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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Traditional caste system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_caste_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional caste system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_caste_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caste-origin_Hill_Hindu_groups/Khas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caste-origin_Hill_Hindu_groups/Khas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Caste-origin Hill Hindu groups/Khas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caste-origin_Hill_Hindu_groups/Khas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caste-origin_Nepal_Mandala_groups/Newārs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caste-origin_Nepal_Mandala_groups/Newārs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Caste-origin Nepal Mandala groups/Newārs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caste-origin_Nepal_Mandala_groups/Newārs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caste-origin_Madhesh_Hindu_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caste-origin_Madhesh_Hindu_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Caste-origin Madhesh Hindu groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caste-origin_Madhesh_Hindu_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muluki_Ain_(1854)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muluki_Ain_(1854)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Muluki Ain (1854)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muluki_Ain_(1854)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_caste_system_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_caste_system_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The caste system today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_caste_system_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nepalese traditional social stratification system</div> <p> The <b>Nepalese caste system</b> is the traditional system of <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. The Nepalese <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> system broadly borrows the classical Hindu <i>Chaturvarnashram</i> model, consisting of four broad social classes or <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Sudra</a>. </p><p>The caste system defines social classes by a number of hierarchical endogamous groups often termed <i>jaat</i>. This custom was traditionally only prevalent in the three <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo Aryan</a> societies of the <a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhesi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhesi people">Madhesi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newars" class="mw-redirect" title="Newars">Newars</a>. However, since the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">unification of Nepal</a> in the 18th century, Nepal's various non-Hindu ethnic nationalities and tribes, previously called "Matwalis" (alcohol-drinkers) and now termed as "Adivasi/Janajati" (indigenous/nationalities), have been incorporated within the caste hierarchy to varying degrees of success. Despite the forceful integration by the state into the pan-Hindu social structure, the traditionally non-Hindu groups and tribes do not necessarily adhere to the customs and practices of the caste system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Government of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> legally abolished and criminalized any caste-based discrimination, including "<a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a>" (the ostracism of a specific caste) - in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Nepal's step towards freedom and equality, Nepal, previously ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu monarchy">Hindu monarchy</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> nation which has now become a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 May 2008, it was declared a republic,<sup id="cite_ref-Abolish_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abolish-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ending the period of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The ancient tribes living around the northern territory of modern Nepal seem to have been less influenced by the fourfold <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> system of Hinduism. Instead, nature worship, shamanism and ancestor worship was more common in sync with Tibetan spirituality among the Sino-Tibetan groups. Even <a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas</a>/Parbatiyas who are today overwhelmingly consolidated into the four <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> structure, have been following Masto tradition since ancient times whereby Masta tutelary deities known as <i>bange-masta, bahiramasta, thado-masta, bahra-masta, athahra-masta</i> are invoked and worshipped. This form of Masto worship among the <a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khasas</a> is apparently not related to any Vedic scriptures and tradition of the Gangetic plains of India, and seems more closer to pre-Buddhist Shamanistic <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a> practice of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest detailed record of the caste system in Nepal has been found in <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a> from the 5th century CE during the <a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Licchavi</a> period (400-750 CE) with mentions of the presence of Brahmans (Vedic priests) and <a href="/wiki/Chandala" title="Chandala">Chandala</a> (untouchables).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existing caste structure as introduced by the Lichhavis was later fundamentally restructured during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Jayasthiti_Malla" title="Jayasthiti Malla">Jayasthiti Malla</a> (1380-1394).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This restructuring was a result of over a millennia of newer Aryan immigrants from the plains since the time of the Lichchavis. Series of Aryan migration to Kathmandu led to increased population and formation of a complex urban and caste-based society.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them, most notable migration was the advent of later <a href="/wiki/Malla_dynasty_(Nepal)" title="Malla dynasty (Nepal)">Malla</a> and Chathariya/<a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Maithil_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Maithil Brahmins">Maithil Brahmins</a> and others like the Khadgis (butchers), <a href="/wiki/Dobhi" title="Dobhi">Dobhi</a>, among others, with conquest of Karnat kingdom in 1324 CE by <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a> and Sultan of Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jayasthiti Malla's restructuring also converted celibate Buddhist monks to householder status and inside the hierarchic fold for the first time to form the caste of <a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">Vajracharya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also solidified the supremacy of <a href="/wiki/Kanyakubja_Brahmin" title="Kanyakubja Brahmin">Kanyakubja Brahmin</a> descendants like the <a href="/wiki/Rajopadhyaya" title="Rajopadhyaya">Rajopadhyaya</a> Brahmins over other priests like Maithil Brahmins. Karmacharyas and <a href="/wiki/Joshi" title="Joshi">Joshis</a> were all-together stripped off their Brahmin status by these new and arguably more well-read Brahmins, and assimilated them in the Kshatriya/Chathariya. The restructuring also yielded power to newly formed Malla aristocracy of the Chathariya Shrestha who formed the new powerful aristocratic caste of the Malla kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, the present Newar society's foundation firmly stands on this restructuring by Malla as Newar society continues to comprise the 4 varna and 64 different caste groups which were hierarchically allotted in Jayasthiti Malla's time according to the classical and religious Hindu scriptures like the Manusmriti.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha</a> king of the <a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Chaubisi</a> principality, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Shah" title="Ram Shah">Ram Shah</a> (1609-1636) is noted to have introduced some rules and regulations about relations between different groups of people in the Gorkha kingdom too. As the Shah rulers conquered more territories and people, the concept of caste hierarchy more firmly applied as an organizing principle to consolidate diverse people under their authority. In 1854, early in the period of Rana rule, a National Legal Code (Muluki Ain) was proclaimed that laid out detailed codes for inter-caste behavior and specified punishments for their infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_caste_system">Traditional caste system</h2></div> <p>Although caste or tribe based hierarchy has been a hallmark for all ethnicities of Nepal, only three societies traditionally were part of the four <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> concept of social division and hierarchy. These societies/ethnicities were: Khas/Parbatiya and Newars in the hills and Madhesis in the plains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caste-origin_Hill_Hindu_groups/Khas"><span id="Caste-origin_Hill_Hindu_groups.2FKhas"></span>Caste-origin Hill Hindu groups/Khas</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_Thapa_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Small_Thapa_family.jpg/220px-Small_Thapa_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Small_Thapa_family.jpg/330px-Small_Thapa_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Small_Thapa_family.jpg/440px-Small_Thapa_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Members of Khas community</figcaption></figure> <p>The social structure of caste-origin Hill Hindu or <a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas</a> groups is simple compared to the other two societies, reflecting only three groups in hierarchy, with the distinct absence of the Vaishya and Shudra varnas. Much of the previously animist/tribal Khas population of the western Nepal region acquired the 'Chhetri' status in the 1850s with the proclamation by the Rana Prime Minister Jung Bahadur Rana, making Chhetris the most populous caste/tribe of Nepal. The mother tongue of these groups is Kumaoni, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> and its dialects like Baitadeli and Doteli. In 2001 the CBS recorded only nine groups in the caste-origin Hill Hindu groups.<sup id="cite_ref-MOPE_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOPE-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Parbatiya/Khas</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Twice-born</a>/Khas-Arya :</i></td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Bahun" title="Bahun">Kanyakubja Bahun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>)</i>: <a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thakuri" title="Thakuri">Thakuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Renouncer :</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dashnami_Hereditary_Surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashnami Hereditary Surnames">Dashnami Sanyasi</a> and Kanphata Yogi </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Service-castes (previously Untouchable)</i> :</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kami_(caste)" title="Kami (caste)">Kami</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damai" title="Damai">Damai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarki_(ethnic_group)" title="Sarki (ethnic group)">Sarki</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badi_people" title="Badi people">Badi</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caste-origin_Nepal_Mandala_groups/Newārs"><span id="Caste-origin_Nepal_Mandala_groups.2FNew.C4.81rs"></span>Caste-origin <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala">Nepal Mandala</a> groups/Newārs</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Newar_caste_system" title="Newar caste system">Newar caste system</a></div> <p>The case of <a href="/wiki/Newars" class="mw-redirect" title="Newars">Newār</a> is exceptional. This group presents a complicated social structure that not only reflects the model of four Hindu varna categories and the unclean castes outside of it, but it is also clearly divided among the upper and lower Buddhist castes. Currently, Newars are divided into groups of over 25 occupational caste categories who share a common language (mother-tongue) <a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Nepal Bhasa</a> or speak Nepali.<sup id="cite_ref-MOPE_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOPE-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Newārs (Nepal Mandal)</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Twice-born</a> Hindus: </i></td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Rajopadhyaya" title="Rajopadhyaya">Kanyakubja Rajopadhyaya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Shresthas#Sr.C4.93.E1.B9.A3.E1.B9.ADha_sub-caste_groups" title="Shresthas">Chatharīya</a> Srēstha </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Shresthas#Sr.C4.93.E1.B9.A3.E1.B9.ADha_sub-caste_groups" title="Shresthas">Pāñchtharīya</a> Srēstha, other Srēstha etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Twice-born Buddhists: </i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bajracharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajracharya">Vajracharya</a>/Shakya (priests and goldsmiths) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uray_(caste_group)" title="Uray (caste group)">Urāy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuladhar" title="Tuladhar">Tuladhars</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bania_(Newar_caste)" title="Bania (Newar caste)">Bania</a>) (traders and craftsmen) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Other pure castes: </i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maharjan" title="Maharjan">Maharjans</a>/Jyapus (farmers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Hindu <a href="/wiki/Tamrakar" title="Tamrakar">Tamrakar</a>, Shilpakar, etc. (metal and wood workers, merchants) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Hindu <a href="/wiki/Halwai" title="Halwai">Halwai</a> (confectioners) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumhāh</a>/Prajapati (potters and farmers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranjitkar" title="Ranjitkar">Ranjitkar</a> (cloth-dyers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Tandukar (farmers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Manandhar/Sāyami/Teli (oil-pressers and brewers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mali_caste" title="Mali caste">Malakar/Mali</a> (florists) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Nau/Napit (barbers/nail-cutters) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Balami (farmers from outskrits) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Pahari/Nagarkoti (farmers from outskirts) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Kau/Nakarmi (iron-smiths) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Dali/Putuwar (carriers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Chhipā/<a href="/wiki/Ranjitkar" title="Ranjitkar">Ranjitkar</a> (dyers) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Service-castes (previously Unclean or Untouchable) :</i></td> <td>Bha/Karanjit (funeral priests) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Khadgi, Naye, Kasai (butchers and musicians) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Jogi, <a href="/wiki/Kapali_(Newar_caste)" title="Kapali (Newar caste)">Kapali</a>, Darshandhari (descendants of Kanphata Yogi sect, tailors, musicians) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobi</a>, Rajak, Sangat (washermen) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Kulu, Dom/Dusādh (leather-workers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Dyala, Podé, Chyāmaha/Chamāhār (sweepers, fishermen) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caste-origin_Madhesh_Hindu_groups">Caste-origin Madhesh Hindu groups</h3></div> <p>The social structure of the caste-origin <a href="/wiki/Madhesi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhesi people">Madhesi</a> Hindu groups is complex, reflecting four varna groups with distinct hierarchical structure within them. These various cultural groups belong to four distinct language groups: <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, Bajika, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>. In 2001 the CBS recorded 43 caste-origin Hindu groups in the <a href="/wiki/Madhesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhesh">Madhesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MOPE_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOPE-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caste prejudice is far less prevalent in cities nowadays, although nothing has changed in rural regions. As a result of occupational changes, increased education, their own efforts to emulate the upper castes and consolidation of political power, urban Dalits in the Terai have moved up in status. The National Report says, "Over the last 15-20 years, three groups, namely Sudi, Kalwar and Teli have socially upgraded their status from the water unacceptable to the water acceptable community within the Tarai origin Hindu caste groups."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Madhesi Hindus </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Twice-born</a> :</i></td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Maithil_Brahmin" title="Maithil Brahmin">Maithil Brahmin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanyakubja_Brahmin" title="Kanyakubja Brahmin">Kanyakubja Brahmin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhumihar_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhumihar Brahmin">Bhumihar Brahmin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Rajbhat, <a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>(<a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Bania_(caste)" title="Bania (caste)">Baniya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Other pure castes :</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a> (Farmers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halwai" title="Halwai">Halwai</a> (Confectioners) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunar" title="Sunar">Sunar</a> (Goldsmiths) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushwaha" title="Kushwaha">Kushwaha</a>/Koeri (Farmers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lohar_(caste)" title="Lohar (caste)">Lohar</a> (Iron-smiths) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumhar</a> (Potters) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurmi" title="Kurmi">Kurmi</a> (Farmers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mallaah" title="Mallaah">Māllāh</a> (Fishermen) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kewat" title="Kewat">Kewat</a> (Fisherman) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mali_caste" title="Mali caste">Mali</a> (Florists) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Service-castes (previously Unclean or Untouchable) :</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalwar_(caste)" title="Kalwar (caste)">Kalwar</a> (Alcohol brewers/merchants) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Teli</a> (Oil-pressers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Hajam/Thakur (Barbers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sundhi" title="Sundhi">Sudi</a> (Brewers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paswan" title="Paswan">Paswan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dusadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusadh">Dusadh</a> (Basket-makers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Musahar" title="Musahar">Musahar</a> (Labourers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chamar</a>, Harijan, Ram (Leather-workers) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobi</a> (Washermen) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Khatawe </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muluki_Ain_(1854)"><span id="Muluki_Ain_.281854.29"></span>Muluki Ain (1854)</h2></div> <p>The Nepali <a href="/wiki/Civil_code" title="Civil code">civil code</a> Muluki Ain was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a> after his European tour and enacted in 1854. It was rooted in traditional <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Law">Hindu Law</a> and codified social practices for several centuries in Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law also comprised <i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></i> (avoidance and removal of sin) and <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></i> (the customary law of different castes and communities). </p><p>It was an attempt to include the entire Hindu as well as non-Hindu population of Nepal of that time into a single hierarchic civic code from the perspective of the Khas rulers. Terai and Newar Brahmins and Kshatriyas were officially placed below their Khas equivalents. Similarly, serious limitations and oversights of this code include the complete exclusion of the large middle-ranking Terai groups. Most notable contradiction is the inclusion of previously non-Hindu tribes "Adivasi Janajati" groups, as well as non-Nepalis including Muslims and Europeans into the hierarchical fold.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hierarchies of Major Caste/Ethnic Groups in Nepal according to Muluki Ain:<sup id="cite_ref-Gurung2005_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurung2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Caste Division</th> <th>Caste and Ethnic Groups </th></tr> <tr> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Tagadhari" title="Tagadhari">Tagadhari</a>" (Wearers of the Holy Thread)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bahun" title="Bahun">Brahmin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thakuri" title="Thakuri">Thakuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a>; <p><a href="/wiki/Newar" class="mw-redirect" title="Newar">Newar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rajopadhyaya" title="Rajopadhyaya">Brahmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shresthas#Sr.C4.93.E1.B9.A3.E1.B9.ADha_sub-caste_groups" title="Shresthas">Chatharīya Srēstha</a>; </p><p><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> <i>(referred in the code as Indian/Desi Brahmin)</i> (no mention of Terai Kshatriya groups) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Namasinya Matwali" (Non-enslavable Alcohol Drinkers)</td> <td>Newar - Hindu Panchthariya Srēsthas and Buddhists Gubhaju/Baré (<a href="/wiki/Bajracharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajracharya">Vajracharya</a>/Shākya), <a href="/wiki/Uray_(caste_group)" title="Uray (caste group)">Urāy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuladhar" title="Tuladhar">Tuladhar</a> and others), <a href="/wiki/Jyapu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyapu">Jyapu</a>, Manandhar, and other smaller <i>pure</i> occupational castes. <p><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> clans - <a href="/wiki/Gurung_people" title="Gurung people">Gurung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Magar people">Magar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirat people">Kirat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rai_people" title="Rai people">Rai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Masinya Matwali" (Enslavable Alcohol Drinkers)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamang_people" title="Tamang people">Tamang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thakali_people" title="Thakali people">Thakali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chepang_people" title="Chepang people">Chepang</a>, Gharti or <a href="/wiki/Bhujel" title="Bhujel">Bhujel</a>, Hayu, Kumal, and <a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharu</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Pani Na Chalne Chhoichhito Haalnu Naparne" (Water-unacceptable but touchable)</td> <td>Newar lower <i>impure</i> occupational castes – Bha, <a href="/wiki/Kapali_(Newar_caste)" title="Kapali (Newar caste)">Kapāli</a>, Khadgi/Kasaĩ, <a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobi</a>, Kulu. <p><a href="/wiki/Mlechha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlechha">Mlechha</a>: <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and Europeans </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Pani Na Chalne Chhoichhito Haalnu Parne" (Water-unacceptable and untouchable)</td> <td>Khas occupational castes – <a href="/wiki/Kami_(caste)" title="Kami (caste)">Kami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarki_(ethnic_group)" title="Sarki (ethnic group)">Sarki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damai" title="Damai">Damai</a>, Badi. <p>Terai occupational castes – Dhobi, Halkhor, Chamar, Dushad, Dom, Musahars, etc. </p><p>Newar lowest occupational castes – Dom, Podhya, Chyamaha/Chandala, etc. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The social values preached by the Muluki Ain, however, were providing restrictive, anachronic and out of step with the spirit of times. These values were seen as a potent instrument of Rana political repression. After the Rana regime, caste rules relating to food, drink and intercaste marriage were openly louted but the Muluki Ain had not been abrogated. In 1963, Legal Code was replaced by New 1964 Legal Code. The legal recognition to caste and all the discriminatory laws made on the grounds of caste were ceased. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_caste_system_today">The caste system today</h2></div> <p>The caste system is still intact today but the rules are not as rigid as they were in the past. In 1963, a law (New Muluki Ain-1963) was passed making it illegal to discriminate against other castes led all castes to be equally treated by the law.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education is free and open to all castes. </p><p>The caste system conjoints a structural class divide which persists, in which lower castes/ethnicities are generally socio-economically are not equal like those of higher castes/ethnicities. Recent research has also shown that when it comes to Nepali people's impressions of social change, "Poverty, Human Resources and Region" explain more of the variation than "Ethnicity, Caste or Religious belonging" – i.e. people's perception of their own social situation has more to do with geography and objective social class, than with their association with the groups that the state has based its internal social policy on.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Participation of Khas-Brahmins in the civil service is 41.3% in spite of its population size of 12.2%. The population of Newars (all castes) is around 5%, but its occupancy in the civil service is more than one-third (33.2%), although vast majority of this share comes from the minority upper-caste segments of the Chathariya and Panchthariya Shrestha Newars. Upper-caste Newars remain the most over-represented community in terms of socio-political access. The population of Khas-Chhetris constitutes 17.6% but its participation is mere 14.7%. If these major three communities (upper-caste Khas (Bahun & Chhetri) and upper-caste Newars (Shresthas) or the 'BCN' combine their shares in the Government of Nepal, civil service employment is 89.2% in 1991. Their dominance is reflected in education, administration and economical activities of the nation. Among those 73.8% in higher education belong to the BCN, 22.0% Janajatis and 2.9% Dalit.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They have become major decision makers in the bureaucracy of Nepal has become crystal clear. In terms of earning/income generation, Newars have the highest per capita income of Rs. 38,193. Khas Brahmins come next with an average income of Rs. 24,399, Adivasi Janajatis ranks third with an average income of Rs. 15,630, Dalit Rs. 12,114 and Muslim ranks the lowest, Rs.11,014'<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The democratic transitions also failed to be inclusive management and functioning governance mainly because government was unable to understand and articulate the spirit of all Nepalese people irrespective of their caste, gender, ethnicity, and religion. </p><p>In this process the left outs were oppressed class (Dalits), women, the poorest of the poor, powerless and the second class citizen and indigenous nationalities (Adivasi Janajatis). In Nepal, high castes dominate 91.2% among the prominent position in politics and bureaucracy. The Dalits who constitute 12.8 percent of the total population of the country have no representation in the higher echelons of power' (Gurung, H. 2006). Similarly, the Janajati has 32.0% (excluding Newars) of the total population of the country, has representation of 7.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of education, 88.0% of Khas Brahmins & Chhetris, and Newars have access to school, 12.0% have never been to school. More than fifty (52.0%) of Hill Dalits, 47.0% of the Tarai Dalits, 48.0% of the Muslims and 30 percent of the Hill Adivasi Janajatis have never been to school.(Census, 2001) </p><p>In recent times, following the overthrow of the Nepali monarchy and move towards a federal republic, ethnicity and caste have taken center stage – the indigenous peoples (<i>Adivasi Janajati</i>) who make up a third of the country having been guaranteed rights that have not yet been fulfilled. There is an observable reaction to this among certain Khas Brahmin and Chhetri groups, seeking to prevent group-based rights from becoming an important factor in the country that earlier had a political system associated with group-based discrimination. Certain outside analysts have suggested that "seeking a balance in approach requires addressing both specific indigenous historical injustices while creating a common citizenship for all marginalised citizens regardless of identity, which remains a particularly challenging issue for Nepal".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Professor Madhusudan Subedi, economic and political advancements have pushed the caste system to break its stagnancy and status quo. New divisions and differences have given rise to new antagonisms and social norms. Working-class persons in urban areas who must make a living by selling their labour power. Traditional caste barriers have been broken down as a result of such social mobility. In the rural context, the traditional subsistence agriculture system and age-old caste structure have significantly changed, and a relationship based on wage labour on land is being developed.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Nepal" title="Gender inequality in Nepal">Gender inequality in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Nepal" title="Ethnic groups in Nepal">Ethnic groups in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_caste_system" title="Newar caste system">Newar caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system in India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHofer1979" class="citation book cs1">Hofer, Andras (1979). <i>The Caste Hierarchy and the State of Nepal: A Study of the Muluki Ain of 1854</i>. 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Kathmandu: Ministry of Population and Environment, HMG, Nepal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nepal's Downtrodden: A nation struggles to find the way to relieve 4.5 million Dalits from the stigma of "untouchability". p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalits and Labour in Nepal: Discrimination and Forced Labour. p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stiller, L. F. (1993). Nepal: Growth of a Nation. Human Resources Development Research Center, Kathmandu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurung2005-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gurung2005_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gurung, H. (2005). Social exclusion and Maoist insurgency. Paper presented at National Dialogue Conference on ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, Kathmandu, 19–20 January 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southasiacheck.org/fact-check/how-discriminatory-was-the-first-muluki-ain-against-dalits/">"How discriminatory was the first Muluki Ain against Dalits?"</a>. 21 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+discriminatory+was+the+first+Muluki+Ain+against+Dalits%3F&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthasiacheck.org%2Ffact-check%2Fhow-discriminatory-was-the-first-muluki-ain-against-dalits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaste+system+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.onlinekhabar.com/history-of-dalit-movements-in-nepal.html">"History of Dalit movements in Nepal: Much has been achieved, but discrimination still exists"</a>. Online Khabar. 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History+of+Dalit+movements+in+Nepal%3A+Much+has+been+achieved%2C+but+discrimination+still+exists&rft.date=2020-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.onlinekhabar.com%2Fhistory-of-dalit-movements-in-nepal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaste+system+in+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aasland, Aadne and Marit Haug: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430042505/http://blog.nibrinternational.no/#post42">Class, Caste or Location? How Do Different People Assess Social Change In Nepal?</a> <i>The NIBR International Blog</i>, 27.05.2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Gurung, H. 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NLSS II, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.Neupane, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Peris S.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430042505/http://blog.nibrinternational.no/#post43">Deepening Democracy: International Labour Organisation Convention 169 and Nepal's Democratic Transition</a> <i>The NIBR International Blog</i>, 11.06.2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subedi, Madhusudan. (2011). Caste System: Theories and Practices in Nepal. Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthropology. 4. 10.3126/hjsa.v4i0.4672.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF43.htm">Caste discrimination</a>. South Asian Human Rights Documentation Center</li> <li>Nancy E. Levine. Caste, State, and Ethnic Boundaries in Nepal. The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Feb., 1987), pp. 71–88 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2056667">10.2307/2056667</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724103255/http://epw.org.in/epw/uploads/articles/10625.pdf">Nepal: Towards a Democratic Republic: Caste, Ethnicity and Inequality in Nepal</a>. Economic and Political Weekly</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caste_system_of_Nepal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Caste system of Nepal">Caste system of Nepal</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014050327/http://www.vedah.net/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html">The complete reference to Brahmins</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Successful_requests_for_permission/The_Vepachedu_Educational_Foundation" title="Wikipedia:Successful requests for permission/The Vepachedu Educational Foundation">Material from this site has been borrowed for this article with the permission of Dr. Vepachedu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070125023405/http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=324452&rel_no=1">Interview with Ian Martin: Caste-Based Discrimination in Nepal</a> (23-10-2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110821145408/http://www.nepalawaz.com/2011/05/nepal-un-welcomes-new-law-on-caste.html">Nepal: UN Welcomes New Law on Caste</a>. 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href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Bhotiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttarakhand Bhotiya">Darchula Bhotiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhotiya" title="Bhotiya">Bhotiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyolmo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyolmo people">Hyolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jirel">Jirel</a></li> <li>Nepalese <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Tibetan languages">Central Tibetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Central Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Kachee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Western Rai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahing" title="Bahing">Bahing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_people" title="Sunuwar people">Sunuwar</a> Koich</li></ul></li> <li>Central Rai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rai_people" title="Rai people">Khambu Rai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulung_people" title="Kulung people">Kulung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantawa_rai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantawa rai">Bantawa</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Rai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lohorung_people" title="Lohorung people">Lohorung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakkha_people" title="Yakkha people">Yakkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu (Yakthung)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhantyal" title="Chhantyal">Chhantyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_people" title="Gurung people">Gurung</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_people" title="Gurung people">Tamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manang_language" title="Manang language">Manange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghale_languages" title="Ghale languages">Ghale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_people" title="Tamang people">Tamang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama_clan_(Tamang)" title="Lama clan (Tamang)">Lama clan (Tamang)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakali_people" title="Thakali people">Thakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaike_language" title="Kaike language">Kaike</a> <a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Magar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li>Newaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar</a></li> <li>Newar Muslim</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thami" title="Thami">Thangmi</a> Kham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram_language" title="Baram language">Baram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Magar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Dhut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham_Magar" title="Kham Magar">Kham/Pang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepang_people" title="Chepang people">Chepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhujel" title="Bhujel">Bhujel</a></li> <li>Raji–Raute <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raji_people" title="Raji people">Raji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raute_people" title="Raute people">Raute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawat_language" title="Rawat language">Rawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha (Rong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimal" title="Dhimal">Dhimal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pahari_people_(Nepal)" title="Pahari people (Nepal)">Pahari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jumla_District" title="Jumla District">speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpa_language_(Indo-Aryan)" title="Palpa language (Indo-Aryan)">Palpali</a>-<a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkha language">Gorkhali</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gorkha_District" title="Gorkha District">speakers</a> (standard Nepali dialect)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumauni_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumauni people">Kumaunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiris</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madheshi_people" title="Madheshi people">Madheshi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithali" class="mw-redirect" title="Maithali">Maithil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithil_Brahmin" title="Maithil Brahmin">Maithil Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanuk" title="Dhanuk">Dhanuk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Eastern Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malla (Nepal)">Malla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajdhoves" title="Rajdhoves">Anga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>Over 25 distinct castes, major being <a href="/wiki/Shresthas" title="Shresthas">Shresthas</a>, Chathariya, <a href="/wiki/Jyapu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyapu">Jyapu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">Vajracharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajopadhyaya" title="Rajopadhyaya">Rajopadhyaya Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitrakar" title="Chitrakar">Chitrakar</a>, Khadgi, Manandhar, <a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobi</a>, Pode, <a href="/wiki/Ranjitkar" title="Ranjitkar">Ranjitkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali_caste" title="Mali caste">Mali</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li>Newar Muslim</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_people_of_Indian_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese people of Indian ancestry">Indian Madheshi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithil" class="mw-redirect" title="Maithil">Indian Maithil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_people" title="Bhojpuri people">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li>etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_people" title="Awadhi people">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madheshi_people" title="Madheshi people">other Madheshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">U</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumal_people" title="Kumal people">Kumal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patharkat" title="Patharkat">Kushbadiya (Guhari)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Muslims#Miyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali Muslims">Miyan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-Aryan<br /><small>of a <a href="/wiki/Substratum_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substratum (linguistics)">distinct origin</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danuar</a> Rai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Western Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharu</a></li> <li>Hill <a href="/wiki/Kharia_people" title="Kharia people">Khadiya/Bankariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisan_people" title="Kisan people">Kisan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Oraon Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patharkat" title="Patharkat">Kushbadiya (Guhari)</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other peoples (<a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">i</a>)<br /><small>of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indus-Ganga</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_people" title="Kusunda people">Kusunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munda_people" title="Munda people">Munda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santhal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhal people">Satar</a></li> <li>Dudh and Dhelki <a href="/wiki/Kharia_people" title="Kharia people">Khadiya/Bankariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Jangad/Dhangad/Uraun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kisan_people" title="Kisan people">Kisan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20x20px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Immigration_to_Nepal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Nepal" title="Template:Immigration to Nepal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Nepal" title="Template talk:Immigration to Nepal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Nepal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20x20px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Immigration_to_Nepal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> Immigration to Nepal</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Nepal" title="Filipinos in Nepal">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_people_of_Indian_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese people of Indian ancestry">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Nepal" title="Japanese people in Nepal">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Jews / Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Nepal" title="Koreans in Nepal">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Nepal">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Nepal" title="Russians in Nepal">Russians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other basis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mountain people (<a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>)</li> <li>Hill people (Eastern <a href="/wiki/Pahari_people_(Nepal)" title="Pahari people (Nepal)">Paharis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newars" class="mw-redirect" title="Newars">Newars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirati_people" title="Kirati people">Kirati</a> (East, mostly <a href="/wiki/Mundhum" title="Mundhum">Mundhum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madheshi_people" title="Madheshi people">Madheshi</a>, Tharu, Danuwar and Dhimal) (Lowland)</li> <li>Western Nepal (<a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> dominant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali Muslim">Nepali Muslim</a> (South)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Janajati</a> <ul><li>Madheshi Janajati</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li>Simantakrit</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a class="mw-selflink selflink">caste</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Kshetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahun" title="Bahun">Bahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakuri" title="Thakuri">Thakuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajopadhyaya" title="Rajopadhyaya">Rajopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shresthas" title="Shresthas">Shresthas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyapu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyapu">Jyapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">Vajracharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulami" title="Pulami">Pulami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami_(caste)" title="Kami (caste)">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damai" title="Damai">Damai/Dholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajdhoves" title="Rajdhoves">Rajdhoves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarki_(ethnic_group)" title="Sarki (ethnic group)">Sarki</a></li> <li>Unspecified <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li> <li>Kalwar</li> <li>Dhobi</li> <li>Mali</li> <li>Gaine/<a href="/wiki/Gandarbha" title="Gandarbha">Gandarbha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/13px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/26px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caste_system_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caste_system_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Caste system in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Iran (page does not exist)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Malaysia (page does not exist)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_the_Maldives" title="Caste system in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Pakistan (page does not exist)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste system in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Caste system in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a 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