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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pojam_nauke_u_islamskoj_tradiciji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pojam_nauke_u_islamskoj_tradiciji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pojam nauke u islamskoj tradiciji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pojam_nauke_u_islamskoj_tradiciji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Značajna_polja_istraživanja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Značajna_polja_istraživanja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Značajna polja istraživanja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Značajna_polja_istraživanja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istaknuti_naučnici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istaknuti_naučnici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Istaknuti naučnici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istaknuti_naučnici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povezano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povezano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Povezano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povezano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalja_literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalja_literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dalja literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalja_literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoljašnje_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Spoljašnje veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamska nauka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 36 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العلم في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلم في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="علوم اسلاميه — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علوم اسلاميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মধ্যযুগীয় ইসলামি বিশ্বে বিজ্ঞান — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মধ্যযুগীয় ইসলামি বিশ্বে বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka_u_srednjovjekovnom_islamskom_svijetu" title="Nauka u srednjovjekovnom islamskom svijetu — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nauka u srednjovjekovnom islamskom svijetu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A8ncia_i_t%C3%A8cnica_de_l%27islam" title="Ciència i tècnica de l'islam — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciència i tècnica de l'islam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamico_ciencia" title="Islamico ciencia — Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Islamico ciencia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="زانست لە شارستانییەتی ئیسلامیدا — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانست لە شارستانییەتی ئیسلامیدا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Bda_ve_st%C5%99edov%C4%9Bk%C3%A9m_isl%C3%A1msk%C3%A9m_sv%C4%9Bt%C4%9B" title="Věda ve středověkém islámském světě — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Věda ve středověkém islámském světě" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%A2%DE%AA%DE%8D%DE%AB%DE%89%DE%AA%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%B0" title="ޢުލޫމުލްއިސްލާމް — Divehijski" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޢުލޫމުލްއިސްލާމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Επιστήμη στο μεσαιωνικό Ισλάμ — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστήμη στο μεσαιωνικό Ισλάμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Science in the medieval Islamic world" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienco_en_la_mezepoka_islama_mondo" title="Scienco en la mezepoka islama mondo — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Scienco en la mezepoka islama mondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_isl%C3%A1mica" title="Ciencia islámica — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencia islámica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundu_islamikoko_zientzia_Erdi_Aroan" title="Mundu islamikoko zientzia Erdi Aroan — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mundu islamikoko zientzia Erdi Aroan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="علم در جهان اسلام در قرون وسطی — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علم در جهان اسلام در قرون وسطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiede_keskiajan_islamilaisessa_maailmassa" title="Tiede keskiajan islamilaisessa maailmassa — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiede keskiajan islamilaisessa maailmassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences_arabes" title="Sciences arabes — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sciences arabes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מדע בעולם האסלאמי של ימי הביניים — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדע בעולם האסלאמי של ימי הביניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkori_arab_tudom%C3%A1ny" title="Középkori arab tudomány — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Középkori arab tudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_pengetahuan_Islam_abad_pertengahan" title="Ilmu pengetahuan Islam abad pertengahan — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu pengetahuan Islam abad pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienza_e_tecnica_nell%27epoca_d%27oro_islamica" title="Scienza e tecnica nell'epoca d'oro islamica — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scienza e tecnica nell'epoca d'oro islamica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="アラビア科学 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラビア科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ისლამური მეცნიერება — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისლამური მეცნიერება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduram%C5%BEi%C5%B3_islamo_%C5%A1ali%C5%B3_mokslas" title="Viduramžių islamo šalių mokslas — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viduramžių islamo šalių mokslas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenschap_in_de_middeleeuwse_islamitische_wereld" title="Wetenschap in de middeleeuwse islamitische wereld — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wetenschap in de middeleeuwse islamitische wereld" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamsk_vitenskap" title="Islamsk vitenskap — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Islamsk vitenskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3" title="اسلامي ساينس — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسلامي ساينس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncia_isl%C3%A2mica" title="Ciência islâmica — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciência islâmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Наука в средневековом исламском мире — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наука в средневековом исламском мире" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%86%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DB%BE_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3" title="وچئين دور جي اسلامي دنيا ۾ سائنس — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وچئين دور جي اسلامي دنيا ۾ سائنس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkenca_n%C3%AB_mesjet%C3%ABn_Islame" title="Shkenca në mesjetën Islame — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkenca në mesjetën Islame" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83" title="Наука у средњовековном исламском свету — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Наука у средњовековном исламском свету" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamisk_vetenskap" title="Islamisk vetenskap — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Islamisk vetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_%C3%87a%C4%9F_%C4%B0slam_d%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1nda_bilim" title="Orta Çağ İslam dünyasında bilim — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orta Çağ İslam dünyasında bilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3" title="قرون وسطی کی اسلامی دنیا میں سائنس — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قرون وسطی کی اسلامی دنیا میں سائنس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的科學 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的科學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Islamska_nauka"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&action=history"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Opšte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovdje/Islamska_nauka" title="Pogledajte listu svih stranica koje vode ovamo [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Šta vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_izmjene/Islamska_nauka" rel="nofollow" title="Prelistajte nedavne izmjene stranica koje su povezane s ovom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane izmjene</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Pregledajte listu svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne 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class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Islamic_science" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q785426" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>Ovaj članak opisuje istoriju nauke u islamskoj civilizaciji između osmog i šesnaestog veka. Za informacije o značenju pojma nauke u islamskoj tradiciji, pogledajte članak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_i_nauka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam i nauka (stranica ne postoji)">Islam i nauka</a>.</i></dd></dl> <p><b>Nauka u srednjovekovnom islamskom svetu</b>, takođe poznata po nazivu <b>Islamska nauka</b>, je nauka proširena i upražnjena u islamskom svetu u toku <a href="/wiki/Islamski_zlatni_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamski zlatni period">Islamskog zlatnog perioda</a> (od 750. do 1258). U toku tog perioda, indijska, iranska i posebno grčka naučna dela su prevedena na arapski jezik. Ovi prevodi su bili podstrek za naučne napretke koje su naučnici u islamskoj civilizaciji napravili u toku srednjeg veka<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Naučnici u islamskoj civilizaciji su bili raznih narodnosti. Većinom su bili <a href="/wiki/Persijanci" class="mw-redirect" title="Persijanci">Persijanci</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-franz_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, pa onda Arapi<sup id="cite_ref-franz_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Mavri, Asirijci i Egipćani. Bilo ih je i raznih religijskih ubeđenja. Većina je bila islamska<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ali je bilo i hrišćana<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i Jevreja<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pojam_nauke_u_islamskoj_tradiciji">Pojam nauke u islamskoj tradiciji</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Pojam nauke u islamskoj tradiciji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pojam nauke u islamskoj tradiciji"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reč <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> se odnosi na islamsku religiju, kao što se odnosi i na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_civilizacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamska civilizacija (stranica ne postoji)">islamsku civilizaciju</a> koja je oforimrana na osnovu te religije<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_civilizacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamska civilizacija (stranica ne postoji)">Islamska civilizacija</a> je dopustila suživot različitih kultura i ponašanja na svojoj teritoriji, iako se broj muslimanskog stanovništva iz dana u dan povećavao<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Islamska religija je nastala u toku života poslanika Islama, <a href="/wiki/Muhamed" title="Muhamed">Muhameda</a>. Posle njegove smrti 632. godine, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> se širio pod rukovođstvom muslimanskih vladara, zvanih <a href="/wiki/Kalifat" title="Kalifat">halifa</a>. Stabilizacija političkog života u toku vladavine <a href="/wiki/Abasidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abasidi">abasidskih halifa</a> je omogućilo islamskim naučnicima da s prihvatljivom merom smirenosti zabeleže <a href="/wiki/Islamsko_zlatno_doba" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamsko zlatno doba">islamsko zlatno doba</a>. S druge strane, prostranost teritorije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_civilizacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamska civilizacija (stranica ne postoji)">islamske civilizacije</a> i širenje trgovačkih odnosa sa susedima su doprineli što većem upoznavanju muslimana sa ostalim civilizacijama. </p><p>Mnoga naučna dela su u tom periodu prevedena na arapski jezik u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku%C4%87a_mudrosti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuća mudrosti (stranica ne postoji)">Kući mudrosti</a> koju su osnovali <a href="/wiki/Abasidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abasidi">Abasidske halife</a> radi upoznavanja susedskih kultura. U tom poduhvatu, koji je nazvan <a href="/wiki/Prevodila%C4%8Dki_pokret" title="Prevodilački pokret">Prevodilački pokret</a>, su prevedena većinom nasleđa helenističke, indijske i persijske civilizacije. Helenistička intelektualna tradicija je bila predmet interesovanja mnogih islamskih naučnika, tako da su skoro svi važni spisi grčkih filozofa bili prevedeni na arapski jezik. </p><p>Grčka filozofija, uključujući i empirijske nauke je bila široko poznata u <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamija" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamija">Mesopotamiji</a> i <a href="/wiki/Persijsko_carstvo" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Persijsko carstvo">Persiji</a> pred pojavu <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islama</a>. Većina ovih nauka nije imala suštinske konflikte sa islamskom tradicijom, te su stoga opšteprihvaćene od strane islamskih učenjaka i <a href="/wiki/Kalifat" title="Kalifat">halifa</a>. Neki filozofi-naučnici su uživali veliki ugled i komfor baveći se <a href="/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija">astronomijom</a> i <a href="/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina">medicinom</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Značajna_polja_istraživanja"><span id="Zna.C4.8Dajna_polja_istra.C5.BEivanja"></span>Značajna polja istraživanja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Značajna polja istraživanja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Značajna polja istraživanja"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nauka u islamskom svetu je proširena posle povezivanja sa persijskim, indijskim i grčkim učenjima. Širinu naučnog napretka u islamskom svetu još uvek ne poznajemo potpuno, ali znamo da je reč o veoma značajnoj stvari<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naučni napretci u islamskom svetu su ostvareni na polju raznih disciplina, među kojima su najznačajniji bili<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">Matematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija">Astronomija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina">Medicina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">Fizika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija">Hemija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmologija" title="Kosmologija">Kosmologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oftalmologija" title="Oftalmologija">Oftalmologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija">Geografija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kartografija" title="Kartografija">kartografija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociologija" title="Sociologija">Sociologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psihologija" title="Psihologija">Psihologija</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istaknuti_naučnici"><span id="Istaknuti_nau.C4.8Dnici"></span>Istaknuti naučnici</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Istaknuti naučnici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Istaknuti naučnici"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U islamskom srednjovekovnom svetu, nauke, uključujući i <a href="/wiki/Srednjovekovna_filozofija" class="mw-redirect" title="Srednjovekovna filozofija">filozofiju</a>, su holistički shvaćene. Svaka naučna disciplina se sagledava u okvira njenog odnosa sa ostalim disciplinama, kao da su sve one grane jednog drveta. U tom kontekstu, najčuveniji naučnici u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_civilizacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamska civilizacija (stranica ne postoji)">islamskoj civilizaciji</a> su polimate, zvane „hakim“ tj. „<a href="/wiki/Mudrac" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudrac">mudrac</a>“. Njihova uloga u širenju nauka je neprikosnovena<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>„Hakim“ je često bio i <a href="/wiki/Pesnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesnik">pesnik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pisac" title="Pisac">pisac</a>, koji je bio toliko vešt u <a href="/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina">medicini</a>, koliko je i u <a href="/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija">astronomiji</a> i <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematici</a>. Ovi multitalentovani mudraci su središnje figure islamske nauke koje su razradile i realizovale jedinstvo nauka. Oni su načinili naučni razvoj kroz svoja otkrića i istakli nauku u svojim istraživanjima na najbolji način<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Neki od tih naučnika su: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEabir_ibn_Hajan" title="Džabir ibn Hajan">Džabir sin Hajanov</a> (od osmog do devetog veka) je bio hemičar koji je sprovodio obimne <a href="/wiki/Eksperiment" title="Eksperiment">eksperimente</a> i stvorio mnoga dela o <a href="/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka">nauci</a> i <a href="/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija">hemiji</a> koje su upotrebljene do današnjeg dana. <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEabir_ibn_Hajan" title="Džabir ibn Hajan">Džabir</a> je opisao laboratorijske tehnike i eksperimentalne metode u <a href="/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija">hemiji</a>. On je identifikovao mnoge <a href="/wiki/Supstanca" class="mw-redirect" title="Supstanca">supstance</a> uključujući i <a href="/wiki/Sumporna_kiselina" title="Sumporna kiselina">sumpornu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Azotna_kiselina" title="Azotna kiselina">azotnu kiselinu</a>. On je objasnio procese kao što su <a href="/wiki/Sublimacija" title="Sublimacija">sublimacija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redukcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Redukcija">redukcija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Destilacija" title="Destilacija">destilacija</a>. On je upotrebio sprave kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alembik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alembik (stranica ne postoji)">alembik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Retorta" title="Retorta">retortu</a>. Postoji znatna nesigurnost u izvornost mnogih dela koja su njemu pripisana<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benu_Musa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benu Musa (stranica ne postoji)">Braća Benu Musa</a> (Sinovi Muse), Muhamed, Ahmed i Hasan (iz ranog devetog veka) su sinovi istaknutog astronoma. Oni su bili bliski <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halifa_Mamun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halifa Mamun (stranica ne postoji)">halifi Mamunu</a>, te su doprineli mnogo prevođenju starogrčkih spisa na arapski jezik. Oni su razradili matematiku <a href="/wiki/Kupa_(geometrija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kupa (geometrija)">kupa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Elipsa" title="Elipsa">elipsi</a> i sprovodili astronomska osmatranja. Što je najznačajnije, oni su među prvima obratili pažnju automatizaciji i napravili modele koje su opisali u svojoj „knjizi o genijalnim uređajima“<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BEahiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Džahiz (stranica ne postoji)">Džahiz</a> (781-869) je bio prvi biolog koji je pisao o uticaju <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotna_sredina" class="mw-redirect" title="Životna sredina">životne sredine</a> na preživljavanju životinjskih vrsta. Prvi je opisao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borba_za_opstanak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borba za opstanak (stranica ne postoji)">borbu za opstanak</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BEahiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Džahiz (stranica ne postoji)">Džahiz</a> je takođe prvi diskutovao o <a href="/wiki/Lanac_ishrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanac ishrane">lancima ishrane</a>. On je privrženik <a href="/wiki/Determinizam" title="Determinizam">determinizma</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotna_sredina" class="mw-redirect" title="Životna sredina">životne sredine</a>, dokazujući da <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotna_sredina" class="mw-redirect" title="Životna sredina">životna sredina</a> može da predodredi fizičke karakteristike stanovnika određenog društva i da je uzrok razlike u boji ljudske kože upravo <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotna_sredina" class="mw-redirect" title="Životna sredina">životna sredina</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Kindi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Kindi (stranica ne postoji)">Ibn Ishak Kindi</a> (801-873) je bio <a href="/wiki/Filozof" class="mw-disambig" title="Filozof">filozof</a> i multidisciplinski naučnik koji je aktivno učestvovao u prevođenju grčkih klasičnih dela na arapski jezik. On se zalagao da opiše srodnost islamskog verovanja sa težnjom ka <a href="/wiki/Razum" title="Razum">razumom</a>, odnos koji bi mogao da reši nesuglasice koje su stvorene između njega i nekih islamskih pravnika. On je kritikovao osnove <a href="/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija">hemije</a> i <a href="/wiki/Astrologija" title="Astrologija">astrologije</a>, i doprineo opsežno obrađenim naučnim temama u svojim pisanjima. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Kindi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Kindi (stranica ne postoji)">Kindi</a> se bavio i <a href="/wiki/Kriptografija" title="Kriptografija">kriptografijom</a> za <a href="/wiki/Kalifat" title="Kalifat">halifu</a>. On je napisao traktat na temu vremena, prostora i relativnog kretanja<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunejn_ibn_Ishak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunejn ibn Ishak (stranica ne postoji)">Hunejn ibn Ishak</a> (809-873) je bio jedan od najvažnijih prevodilaca starogrčkih tekstova na arapski jezik. On je bio <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dar" title="Fizičar">fizičar</a>, a pisao je i u vezi sa <a href="/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina">medicinom</a>. On u svojim prevodima tumači, koriguje i dopunjuje starogrčke tekstove. Neki od njegovih prevoda medicinskih knjiga su dugo godina korišćene u Evropskim krugovima. On je takođe pisao o medicinskim temama, posebno o ljudskom <a href="/wiki/Oko" title="Oko">oku</a>. Njegovo delo „Deset rasprava o ljudskom oku" je bio uticajan na Zapadu sve do sedamnaestog veka<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhamed_el_Horezmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhamed el Horezmi (stranica ne postoji)">Muhamed Horezmi (Harazmi)</a> (oko 800 – oko 850) je persijski <a href="/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dar" title="Matematičar">matematičar</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Geograf" title="Geograf">geograf</a> i <a href="/wiki/Astronom" title="Astronom">astronom</a>. On se smatra kao najveći <a href="/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dar" title="Matematičar">matematičar</a> u muslimanskom svetu. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhamed_el_Horezmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhamed el Horezmi (stranica ne postoji)">Horezmi</a> je uveo modernu <a href="/wiki/Numeri%C4%8Dka_matematika" title="Numerička matematika">numeričku notaciju</a>, koja je od ogromne praktične vrednosti i njeno prihvatanje je jedan od velikih koraka u <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematici</a> (u Evropu je stigla u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latinski_prevod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latinski prevod (stranica ne postoji)">latinskom prevodu</a> posle 1240). On je razvio <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebru</a> koja je dobila naziv po njegovoj knjizi „Kitabu el-đabr“. Greška u naslovu donela je reč <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, a greška u pisanju imena autora dala je termin <a href="/wiki/Algoritam" title="Algoritam">algoritam</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhamed_el_Horezmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhamed el Horezmi (stranica ne postoji)">Horezmi</a> je koristio <a href="/wiki/Euklidova_geometrija" title="Euklidova geometrija">Euklidovu geometriju</a> u svojim dokazima<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zekerija_Razi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zekerija Razi (stranica ne postoji)">Ebu Bekr Zekerija Razi</a> (oko 854 do 925/935) je bio persijanac, rođen u gradu Reju, u <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranu</a>. On je bio multidisciplinski naučnik koji je pisao o raznim temama, dok su njegovi najznačajniji radovi iz oblasti <a href="/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina">medicine</a>. On je identifikovao <a href="/wiki/Boginje" title="Boginje">boginje</a> i <a href="/wiki/Morbili" title="Morbili">morbile</a> (ospice), i otkrio da je <a href="/wiki/Groznica" title="Groznica">groznica</a> deo telesne odbrane. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zekerija_Razi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zekerija Razi (stranica ne postoji)">Razi</a> je napisao u 23 toma kompendijum kineske, indijske, persijske, asirske i grčke medicine. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zekerija_Razi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zekerija Razi (stranica ne postoji)">Razi</a> je doveo u pitanje neke aspekte klasične grčke medicinske teorije o tome kako <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cetiri_humora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Četiri humora (stranica ne postoji)">četiri humora</a> regulišu proces života. On je osporio <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galenov</a> rad sa nekoliko pristupa, uključujući i lečenje krvarenjem, za koje danas znamo da je bilo pogrešno. Njegovo mišljenje da krvarenje ne pomaže lečenju se pokazalo korisnim<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Farabi" class="mw-redirect" title="El Farabi">Farabi</a> (oko 870-950) je bio racionalni <a href="/wiki/Filozof" class="mw-disambig" title="Filozof">filozof</a> i <a href="/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dar" title="Matematičar">matematičar</a> koji je pokušao da geometrijski objasni ponavljanje šablona u islmamskom ukrasnom umetnošću. Njegova knjiga na tu temu se naziva „Duhovno zanatstvo i prirodne tajne u detaljima geometrijskih figura"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. On je, takođe, stručnjak u <a href="/wiki/Muzika" title="Muzika">muzici</a>, kao i neporediv <a href="/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Politička filozofija">politički filozof</a>, čak možda i osnivač <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politi%C4%8Dka_filozofija_u_Islamu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politička filozofija u Islamu (stranica ne postoji)">političke filozofije u Islamu</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina (Avicena)</a> (908-946) je bio persijski <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dar" title="Fizičar">fizičar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronom" title="Astronom">astronom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psiholog" class="mw-redirect" title="Psiholog">psiholog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dar" title="Matematičar">matematičar</a> i <a href="/wiki/Filozof" class="mw-disambig" title="Filozof">filozof</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Buhara" title="Buhara">Buhare</a>. Pored svog životnog dela, „<a href="/wiki/Kanon_medicine" title="Kanon medicine">Kanon medicine</a>“, obavio je važne astronomske opservacije i razmotrio niz tema među kojima su različiti oblici <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energije</a> i osobine <a href="/wiki/Svetlost" title="Svetlost">svetlosti</a>. On je doprineo razvoju matematičkih tehnika<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Hajam" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Hajam">Omer Hajam</a> (1048-1131) je bio persijski <a href="/wiki/Pesnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesnik">pesnik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dar" title="Matematičar">matematičar</a> koji je izračunao dužinu godine sa preciznošću pet decimala. Otkrio je geometrijska rešenja za svih trinaest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubna_jedna%C4%8Dina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kubna jednačina (stranica ne postoji)">kubnih jednačina</a>. On je razvio neke <a href="/wiki/Kvadratna_jedna%C4%8Dina" title="Kvadratna jednačina">kvadratne jednačine</a> koje su još uvek u upotrebi. <a href="/wiki/Omar_Hajam" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Hajam">Hajam</a> je dobor poznat na Zapadu po svojoj poeziji „<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubaije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubaije (stranica ne postoji)">Rubaije</a>“<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasirudin_Tusi" title="Nasirudin Tusi">Nasirudin Tusi</a> (1201-1274) je bio persijski <a href="/wiki/Astronom" title="Astronom">astronom</a> i <a href="/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dar" title="Matematičar">matematičar</a> koji je živeo u vreme <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolska_invazija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongolska invazija (stranica ne postoji)">mongolskih invazija</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEingis-kan" title="Džingis-kan">Džingic-kana</a> i njegovog unuka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulaku-kan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hulaku-kan (stranica ne postoji)">Hulaku-kana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nasirudin_Tusi" title="Nasirudin Tusi">Tusi</a> je napisao važnu reviziju na Ptolemejevom nebeskom modelu. Kada je <a href="/wiki/Nasirudin_Tusi" title="Nasirudin Tusi">Tusi</a> postao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulaku-kan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hulaku-kan (stranica ne postoji)">Hulakuov</a> astronom, on mu je opremio impresivnu opservatoriju i omogućio pristup kineskim tehnikama posmatranja. <a href="/wiki/Nasirudin_Tusi" title="Nasirudin Tusi">Tusi</a> je razvio <a href="/wiki/Trigonometrija" title="Trigonometrija">trigonometriju</a> toliko da je to postala zasebna oblast. On je sastavio najprecizniju astronomsku tabelu dostupnu do tog vremena<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povezano">Povezano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Povezano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povezano"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alhemija_i_hemija_u_srednjovekovnom_Islamu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alhemija i hemija u srednjovekovnom Islamu (stranica ne postoji)">Alhemija i hemija u srednjovekovnom Islamu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomija_u_srednjovekovnom_Islamu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomija u srednjovekovnom Islamu (stranica ne postoji)">Astronomija u srednjovekovnom Islamu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doprinosi_hindusa_i_budista_nauci_u_srednjovekovnom_Islamu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doprinosi hindusa i budista nauci u srednjovekovnom Islamu (stranica ne postoji)">Doprinosi hindusa i budista nauci u srednjovekovnom Islamu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istorija_nau%C4%8De_metode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istorija nauče metode (stranica ne postoji)">Istorija nauče metode</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%8Dki_doprinosi_islamskom_svetu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grčki doprinosi islamskom svetu (stranica ne postoji)">Grčki doprinosi islamskom svetu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_i_nauka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam i nauka (stranica ne postoji)">Islam i nauka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamski_doprinosi_srednjovekovnoj_Evropi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamski doprinosi srednjovekovnoj Evropi (stranica ne postoji)">Islamski doprinosi srednjovekovnoj Evropi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latinski_prevodi_u_dvanaestom_veku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latinski prevodi u dvanaestom veku (stranica ne postoji)">Latinski prevodi u dvanaestom veku</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_ekonomija_u_svetu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamska ekonomija u svetu (stranica ne postoji)">Islamska ekonomija u svetu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Islamsko_zlatno_doba" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamsko zlatno doba">Islamsko zlatno doba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rana_Islamska_filozofija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rana Islamska filozofija (stranica ne postoji)">Rana Islamska filozofija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zlatno_doba_jevrejske_kulture_u_%C5%A0paniji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zlatno doba jevrejske kulture u Španiji (stranica ne postoji)">Zlatno doba jevrejske kulture u Španiji</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronalasci_u_islamskom_svetu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pronalasci u islamskom svetu (stranica ne postoji)">Pronalasci u islamskom svetu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslimanska_poljoprivredna_revolucija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muslimanska poljoprivredna revolucija (stranica ne postoji)">Muslimanska poljoprivredna revolucija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Islamska_filozofija" title="Islamska filozofija">Islamska filozofija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika_u_islamskoj_filozofiji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logika u islamskoj filozofiji (stranica ne postoji)">Logika u islamskoj filozofiji</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Islamske_studije" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamske studije">Islamske studije</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_muslimanskih_nau%C4%8Dnika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak muslimanskih naučnika (stranica ne postoji)">Spisak muslimanskih naučnika</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akademija_srednjovekovne_medicine_i_nauka_Ibn_Sina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akademija srednjovekovne medicine i nauka Ibn Sina (stranica ne postoji)">Akademija srednjovekovne medicine i nauka Ibn Sina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_arapskih_nau%C4%8Dnika_i_u%C4%8Denjaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak arapskih naučnika i učenjaka (stranica ne postoji)">Spisak arapskih naučnika i učenjaka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_persijskih_nau%C4%8Dnika_i_u%C4%8Denjaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak persijskih naučnika i učenjaka (stranica ne postoji)">Spisak persijskih naučnika i učenjaka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_turskih_filozofa_i_nau%C4%8Dnika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak turskih filozofa i naučnika (stranica ne postoji)">Spisak turskih filozofa i naučnika</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matematika_u_srednjovekovnom_islamskom_svetu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematika u srednjovekovnom islamskom svetu (stranica ne postoji)">Matematika u srednjovekovnom islamskom svetu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina_u_srednjovekovnom_islamskom_svetu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicina u srednjovekovnom islamskom svetu (stranica ne postoji)">Medicina u srednjovekovnom islamskom svetu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrologija_u_srednjovekovnom_islamskom_svetu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrologija u srednjovekovnom islamskom svetu (stranica ne postoji)">Astrologija u srednjovekovnom islamskom svetu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oftalmologija_u_srednjovekovnom_islamskom_svetu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oftalmologija u srednjovekovnom islamskom svetu (stranica ne postoji)">Oftalmologija u srednjovekovnom islamskom svetu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizika_u_srednjovekovnom_islamskom_svetu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizika u srednjovekovnom islamskom svetu (stranica ne postoji)">Fizika u srednjovekovnom islamskom svetu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psihologija_u_srednjovekovnom_islamskom_svetu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psihologija u srednjovekovnom islamskom svetu (stranica ne postoji)">Psihologija u srednjovekovnom islamskom svetu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuran_i_nauka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuran i nauka (stranica ne postoji)">Kuran i nauka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skolastika" title="Skolastika">Skolastika</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hronologija_Islamske_nauke_i_tehnologije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hronologija Islamske nauke i tehnologije (stranica ne postoji)">Hronologija Islamske nauke i tehnologije</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41378145">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_1-2">1,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Robinson, Francis (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World edited by Francis Robinson. Cambridge University Press. pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> William Bayne Fisher, et al, <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran" title="The Cambridge History of Iran">The Cambridge History of Iran</a> 4, Cambridge University Press, 1975, p. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Shaikh M. Ghazanfar, Medieval Islamic economic thought: filling the "great gap" in European economics, Psychology Press, 2003 (p. 114-115).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-franz-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-franz_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-franz_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Haldun" title="Ibn Haldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, Franz Rosenthal, N. J. Dawood (1967), The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, p. 430, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-691-01754-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-691-01754-9">0-691-01754-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Joseph A. Schumpeter, Historian of Economics: Selected Papers from the History of Economics Society Conference, 1994, y Laurence S. Moss, Joseph Alois Schumpeter, History of Economics Society. Conference, Published by Routledge, 1996, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-415-13353-X" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-415-13353-X">0-415-13353-X</a>, p.64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Howard R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam, p. 270 (book cover, last page), University of Texas Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-292-78149-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-292-78149-0">0-292-78149-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Hogendijk, Jan P. (January 1999), Bibliography of Mathematics in Medieval Islamic Civilization.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> A. I. Sabra (1996). "Greek Science in Medieval Islam". In Ragep, F. J.; Ragep, Sally P.; Livesey, Steven John. Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on Pre-modern Science held at the University of Oklahoma. Brill Publishers. pp. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/90-04-09126-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/90-04-09126-2">90-04-09126-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lewis_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lewis_9-1">9,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam, 1987, p.6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Salah Zaimeche (2003), Introduction to Muslim Science.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Lewis, Brenard (1987). The Jews of Islam. Princeton University Press. pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Courbage, Youssef; Fargues, Phillipe (1995). Christians and Jews under Islam. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers. pp. ix-x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-86064-285-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-86064-285-3">1-86064-285-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Marshall Hodgson, The Venture of Islam Conscience and History in a World Civilization Vol 1. The University of Chicago, 1974, pg. 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_14-0">14,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_14-1">14,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> <a href="/wiki/Husein_Nasr" title="Husein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a> (1968). Science and Civilization in Islam. Harvard University Press. p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Masood (2009, pp.153–55).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Lagerkvist, Urf (2005). The Enigma of Ferment: from the Philosopher's Stone to the First Biochemical Nobel Prize. World Scientific Publishing. p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Masood (2009, pp.161–63).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Lindberg, David (1978). Science in the Middle Ages. The University of Chicago Press. p. 23,56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Selin, Helaine (1997). Helaine Selin. ed. Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 151, 235, 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Conway Zirkle (1941). Natural Selection before the "Origin of Species", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 84 (1), p. 71-123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Mehmet Bayrakdar (Third Quarter, 1983). "Al-Jahiz And the Rise of Biological Evolutionism", The Islamic Quarterly. London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Masood (2009, pp.49–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Masood (2009, pp.47–48, 59, 96–97, 171–72)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Toomer, Gerald (1990). "Al-Khwārizmī, Abu Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Mūsā". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-684-16962-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-684-16962-2">0-684-16962-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Masood (2009, pp.139–45).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Masood (2009, pp.74, 99–105.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Masood (2009, pp.148–49).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.centarkom.rs/bastinici-religijskih-nauka/abu-nasr-farabi/">http://www.centarkom.rs/bastinici-religijskih-nauka/abu-nasr-farabi/</a> Centar za religijske nauke "Kom"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Masood (2009, pp.104–5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Masood (2009, pp.5, 104, 145–146).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Masood (2009, pp.132–35).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografija">Bibliografija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Bibliografija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Bibliografija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Campbell, Donald (2001). Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. (Reprint of the London, 1926 edition). <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-415-23188-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-415-23188-4">0-415-23188-4</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> d'Alverny, Marie-Thérèse. "Translations and Translators", in Robert L. Benson and Giles Constable, eds., Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century, p. 421–462. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1982.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Hobson, John M. (2004). The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-521-54724-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-521-54724-5">0-521-54724-5</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Hudson, A. (2003). Equity and Trusts (3rd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavendish Publishing">Cavendish Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-85941-729-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-85941-729-9">1-85941-729-9</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Huff, Toby E. (2003). The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-521-52994-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-521-52994-8">0-521-52994-8</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Joseph, George G. (2000). The Crest of the Peacock. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-691-00659-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-691-00659-8">0-691-00659-8</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Katz, Victor J. (1998). A History of Mathematics: An Introduction. Addison Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-321-01618-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-321-01618-1">0-321-01618-1</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Levere, Trevor Harvey (2001). Transforming Matter: A History of Chemistry from Alchemy to the Buckyball. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johns_Hopkins_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johns Hopkins University Press (stranica ne postoji)">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-8018-6610-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-8018-6610-3">0-8018-6610-3</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Linton, Christopher M. (2004). From Eudoxus to Einstein—A History of Mathematical Astronomy. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-82750-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-82750-8">978-0-521-82750-8</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Masood, Ehsan (2009). Science and Islam A History. Icon Books Ltd.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science. 3. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-415-12410-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-415-12410-7">0-415-12410-7</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Phillips, William D.; Carla Rahn Phillips, Jr. Phillips (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-521-44652-X" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-521-44652-X">0-521-44652-X</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Sabra, A. I. (2000) "Situating Arab Science: Locality versus Essence," Isis, 87(1996):654–70; reprinted in Michael H. Shank, ed., The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages," (Chicago: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Chicago Press (stranica ne postoji)">University of Chicago Press</a>), pp. 215–231.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Saliba, George (1994). A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-8147-8023-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-8147-8023-7">0-8147-8023-7</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Turner, Howard R. (1997). Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-292-78149-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-292-78149-0">0-292-78149-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dalja_literatura">Dalja literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Dalja literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Dalja literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Daffa, Ali Abdullah al-; Stroyls, J.J. (1984). Studies in the exact sciences in medieval Islam. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-471-90320-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-471-90320-5">0-471-90320-5</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Nader El-Bizri, 'A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen's Optics', Arabic Sciences and Philosophy (Cambridge University Press), Vol. 15 (2005), pp. 189–218.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Nader El-Bizri, 'In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy: al-Baghdadi's Critique of Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrisation of Place', Arabic Sciences and Philosophy (Cambridge University Press), Vol. 17 (2007), pp. 57–80.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Hogendijk, Jan P.; Abdelhamid I. Sabra (2003). The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-262-19482-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-262-19482-1">0-262-19482-1</a>. Reviewed by Robert G. Morrison at [1]</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Hogendijk, Jan P.; Berggren, J. L. (1989). "Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam by J. Lennart Berggren". Journal of the American Oriental Society 109 (4): 697–698. doi:10.2307/604119. JSTOR 604119.)</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Hill, Donald Routledge, Islamic Science And Engineering, Edinburgh University Press (1993), <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-7486-0455-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-7486-0455-3">0-7486-0455-3</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Huff, Toby E. (1993, 2nd edition 2003), The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-521-52994-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-521-52994-8">0-521-52994-8</a>. Reviewed by George Saliba at Seeking the Origins of Modern Science?</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Huff, Toby E. (2000). "Science and Metaphysics in the Three Religions of the Books". Intellectual Discourse 8 (2): 173–198.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Kennedy, Edward S. (1970). "The Arabic Heritage in the Exact Sciences". Al-Abhath 23: 327–344.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Kennedy, Edward S. (1983). Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-8156-6067-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-8156-6067-7">0-8156-6067-7</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science. 2-3. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-415-02063-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-415-02063-8">0-415-02063-8</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Saliba, George (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-262-19557-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-262-19557-7">0-262-19557-7</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> <a href="/wiki/Husein_Nasr" title="Husein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a> (1976). Islamic Science: An Illustrated Study. Kazi Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-56744-312-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-56744-312-5">1-56744-312-5</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> <a href="/wiki/Husein_Nasr" title="Husein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a> (2003). Science & Civilization in Islam (2nd ed.). Islamic Texts Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-903682-40-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-903682-40-1">1-903682-40-1</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Suter, Heinrich (1900). Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke. Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematischen Wissenschaften Mit Einschluss Ihrer Anwendungen, X Heft. Leipzig.</li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Popular</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Deen, S. M. (2007). Science Under Islam: Rise, Decline, Revival. LULU. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-1-84799-942-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-1-84799-942-9">978-1-84799-942-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoljašnje_veze"><span id="Spolja.C5.A1nje_veze"></span>Spoljašnje veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Spoljašnje veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamska_nauka&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Spoljašnje veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><b>Akademske institucije</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.edu/islamsci/">Commission on the History of Science and Technology in Islamic Societies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211080203/http://www.ub.edu/islamsci/">Arhivirano</a> 2013-12-11 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Univerzitet_u_Barseloni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Univerzitet u Barseloni (stranica ne postoji)">Univerzitet u Barseloni</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centarkom.rs/bastinici-religijskih-nauka/">Baštinici religijskih nauka</a>, Centar za religijske nauke "Kom"</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/books/hgsptta.htm">"How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs"</a> by De Lacy O'Leary</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BEord%C5%BE_Saliba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Džordž Saliba (stranica ne postoji)">Saliba, George</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~gas1/project/visions/case1/sci.1.html">"Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe?"</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> Habibi, Golareh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=574">Review article</a>, Science Creative Quarterly.</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/introduction/woi_knowledge.html">Islam, Knowledge, and Science</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119010548/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/introduction/woi_knowledge.html">Arhivirano</a> 2008-01-19 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: help; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<kbd>en</kbd>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/rediscovering.arabic.science.htm,">Richard Covington, Rediscovering Arabic Science, 2007, Saudi Aramco World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515050912/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/rediscovering.arabic.science.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2007-05-15 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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