronesia Purba</a>, mula bercambah sekurang-kurangnya pada 2000 tahun sebelum Masihi, yang mungkin hasil daripada penerokaan <a href="/wiki/Orang_Austronesia" title="Orang Austronesia">orang Austronesia</a> dari pulau <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> ke arah kawasan yang terletak lebih selatan yakni kawasan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara_Maritim" title="Asia Tenggara Maritim">maritim Asia Tenggara</a> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah_Bahasa_Melayu_سجاره_بهاس_ملايو"><span id="Sejarah_Bahasa_Melayu_.D8.B3.D8.AC.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.87_.D8.A8.D9.87.D8.A7.D8.B3_.D9.85.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.8A.D9.88"></span>Sejarah Bahasa Melayu سجاره بهاس ملايو</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_bahasa_Melayu" title="Sejarah bahasa Melayu">Sejarah bahasa Melayu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Srivijaya_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Srivijaya_Empire.svg/220px-Srivijaya_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Srivijaya_Empire.svg/330px-Srivijaya_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Srivijaya_Empire.svg/440px-Srivijaya_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Selama berabad lamanya, <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> melalui perluasan jajahan, kekuasaan ekonomi dan keunggulan tenteranya memainkan peranan yang sangat besar terhadap peluasan penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kuno" title="Bahasa Melayu Kuno">bahasa Melayu Kuno</a> merentasi <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Melayu" title="Kepulauan Melayu">Kepulauan Melayu</a>. Ia merupakan bahasa kerja antara pedagang-pedagang dan digunakan di banyak kawasan pelabuhan dan kawasan pasaran. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Lawah-Lawah_Merah_(1875).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lawah-Lawah_Merah_%281875%29.pdf/page1-220px-Lawah-Lawah_Merah_%281875%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lawah-Lawah_Merah_%281875%29.pdf/page1-330px-Lawah-Lawah_Merah_%281875%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lawah-Lawah_Merah_%281875%29.pdf/page1-440px-Lawah-Lawah_Merah_%281875%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption><i>Lawah-Lawah Merah</i> (1875), ialah terjemahan kepada <i>L'araignée rouge</i> oleh René de Pont-Jest dikenalpasti sebagai novel bahasa Melayu yang pertama. Sebelum zaman itu, kesusasteraan dan penceritaan Melayu jumhurnya ditulis dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Hikayat" title="Hikayat">hikayat</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Secara umumnya, garis perkembangan bahasa Melayu terbahagi kepada tiga fasa utama iaitu bahasa Melayu Kuno, bahasa Melayu Klasik dan bahasa Melayu Moden, <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan terdapat fasa peralihan di antara fasa-fasa utama tersebut. Sesetengah pakar bahasa menganggap bahasa Melayu Kuno ialah bahasa leluhur bahasa Melayu Klasik,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi sesetengah ahli linguistik yang lain pula berpendapat bahawa hubungan leluhur antara dua fasa bahasa ini susah untuk ditentusahkan<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> berikutan keganjilan dari segi morfologi dan sintaksis antara dua fasa ini, serta keserentakan penggunaan kedua-dua fasa bahasa ini pada abad ke-14.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bahasa Melayu Kuno dipengaruhi oleh bahasa Sanskrit yang merupakan bahasa klasik di <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Peminjaman kata-kata Sanskrit boleh didapati dalam perbendaharaan bahasa Melayu Kuno. Batu bersurat terawal dalam bahasa Melayu Kuno dijumpai di <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, Indonesia, dan ditulis dalam huruf-huruf Grantha bervariasi <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Pallava" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Pallava">Pallava</a> <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan tarikhnya ditentukan pada 1 Mei 683. Batu bersurat ini dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Batu_Bersurat_Kedukan_Bukit" title="Batu Bersurat Kedukan Bukit">batu bersurat Kedukan Bukit</a> yang dijumpai oleh <a href="/wiki/Orang_Belanda" title="Orang Belanda">orang Belanda</a> yang bernama M. Batenburg pada 29 November 1920 di <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Musi" title="Sungai Musi">Sungai Musi</a>, Kedukan Bukit, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> Selatan. Ia merupakan batu kecil berukuran 45 kali 80 sentimeter (18 in × 31 in). </p><p>Bukti lain ialah naskhah Undang-undang Tanjung Tanah dalam huruf-huruf pasca-Pallava.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teks perundangan pra-Islam pada abad ke-14 ini dihasilkan pada zaman pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Adityawarman" title="Adityawarman">Adityawarman</a> (1345–1377) di kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya</a>, yang merupakan kerajaan Hindu-Buddha yang membangun setelah tamatnya kekuasaan <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> di <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. Undang-undang ini ditulis untuk <a href="/wiki/Orang_Minangkabau" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Minangkabau">orang Minangkabau</a> yang masih tinggal di tanah tinggi di barat <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Batu_bersurat_Terengganu" class="mw-redirect" title="Batu bersurat Terengganu">Batu bersurat Terengganu</a> (Jawi: باتو برسورت ترڠݢانو) ialah pacakan batu granit dengan inskripsi tulisan Jawi dan dijumpai di Terengganu, Malaysia. Ia adalah bukti terawal kewujudan batu-batu bersurat bahasa Melayu Klasik. Batu bersurat yang bertarikh tahun 702 hijrah (bersamaan tahun 1303 masihi) merupakan bukti terawal tulisan Jawi di alam Melayu Asia Tenggara, dan juga merupakan salah satu daripada bukti terawal kepada kewujudan Islam sebagai agama negeri di rantau ini. Kandungan batu bersurat ini ialah pengisytiharan pemerintah di Terengganu yang dikenali sebagai Seri Padukan Tuan, yang menyuruh pengikutnya untuk mendukung agama Islam, serta memberikan 10 fasal asas undang-undang syariah bagi membimbing pengikutnya. </p><p>Bahasa Melayu mendapat penggunaan yang semakin meluas dan kukuh sebagai <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">bahasa perantaraan</a> kawasan maritim Asia Tenggara sewaktu zaman <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Melayu_Melaka" title="Kesultanan Melayu Melaka">Kesultanan Melayu Melaka</a> (1402–1511). Zaman ini menyaksikan perkembangan bahasa Melayu yang pantas di bawah pengaruh kesusasteraan Islam. Perkembangan bahasa ini mengubah sifat bahasa ini melalui kemasukan perbendaharaan kata secara mendadak dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil">bahasa Tamil</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskrit" title="Bahasa Sanskrit">bahasa Sanskrit</a>, sehingga membentuk <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Klasik" title="Bahasa Melayu Klasik">kesusasteraan Melayu Klasik</a> yang matang. Bahasa Melayu pada zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka ini berevolusi menjadi bentuk yang boleh dikenalpasti oleh penutur bahasa Melayu pada zaman moden. Apabila kerajaan ini berpindah dan mendirikan Kesultanan Johor Lama, ia terus digunapakai sebagai bahasa klasik serantau; sehingga ia amat berhubungkait dengan kerajaan Riau di bawah pengaruh Belanda dan kerajaan Johor di bawah pengaruh British sehingga bahasa Melayu Riau dianggap dekat dengan bahasa klasik itu. Namun, tiada hubungkait antara bahasa Melayu Melaka yang digunakan di istana Riau dan bahasa Riau vernakular yang digunapakai oleh penduduk tempatan Riau.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surat-surat dari Sultan Abu Hayat yang memerintah <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Maluku" title="Kepulauan Maluku">Kepulauan Maluku</a> (yang kini di dalam <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) pada tahun 1521-1522 merupakan antara surat-surat tertua yang ditulis dalam bahasa Melayu. Teks surat ini ditulis kepada raja <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, selepas berhubung dengan peneroka Portugis bernama Francisco Serrão.<sup id="cite_ref-sneddon_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sneddon-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surat-surat ini menunjukkan tanda penggunaan bahasa yang bukan asli; kerana orang <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a> menggunapakai (dari dahulukala sehingga ke hari ini) bahasa Ternate sebagai bahasa ibunda mereka (yakni salah satu daripada bahasa-bahasa di Papua Barat). Bahasa Melayu adalah satu-satunya bahasa yang digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">bahasa perantara</a> (atau <i>lingua franca</i>) untuk perhubungan antara pelbagai kaum.<sup id="cite_ref-sneddon_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sneddon-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengelasan_bahasa_ڤڠلسن_بهاس"><span id="Pengelasan_bahasa_.DA.A4.DA.A0.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.86_.D8.A8.D9.87.D8.A7.D8.B3"></span>Pengelasan bahasa ڤڠلسن بهاس</h2></div> <p>Bahasa Melayu ialah salah satu ahli keluarga bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Austronesia" title="Bahasa-bahasa Austronesia">Austronesia</a> yang meliputi bahasa-bahasa di kawasan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lautan_Teduh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lautan Teduh">Lautan Teduh</a>, serta sebilangan kecil di benua <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Malagasi" title="Bahasa Malagasi">Bahasa Malagasi</a>, yakni bahasa tersisih dari segi geografi, yang dituturkan di <a href="/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a> terletak di barat <a href="/wiki/Lautan_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Lautan India">Lautan India</a>, juga merupakan ahli keluarga bahasa-bahasa Austronesia. Walaupun bahasa-bahasa ini tidak semestinya mempunyai kesalingfahaman yang jelas, persamaan yang terdapat pada bahasa-bahasa ini sebenarnya agak jelas. Dalam bahasa-bahasa yang lebih konservatif seperti bahasa Melayu, terdapat banyak kata-kata akar yang mengalami perubahan yang agak kecil dari bahasa leluhur mereka yakni <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Austronesia_Purba" title="Bahasa Austronesia Purba">bahasa Austronesia Purba</a>. Terdapat banyak kata-kata kognat dalam perbendaharaan bahasa-bahasa ini dari segi hubungan pertalian, kesihatan, bahagian tubuh badan, dan nama-nama haiwan am. Persamaan dijumpai lebih ketara pada nombor-nombor yang ada pada keluarga bahasa ini. </p><p>Di bawah keluarga bahasa Austronesia, bahasa Melayu terdiri daripada sekelompok gaya-gaya pertuturan yang rapat hubungkaitnya yang dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa-bahasa Melayu">bahasa-bahasa Melayik</a> yang tersebar merentasi Semenanjung Tanah Melayu dan kepulauan Indonesia oleh pedagang-pedagang Melayu dari Sumatra. Terdapat perbezaan pendapat mengenai kelainan-kelainan pertuturan yang manakah sepatutnya dikempok sebagai dialek-dialek bahasa Melayu, dan kelainan-kelainan yang manakah sepatutnya dianggap sebagai bahasa-bahasa Melayu yang terpisah. Bahasa vernakular di Brunei yakni <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Brunei" title="Bahasa Melayu Brunei">bahasa Melayu Brunei</a> misalnya tidak boleh disalingfaham dengan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_baku" title="Bahasa baku">bahasa piawai</a>, dan hal ini turut berlaku pada kelainan bahasa yang terdapat di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu seperti <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kedah" title="Bahasa Melayu Kedah">bahasa Melayu Kedah</a>. Tetapi, bahasa Melayu Brunei dan bahasa Melayu Kedah pula mempunyai hubungan yang agak dekat.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistem_tulisan_سيستم_توليسن"><span id="Sistem_tulisan_.D8.B3.D9.8A.D8.B3.D8.AA.D9.85_.D8.AA.D9.88.D9.84.D9.8A.D8.B3.D9.86"></span>Sistem tulisan سيستم توليسن</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg/220px-Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg/330px-Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg/440px-Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Huruf-huruf <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Rencong" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Rencong">Rencong</a>, salah satu sistem tulisan tempatan yang dijumpai di tengah dan selatan <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. Teks ini dibaca (menggunakan ejaan Voorhoeve) seperti berikut: "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:KedukanBukit001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KedukanBukit001.jpg/230px-KedukanBukit001.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/KedukanBukit001.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bersurat_Kedukan_Bukit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batu bersurat Kedukan Bukit (laman tidak wujud)">Batu bersurat Kedukan Bukit</a> menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Pallava" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Pallava">tulisan Pallava</a>, merupakan spesimen tertua mewakili bahasa Melayu Kuno di <a href="/wiki/Sumatra_Selatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumatra Selatan">Sumatra Selatan</a>, Indonesia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bahasa Melayu kini ditulis dalam <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Rumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Rumi">tulisan Rumi</a> di Brunei, Malaysia dan Singapura atau <i>tulisan Latin</i> di Indonesia, walaupun <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Arab">tulisan Arab</a> yang dikenali sebagai <i>tulisan Arab Melayu</i> atau <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">tulisan Jawi</a> juga wujud. Tulisan Rumi merupakan tulisan rasmi di negara Malaysia, Singapura, dan Indonesia. Bahasa Melayu menggunakan sistem <a href="/wiki/Angka_Arab" title="Angka Arab">angka Arab</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Final_pages_of_the_Taj_al-Salatin,_The_Crown_of_Kings,_a_Malay_mirror_for_princes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Final_pages_of_the_Taj_al-Salatin%2C_The_Crown_of_Kings%2C_a_Malay_mirror_for_princes.jpg/220px-Final_pages_of_the_Taj_al-Salatin%2C_The_Crown_of_Kings%2C_a_Malay_mirror_for_princes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Final_pages_of_the_Taj_al-Salatin%2C_The_Crown_of_Kings%2C_a_Malay_mirror_for_princes.jpg/330px-Final_pages_of_the_Taj_al-Salatin%2C_The_Crown_of_Kings%2C_a_Malay_mirror_for_princes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Final_pages_of_the_Taj_al-Salatin%2C_The_Crown_of_Kings%2C_a_Malay_mirror_for_princes.jpg/440px-Final_pages_of_the_Taj_al-Salatin%2C_The_Crown_of_Kings%2C_a_Malay_mirror_for_princes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>Beberapa muka surat terakhir Taj al-Salatin, disalin oleh Muhammad bin Umar Syaikh Farid pada 31 Julai 1824 di <a href="/wiki/Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Penang">Penang</a> dalam tulisan Jawi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Library (laman tidak wujud)">British Library</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kedua-dua tulisan Rumi dan tulisan Jawi adalah tulisan-tulisan rasmi hanya di <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>. Nama-nama di institusi atau organisasi di Brunei perlu menggunakan kedua-dua jenis tulisan. Tulisan Jawi digunakan secara penuh di sekolah-sekolah agama yang pelajar-pelajar Muslim berumur 6-7 sehingga 12-14 tahun perlu hadiri pada waktu tengah hari. </p><p>Beberapa usaha sedang diambil untuk memelihara tulisan Jawi di Malaysia, dan pelajar-pelajar yang mengambil peperiksaan dalam bahasa Melayu di Malaysia diberi pilihan untuk menjawab soalan-soalan dalam tulisan Jawi. </p><p>Namun tulisan Rumi ialah tulisan yang paling kerap digunapakai di Brunei dan Malaysia untuk kegunaan rasmi mahupun tidak rasmi. </p><p>Pada masa lampau, bahasa Melayu ditulis dalam pelbagai jenis tulisan lain. Sebelum pengenalan tulisan Arab di rantau kepulauan Melayu, bahasa Melayu ditulis dalam <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Pallava" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Pallava">tulisan Pallava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Kawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Kawi">tulisan Kawi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Rencong" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Rencong">tulisan Rencong</a>; tulisan-tulisan tersebut kini sudah tidak digunakan lagi tetapi tulisan yang seakan contohnya seperti tulisan Cam masih digunapakai oleh <a href="/wiki/Orang_Cam" title="Orang Cam">orang Cam</a> di Vietnam dan Kemboja. Bahasa Melayu Kuno ditulis dalam tulisan Pallava dan Kawi seperti pada bukti batu bersurat di kawasan rantau Melayu. Bermula dengan era Kerajaan Samudera-Pasai sehingga ke zaman kemuncak Kesultanan Melaka, tulisan Jawi sedikit demi sedikit menggantikan penggunaan tulisan-tulisan ini sebagai tulisan yang paling banyak digunapakai di alam Melayu. Bermula dengan abad ke-17, di bawah pengaruh Belanda dan British, Jawi sedikit demi sedikit digantikan dengan tulisan Rumi.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Untuk mengetahui kaedah penggunaan abjad, penulisan huruf, penulisan kata, penulisan unsur serapan dan tanda baca umum yang dipraktikkan dalam bahasa Melayu, sila lihat: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721065845/http://appw05.dbp.gov.my/dokumen/ejaan.pdf">Laman arkib Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Melayu</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistem_fonologi_سيستم_فونولوݢي"><span id="Sistem_fonologi_.D8.B3.D9.8A.D8.B3.D8.AA.D9.85_.D9.81.D9.88.D9.86.D9.88.D9.84.D9.88.DD.A2.D9.8A"></span>Sistem fonologi سيستم فونولوݢي</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Fonologi_bahasa_Melayu" title="Fonologi bahasa Melayu">Fonologi bahasa Melayu</a></div> <p>Salah satu faktor utama yang menjadikan Bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa yang sangat mudah untuk dipelajari adalah disebabkan oleh sistem <a href="/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi">fonologi</a> yang amat mudah. Boleh dikatakan hampir setiap huruf Rumi mewakili satu sebutan <a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonem</a>. Bahasa Melayu, seperti kebanyakan bahasa lain di bawah keluarga Austronesia, bukanlah <a href="/wiki/Nada_(linguistik)" title="Nada (linguistik)">bahasa bernada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bunyi-bunyi_konsonan">Bunyi-bunyi konsonan</h3></div> <p>Bunyi-bunyi konsonan bahasa Melayu Malaysia<sup id="cite_ref-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan juga bahasa Indonesia<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ditunjukkan seperti berikut. Bunyi-bunyi konsonan yang bukan asli daripada kata-kata pinjaman bahasa Arab dan bahasa Inggeris ditunjukkan dalam tanda kurung. </p> <center> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center"> <caption><b>Jadual fonem konsonan dalam Bahasa Melayu</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th width="50" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_dwibibir" title="Konsonan dwibibir">Dwibibir</a> </th> <th width="50" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_bibir-gigi" title="Konsonan bibir-gigi">Bibir-<br />gigi</a> </th> <th width="50" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_gigi" title="Konsonan gigi">Gigi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_gusi" title="Konsonan gusi">Gusi</a> </th> <th width="50" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_belakang_gusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan belakang gusi">Bel.<br />gusi</a> </th> <th width="50" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_lelangit" title="Konsonan lelangit">Lelangit</a> </th> <th width="50" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_velar" title="Konsonan velar">Velum</a> </th> <th width="50" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_uvular" title="Konsonan uvular">Uvula</a> </th> <th width="50" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_glotis" title="Konsonan glotis">Peti suara</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_sengauan" title="Konsonan sengauan">Sengau</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><b>m</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/m/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>n</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/n/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>ny</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/ɲ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>ng</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/ŋ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_hentian" title="Konsonan hentian">Letupan/<br />Hentian</a> </th> <td><b>p</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/p/</span> </td> <td><b>b</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/b/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><b>t</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/t/</span> </td> <td><b>d</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/d/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><b>k</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/k/</span> </td> <td><b>g</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/g/</span> </td> <td colspan="2">(<b>q</b> /q/) </td> <td colspan="2"><b>k (koda)</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/ʔ/</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_letusan" title="Konsonan letusan">Letusan</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><b>c</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/tʃ/</span></td> <td><b>j</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/dʒ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_geseran" title="Konsonan geseran">Geseran</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><b>f</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/f/</span></td> <td><b>v</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/v</span>/ </td> <td><b>s</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/s/</span></td> <td>(<b>z</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/z/</span>) </td> <td>(<b>sy</b> <br /> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/ʃ/</span>) </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>(<b>kh</b> /x/) </td> <td>(<b>gh</b> /<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Geseran_velar_bersuara" title="Geseran velar bersuara">ɣ</a></span>/) </td> <td colspan="2"><b>h</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/h/</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_malaran_tak_geser" title="Konsonan malaran tak geser">Malaran<br />tak geser</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>y</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/j/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>w</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/w/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_getaran" title="Konsonan getaran">Getaran</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>r</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/r/</span>* </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_sisian" title="Konsonan sisian">Sisian</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>l</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/l/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <p>* Mengikut takrifan bahasa baku. Penutur tidak semestinya menyebut fonem /r/ sebegini. </p><p><b>Fonem pinjaman dari bahasa Arab</b>: </p> <ul><li>Fonem-fonem yang hanya wujud dalam kata pinjaman bahasa Arab mungkin disebut dalam fonemnya tersendiri oleh mereka yang mahir tentang cara pelafazan bunyi-bunyi Arab. Jika tidak maka ada kecenderungan untuk penutur asli bahasa Melayu untuk menggantikan bunyi-bunyi fonem tersebut kepada bunyi-bunyi yang kedengaran atau kelihatan seakan.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Jadual konsonan-konsonan pinjaman dari bahasa Arab </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Fonem tersendiri</th> <th>Asimilasi fonem</th> <th>Contoh </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Geseran_velar_tak_bersuara" title="Geseran velar tak bersuara">x</a>/</span></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Letupan_velar_tak_bersuara" title="Letupan velar tak bersuara">k</a>/</span>, <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Geseran_glotis_tak_bersuara" title="Geseran glotis tak bersuara">h</a>/</span></td> <td><i>khabar, kabar</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Geseran_gigi_bersuara" title="Geseran gigi bersuara">ð</a>/</span></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Letupan_gusi_bersuara" title="Letupan gusi bersuara">d</a>/</span>, <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Malaran_tak_geser_sisian_gusi" title="Malaran tak geser sisian gusi">l</a>/</span></td> <td><i>reda, rela</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/zˤ/</span></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Malaran_tak_geser_sisian_gusi" title="Malaran tak geser sisian gusi">l</a>/</span>, <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Sibilan_gusi_bersuara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilan gusi bersuara">z</a>/</span></td> <td><i>lohor, zuhur</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Geseran_velar_bersuara" title="Geseran velar bersuara">ɣ</a>/</span></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Letupan_velar_bersuara" title="Letupan velar bersuara">ɡ</a>/</span>, <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Getaran_gusi" title="Getaran gusi">r</a>/</span></td> <td><i>ghaib, raib</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Geseran_farinks_bersuara" title="Geseran farinks bersuara">ʕ</a>/</span></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Hentian_glotis" title="Hentian glotis">ʔ</a>/</span></td> <td><i>saat, sa'at</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Geseran_gigi_tak_bersuara" title="Geseran gigi tak bersuara">θ</a>/</span> </td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Sibilan_gusi_tak_bersuara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilan gusi tak bersuara">s</a>/</span> </td> <td><span title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms">Selasa</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Letupan_uvular_tak_bersuara" title="Letupan uvular tak bersuara">q</a>/</span> </td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/<a href="/wiki/Letupan_velar_tak_bersuara" title="Letupan velar tak bersuara">k</a>/</span> </td> <td><span title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms">makam</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bunyi-bunyi_vokal">Bunyi-bunyi vokal</h3></div> <p>Bahasa Melayu pada asalnya mempunyai 4 bunyi vokal, tetapi kebanyakan dialek-dialek yang wujud pada hari ini termasuk juga bahasa Melayu Baku mempunyai enam bunyi vokal dengan fonem <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/i/</span> terbelah menjadi <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/i, e/</span> dan fonem <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/u/</span> terbelah menjadi <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/u, o/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak perkataan disebut dengan bunyi yang berbeza sama ada berbunyi <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[i, u]</span> atau <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[e, o]</span>, dan tidak terlalu banyak perkataan asli Melayu yang menggunakan bunyi vokal tengah <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[e, o]</span>. </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center" align="center" width="50%"> <caption><b>Jadual fonem vokal dalam Bahasa Melayu</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="80">Ketinggian </th> <th width="80"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_depan" title="Vokal depan">Depan</a> </th> <th width="80"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_pusat" title="Vokal pusat">Pusat</a> </th> <th width="80"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_belakang" title="Vokal belakang">Belakang</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vokal_sempit" title="Vokal sempit">Sempit</a> </th> <td><b>i</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/i/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>u</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/u/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vokal_separuh_sempit" title="Vokal separuh sempit">Separuh<br />sempit</a> </th> <td><b>e</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/e/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>o</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/o/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vokal_tengah" title="Vokal tengah">Tengah</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><b>e</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/ə/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vokal_separuh_luas" title="Vokal separuh luas">Separuh<br />luas</a> </th> <td><b>e</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɛ]</span>* </td> <td> </td> <td><b>o</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɔ]</span>* </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vokal_luas" title="Vokal luas">Luas</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><b>a</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/a/</span> </td> <td><b>a</b> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɑ]</span>* </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* Bukan standard, terdapat dalam sebutan loghat atau kata pinjaman. </p><p><b>Nota ortografi</b>: Kedua-dua fonem <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/e/</span> dan <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/ə/</span> ditulis dengan huruf <span class="Unicode">⟨</span>e<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>. Penggunaan ortografi mewakili fonem <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/e, o/</span> agak kurang dalam perkataan jati Melayu, dan huruf <span class="Unicode">⟨</span>e<span class="Unicode">⟩</span> biasanya mewakili bunyi <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/ə/</span>. Tetapi terdapat juga pasangan homograf seperti <i>perang</i> digunakan untuk mewakili dua sebutan iaitu <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/pəraŋ/</span> (kata kerja) dan <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/peraŋ ~ piraŋ/</span> (kata sifat melambang warna). </p><p>Beberapa kajian menganggap <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/ai, au, oi/</span> sebagai diftong.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ai]</span>, <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[au]</span> dan <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[oi]</span> hanya boleh wujud dalam suku kata terbuka, contoh perkataan: "cukai", "kerbau" dan "dodoi". Perkataan yang dua huruf vokalnya disusun dalam suku kata tertutup, seperti "baik", "laut", "kuat", "biak", "buih" dan "bius" adalah terdiri daripada dua suku kata. Satu analisis alternatif menganggap diftong-diftong fonetik <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ai]</span>, <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[au]</span> dan <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[oi]</span> sebagai jujukan monoftong dengan tambahan satu bunyi konsonan semi-vokal: <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/aj/</span>, <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/aw/</span> dan <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/oj/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terdapat satu hukum keselarasan vokal: bunyi-bunyi vokal yang tidak luas seperti <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/i, e, u, o/</span> di perkataan yang mempunyai dua suku kata perlu ada keselarasan dari segi ketinggian vokalnya, contohnya "hidung" /hi.duŋ/ boleh disebut sebagai /hi.doŋ/ tetapi tidak boleh disebut sebagai /he.duŋ/.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Perbandingan beberapa sebutan piawai bahasa Melayu<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th style="text-align:center">Sebutan umum (berasaskan dialek Johor-Riau) </th> <th style="text-align:center">Sebutan utara (berasaskan dialek-dialek Utara Semenanjung Malaysia) </th> <th style="text-align:center">Sebutan baku bahasa Melayu Malaysia & bahasa Indonesia </th></tr> <tr> <td>⟨a⟩ di suku kata terbuka akhir perkataan </td> <td>/ə/ </td> <td>/a/ </td> <td>/a/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨i⟩ di suku kata tertutup dengan koda ⟨n⟩ dan ⟨ng⟩ di akhir perkataan </td> <td>/e/ </td> <td>/i/ </td> <td>/i/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨i⟩ di suku kata tertutup dengan konsonan koda lain di akhir perkataan </td> <td>/e/ </td> <td>/e/ </td> <td>/i/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨u⟩ di suku kata tertutup dengan konsonan koda ⟨n⟩ dan ⟨ng⟩ di akhir perkataan </td> <td>/o/ </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td>/u/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨u⟩ di suku kata tertutup dengan konsonan koda lain di akhir perkataan </td> <td>/o/ </td> <td>/o/ </td> <td>/u/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨r⟩ di kedudukan koda sesuatu suku kata </td> <td>senyap </td> <td>/r/ </td> <td>/r/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Satu kajian oleh Uri Tadmor yang diterbit pada tahun 2003 menunjukkan mutasi ⟨a⟩ di suku kata terbuka akhir perkataan ialah ciri-ciri berkawasan, secara spesifik merupakan ciri-ciri di kawasan barat Austronesia. Uri Tadmor mengklasifikasi ciri-ciri tersebut ke dalam empat kumpulan seperti berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Mutasi /a/ di akhir kata dalam dialek-dialek Melayu-Indonesia dan bahasa-bahasa Austronesia berdekatan </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Jenis </th> <th>Fonem </th> <th>kawasan-kawasan Melayu </th> <th>kawasan asal bahasa-bahasa lain </th></tr> <tr> <td>[a] (asal) </td> <td>[a] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </td> <td>Arekan (contohnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialek_Tengger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialek Tengger (laman tidak wujud)">Tengger</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> (kecuali Pontianak), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Melayu_Indonesia_Timur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Melayu Indonesia Timur (laman tidak wujud)">Indonesia Timur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peninggian </td> <td>[ə], [ɨ] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontianak" class="mw-disambig" title="Pontianak">Pontianak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanah_Abang" title="Tanah Abang">Tanah Abang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bali" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali">Bali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pembundaran </td> <td>[o], [ɔ] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pattani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani">Pattani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Minangkabau" title="Bahasa Minangkabau">Minangkabau</a>, Mataraman (seperti <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pendepanan </td> <td>[ɛ], [e] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Sambas" title="Kabupaten Sambas">Sambas</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perbezaan_antara_Bahasa_Melayu_Piawai_dan_Bahasa_Indonesia_ڤربيذاءن_انتارا_بهاس_ملايو_ڤياواي_دان_بهاس_ايندونيسيا"><span id="Perbezaan_antara_Bahasa_Melayu_Piawai_dan_Bahasa_Indonesia_.DA.A4.D8.B1.D8.A8.D9.8A.D8.B0.D8.A7.D8.A1.D9.86_.D8.A7.D9.86.D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.D8.A7_.D8.A8.D9.87.D8.A7.D8.B3_.D9.85.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.8A.D9.88_.DA.A4.D9.8A.D8.A7.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.8A_.D8.AF.D8.A7.D9.86_.D8.A8.D9.87.D8.A7.D8.B3_.D8.A7.D9.8A.D9.86.D8.AF.D9.88.D9.86.D9.8A.D8.B3.D9.8A.D8.A7"></span>Perbezaan antara Bahasa Melayu Piawai dan Bahasa Indonesia ڤربيذاءن انتارا بهاس ملايو ڤياواي دان بهاس ايندونيسيا</h2></div> <p><i>Untuk rencana lanjutan, lihat <a href="/wiki/Perbezaan_antara_Bahasa_Melayu_Piawai_dan_Bahasa_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perbezaan antara Bahasa Melayu Piawai dan Bahasa Indonesia">Perbezaan antara Bahasa Melayu Piawai dan Bahasa Indonesia</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Perbezaan_sebutan_Bahasa_Melayu_dan_Bahasa_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perbezaan sebutan Bahasa Melayu dan Bahasa Indonesia">Perbezaan sebutan Bahasa Melayu dan Bahasa Indonesia</a></i> </p><p>Perbezaan antara bahasa Melayu piawai dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">bahasa Indonesia</a> sebenarnya tidak terlalu jauh berbeza. Bahasa Indonesia sendiri pada dasarnya didasarkan kepada bahasa Melayu. Bahasa Melayu yang juga dipakai di Malaysia sebagai bahasa standard atau lazim disebut dengan "Bahasa Melayu Baku". Namun, jika dibezakan dari segi sejarah, budaya, perlakuan tatabahasa masing-masing, dan lain-lain, jelas adalah perbezaan yang ketara antara kedua-dua bahasa namun tidak terlalu banyak perbezaan. Penutur bahasa Melayu kebanyakan boleh memahami bahasa Indonesia, tetapi penutur bahasa Indonesia kebanyakan tidak boleh memahami bahasa Melayu sebab ada banyak perbezaan dari segi ejaan dan kosa kata atau pengaruh budaya setempat. </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengaruh_daripada_bahasa_asing_ڤڠاروه_درڤد_بهاس_اسيڠ"><span id="Pengaruh_daripada_bahasa_asing_.DA.A4.DA.A0.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.87_.D8.AF.D8.B1.DA.A4.D8.AF_.D8.A8.D9.87.D8.A7.D8.B3_.D8.A7.D8.B3.D9.8A.DA.A0"></span>Pengaruh daripada bahasa asing ڤڠاروه درڤد بهاس اسيڠ</h2></div> <p>Bahasa Melayu banyak menyerap bahasa-bahasa asing seperti Sanskrit, Inggeris, Belanda, Jawa, Arab dan sebagainya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengaruh_Bahasa_Sanskrit">Pengaruh Bahasa Sanskrit</h3></div> <p>Bahasa Sanskrit, bahasa perantara agama Hindu dan Buddha, telah banyak mempengaruhi bahasa Melayu apabila bahasa Melayu berada di peringkat kuno, iaitu pada peringkat sebelum bahasa Melayu mencapai zaman klasik pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Melaka">Kesultanan Melayu Melaka</a> yang mana bahasa Melayu telah mengalami zaman kuno antara <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-7" title="Abad ke-7">abad ke-7</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-13" title="Abad ke-13">abad ke-13</a>. Bukti pengaruh bahasa Sanskrit dalam bahasa kuno dapat dikesan dalam batu bersurat yang ditinggalkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Srivijaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Srivijaya">kerajaan Srivijaya</a>. Mengenai bukti bahasa Melayu kuno, terdapat empat batu bersurat yang penting, iaitu yang dijumpai di: </p> <ol><li>Kedukan Bukit, Palembang (<a href="/wiki/683" title="683">683</a> M)</li> <li>Talang Tuwo, Palembang (<a href="/wiki/684" title="684">684</a> M)</li> <li>Kota Kapur, Pulau Bangka (<a href="/wiki/686" title="686">686</a> M)</li> <li>Karang Brahi, Meringi, daerah hulu Jambi (686 M).</li></ol> <p>Selain itu sebagai faktor sampingan, faktor kemegahan juga faktor yang mendorong kepada peminjaman bahasa daripada bahasa Sanskrit. Peminjaman ini adalah kerana bahasa Sanskrit merupakan bahasa yang dianggap bahasa yang "tinggi-tinggi" pada zaman kuno. Penyerapan bahasa Sanskrit dalam bahasa seharian dijadikan satu cara perolehan kemegahan. Keadaan ini khususnya menyebabkan peminjaman perkataan yang sudah ada dalam bahasa Melayu asli, tetapi digantikan juga dengan bahasa Sanskrit, kerana barangkali dianggap lebih sesuai, lebih sedap bunyinya ataupun semata-mata kerana disangka lebih "tinggi" mutunya kerana bahasa Sanskrit merupakan bahasa sarjana. </p><p>Dalam bahasa Melayu, terdapat 677 perkataan yang berasal daripada bahasa Sanskrit. Berikut disenaraikan beberapa contoh perkataan Sanskrit yang dipinjam ke dalam bahasa Melayu: <br /> </p> <table align="center" cellspacing="8"> <tbody><tr><th>Bahasa Sanskrit</th><th>Bahasa Melayu</th><th>Tulisan Jawi</th></tr> <tr><td align="center">bhasa</td><td align="center">bahasa</td><td align="center">بهاس</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">malaiu</td><td align="center">Melayu</td><td align="center">ملايو</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">akasa</td><td align="center">angkasa</td><td align="center">اڠكاس</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">samudhara</td><td align="center">samudera</td><td align="center">سامودرا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">maha</td><td align="center">maha</td><td align="center">مها</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">rajha</td><td align="center">raja</td><td align="center">راج</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">bhumi</td><td align="center">bumi</td><td align="center">بومي</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">putra</td><td align="center">putera</td><td align="center">ڤوترا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">nagara</td><td align="center">negara</td><td align="center">نڬارا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">nagari</td><td align="center">negeri</td><td align="center">نڬري</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">agama</td><td align="center">agama</td><td align="center">اڬام</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">anka</td><td align="center">angka</td><td align="center">اڠک</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">vaca</td><td align="center">baca</td><td align="center">باچ</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">bhagya</td><td align="center">bahagia</td><td align="center">بهاڬيا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">vamsa</td><td align="center">bangsa</td><td align="center">بڠسا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">balya</td><td align="center">belia</td><td align="center">بليا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">varta</td><td align="center">berita</td><td align="center">بريتا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">buddhi</td><td align="center">budi</td><td align="center">بودي</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">chaya</td><td align="center">cahaya</td><td align="center">چهاي</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">cakra</td><td align="center">cakra</td><td align="center">چقرا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">dosa</td><td align="center">dosa</td><td align="center">دوسا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">dukkha</td><td align="center">duka</td><td align="center">دوک</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">deva</td><td align="center">dewa</td><td align="center">ديوا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">rupa</td><td align="center">rupa</td><td align="center">روڤا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">samsara</td><td align="center">sengsara</td><td align="center">سڠسارا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">maharani</td><td align="center">maharani</td><td align="center">مهاراني</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengaruh_Bahasa_Jawa">Pengaruh Bahasa Jawa</h3></div> <p>Bahasa Jawa dan bahasa Melayu merupakan bahasa serumpun. Kedua-kedua bahasa tergolong kepada keluarga bahasa Indonesia. Terdapat dua faktor utama dalam penyebaran pengaruh bahasa Jawa ke Bahasa Melayu, iaitu: </p> <ul><li>Pengaruh melalui penyebaran cerita panji</li> <li>Pengaruh melalui interaksi sosial dan ekonomi</li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerita_panji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerita panji (laman tidak wujud)">Cerita panji</a> ialah sejenis cerita yang berasal dari Jawa. Isinya mengenai <a href="/wiki/Wira" title="Wira">wira</a> dan wirawati. Cerita ini terdapat banyak versi, dan boleh dikesan di seluruh <a href="/wiki/Nusantara" title="Nusantara">nusantara</a> sehingga di Kemboja. </p><p>Migrasi orang Jawa ke Tanah Melayu telah berlaku semenjak zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka. Pertempatan orang Jawa sudah dapat dikesan di bandar <a href="/wiki/Melaka" title="Melaka">Melaka</a> pada zaman itu, iaitu <a href="/wiki/Kampung_Jawa" class="mw-disambig" title="Kampung Jawa">Kampung Jawa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Parit_Jawa" title="Parit Jawa">Parit Jawa</a>. Walau bagaimanapun, migrasi orang Jawa ke Tanah Melayu yang ketara berlaku bermula pada awal <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-19" title="Abad ke-19">abad ke-19</a>. Tumpuan migrasi Jawa adalah di <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Selat" class="mw-redirect" title="Negeri Selat">negeri-negeri Selat</a> dan juga negeri <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> dan negeri <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>. </p><p>Pertembungan orang tempatan yang menutur bahasa Melayu dengan pendatang Jawa yang menutur dalam bahasa Jawa telah menyebabkan unsur-unsur bahasa Jawa meresap ke dalam Bahasa Melayu. Walau bagaimanapun, perlu diketahui bahawa kata-kata pinjaman Jawa meresap ke dalam Bahasa Melayu secara terpencil dan tidak tersebar luas. Ia dikatakan diserap ke dalam Bahasa Melayu kerana migrasi orang-orang Jawa yang masih mengekalkan bahasa mereka dan tidak menguasai perbendaharaan bahasa Melayu yang sebenar. </p><p>Berikut disenaraikan beberapa kata-kata pinjaman Jawa dalam bahasa Melayu: </p> <table align="center" cellspacing="8"> <tbody><tr><th>Perkataan</th><th>Tulisan Jawi</th><th>Maksudnya</th></tr> <tr><td align="center">andong</td><td align="center">اندوڠ</td><td align="center">Kereta kuda(sewaan)</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">batok</td><td align="center">باتوق</td><td align="center">tempurung</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">berangasan</td><td align="center">بيرڠاسان</td><td align="center">mudah naik marah</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">wedana</td><td align="center">ويدنا</td><td align="center">ketua daerah</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">adipati</td><td align="center">اديڤتي</td><td align="center">raja</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengaruh_Arab-Islam">Pengaruh Arab-Islam</h3></div> <p>Bahasa Arab dan agama Islam sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan bahasa Melayu. Status bahasa Melayu yang bertaraf lingua franca dan keunikannya telah menyebabkan agama Islam disebarkan dalam bahasa Melayu dan bukan dengan bahasa Arab. Walau bagaimanapun, bahasa Arab melalui kedatangan agama Islam telah mempengaruhi perkembangan bahasa Melayu dalam beberapa aspek, antaranya: <br />1- perbendaharaan kata <br />2- sebutan kata <br />3- tulisan </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perbendaharaan_Kata">Perbendaharaan Kata</h4></div> <p>Hampir sebahagian besar perbendaharaan bahasa Melayu meminjam perkataan bahasa Arab. Berikut disenaraikan beberapa contoh perkataan Arab yang dipinjam ke dalam bahasa Melayu: <br /> </p> <table align="center" cellspacing="8"> <tbody><tr><th>Bahasa Arab</th><th>Bahasa Melayu</th><th>Tulisan Jawi</th></tr> <tr><td align="center">abba</td><td align="center">abah</td><td align="center">ابه</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">syukr</td><td align="center">syukur</td><td align="center">شكور</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">jadwal</td><td align="center">jadual</td><td align="center">جدوال</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">qamus</td><td align="center">kamus</td><td align="center">كاموس</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">subh</td><td align="center">subuh</td><td align="center">صبح</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">waqtu</td><td align="center">waktu</td><td align="center">وقتو</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">hayawan</td><td align="center">haiwan</td><td align="center">حيوان</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">wajh</td><td align="center">wajah</td><td align="center">وجه</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">aqal</td><td align="center">akal</td><td align="center">عقل</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">dunya</td><td align="center">dunia</td><td align="center">دنيا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">mahkamah</td><td align="center">mahkamah</td><td align="center">محكمه</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">asal</td><td align="center">asal</td><td align="center">اصل</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">mas'alah</td><td align="center">masalah</td><td align="center">مسئله</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">hadyah</td><td align="center">hadiah</td><td align="center">هديه</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">sadaqah</td><td align="center">sedekah</td><td align="center">صدقه</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">mawt</td><td align="center">maut</td><td align="center">موت</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">quwat</td><td align="center">kuat</td><td align="center">كوات</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">janin</td><td align="center">janin</td><td align="center">جنين</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">kitab</td><td align="center">kitab</td><td align="center">كتاب</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sebutan_Kata">Sebutan Kata</h4></div> <p>Pengaruh Arab-Islam memberi kesan yang sangat besar kepada sebutan perkataan dalam bahasa Melayu. Bahasa Melayu mula dituturkan supaya menghampiri sebutan bahasa Arab, kerana masyarakat Melayu terdorong untuk membaca Al-Qur'an dengan betul. <br /> Sebutan dengan pengaruh Arab-Islam ini turut membezakan antara penutur asal bahasa Melayu (iaitu orang-orang Melayu) dengan penutur bukan asal (seperti kaum Cina, India, atau bangsa Eropah) kerana penutur bukan asal ini tidak dapat menyebut beberapa perkataan yang menerima pengaruh Arab. <br /> Contoh-contoh perkataan yang berbeza sebutan antara sebutan penutur Melayu dan penutur bukan Melayu: </p> <table align="center" cellspacing="8"> <tbody><tr><th>Bahasa Melayu</th><th>Tulisan Jawi</th></tr> <tr><td align="center">Abdullah</td><td align="center">عبدالله</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"> </tr><tr><td align="center">maklumat</td><td align="center">معلومت</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"> </tr><tr><td align="center">iklan</td><td align="center">اكلان</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"> </tr><tr><td align="center">kadi</td><td align="center">قاضي</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"> </tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tulisan">Tulisan</h4></div> <p>Kedatangan pengaruh Arab-Islam telah menyumbang kepada penulisan bahasa Melayu dalam tulisan Arab yang akhirnya disebut <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">tulisan Jawi</a>. Tulisan Jawi ini digunakan antara lain bagi memudahkan orang-orang Melayu yang rata-rata beragama Islam membaca Al-Quran. <br /> Hal ini dapat dilihat dengan jelas apabila sistem pendidikan Malaysia menukar tulisan Jawi kepada tulisan Rumi, ramai orang-orang Melayu mula tidak mampu membaca Al-Quran dengan baik. Ia dinamakan sindrom Buta Jawi atau Buta Al-Quran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengaruh_Bahasa_Cina">Pengaruh Bahasa Cina</h3></div> <p>Dalam Kamus Dewan, terdapat kata-kata yang mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Etimologi" title="Etimologi">etimologi</a> berlabel <i>C</i>. Perkataan ini merupakan kata-kata yang dipinjam daripada bahasa Cina. Tetapi bukan semua kata-kata yang berlabel <i>C</i> dalam Kamus Dewan Bahasa merupakan kata-kata yang dipinjam daripada bahasa Cina. Dalam kajian Kong 1993, telah disimpulkan bahawa lebih kurang 261 patah perkataan Bahasa Melayu telah dipinjam daripada bahasa Cina. </p><p>Terdapat 10 pengelasan kata yang telah disimpulkan oleh Kong iaitu: </p> <ol><li>Sayur-sayuran, buah-buahan, dan makanan.</li> <li>Barang kegunaan harian.</li> <li>Adat istiadat.</li> <li>Bangunan dan tempat.</li> <li>Permainan perjudian dan kepercayaan</li> <li>Jabatan, kerjaya, dan posisi sosial.</li> <li>Kenderaan dan alat pengangkutan.</li> <li>Perkataan lain-lain.</li></ol> <p>Kajian ini juga dilakukan oleh Mashudi dan Yeong pada tahun 1989. Hasil kajian mereka mendapati terdapat lebih kurang 341 patah perkataan Bahasa Melayu dipinjam daripada bahasa Cina. Kajian melihat pada fonologi perkataan bahasa Melayu tersebut. Sistem fonologi kata asli bahasa Melayu tidak bertepatan dengan sistem fonologi kata bahasa Cina. </p><p>Antara kata Bahasa Cina yang dipinjam dalam Kamus Dewan Bahasa ialah: </p> <ol><li>Pinjaman kata Bahasa Cina yang bertentangan dengan sistem penyelarasan vokal <ul><li>Anglo اڠلو</li> <li>apek اڤيك</li> <li>cingge چيڠڬ</li> <li>kaleng كلاڠ</li> <li>kongsi كوڠسي</li> <li>lio ليو</li> <li>liong ليوڠ</li> <li>lisong ليسوڠ</li> <li>lokcuan لوقچوان</li> <li>mahjong مهجوڠ</li> <li>panglong ڤڠلوڠ</li> <li>singkong سيڠكوڠ</li> <li>taikong تايكوڠ</li></ul></li> <li>Pinjaman kata Bahasa Cina yang bertentangan dengan rangkap bunyi homorgan sengauan <ul><li>angpau اڠڤاو</li> <li>bangpak بڠڤق</li> <li>camca چمچا</li> <li>kamsia كمسيا</li> <li>samsu سمسو</li> <li>samseng سمسڠ</li></ul></li> <li>Pinjaman kata Bahasa Cina yang tidak berlaku pengurangan vokal <ul><li>beca بيچا</li> <li>camca چمچا</li> <li>kekwa كيكوا</li> <li>nyonya ڽوڽا</li> <li>popia ڤوڤيا</li> <li>misoa ميسوا</li> <li>mua موا</li> <li>sempoa سمڤوا</li> <li>taukua تاوكوا</li></ul></li> <li>Pinjaman kata Bahasa Cina yang mengalami penyengauan vokal <ul><li>popia ڤوڤيا</li> <li>misoa ميسوا</li> <li>sempoa سمڤوا</li> <li>siya سيا</li> <li>taukua تاوكوا</li></ul></li></ol> <p>Prilaku <a href="/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi">fonologi</a> pinjaman kata <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina" title="Bahasa Cina">Bahasa Cina</a> adalah bertentangan dengan sistem fonologi bahasa Melayu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengaruh_Portugis">Pengaruh Portugis</h3></div> <p>Terdapat 131 perkataan yang berkemungkinan berasal daripada bahasa Portugis. Beberapa contoh perkataan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Portugis" title="Bahasa Portugis">Portugis</a> yang diserap dalam bahasa Melayu ialah: <br /> </p> <table align="center" cellspacing="8"> <tbody><tr><th>Bahasa Portugis</th><th>Bahasa Melayu</th><th>Tulisan Jawi</th></tr> <tr><td align="center">armário</td><td align="center">almari</td><td align="center">الماري</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">bola</td><td align="center">bola</td><td align="center">بولا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">bandeira</td><td align="center">bendera</td><td align="center">بنديرا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">camisa</td><td align="center">kemeja</td><td align="center">كمجا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">dado</td><td align="center">dadu</td><td align="center">دادو</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">garfo</td><td align="center">garpu</td><td align="center">ڬرڤو</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">igreja</td><td align="center">gereja</td><td align="center">ڬرجا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">limão</td><td align="center">limau</td><td align="center">ليماو</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">manteiga</td><td align="center">mentega</td><td align="center">منتيڬ</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">domingo</td><td align="center">minggu</td><td align="center">ميڠڬو</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">padre</td><td align="center">paderi</td><td align="center">ڤادري</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">toalha</td><td align="center">tuala</td><td align="center">توالا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">janela</td><td align="center">jendela</td><td align="center">جنديلا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">escola</td><td align="center">sekolah</td><td align="center">سكوله</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">sábado</td><td align="center">Sabtu</td><td align="center">سبتو</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">sabão</td><td align="center">sabun</td><td align="center">سابون</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">sapato</td><td align="center">sepatu</td><td align="center">سڤاتو</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">abba</td><td align="center">abah</td><td align="center">ابه</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">almari</td><td align="center">almari</td><td align="center">الماري</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">kameja</td><td align="center">kemeja</td><td align="center">كمجا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">salwar</td><td align="center">seluar</td><td align="center">سلوار</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengaruh_Inggeris">Pengaruh Inggeris</h3></div> <p>Pengaruh <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">bahasa Inggeris</a> dalam bahasa Melayu merupakan pengaruh paling ketara dan paling meluas masa kini, dan lazimnya perkataan Inggeris dipinjam ke dalam bahasa Melayu apabila tiada perkataan tempatan untuk menggambarkan situasi baru yang memerlukan satu panggilan khusus untuk merujuk kepadanya. Contoh perkataan sebegini ialah <i>konotasi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: <span dir="rtl" style="font-size:100%;">‏<span title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6444303"><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">كونوتاسي</span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>; <i>connotation</i>), <i>kompromi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: <span dir="rtl" style="font-size:100%;">‏<span title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6444303"><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">كومڤرومي</span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>; <i>compromise</i>) dan <i>siri</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: <span dir="rtl" style="font-size:100%;">‏<span title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6444303"><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سيري</span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>; <i>series</i>). Tetapi kebingungan dan bantahan sering timbul apabila perkataan Inggeris yang diterima masuk ke dalam bahasa Melayu terlalu banyak sehinggakan ada yang bertindak sebagai pengganti perkataan yang telah wujud. <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a> telah terus membenarkan kemasukan perkataan sebegini dalam kosa kata bahasa Melayu dan tidak menghiraukan bantahan yang dikemukakan. Penggunaan perkataan sebegini yang meluas di media percetakan dalam bahasa Melayu di <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> seperti pada akhbar <a href="/wiki/Utusan_Malaysia" title="Utusan Malaysia">Utusan Malaysia</a> telah mengeruhkan lagi permasalahan ini. Satu-satunya kenyataan bernada bimbang terhadap situasi ini pernah dilafazkan bekas perdana menteri Malaysia, <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> meskipun beliau sendiri telah memperkenalkan suatu perkataan baru "bajet" (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: <span dir="rtl" style="font-size:100%;">‏<span title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6444303"><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">باجيت</span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>) menggantikan perkataan "belanjawan" (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: <span dir="rtl" style="font-size:100%;">‏<span title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6444303"><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بلنجاوان</span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>) semasa pembentangan belanjawannya yang terakhir, dengan alasan bahawa istilah belanjawan tidak tepat kerana anggaran kewangan kerajaan turut melibatkan hasil, dan bukan belanja semata-mata. </p><p>Berikut merupakan beberapa perkataan yang telah diterima dalam bahasa Melayu secara rasmi dan digunakan secara meluas dan dianggap telah diterima. </p><p><br /> </p> <table align="center" cellspacing="8"> <tbody><tr><th>Bahasa Inggeris</th><th>Bahasa Melayu</th><th>Tulisan Jawi</th></tr> <tr><td align="center">book</td><td align="center">buku</td><td align="center">بوكو</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">lamp</td><td align="center">lampu</td><td align="center">لمڤو</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">ball</td><td align="center">bola</td><td align="center">بولا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">mind</td><td align="center">minda</td><td align="center">ميندا</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">cheque</td><td align="center">cek</td><td align="center">چيك</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">bus</td><td align="center">bas</td><td align="center">بس</td></tr> <tr><td align="center">taxi</td><td align="center">teksi</td><td align="center">تكسي</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini (sekitar <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>), stesen televisyen milik kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/RTM_1" class="mw-redirect" title="RTM 1">RTM 1</a> (dahulu dikenali sebagai TV 1) telah menukar tema salurannya kepada "Saluran Infotainmen Anda" (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: <span dir="rtl" style="font-size:100%;">‏<span title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6444303"><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سالورن اينفوتاينمن اندا</span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>; daripada bahasa Inggeris <i>Your Infotainment Channel</i>) dan ini menimbulkan kontroversi apabila <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a> (DBP) mendakwa perkataan "Infortainmen" merosakkan penggunaan bahasa Melayu. Alasan yang diberikan adalah bahawa <i>-tain-</i> yang harus disebut seakan perkataan Melayu <i>main</i>, dan ini kedengaran agak janggal. Penukaran ejaan ke "Infotenmen" pula tidak diterima sebagai piawai DBP dan kerajaan disaran menggantikannya dengan perkataan lain seperti "<i>Infohibur</i>" tetapi Kementerian Penerangan yang mengendalikan stesen televisyen kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Radio_Televisyen_Malaysia" title="Radio Televisyen Malaysia">Radio Televisyen Malaysia</a> enggan menuruti saranan berkenaan. Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a> tema ini ditukarkan ke <i>Saluran Inforia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: <span dir="rtl" style="font-size:100%;">‏<span title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6444303"><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سالورن اينفوريا</span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definisi_bahasa_Melayu_tinggi_dan_bahasa_Melayu_baku_ديفينيسي_بهاس_ملايو_تيڠݢي_دان_بهاس_ملايو_باکو"><span id="Definisi_bahasa_Melayu_tinggi_dan_bahasa_Melayu_baku_.D8.AF.D9.8A.D9.81.D9.8A.D9.86.D9.8A.D8.B3.D9.8A_.D8.A8.D9.87.D8.A7.D8.B3_.D9.85.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.8A.D9.88_.D8.AA.D9.8A.DA.A0.DD.A2.D9.8A_.D8.AF.D8.A7.D9.86_.D8.A8.D9.87.D8.A7.D8.B3_.D9.85.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.8A.D9.88_.D8.A8.D8.A7.DA.A9.D9.88"></span>Definisi bahasa Melayu tinggi dan bahasa Melayu baku ديفينيسي بهاس ملايو تيڠݢي دان بهاس ملايو باکو</h2></div> <p>Konsep bahasa Melayu tinggi merujuk kepada penggunaan bahasa Melayu dalam konteks wacana ilmiah dan berkaitan dengan ketamadunan. Bahasa Melayu tinggi sering dirujuk sebagai wahana bagi melahirkan idea dan wawasan yang berkaitan dengan kesarjanaan dan kebudayaan. Bahasa Melayu tinggi lazimnya digunakan dalam seminar, persidangan atau kongres yang berkaitan dengan bahasa, budaya ataupun bidang ilmiah yang lain. </p><p>Bahasa Melayu baku pula ialah bahasa Melayu yang sempurna dari segi penggunaan aspek bahasanya, iaitu ejaan, tatabahasa, istilah, penggunaan kata, laras bahasa dan sebutan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frasa_mudah_dalam_Bahasa_Melayu_فراسا_موده_دالم_بهاس_ملايو"><span id="Frasa_mudah_dalam_Bahasa_Melayu_.D9.81.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.A7_.D9.85.D9.88.D8.AF.D9.87_.D8.AF.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85_.D8.A8.D9.87.D8.A7.D8.B3_.D9.85.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.8A.D9.88"></span>Frasa mudah dalam Bahasa Melayu فراسا موده دالم بهاس ملايو  </h2></div> <p>Di Malaysia, biasanya masyarakat Melayu bertegur sapa sesama sendiri dengan ucapan salam, tetapi ucapan formal seperti "Selamat pagi" atau "Selamat sejahtera" turut digunakan bagi penutur bukan Islam. Ucapan "Hai" juga sering digunakan apabila bertegur sama sesama rakan-rakan, sebagaimana perkataan "<i>Bye-bye</i>" semasa meminta diri untuk beredar. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Frasa bahasa Melayu</th> <th><a href="/wiki/IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA">IPA</a></th> <th>Tulisan Jawi </th></tr> <tr> <td>Selamat datang</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">səlamat dataŋ</span>/</td> <td>سلامت داتڠ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Selamat jalan</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">səlamat dʒalan</span>/</td> <td>سلامت جالن </td></tr> <tr> <td>Selamat tinggal</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">səlamat tiŋgal</span>/</td> <td>سلامت تيڠڬل </td></tr> <tr> <td>Terima kasih</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">tərima kasih</span>/</td> <td>تريما كاسيه </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sama-sama</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">sama sama</span>/</td> <td>سام-سام </td></tr> <tr> <td>Selamat pagi</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">səlamat pagi</span>/</td> <td>سلامت ڤاڬي </td></tr> <tr> <td>Selamat petang</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">səlamat pətaŋ</span>/</td> <td>سلامت ڤتڠ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Selamat sejahtera</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">səlamat sədʒahtəra</span>/</td> <td>سلامت سجهترا </td></tr> <tr> <td>Selamat malam</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">səlamat malam</span>/</td> <td>سلامت مالم </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jumpa lagi</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">dʒumpa lagi</span>/</td> <td>جومڤا لاڬي </td></tr> <tr> <td>Siapakah nama awak?/Nama awak siapa?</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">siapakah nama awak</span>/ atau /<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">nama awak siapa</span>/</td> <td>سياڤاكه نام اوق؟/نام اوق سياڤا؟ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nama saya ...</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">nama saja</span>/ (diikuti dengan nama)</td> <td>نام ساي ... </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apa khabar?</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">apa kabar</span>/</td> <td>اڤ خبر؟ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Khabar baik</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">kabar baik</span>/</td> <td>خبر باءيق </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saya sakit</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">saja sakit</span>/</td> <td>ساي ساكيت </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ya</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">ja</span>/</td> <td>يا </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tidak (tidak formal: "tak")</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">tidak</span>/ atau /<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">tak</span>/</td> <td>تيدق </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ibu sayang engkau/kamu (awak)</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">ibu sajaŋ əŋkau</span>/</td> <td>(ايبو سايڠ اڠكاو/كامو (اوق </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aku (Saya) cinta pada mu (awak)</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">aku tʃinta pada mu</span>/</td> <td>(اكو (ساي) چينتا ڤد مو (اوق </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saya benci awak</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">saja bentʃi awak</span>/</td> <td>ساي بنچي اوق </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saya tidak faham (tidak formal: "tak faham")</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">saja tidak faham</span>/</td> <td>ساي تيدق فهم </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saya tidak tahu (tidak formal: "tak tau" ataupun "sik tau" di Sarawak)</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">saja tidak tahu</span>/</td> <td>ساي تيدق تاهو </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Minta) maaf</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">minta ma'af</span>/</td> <td>مينت) معاف) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tumpang tanya</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">tumpaŋ taɲa</span>/</td> <td>تومڤڠ تاڽ </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Minta) tolong</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">toloŋ</span>/</td> <td>مينت) تولوڠ) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apa</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">apa</span>/</td> <td>اڤ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tiada</td> <td>/<span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">tiada</span>/</td> <td>تياد </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penggunaan_tidak_formal_pada_zaman_kontemporari">Penggunaan tidak formal pada zaman kontemporari</h3></div> <p>Di keempat-empat negara yang menggunakan bahasa-bahasa Melayik yakni negara Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura dan Brunei, penggunaan ragam bahasa Melayu yang tidak formal adalah sesuatu yang pasti berlaku dalam kehidupan harian kerana agak mustahil untuk setiap orang bertutur dalam ragam formal sepanjang masa. Penggunaan ragam tidak formal kebiasaannya berlaku melalui pemendekkan kata dari bahasa formal, peminjaman kosa kata dari dialek-dialek/bahasa-bahasa tempatan (seperti dialek Melayu Kelantan, bahasa Minangkabau atau bahasa Jawa) mahupun bahasa-bahasa negara berdekatan (seperti bahasa Thai, bahasa Cina dan bahasa India) serta penyerapan sebutan langsung dari kosa kata bahasa asing khususnya bahasa Inggeris ekoran globalisasi. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <p><i>Untuk rencana berkaitan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia yang tidak formal, sila lihat <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_gaul_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa gaul Indonesia">Bahasa gaul Indonesia</a></i> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <p><i>Untuk rencana berkaitan penggunaan bahasa Melayu Malaysia yang tidak formal, sila lihat <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Malaysia#Ragam_tidak_formal_di_Malaysia" title="Bahasa Melayu Malaysia">Bahasa Melayu yang tidak rasmi di Malaysia</a></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galeri_ݢالري"><span id="Galeri_.DD.A2.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B1.D9.8A"></span>Galeri ݢالري</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Marai-go_yon_shu-kan_%27%27_Learning_Bahasa_Melayu_in_Four_Weeks_%27%27_(1912).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gisaburo Yamamichi, 1912 Marai-go yon shu-kan, Shogo Kimata ed, Tokyo : Okazakiya syoten. Salah satu penerbitan awal bagi mempelajari bahasa Melayu di Jepun."><img alt="Gisaburo Yamamichi, 1912 Marai-go yon shu-kan, Shogo Kimata ed, Tokyo : Okazakiya syoten. Salah satu penerbitan awal bagi mempelajari bahasa Melayu di Jepun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Marai-go_yon_shu-kan_%27%27_Learning_Bahasa_Melayu_in_Four_Weeks_%27%27_%281912%29.jpg/83px-Marai-go_yon_shu-kan_%27%27_Learning_Bahasa_Melayu_in_Four_Weeks_%27%27_%281912%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Marai-go_yon_shu-kan_%27%27_Learning_Bahasa_Melayu_in_Four_Weeks_%27%27_%281912%29.jpg/124px-Marai-go_yon_shu-kan_%27%27_Learning_Bahasa_Melayu_in_Four_Weeks_%27%27_%281912%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Marai-go_yon_shu-kan_%27%27_Learning_Bahasa_Melayu_in_Four_Weeks_%27%27_%281912%29.jpg/165px-Marai-go_yon_shu-kan_%27%27_Learning_Bahasa_Melayu_in_Four_Weeks_%27%27_%281912%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gisaburo Yamamichi, 1912 Marai-go yon shu-kan, Shogo Kimata ed, Tokyo : Okazakiya syoten. Salah satu penerbitan awal bagi mempelajari bahasa Melayu di Jepun.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga_ليهت_جوݢ"><span id="Lihat_juga_.D9.84.D9.8A.D9.87.D8.AA_.D8.AC.D9.88.DD.A2"></span>Lihat juga ليهت جوݢ</h2></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Bahasa_Melayu" class="extiw" title="oldwikisource:Category:Bahasa Melayu">Gedung Bahasa Melayu</a></b></i> dari <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikisource">Wikisumber</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_rojak" title="Bahasa rojak">Bahasa rojak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidalan" title="Bidalan">Bidalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peribahasa" title="Peribahasa">Peribahasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpulan_bahasa" title="Simpulan bahasa">Simpulan bahasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkatan_kata" title="Singkatan kata">Singkatan kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatabahasa" title="Tatabahasa">Tatabahasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkembangan_Bahasa_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkembangan Bahasa Malaysia">Perkembangan Bahasa Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronologi_pembentukan_istilah_bahasa_Melayu" title="Kronologi pembentukan istilah bahasa Melayu">Kronologi pembentukan istilah bahasa Melayu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan_روجوعکن"><span id="Rujukan_.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.AC.D9.88.D8.B9.DA.A9.D9.86"></span>Rujukan روجوعکن</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6415981">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6405196">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2023" class="citation web cs1">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (8 Mei 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/screenshot-2023-06-28-150712">"Malay (macrolanguage), Ethnologue Essentials"</a> (ed. 26). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/msa/">yang asal</a> pada 28 Jun 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">8 Mei</span> 2023</span>. <q>Sejumlah 82,223,886 orang penutur asli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_makro_ISO_639&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa makro ISO 639 (laman tidak wujud)">bahasa makro</a> Melayu (kod "msa"), meliputi kesemua variasi-variasi di bawah kumpulan bahasa Melayik, tetapi tidak termasuk kumpulan bahasa Ibanik, bahasa Kendayan, bahasa Keninjal, bahasa Urak-Lawoi dan bahasa Dayak Melayik.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malay+%28macrolanguage%29%2C+Ethnologue+Essentials&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.edition=26&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2023-05-08&rft.aulast=Eberhard&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Simons%2C+Gary+F.&rft.au=Fennig%2C+Charles+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fmsa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFUli2022" class="citation web cs1">Uli, Kozok (30 Ogos 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/2012/03/10/how-many-people-speak-indonesian/">"How many people speak Indonesian"</a>. University of Hawaii at Manoa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">30 Ogos</span> 2022</span>. <q>James T. Collins (<i>Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Melayu</i>, Jakarta: KPG 2009) gives a conservative estimate of approximately 200 million, and a maximum estimate of 250 million speakers of Malay (Collins 2009, p. 17).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+many+people+speak+Indonesian&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+at+Manoa&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft.aulast=Uli&rft.aufirst=Kozok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipll.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Findonesian%2F2012%2F03%2F10%2Fhow-many-people-speak-indonesian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000387388.locale=en">"Recognition of Bahasa Indonesia as an official language of the General Conference of UNESCO"</a>. <i>UNESCO General Conference</i>. UNESCO (42). 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2023-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+General+Conference&rft.atitle=Recognition+of+Bahasa+Indonesia+as+an+official+language+of+the+General+Conference+of+UNESCO&rft.issue=42&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000387388.locale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">10 juta di Malaysia, 5 juta penutur bahasa Melayu serta tambahan 260 juta penutur <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">bahasa Indonesia</a> di Indonesia, dan lain-lain kelainan bahasa Melayu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFWardhana2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wardhana, Dian Eka Chandra (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournal.karinosseff.org/index.php/jswse/article/view/114">"Indonesian as the Language of ASEAN During the New Life Behavior Change 2021"</a>. <i>Journal of Social Work and Science Education</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 266–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52690%2Fjswse.v1i3.114">10.52690/jswse.v1i3.114</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Work+and+Science+Education&rft.atitle=Indonesian+as+the+Language+of+ASEAN+During+the+New+Life+Behavior+Change+2021&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=266-280&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.52690%2Fjswse.v1i3.114&rft.aulast=Wardhana&rft.aufirst=Dian+Eka+Chandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejournal.karinosseff.org%2Findex.php%2Fjswse%2Farticle%2Fview%2F114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jpt.mohe.gov.my/RUJUKAN/akta/Perkara%20152.pdf">"Teks PDF oleh Jabatan Pengajian Tinggi, Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia-Perkara 152. 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March 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brunei+Darussalam%27s+Constitution+of+1959+with+Amendments+through+2006&rft.pub=www.agc.gov.bn&rft.date=2021-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agc.gov.bn%2FAGC%2520Images%2FLAWS%2FACT_PDF%2FC%2FCONSTITUTION%2520I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFBlust2013" class="citation book cs1">Blust, Robert (2013). <i>The Austronesian Languages</i> (ed. revised). 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Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">8 Mei</span> 2023</span>. <q>Kaedah pengelasan yang dikemukakan oleh Ethnologue 26, kumpulan bahasa Melayik terdiri daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_makro_ISO_639&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa makro ISO 639 (laman tidak wujud)">bahasa makro</a> Melayu (kod "msa"), serta kumpulan bahasa Ibanik, bahasa Kendayan, bahasa Keninjal, bahasa Urak-Lawoi dan bahasa Dayak Melayik.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Austronesian+%28Subgroup+of+1256+languages%29%2C+Ethnologue+Essentials&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.edition=26&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2023-05-08&rft.aulast=Eberhard&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Simons%2C+Gary+F.&rft.au=Fennig%2C+Charles+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroup%2F447%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaar2004" class="citation journal cs1">Adelaar, K. Alexander (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003733">"Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bijdragen_tot_de_Taal-,_Land-_en_Volkenkunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (laman tidak wujud)">Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</a></i>. <b>160</b> (1): 1–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003733">10.1163/22134379-90003733</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/27868100">27868100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Where+does+Malay+come+from%3F+Twenty+years+of+discussions+about+homeland%2C+migrations+and+classifications&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003733&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27868100%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=K.+Alexander&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-90003733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAndaya2001" class="citation journal cs1">Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sabrizain.org/malaya/library/search.pdf">"The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <b>32</b> (3): 315–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463401000169">10.1017/S0022463401000169</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62886471">62886471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+the+%27Origins%27+of+Melayu&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=315-330&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463401000169&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62886471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Andaya&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsabrizain.org%2Fmalaya%2Flibrary%2Fsearch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sea.lib.niu.edu/lang/malay.html">Southeast Asia Digital Library: About Malay</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070616131617/http://sea.lib.niu.edu/lang/malay.html">Diarkibkan</a> 16 Jun 2007 di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archive.today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archive.today (laman tidak wujud)">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kamus-dewan-perdana-page-178">"Entri "bahasa<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>"</a>. <i>Kamus Dewan Perdana</i> (ed. 1). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia. 2020. m/s. 178. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-983-49-2644-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-983-49-2644-1"><bdi>978-983-49-2644-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Entri+%22bahasa%22&rft.btitle=Kamus+Dewan+Perdana&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=178&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka+Malaysia&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-983-49-2644-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkamus-dewan-perdana-page-178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFWurmMühlhäuslerTryon1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Wurm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Wurm (laman tidak wujud)">Wurm, Stephen</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Mühlhäusler (laman tidak wujud)">Mühlhäusler, Peter</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darrell_T._Tryon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darrell T. Tryon (laman tidak wujud)">Tryon, Darrell T.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR19"><i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. m/s. 677. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-11-081972-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-11-081972-4"><bdi>978-3-11-081972-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas%3A+Vol+I%3A+Maps.+Vol+II%3A+Texts&rft.pages=677&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-11-081972-4&rft.aulast=Wurm&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler%2C+Peter&rft.au=Tryon%2C+Darrell+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlFW1BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSneddon2003" class="citation cs2">Sneddon, James N. 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Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com. 15 September 2007. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html">yang asal</a> pada 26 Disember 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Disember</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahasa+Melayu+Kuno&rft.pub=Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com&rft.date=2007-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com%2Fbahasa-melayu-kuno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSurakhman2017" class="citation web cs1">Surakhman, M. Ali (23 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbkepri/undang-undang-tanjung-tanah-naskah-melayu-tertua-di-dunia/">"Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia"</a>. <i>kemdikbud.go.id</i> (dalam bahasa Indonesia).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kemdikbud.go.id&rft.atitle=Undang-Undang+Tanjung+Tanah%3A+Naskah+Melayu+Tertua+di+Dunia&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft.aulast=Surakhman&rft.aufirst=M.+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fbpnbkepri%2Fundang-undang-tanjung-tanah-naskah-melayu-tertua-di-dunia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSneddon2003" class="citation book cs1">Sneddon, James N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA70"><i>The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society</i></a>. UNSW Press. m/s. 70. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-86840-598-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-86840-598-8"><bdi>978-0-86840-598-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+Language%3A+Its+History+and+Role+in+Modern+Society&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-598-8&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9UjLYD9jVEC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sneddon-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sneddon_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sneddon_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSneddon2003" class="citation book cs1">Sneddon, James N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA62"><i>The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society</i></a>. UNSW Press. m/s. 62. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-86840-598-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-86840-598-8"><bdi>978-0-86840-598-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+Language%3A+Its+History+and+Role+in+Modern+Society&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-598-8&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9UjLYD9jVEC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> 16 mengklasifikasi mereka sebagai bahasa-bahasa yang terpisah, ISO3 <i>kxd</i> and <i>meo</i>, tetapi juga menyatakan bahawa mereka "sangat rapat sehingga mungkin suatu hari nanti dikira sebagai dialek-dialek Melayu".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm">"Malay (Bahasa Melayu)"</a>. <i>Omniglot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Malay+%28Bahasa+Melayu%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fmalay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clynes_and_Deterding_2011_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFClynesDeterding2011" class="citation journal cs1">Clynes, Adrian; Deterding, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510031100017X">"Standard Malay (Brunei)"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 259–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510031100017X">10.1017/S002510031100017X</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Standard+Malay+%28Brunei%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-268&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002510031100017X&rft.aulast=Clynes&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Deterding%2C+David&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS002510031100017X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFKarimM._OnnHaji_MusaMahmood2008" class="citation book cs1">Karim, Nik Safiah; M. Onn, Farid; Haji Musa, Hashim; Mahmood, Abdul Hamid (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anyflip.com/itckx/dubr/basic"><i>Tatabahasa Dewan</i></a> (ed. 3). Kuala Lumpur: <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a>. m/s. 297–303. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-983-62-9484-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-983-62-9484-5"><bdi>978-983-62-9484-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tatabahasa+Dewan&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=297-303&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-983-62-9484-5&rft.aulast=Karim&rft.aufirst=Nik+Safiah&rft.au=M.+Onn%2C+Farid&rft.au=Haji+Musa%2C+Hashim&rft.au=Mahmood%2C+Abdul+Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanyflip.com%2Fitckx%2Fdubr%2Fbasic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFHassan1972" class="citation book cs1">Hassan, Abdullah (1972). <i>The Morphology of Malay</i>. University of Edinburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Morphology+of+Malay&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSoderbergOlson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003320">"Indonesian"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <b>38</b> (2): 209–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003320">10.1017/S0025100308003320</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-3502">1475-3502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Indonesian&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-213&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100308003320&rft.issn=1475-3502&rft.aulast=Soderberg&rft.aufirst=Craig+D.&rft.au=Olson%2C+Kenneth+S.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100308003320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAsmah_Haji1985" class="citation book cs1">Asmah Haji, Omar (1985). <i>Susur galur bahasa Melayu</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Susur+galur+bahasa+Melayu&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Asmah+Haji&rft.aufirst=Omar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad1993" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, Zaharani (1993). <i>Fonologi generatif: teori dan penerapan</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonologi+generatif%3A+teori+dan+penerapan&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Zaharani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFClynes1997" class="citation journal cs1">Clynes, Adrian (1997). "On the Proto-Austronesian "Diphthongs<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>". <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 347–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3622989">10.2307/3622989</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3622989">3622989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+the+Proto-Austronesian+%22Diphthongs%22&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=347-361&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3622989&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3622989%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clynes&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaar1992" class="citation book cs1">Adelaar, K. A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C119.pdf"><i>Proto Malayic: the reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2Fpl-c119">10.15144/pl-c119</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0858834081" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0858834081"><bdi>0858834081</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/26845189">26845189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto+Malayic%3A+the+reconstruction+of+its+phonology+and+parts+of+its+lexicon+and+morphology&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26845189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2Fpl-c119&rft.isbn=0858834081&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fpl%2Fpdf%2FPL-C119.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Bakar2019" class="citation journal cs1">Abu Bakar, Mukhlis (2019-12-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publisher.unimas.my/ojs/index.php/ILS/article/view/1521">"Sebutan Johor-Riau dan Sebutan Baku dalam Konteks Identiti Masyarakat Melayu Singapura"</a>. <i>Issues in Language Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33736%2Fils.1521.2019">10.33736/ils.1521.2019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2180-2726">2180-2726</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213343934">213343934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+in+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=Sebutan+Johor-Riau+dan+Sebutan+Baku+dalam+Konteks+Identiti+Masyarakat+Melayu+Singapura&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213343934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2180-2726&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33736%2Fils.1521.2019&rft.aulast=Abu+Bakar&rft.aufirst=Mukhlis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublisher.unimas.my%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2FILS%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFUri2003" class="citation journal cs1">Uri, Tadmor (2003). CRCL, CRCL, And/Or The Author(S). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-550.15.pdf">"Final /a/ mutation: a borrowed areal feature in Western Austronesia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Issues in Austronesian Historical Phonology</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University (PL-550): 15–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-550.15">10.15144/PL-550.15</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2022-11-05</span></span> – melalui sealang.net/CRCL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+in+Austronesian+Historical+Phonology&rft.atitle=Final+%2Fa%2F+mutation%3A+a+borrowed+areal+feature+in+Western+Austronesia&rft.issue=PL-550&rft.pages=15-36&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-550.15&rft.aulast=Uri&rft.aufirst=Tadmor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fpl%2Fpdf%2FPL-550.15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Melayu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nota_نوتا"><span id="Nota_.D9.86.D9.88.D8.AA.D8.A7"></span>Nota نوتا</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disebabkan bentuk-bentuk piawai bahasa rasmi negara Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei dan Singapura adalah hampir serupa dari segi struktur bahasa dan kebanyakannya hanya berbeza dari segi perbendaharaan kata dan sedikit sahaja bezanya dari segi butiran fonetik, istilah payung "bahasa Melayu/Indonesia"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau "bahasa Melayu-Indonesia"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sering digunakan dalam catatan-catatan linguistik apabila berbincang mengenai struktur dan sejarah bahasa ini.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar_ڤاءوتن_لوار"><span id="Pautan_luar_.DA.A4.D8.A7.D8.A1.D9.88.D8.AA.D9.86_.D9.84.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.B1"></span>Pautan luar ڤاءوتن لوار</h2></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" 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style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Austronesia_Purba" title="Bahasa Austronesia Purba">Bahasa Austronesia Purba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu-Polinesia_Purba" title="Bahasa Melayu-Polinesia Purba">Bahasa Melayu-Polinesia Purba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Melayu#Bahasa_Melayu_Purba" title="Bahasa-bahasa Melayu">Bahasa Melayu Purba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kuno" title="Bahasa Melayu Kuno">Bahasa Melayu Kuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Klasik" title="Bahasa Melayu Klasik">Bahasa Melayu Klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Moden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Melayu Moden">Bahasa Melayu Moden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ragam bahasa</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bahasa baku (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">Indonesia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Malaysia">Malaysia</a>)</li> <li>Bahasa saintifik (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysia_Saintifik" title="Bahasa Malaysia Saintifik">Malaysia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_istana" title="Bahasa istana">Bahasa istana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_isyarat" title="Bahasa isyarat">Bahasa isyarat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Isyarat_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Isyarat Indonesia">Indonesia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Isyarat_Malaysia" title="Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia">Malaysia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_halus" title="Bahasa halus">Bahasa halus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_basahan" title="Bahasa basahan">Bahasa basahan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_pasar_Indonesia" title="Bahasa pasar Indonesia">Indonesia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysia#Ragam_tidak_formal_di_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Malaysia">Malaysia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_rojak" title="Bahasa rojak">Bahasa rojak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bahasa_di_Asia_Tenggara" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6453376"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Bahasa_Asia_Tenggara" title="Templat:Bahasa Asia Tenggara"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a 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class="new" title="Bahasa Batak (laman tidak wujud)">Bahasa Batak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aceh" title="Bahasa Aceh">Bahasa Aceh</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kemboja" title="Kemboja"><img alt="Kemboja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kemboja" title="Kemboja">Kemboja</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div 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