Nature Cell Biology

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="grade-c"> <head> <title>Nature Cell Biology</title> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.nature.com/ncb.rss"/> <link rel="preload" href=/static/fonts/HardingText-Regular-Web-cecd90984f.woff2 as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cmp.nature.com" crossorigin> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=5,user-scalable=yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="5a2dc4ab3fcb9b0393241ffbbb490480" /> <script data-test="dataLayer"> window.dataLayer = [{"content":{"category":{"contentType":null,"legacy":null},"article":null,"attributes":{"cms":null,"deliveryPlatform":null,"copyright":null},"contentInfo":null,"journal":{"pcode":"ncb","title":"Nature Cell Biology","volume":null,"issue":null,"id":41556,"publishingModel":"Hybrid Access"},"authorization":{"status":true},"features":[],"collection":null},"page":{"category":{"pageType":"journal"},"attributes":{"template":"mosaic","featureFlags":[{"name":"nature-onwards-journey","active":false}],"testGroup":null},"search":null},"privacy":{},"version":"1.0.0","product":null,"session":null,"user":null,"backHalfContent":false,"country":"HK","hasBody":false,"uneditedManuscript":false,"twitterId":["o3xnx","o43y9","o3ef7"],"baiduId":"d38bce82bcb44717ccc29a90c4b781ea","japan":false}]; window.dataLayer.push({ ga4MeasurementId: 'G-ERRNTNZ807', ga360TrackingId: 'UA-71668177-1', twitterId: ['3xnx', 'o43y9', 'o3ef7'], baiduId: 'd38bce82bcb44717ccc29a90c4b781ea', ga4ServerUrl: 'https://collect.nature.com', imprint: 'nature' }); </script> <script> (function(w, d) { w.config = w.config || {}; w.config.mustardcut = false; if (w.matchMedia && w.matchMedia('only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches) { w.config.mustardcut = true; d.classList.add('js'); d.classList.remove('grade-c'); d.classList.remove('no-js'); } })(window, document.documentElement); </script> <link href="/static/css/grade-c-c8a47957e2.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link data-test="homepage-150-nature-branded-css" href="/static/css/homepage/homepage-150-nature-branded-28dcaa50a4.css" rel="stylesheet" media="only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/apple-touch-icon-f39cb19454.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="48x48" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon-48x48-b52890008c.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon-32x32-3fe59ece92.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon-16x16-951651ab72.png> <link rel="manifest" href=/static/manifest.json crossorigin="use-credentials"> <link rel="mask-icon" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/safari-pinned-tab-69bff48fe6.svg color="#000000"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon.ico> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000000"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content=/static/browserconfig.xml> <meta name="theme-color" content="#000000"> <meta name="application-name" content="Nature"> <script> (function () { if ( typeof window.CustomEvent === "function" ) return false; function CustomEvent ( event, params ) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: null }; var evt = document.createEvent( 'CustomEvent' ); evt.initCustomEvent( event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail ); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.CustomEvent = CustomEvent; })(); </script>  <script data-test="gtm-head"> window.initGTM = function() { if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MRVXSHQ'); } } </script>  <script> (function(w,d,t) { function cc() { var h = w.location.hostname; if (h.indexOf('preview-www.nature.com') > -1) return; var e = d.createElement(t), s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0]; if (h.indexOf('nature.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('test-www.nature.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.nature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-8-68.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.nature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-8-68.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else { e.src = '/static/js/cookie-consent-es5-bundle-cb57c2c98a.js'; e.setAttribute('data-consent', h); } s.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', e); } cc(); })(window,document,'script'); </script> <script id="js-position0"> (function(w, d) { w.idpVerifyPrefix = 'https://verify.nature.com'; w.ra21Host = 'https://wayf.springernature.com'; var moduleSupport = (function() { return 'noModule' in d.createElement('script'); })(); if (w.config.mustardcut === true) { w.loader = { index: 0, registered: [], scripts: [ {src: '/static/js/journal-homepage-es6-bundle-b9f893066c.js', test: 'journal-homepage-js', module: true}, {src: '/static/js/journal-homepage-es5-bundle-0b4fef0718.js', test: 'journal-homepage-js', nomodule: true} ].filter(function (s) { if (s.src === null) return false; if (moduleSupport && s.nomodule) return false; return !(!moduleSupport && s.module); }), register: function (value) { this.registered.push(value); }, ready: function () { if (this.registered.length === this.scripts.length) { this.registered.forEach(function (fn) { if (typeof fn === 'function') { setTimeout(fn, 0); } }); this.ready = function () {}; } }, insert: function (s) { var t = d.getElementById('js-position' + this.index); if (t && t.insertAdjacentElement) { t.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', s); } else { d.head.appendChild(s); } ++this.index; }, createScript: function (script, beforeLoad) { var s = d.createElement('script'); s.id = 'js-position' + (this.index + 1); s.setAttribute('data-test', script.test); if (beforeLoad) { s.defer = 'defer'; s.onload = function () { if (script.noinit) { loader.register(true); } if (d.readyState === 'interactive' || d.readyState === 'complete') { loader.ready(); } }; } else { s.async = 'async'; } s.src = script.src; return s; }, init: function () { this.scripts.forEach(function (s) { loader.insert(loader.createScript(s, true)); }); d.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { loader.ready(); var conditionalScripts; conditionalScripts = [ {match: 'math,span.mathjax-tex', src: '/static/js/math-es6-bundle-23597ae350.js', test: 'math-js', module: true}, {match: 'math,span.mathjax-tex', src: '/static/js/math-es5-bundle-6532c6f78b.js', test: 'math-js', nomodule: true} ]; if (conditionalScripts) { conditionalScripts.filter(function (script) { return !!document.querySelector(script.match) && !((moduleSupport && script.nomodule) || (!moduleSupport && script.module)); }).forEach(function (script) { loader.insert(loader.createScript(script)); }); } }, false); } }; loader.init(); } })(window, document); </script> <meta name="description" content="Nature Cell Biology publishes research of the highest quality across all areas of cell biology, encouraging studies that shed light on the mechanisms underlying fundamental cell biological processes in physiology and disease."/> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="© 2024 Springer Nature Limited"> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1476-4679"> <link rel="search" href="https://www.nature.com/search"> <link rel="search" href="https://www.nature.com/opensearch/opensearch.xml" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="nature.com"> <link rel="search" href="https://www.nature.com/opensearch/request" type="application/sru+xml" title="nature.com"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nature.com/ncb/"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nature.com/ncb/"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Nature"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Nature Cell Biology"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Nature Cell Biology publishes peer-reviewed original research of the highest quality in all areas of cell biology with an emphasis on studies that provide ..."/> <meta property="og:image" content="http:https://media.springernature.com/lw630/nature-cms/uploads/cms/pages/4931/top_item_image/NCB_Hero_Nov24-d980d484fc3535403574979cf855e0b3.jpg"/> <meta name="pocket-site-verification" content="b8135c5da1171af18a4aa6a264d0a2" /> </head>  <body class="home-page"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div class="position-relative cleared z-index-50 background-white" data-test="top-containers"> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#content">Skip to main content</a> <div class="c-grade-c-banner u-hide"> <div class="c-grade-c-banner__container"> <p>Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.</p> </div> </div> <div class="u-hide u-show-following-ad"></div> <aside class="c-ad c-ad--728x90"> <div class="c-ad__inner" data-container-type="banner-advert"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-top-1" class="div-gpt-ad advert leaderboard js-ad text-center hide-print grade-c-hide" data-ad-type="leaderboard" data-pa11y-ignore data-test="top-ad" data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/285/cellbio.nature.com/homepage" data-gpt-sizes="728x90" data-gpt-targeting="pos=top;type=homepage;path=/ncb/"> <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/285/cellbio.nature.com/homepage&sz=728x90&pos=top;type=homepage;path=/ncb/"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/cellbio.nature.com/homepage&sz=728x90&pos=top;type=homepage;path=/ncb/" alt="Advertisement" width="728" height="90"/> </a> </noscript> </div> </div> </aside> <header class="c-header" id="header" data-header data-track-component="nature-150-split-header" style="border-color:#0085c8"> <div class="c-header__row"> <div class="c-header__container"> <div class="c-header__split"> <h1 class="c-header__logo-container"> <a href="/ncb" data-track="click" data-track-action="home" data-track-label="image"> <picture class="c-header__logo"> <source srcset="https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/ncb/header-2373d7e9955215c515356898011b9df4.svg" media="(min-width: 875px)"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/ncb/header-0a48f0ca6d37110fa600974660fb33b0.svg" height="32" alt="Nature Cell Biology"> </picture> </a> </h1> <ul class="c-header__menu c-header__menu--global"> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--padding c-header__item--hide-md-max"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/siteindex" data-test="siteindex-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="open nature research index" data-track-label="link"> <span>View all journals</span> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--padding c-header__item--pipe"> <a class="c-header__link c-header__link--search" href="#search-menu" data-header-expander data-test="search-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="open search tray" data-track-label="button"> <svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="22" width="22" viewBox="0 0 18 18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16.48 15.455c.283.282.29.749.007 1.032a.738.738 0 01-1.032-.007l-3.045-3.044a7 7 0 111.026-1.026zM8 14A6 6 0 108 2a6 6 0 000 12z"/></svg><span>Search</span> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--padding c-header__item--snid-account-widget c-header__item--pipe"> <a class="c-header__link eds-c-header__link" id="identity-account-widget" href='https://idp.nature.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https://www.nature.com/ncb/?error=cookies_not_supported&code=81d9f899-99f6-4df9-b762-ae5725cb8036'><span class="eds-c-header__widget-fragment-title">Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-header__row"> <div class="c-header__container" data-test="navigation-row"> <div class="c-header__split"> <ul class="c-header__menu c-header__menu--journal"> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--dropdown-menu" data-test="explore-content-button"> <a href="#explore" class="c-header__link" data-header-expander data-test="menu-button--explore" data-track="click" data-track-action="open explore expander" data-track-label="button"> <span><span class="c-header__show-text">Explore</span> content</span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--dropdown-menu"> <a href="#about-the-journal" class="c-header__link" data-header-expander data-test="menu-button--about-the-journal" data-track="click" data-track-action="open about the journal expander" data-track-label="button"> <span>About <span class="c-header__show-text">the journal</span></span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--dropdown-menu" data-test="publish-with-us-button"> <a href="#publish-with-us" class="c-header__link c-header__link--dropdown-menu" data-header-expander data-test="menu-button--publish" data-track="click" data-track-action="open publish with us expander" data-track-label="button"> <span>Publish <span class="c-header__show-text">with us</span></span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)"/></svg> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-header__menu c-header__menu--hide-lg-max"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://idp.nature.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fmy-account%2Falerts%2Fsubscribe-journal%3Flist-id%3D3%26journal-link%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.nature.com%252Fncb%252F" rel="nofollow" data-track="click" data-track-action="Sign up for alerts" data-track-label="link (desktop site header)" data-track-external> <span>Sign up for alerts</span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m4 10h2.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-3.08578644l-1.12132034 1.1213203c-.18753638.1875364-.29289322.4418903-.29289322.7071068v.1715729h14v-.1715729c0-.2652165-.1053568-.5195704-.2928932-.7071068l-1.7071068-1.7071067v-3.4142136c0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5zm3 4c0 1.1045695.8954305 2 2 2s2-.8954305 2-2zm-5 0c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-.1715729c0-.530433.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.4142135l1.41421356-1.4142136v-3c0-3.3137085 2.6862915-6 6-6s6 2.6862915 6 6v3l1.4142136 1.4142136c.3750727.3750727.5857864.8837805.5857864 1.4142135v.1715729c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-4c0 1.6568542-1.3431458 3-3 3-1.65685425 0-3-1.3431458-3-3z" fill="#222"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--pipe"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/ncb.rss" data-track="click" data-track-action="rss feed" data-track-label="link"> <span>RSS feed</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> <nav class="u-mb-16" aria-label="breadcrumbs"> <div class="u-container"> <ol class="c-breadcrumbs" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb0" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a class="c-breadcrumbs__link" href="/" itemprop="item" data-track="click" data-track-action="breadcrumb" data-track-category="header" data-track-label="link:nature"><span itemprop="name">nature</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10" width="10" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill="#666" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li><li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb1" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">nature cell biology</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li> </ol> </div> </nav> </div> <div role="main" id="content" class="position-relative z-index-1"> <article> <div class="u-container" data-track-component="hero"> <div class="c-hero c-hero--flush-md-max"> <div class="c-hero__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w450h245/nature-cms/uploads/cms/pages/4931/top_item_image/NCB_Hero_Nov24-d980d484fc3535403574979cf855e0b3.jpg?as=webp 450w, https://media.springernature.com/w735h400/nature-cms/uploads/cms/pages/4931/top_item_image/NCB_Hero_Nov24-d980d484fc3535403574979cf855e0b3.jpg?as=webp 735w" sizes=" (max-width: 1024px) 450px, (max-width: 100vw) 735px 735px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w735h400/nature-cms/uploads/cms/pages/4931/top_item_image/NCB_Hero_Nov24-d980d484fc3535403574979cf855e0b3.jpg" alt="cell in rainbow colors" onload="if (window.performance && performance.mark) {performance.clearMarks('featured image displayed');performance.mark('featured image displayed');}"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-hero__copy"> <h2 class="c-hero__title u-mt-0"> <a class="c-hero__link" href="/articles/s41556-024-01526-4" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Blood-generating heart-forming organoids recapitulate co-development of the human haematopoietic system and the embryonic heart</a> </h2> <div class="u-mt-auto"> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated u-mb-4 u-color-inherit"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Miriana Dardano</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Felix Kleemiß</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Robert Zweigerdt</span></li> </ul> <div class="c-meta u-color-inherit"> <span class="c-meta__item"> <span class="c-meta__type">Technical Report</span> </span> <time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-10-08" itemprop="datePublished">08 October 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <section id="featured-content" class="u-mb-48 u-mt-24" data-track-component="featured content grid"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-section-heading" data-test="title"> <h2 class="u-ma-0"> Featured </h2> </div> <ul class="app-article-list-row"> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01525-5" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Navigating human embryogenesis through tailored model selection</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>Rapid advances in stem cell and bioengineering technologies have sparked a revolution in developmental biology, with stem cell-based embryo models emerging as crucial tools to uncover the intricacies of human embryogenesis. However, making progress relies on precisely posing our questions and selecting our models.</p> </div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Berna Sozen</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Comment</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-11-11" itemprop="datePublished">11 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01513-9/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1513_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01513-9/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1513_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01513-9/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1513_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01513-9" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">The role of PINK1–Parkin in mitochondrial quality control</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>Narendra and Youle review the current understanding of the role of PINK1–Parkin in the quality control of mitophagy, highlighting the underlying mechanisms and physiological relevance of the pathway, as well as its role in neuroprotection.</p> </div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Derek P. Narendra</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Richard J. Youle</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Review Article</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-10-02" itemprop="datePublished">02 Oct 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01539-z/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1539_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01539-z/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1539_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01539-z/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1539_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01539-z" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Temporal dynamics of membrane contact sites</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>Cell behaviour changes temporally in response to environmental and metabolic cues. This also applies to membrane contact sites (MCSs), where organelles come into close proximity to perform specific functions, such as lipid transfer or calcium signalling. Here, we discuss how MCSs change over time and whether MCSs exhibit circadian rhythmicity.</p> </div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Tomas Knedlik</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Marta Giacomello</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Comment</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-10-31" itemprop="datePublished">31 Oct 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01491-y/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1491_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01491-y/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1491_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01491-y/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1491_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01491-y" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Innate immune sensing of cell death in disease and therapeutics</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>Man and Kanneganti discuss how pattern-recognition sensors in innate immune cells recognize and respond to cell-death signatures, and highlight molecular targets for potential therapeutic development.</p> </div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Si Ming Man</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Review Article</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-09-02" itemprop="datePublished">02 Sept 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <section id="latest-issue" data-track-component="latest-issue grid"> <div class="u-container u-mb-48"> <div class="c-section-heading"> <h2 class="u-ma-0"> <a href="/ncb/current-issue" class="c-section-heading__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view all" data-track-label="button"> Current issue <svg class="c-section-heading__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" width="16"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> </a> </h2> </div> <div class="app-latest-issue-row"> <div class="app-latest-issue-row__main u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column u-flex-shrink"> <ul class="app-latest-issue-row__article-list"> <li class="app-latest-issue-row__item"><div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01525-5" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Navigating human embryogenesis through tailored model selection</a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Berna Sozen</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Comment</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-11-11" itemprop="datePublished">11 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div></li> <li class="app-latest-issue-row__item"><div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01539-z" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Temporal dynamics of membrane contact sites</a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Tomas Knedlik</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Marta Giacomello</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Comment</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-10-31" itemprop="datePublished">31 Oct 2024</time> </div> </article> </div></li> <li class="app-latest-issue-row__item"><div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01560-2" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">To eat or not to eat</a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Stylianos Lefkopoulos</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Research Highlight</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-11-11" itemprop="datePublished">11 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div></li> <li class="app-latest-issue-row__item"><div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01521-9" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Recording morphogen signals reveals mechanisms underlying gastruloid symmetry breaking</a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Harold M. McNamara</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Sabrina C. Solley</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Jared E. Toettcher</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Article</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-10-02" itemprop="datePublished">02 Oct 2024</time> </div> </article> </div></li> <li class="app-latest-issue-row__item"><div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01518-4" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">ARF1 compartments direct cargo flow via maturation into recycling endosomes</a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Alexander Stockhammer</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Petia Adarska</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Francesca Bottanelli</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Article</span></span><span class="c-meta__item" itemprop="openAccess" data-test="open-access"><span class="u-color-open-access">Open Access</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-10-04" itemprop="datePublished">04 Oct 2024</time> </div> </article> </div></li> <li class="app-latest-issue-row__item"><div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01541-5" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Spatiotemporal coordination of actin regulators generates invasive protrusions in cell–cell fusion</a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Yue Lu</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Tezin Walji</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Elizabeth H. Chen</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Article</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-11-01" itemprop="datePublished">01 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="app-latest-issue-row__side"> <div class="app-latest-issue-row__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w440/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/41556/26/11?as=webp&q=95"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w440/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/41556/26/11?q=95" alt="Volume 26 Issue 11" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="app-latest-issue-row__buttons app-latest-issue-row--by-3"> <div class="app-latest-issue-row__button"> <a href="/ncb/current-issue" class="u-button u-button--full-width" data-track="click" data-track-action="view current issue" data-track-label="button">Contents</a> </div> <div class="app-latest-issue-row__button"> <a href="/ncb/volumes/26" class="u-button u-button--full-width" data-track="click" data-track-action="click view all issues">View all issues</a> </div> <div class="app-latest-issue-row__button"><a href="/ncb/subscribe" class="u-button u-button--primary u-button--full-width" data-track="click" data-track-action="subscribe" data-track-label="button">Subscribe</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="announcement-content" class="u-mb-48 u-mt-24" data-track-component="announcement content grid"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-section-heading" data-test="title"> <h2 class="u-ma-0"> Announcements </h2> </div> <ul class="app-announcement-list-row"> <li class="app-announcement-list-row__item"> <article class="c-card c-card--flush u-pl-0 u-justify-content-space-between"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/nature-cms/uploads/mosaic_featured_form_item/4931/announcement-image-79fafb8dfa8ba8ef34f1c0c8780111da.jpg?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/nature-cms/uploads/mosaic_featured_form_item/4931/announcement-image-79fafb8dfa8ba8ef34f1c0c8780111da.jpg?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img data-test="image-0" src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/nature-cms/uploads/mosaic_featured_form_item/4931/announcement-image-79fafb8dfa8ba8ef34f1c0c8780111da.jpg" alt="Nobel prize image" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline" data-test="announcement-title-0"> <a href="https://www.nature.com/collections/eaeegjjefc" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="click on homepage featured announcement" data-track-label="announcement 0"> Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024 </a> </h3> <div class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description" data-test="description-0"> <p>Nature Portfolio presents this Collection to celebrate the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded jointly to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun "for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation".</p> </div> </div> </div> </article> </li> <li class="app-announcement-list-row__item"> <article class="c-card c-card--flush u-pl-0 u-justify-content-space-between"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/nature-cms/uploads/mosaic_featured_form_item/4931/announcement-image-fb5a72b211e47430b5f21b1eef4ee713.jpg?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/nature-cms/uploads/mosaic_featured_form_item/4931/announcement-image-fb5a72b211e47430b5f21b1eef4ee713.jpg?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img data-test="image-1" src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/nature-cms/uploads/mosaic_featured_form_item/4931/announcement-image-fb5a72b211e47430b5f21b1eef4ee713.jpg" alt="Embryo-like structure in bright colors" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline" data-test="announcement-title-1"> <a href="https://www.nature.com/collections/ecgbibgcde" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="click on homepage featured announcement" data-track-label="announcement 1"> Innovations in Stem Cell Biology </a> </h3> <div class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description" data-test="description-1"> <p>This collection highlights recent papers published in Nature Portfolio and EMBO Press journals on topics including stem cell-based embryo models and organoids, embryonic development and regeneration, as well as clinical and translational research.</p> </div> </div> </div> </article> </li> <li class="app-announcement-list-row__item"> <article class="c-card c-card--flush u-pl-0 u-justify-content-space-between"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/nature-cms/uploads/mosaic_featured_form_item/4931/announcement-image-a88905db89f1fb02988e6bb7346af117.webp?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/nature-cms/uploads/mosaic_featured_form_item/4931/announcement-image-a88905db89f1fb02988e6bb7346af117.webp?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img data-test="image-2" src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/nature-cms/uploads/mosaic_featured_form_item/4931/announcement-image-a88905db89f1fb02988e6bb7346af117.webp" alt="Person viewing organisms through a microscope" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline" data-test="announcement-title-2"> <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41556-023-01308-4" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="click on homepage featured announcement" data-track-label="announcement 2"> Basic science is not just a foundation </a> </h3> <div class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description" data-test="description-2"> <p>Intellectual freedom for scientists, unconstrained by commercial interests and direct application, fuels unexpected discoveries. Curiosity-driven, basic science has yielded a deeper understanding of how life forms develop and function in their environment and has had wide implications for health and our planet. Investing in this is vital for scientific progress and worth protecting in a democracy.</p> </div> </div> </div> </article> </li> <li class="app-announcement-list-row__item"> <article class="c-card c-card--flush u-pl-0 u-justify-content-space-between"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/nature-cms/uploads/mosaic_featured_form_item/4931/announcement-image-c53183597f93cccd447ff7d1ecf08943.jpg?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/nature-cms/uploads/mosaic_featured_form_item/4931/announcement-image-c53183597f93cccd447ff7d1ecf08943.jpg?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img data-test="image-3" src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/nature-cms/uploads/mosaic_featured_form_item/4931/announcement-image-c53183597f93cccd447ff7d1ecf08943.jpg" alt="Cells in blue forming the number 25" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline" data-test="announcement-title-3"> <a href="https://www.nature.com/collections/jahbbbifgj" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="click on homepage featured announcement" data-track-label="announcement 3"> Celebrating 25 years of cell biology </a> </h3> <div class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description" data-test="description-3"> <p>We celebrate our 25th anniversary with this Focus & Collection. We not only look back through biological discoveries, but also discuss the roles of cell biologists in sustainability, our ongoing commitments to DEI, and mentoring the next generation.</p> </div> </div> </div> </article> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <section data-track-component="native-ad" data-polar-jhomepage> <div class="u-container"> <div class="app-native-ad" data-native-ad-placement="true"> <div class="u-hide"> <div id="div-gpt-ad-native-1" class="div-gpt-ad polar c-ad c-ad--2x2 advert js-ad hide-print grade-c-hide" data-ad-type="native" data-test="native-ad" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/285/ncb.nature.com/homepage" data-gpt-sizes="2x2" data-gpt-targeting="pos=native;artid=/ncb;path=/ncb" > <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/285/ncb.nature.com/homepage&sz=2x2&c=1176809290&t=pos%3Dnative%26artid%3D/ncb"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/ncb.nature.com/homepage&sz=2x2&c=1176809290&t=pos%3Dnative%26artid%3D/ncb" alt="Advertisement" width="2" height="2"/> </a> </noscript> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="u-container u-mb-48"> <div data-test="transformative-journal-announcement" class="c-status-message c-status-message--info u-mb-24 c-status-message--boxed"> <svg class="c-status-message__icon c-status-message__icon--top" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img"> <use xlink:href="#icon-info"></use> </svg> <div class="u-flex-shrink" data-track-component="tj-announcement"> <p class="u-ma-0"><i>Nature Cell Biology</i> is a <a data-track="click" data-track-action="click transformative journals link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/transformative-journals">Transformative Journal</a>; authors can publish using the traditional publishing route OR via immediate gold Open Access.</p> <p class="u-ma-0">Our Open Access option complies with <a data-track="click" data-track-action="click funding link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/funding">funder and institutional requirements</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="u-container u-mb-48"> <div class="c-search c-search--background"> <form action="/search/submit" method="post" role="search" autocomplete="off" data-track="submit" data-track-action="search" data-track-label="form" data-track-category="inline search 150"> <input type="hidden" value="ncb" name="journal"> <label class="c-search__input-label" for="keywords-1">Search Nature Cell Biology</label> <div class="c-search__field"> <div class="c-search__input-container c-search__input-container--md"> <input class="c-search__input" type="search" id="keywords-1" name="q" value=""> </div> <div class="c-search__select-container"> <label for="subject" class="u-visually-hidden">Subject</label> <select class="c-search__select" data-track="change" data-track-action="search" data-track-label="subject" data-track-category="inline search 150" name="subject" id="subject">All Subjects <option value="">All Subjects</option> <optgroup data-test="biological-sciences" label="Biological sciences"> <option value="biochemistry">Biochemistry</option> <option value="biological-techniques">Biological techniques</option> <option value="biophysics">Biophysics</option> <option value="biotechnology">Biotechnology</option> <option value="cancer">Cancer</option> <option value="cell-biology">Cell biology</option> <option value="chemical-biology">Chemical biology</option> <option value="computational-biology-and-bioinformatics">Computational biology and bioinformatics</option> <option value="developmental-biology">Developmental biology</option> <option value="drug-discovery">Drug discovery</option> <option value="genetics">Genetics</option> <option value="immunology">Immunology</option> <option value="microbiology">Microbiology</option> <option value="molecular-biology">Molecular biology</option> <option value="physiology">Physiology</option> <option value="plant-sciences">Plant sciences</option> <option value="stem-cells">Stem cells</option> <option value="structural-biology">Structural biology</option> <option value="systems-biology">Systems biology</option> <optgroup data-test="health-sciences" label="Health sciences"> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="endocrinology">Endocrinology</option> </optgroup> </select> </div> <div class="c-search__button-container"> <button type="submit" class="c-search__button"> <span class="c-search__button-text c-search__button-text--hide-at-sm">Search</span> <svg class="u-flex-static" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" width="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16.48 15.455c.283.282.29.749.007 1.032a.738.738 0 01-1.032-.007l-3.045-3.044a7 7 0 111.026-1.026zM8 14A6 6 0 108 2a6 6 0 000 12z"></path></svg> </button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <section class="u-mb-48 u-container u-text-center u-hide u-js-show"> <h2 class="u-visually-hidden">Advertisement</h2> <div id="div-gpt-ad-billboard-2" class="div-gpt-ad billboard c-ad c-ad--970x250 advert js-ad hide-print grade-c-hide" data-ad-type="billboard" data-test="billboard-ad" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/285/cellbio.nature.com/homepage" data-gpt-sizes="970x250" data-gpt-targeting="pos=billboard;artid=/ncb;path=/ncb" > <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/285/cellbio.nature.com/homepage&sz=970x250&c=2007395228&t=pos%3Dbillboard%26artid%3D/ncb"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/cellbio.nature.com/homepage&sz=970x250&c=2007395228&t=pos%3Dbillboard%26artid%3D/ncb" alt="Advertisement" width="970" height="250"/> </a> </noscript> </div> </section> <section id="latest-research" class="u-mb-48 u-mt-24" data-track-component="latest research grid"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-section-heading" data-test="title"> <h2 class="u-ma-0"> <a href="/ncb/research-articles" class="c-section-heading__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view all" data-track-label="button"> Latest Research articles <svg class="c-section-heading__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" width="16"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> </a> </h2> </div> <ul class="app-article-list-row"> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01550-4/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1550_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01550-4/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1550_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01550-4/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1550_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01550-4" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Chromatin remodelling in damaged intestinal crypts orchestrates redundant TGFβ and Hippo signalling to drive regeneration</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>Using deep single-nucleus multi-omics profiling, Fink et al. report transition states between crypt epithelial cells and a revival stem cell lineage. They find that the TGFβ and Hippo signalling pathways cooperatively drive intestinal regeneration.</p> </div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Mardi Fink</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Kizito Njah</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Jeffrey L. Wrana</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Article</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-11-15" itemprop="datePublished">15 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01544-2/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1544_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01544-2/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1544_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01544-2/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1544_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01544-2" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">FMRP regulates MFF translation to locally direct mitochondrial fission in neurons</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>Fenton et al. show that FMRP granules dock at the mitochondrial midzone in a Rab7-dependent manner in axons and dendrites, where they promote local MFF synthesis and fission at the mitochondrial midzone.</p> </div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Adam R. Fenton</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Ruchao Peng</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Thomas A. Jongens</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Article</span></span><span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" itemprop="openAccess" data-test="open-access"><span class="u-color-open-access">Open Access</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-11-15" itemprop="datePublished">15 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01543-3/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1543_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01543-3/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1543_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01543-3/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1543_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01543-3" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Hepatocellular senescence induces multi-organ senescence and dysfunction via TGFβ</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>Kiourtis et al. show that liver senescence triggers senescence and dysfunction in other organs through TGFβ secretion from the liver.</p> </div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Christos Kiourtis</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Maria Terradas-Terradas</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Thomas G. Bird</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Article</span></span><span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" itemprop="openAccess" data-test="open-access"><span class="u-color-open-access">Open Access</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-11-13" itemprop="datePublished">13 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01545-1/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1545_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01545-1/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1545_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01545-1/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1545_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01545-1" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Specialized post-arterial capillaries facilitate adult bone remodelling</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>Mohanakrishnan et al. identify a distinct subset of post-arterial capillaries, termed type R. They show that type R capillaries contribute to trabecular bone formation in the diaphysis and respond to anti-osteoporosis treatments.</p> </div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Vishal Mohanakrishnan</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Kishor K. Sivaraj</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Ralf H. Adams</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Article</span></span><span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" itemprop="openAccess" data-test="open-access"><span class="u-color-open-access">Open Access</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-11-11" itemprop="datePublished">11 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01546-0/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1546_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01546-0/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1546_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01546-0/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1546_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01546-0" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Cell state transitions are decoupled from cell division during early embryo development</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>Kukreja et al. show that blocking cell division in zebrafish does not affect differentiation of major cell types during gastrulation and segmentation, but it does decelerate differentiation of particular cell types and skews their proportions.</p> </div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Kalki Kukreja</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Bill Z. Jia</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Allon M. Klein</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Article</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-11-08" itemprop="datePublished">08 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01540-6/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1540_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01540-6/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1540_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01540-6/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1540_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01540-6" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Spermidine mediates acetylhypusination of RIPK1 to suppress diabetes onset and progression</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>Zhang et al. show that the activation of RIPK1 is suppressed by acetylhypusination in a spermidine-dependent manner. Disruption of this axis contributes to RIPK1-mediated vascular pathology to promote insulin resistance and diabetic kidney pathology.</p> </div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Tian Zhang</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Weixin Fu</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Junying Yuan</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Article</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-11-07" itemprop="datePublished">07 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <section id="latest-reviews" class="u-mb-48" data-track-component="latest reviews grid"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-section-heading"> <h2 class="u-ma-0"> <a href="/ncb/reviews-and-analysis" class="c-section-heading__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view all" data-track-label="button"> Latest Reviews & Analysis <svg class="c-section-heading__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" width="16"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> </a> </h2> </div> <ul class="u-list-reset app-reviews-row"> <li class="app-reviews-row__main"> <ul class="app-reviews-row__grid"> <li class="app-reviews-row__item app-reviews-row__item--major"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush c-card--major" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01567-9/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1567_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w, https://media.springernature.com/w485h264/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01567-9/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1567_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 485w" sizes=" (max-width: 768px) 290px, (max-width: 1200px) 485px, 485px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w485h264/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01567-9/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1567_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01567-9" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">FMRP gains mitochondrial fission control</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16" itemprop="description"> <p>Mitochondrial fission and fusion are crucial for neurons. The RNA-binding protein FMRP regulates mitochondrial dynamics, including fusion and trafficking in neurons. A study now identifies a mechanism by which FMRP regulates mitochondrial fission.</p> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Carissa L. Sirois</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Soraya O. Sandoval</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Xinyu Zhao</span></li> </ul> </div> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">News & Views</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-11-15" itemprop="datePublished">15 Nov 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-reviews-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01520-w/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1520_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01520-w/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1520_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01520-w/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1520_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01520-w" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">A systemic effect for liver senescence</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>A study shows that senescence induced in the liver can spread systemically to precipitate multi-organ dysfunction. The work identifies TGFβ signalling as a key mediator of this transmission, suggesting therapeutic avenues to prevent multi-organ failure in severe liver diseases.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Kuo Du</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">David Scott Umbaugh</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Anna Mae Diehl</span></li> </ul> </div> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">News & Views</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-11-13" itemprop="datePublished">13 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-reviews-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01542-4/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1542_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01542-4/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1542_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01542-4/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1542_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01542-4" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Spermidine limits diabetes by modulating RIPK1-mediated cell death and inflammation</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>We establish a mouse model of progressive diabetes induced by conditional NAT1 deficiency in vascular endothelial cells. NAT1 deficiency promotes the activation of RIPK1 owing to a type of post-translational modification mediated by spermidine and deoxyhyupisin synthase termed acetyl-hypusination. Our results suggest that inhibition of RIPK1 could be used to treat type 2 diabetes and vascular inflammation.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <div> </div> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Research Briefing</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-11-07" itemprop="datePublished">07 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-reviews-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01538-0/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1538_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01538-0/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1538_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01538-0/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1538_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01538-0" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Waste management and cell death in T cells</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>After being activated, T lymphocytes must consume fuel for energy and biomaterials to sustain rapid proliferation and differentiation. As a consequence, waste is generated that must be managed. A new study now explores how activated CD8<sup>+</sup> effector T cells handle ammonia, and how this impacts the survival and function of these cells.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Douglas R. Green</span></li> </ul> </div> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">News & Views</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-10-16" itemprop="datePublished">16 Oct 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-reviews-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01528-2/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1528_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01528-2/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1528_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01528-2/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1528_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01528-2" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Now it’s getting bloody in cardiac organoids</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>Modelling definitive haematopoiesis in organoids has been challenging. A study now develops blood-generating heart-forming organoids that display heart muscle, vascular endothelium formation and definitive haematopoiesis. This organoid represents an in vitro model of human embryonic circulatory system development.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Thomas Brand</span></li> </ul> </div> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">News & Views</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-10-16" itemprop="datePublished">16 Oct 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <ul class="app-reviews-row__side"> <li class="app-reviews-row__side-item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01517-5" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Retinoid-enhanced human gastruloids</a> </h3> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Alexandra Schauer</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Jesse V. Veenvliet</span></li> </ul> </div> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">News & Views</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-10-10" itemprop="datePublished">10 Oct 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-reviews-row__side-item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01513-9" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">The role of PINK1–Parkin in mitochondrial quality control</a> </h3> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Derek P. Narendra</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Richard J. Youle</span></li> </ul> </div> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Review Article</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-10-02" itemprop="datePublished">02 Oct 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-reviews-row__side-item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01502-y" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">RNAs kiss and translate in germ granules</a> </h3> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Ameya P. Jalihal</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Zachary M. Geisterfer</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Amy S. Gladfelter</span></li> </ul> </div> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">News & Views</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-10-01" itemprop="datePublished">01 Oct 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-reviews-row__side-item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01516-6" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Astrocytes are enablers of brain metastases</a> </h3> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Livia Garzia</span></li> </ul> </div> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">News & Views</span></span><time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-09-30" itemprop="datePublished">30 Sept 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <section id="news-comment" class="u-mb-48 u-mt-24" data-track-component="news comment grid"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-section-heading" data-test="title"> <h2 class="u-ma-0"> <a href="/ncb/news-and-comment" class="c-section-heading__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view all" data-track-label="button"> News & Comment <svg class="c-section-heading__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" width="16"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> </a> </h2> </div> <ul class="app-article-list-row"> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01562-0" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Seeing tension in cells</a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Daryl J. V. David</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Research Highlight</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-11-11" itemprop="datePublished">11 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01560-2" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">To eat or not to eat</a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Stylianos Lefkopoulos</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Research Highlight</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-11-11" itemprop="datePublished">11 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01563-z" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Lipid droplet messengers</a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Melina Casadio</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Research Highlight</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-11-11" itemprop="datePublished">11 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01561-1" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Cyclic mRNA localization in P-bodies</a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Sabrya Carim</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Research Highlight</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-11-11" itemprop="datePublished">11 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01525-5" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Navigating human embryogenesis through tailored model selection</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>Rapid advances in stem cell and bioengineering technologies have sparked a revolution in developmental biology, with stem cell-based embryo models emerging as crucial tools to uncover the intricacies of human embryogenesis. However, making progress relies on precisely posing our questions and selecting our models.</p> </div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Berna Sozen</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Comment</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-11-11" itemprop="datePublished">11 Nov 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> <li class="app-article-list-row__item"> <div class="u-full-height" data-native-ad-placement="false"> <article class="u-full-height c-card c-card--flush" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-card__layout u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__image"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset=" https://media.springernature.com/w165h90/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01539-z/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1539_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 160w, https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01539-z/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1539_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp 290w" sizes=" (max-width: 640px) 160px, (max-width: 1200px) 290px, 290px"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41556-024-01539-z/MediaObjects/41556_2024_1539_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" itemprop="image"> </picture> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/articles/s41556-024-01539-z" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="view article" data-track-label="link">Temporal dynamics of membrane contact sites</a> </h3> <div data-test="article-description" class="c-card__summary u-mb-16 u-hide-sm-max" itemprop="description"> <p>Cell behaviour changes temporally in response to environmental and metabolic cues. This also applies to membrane contact sites (MCSs), where organelles come into close proximity to perform specific functions, such as lipid transfer or calcium signalling. Here, we discuss how MCSs change over time and whether MCSs exhibit circadian rhythmicity.</p> </div> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact"> <li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Tomas Knedlik</span></li><li itemprop="creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">Marta Giacomello</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" data-test="article.type"><span class="c-meta__type">Comment</span></span><time class="c-meta__item c-meta__item--block-at-lg" datetime="2024-10-31" itemprop="datePublished">31 Oct 2024</time> </div> </article> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="u-mb-48" data-container-type="collection" data-track-component="featured collection"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-section-heading"> <h2 class="u-ma-0"> <a href="/ncb/collections" class="c-section-heading__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view all" data-track-label="button"> Collections <svg class="c-section-heading__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" width="16"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-chevron-right"></use> </svg> </a> </h2> </div> <div class="app-collections-row"> <div class="app-collections-row__item"> <article class="c-card c-card--flush c-card--major u-full-height"> <div class="c-card__layout"> <div class="c-card__image"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/lw630/nature-cms/uploads/collections/NCB_Hero_Sept24-5314dc3891fe1020297d3dd7bb150366.jpg" alt="Fluorescent cells in green, blue and magenta overlaid on red dots against a black background"> </div> <div class="c-card__body u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h3 class="c-card__title" itemprop="name headline"> <a href="/collections/fffdbefdba" data-track="click" data-track-action="view collection" data-track-label="link" class="c-card__link u-link-inherit">Focus on cell death</a> </h3> <div class="c-card__summary u-mb-16" data-test="collection-description"> Our understanding of distinct and diverse modes of cell death and their contributions to homeostasis and disease has significantly progressed in recent years. In this Focus, we highlight exciting advances in this field with commissioned content, an Editorial, Research Highlights and a selection of related research articles published by Nature Cell Biology. </div> <div class="c-card__section c-meta"> <span class="c-meta__item" data-test="article.type"> <span class="c-meta__type">Focus</span> </span> <time class="c-meta__item" datetime="2024-09-12" itemprop="datePublished">12 Sept 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-ad c-ad--300x250"> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <div id="div-gpt-ad-right-2" class="div-gpt-ad medium-rectangle c-ad c-ad--300x250 advert js-ad hide-print grade-c-hide" data-ad-type="right" data-test="right-ad" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/285/cellbio.nature.com/homepage" data-gpt-sizes="300x250" data-gpt-targeting="pos=right;artid=/ncb;path=/ncb" > <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/285/cellbio.nature.com/homepage&sz=300x250&c=1542241644&t=pos%3Dright%26artid%3D/ncb"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/cellbio.nature.com/homepage&sz=300x250&c=1542241644&t=pos%3Dright%26artid%3D/ncb" alt="Advertisement" width="300" height="250"/> </a> </noscript> </div> <p class="c-ad__label u-mb-0 u-mt-8">Advertisement</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="u-container u-mb-48"> <div class="c-section-heading"> <h2 class="u-ma-0"> <img class="u-vertical-align-baseline" src="/static/images/logos/nature-careers-logo-f6ff1c1c64.svg" width="195" height="23" alt="Nature Careers"> </h2> </div> <div class="app-careers-row"> <div class="app-careers-row__main"> <div class="app-careers-row__block" data-track-component="jobs box"> <h3 class="c-section-heading c-section-heading--no-bt u-mb-8 u-mt-0"> <a href="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/" class="c-section-heading__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view all" data-track-label="button"> Science jobs <svg class="c-section-heading__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="14" width="14"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> </a> </h3> <div class="app-careers-row__listing"> <ul class="c-list-group c-list-group--md c-list-group--flush c-list-group--bordered u-mb-16"> <li class="c-list-group__item u-display-flex"> <div class="u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h4 class="u-mb-8 u-mt-0"><a href="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/job/12832489/faculty-positions-at-sustech-school-of-medicine/?TrackID=3472&utm_source=widget&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=3472" class="u-link-inherit" data-track="click" data-track-action="Rank:(0)" data-track-category="job-list" data-track-label="12832489">Faculty Positions at SUSTech School of Medicine</a></h4> <div class="u-mt-auto c-meta"> <p class="u-ma-0">SUSTech School of Medicine offers equal opportunities and welcome applicants from the world with all ethnic backgrounds.</p> <p class="u-ma-0 u-mt-8">Shenzhen, Guangdong, China</p> <p class="u-ma-0 u-mt-8">Southern University of Science and Technology, School of Medicine</p> </div> </div> <div class="u-hide u-show-at-sm" style="max-width: 150px;"> <img src="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/getasset/f067d149-9ec4-4f2d-b5b1-3ba822bd25ec/" alt="" class="u-ml-8" loading="lazy"> </div> </li> <li class="c-list-group__item u-display-flex"> <div class="u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h4 class="u-mb-8 u-mt-0"><a href="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/job/12832467/postdoctoral-fellow/?TrackID=3472&utm_source=widget&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=3472" class="u-link-inherit" data-track="click" data-track-action="Rank:(1)" data-track-category="job-list" data-track-label="12832467">Postdoctoral fellow</a></h4> <div class="u-mt-auto c-meta"> <p class="u-ma-0">A postdoctoral fellowship in the Dutta lab (https://duttalab.pitt.edu ) in neurobiology, immunology, and cardiovascular disease.</p> <p class="u-ma-0 u-mt-8">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</p> <p class="u-ma-0 u-mt-8">University of Pittsburgh Vascular Medicine Institute</p> </div> </div> <div class="u-hide u-show-at-sm" style="max-width: 150px;"> <img src="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/getasset/ff336a1a-b159-4bc5-8320-597c5dac3404/" alt="" class="u-ml-8" loading="lazy"> </div> </li> <li class="c-list-group__item u-display-flex"> <div class="u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h4 class="u-mb-8 u-mt-0"><a href="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/job/12832436/automation-expert-technology-development-unit-national-facility-for-genomics/?TrackID=3472&utm_source=widget&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=3472" class="u-link-inherit" data-track="click" data-track-action="Rank:(2)" data-track-category="job-list" data-track-label="12832436">Automation Expert - Technology Development Unit – National Facility for Genomics</a></h4> <div class="u-mt-auto c-meta"> <p class="u-ma-0">APPLICATION CLOSING DATE: December 20th 2024 Human Technopole (HT) is an international life science research institute in Milan, created and suppor...</p> <p class="u-ma-0 u-mt-8">Milan (IT)</p> <p class="u-ma-0 u-mt-8">Human Technopole</p> </div> </div> <div class="u-hide u-show-at-sm" style="max-width: 150px;"> <img src="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/getasset/b5e413b1-1136-403d-aacb-9adb1c894c7a/" alt="" class="u-ml-8" loading="lazy"> </div> </li> <li class="c-list-group__item u-display-flex"> <div class="u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h4 class="u-mb-8 u-mt-0"><a href="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/job/12832392/junior-group-leader-in-computational-biology-professor-position/?TrackID=3472&utm_source=widget&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=3472" class="u-link-inherit" data-track="click" data-track-action="Rank:(3)" data-track-category="job-list" data-track-label="12832392">JUNIOR GROUP LEADER in COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY Professor position</a></h4> <div class="u-mt-auto c-meta"> <p class="u-ma-0">JUNIOR GROUP LEADER in COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY Professor position The International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw (IIMCB), Poland...</p> <p class="u-ma-0 u-mt-8">Warsaw (PL)</p> <p class="u-ma-0 u-mt-8">International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw</p> </div> </div> <div class="u-hide u-show-at-sm" style="max-width: 150px;"> <img src="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/getasset/86eab3f4-bf52-4655-961d-bd2cfaaf892e/" alt="" class="u-ml-8" loading="lazy"> </div> </li> <li class="c-list-group__item u-display-flex"> <div class="u-display-flex u-flex-direction-column"> <h4 class="u-mb-8 u-mt-0"><a href="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/job/12829806/global-scientist-interdisciplinary-forum-autumn-2024-/?TrackID=3472&utm_source=widget&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=3472" class="u-link-inherit" data-track="click" data-track-action="Rank:(4)" data-track-category="job-list" data-track-label="12829806">Global Scientist Interdisciplinary Forum • Autumn 2024</a></h4> <div class="u-mt-auto c-meta"> <p class="u-ma-0">Southern University of Science and Technology; School of Medicine & School of Public Health and Emergency Management;</p> <p class="u-ma-0 u-mt-8">Shenzhen, Guangdong, China</p> <p class="u-ma-0 u-mt-8">Southern University of Science and Technology, School of Medicine</p> </div> </div> <div class="u-hide u-show-at-sm" style="max-width: 150px;"> <img src="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/getasset/f067d149-9ec4-4f2d-b5b1-3ba822bd25ec/" alt="" class="u-ml-8" loading="lazy"> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-ad c-ad--300x250" data-test="ads"> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <div id="div-gpt-ad-right-3" class="div-gpt-ad medium-rectangle c-ad c-ad--300x250 advert js-ad hide-print grade-c-hide" data-ad-type="right" data-test="right-ad" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/285/cellbio.nature.com/homepage" data-gpt-sizes="300x250" data-gpt-targeting="pos=right;artid=/ncb;path=/ncb" > <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/285/cellbio.nature.com/homepage&sz=300x250&c=749797768&t=pos%3Dright%26artid%3D/ncb"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/cellbio.nature.com/homepage&sz=300x250&c=749797768&t=pos%3Dright%26artid%3D/ncb" alt="Advertisement" width="300" height="250"/> </a> </noscript> </div> <p class="c-ad__label u-mb-0 u-mt-8">Advertisement</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="c-header__dropdown" aria-labelledby="Explore-content" data-test="Explore-content" id="explore" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 id="Explore-content" class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--js-hide">Explore content</h2> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/research-articles" data-track="click" data-track-action="research articles" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Research articles </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/reviews-and-analysis" data-track="click" data-track-action="reviews & analysis" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Reviews & Analysis </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/news-and-comment" data-track="click" data-track-action="news & comment" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> News & Comment </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/current-issue" data-track="click" data-track-action="current issue" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Current issue </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/collections" data-track="click" data-track-action="collections" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Collections </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://twitter.com/NatureCellBio" data-track="click" data-track-action="twitter" data-track-label="link">Follow us on Twitter </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--hide-lg"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/my-account/alerts/subscribe-journal?list-id=3" rel="nofollow" data-track="click" data-track-action="Sign up for alerts" data-track-external data-track-label="link (mobile dropdown)">Sign up for alerts<svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m4 10h2.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-3.08578644l-1.12132034 1.1213203c-.18753638.1875364-.29289322.4418903-.29289322.7071068v.1715729h14v-.1715729c0-.2652165-.1053568-.5195704-.2928932-.7071068l-1.7071068-1.7071067v-3.4142136c0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5zm3 4c0 1.1045695.8954305 2 2 2s2-.8954305 2-2zm-5 0c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-.1715729c0-.530433.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.4142135l1.41421356-1.4142136v-3c0-3.3137085 2.6862915-6 6-6s6 2.6862915 6 6v3l1.4142136 1.4142136c.3750727.3750727.5857864.8837805.5857864 1.4142135v.1715729c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-4c0 1.6568542-1.3431458 3-3 3-1.65685425 0-3-1.3431458-3-3z" fill="#fff"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--hide-lg"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/ncb.rss" data-track="click" data-track-action="rss feed" data-track-label="link"> <span>RSS feed</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav class="c-header__dropdown" aria-labelledby="About-the-journal" id="about-the-journal" data-test="about-the-journal" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 id="About-the-journal" class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--js-hide">About the journal</h2> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/aims" data-track="click" data-track-action="aims & scope" data-track-label="link"> Aims & Scope </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/journal-information" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal information" data-track-label="link"> Journal Information </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/journal-impact" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal metrics" data-track-label="link"> Journal Metrics </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/editors" data-track="click" data-track-action="about the editors" data-track-label="link"> About the Editors </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/research-cross-journal-editorial-team" data-track="click" data-track-action="research cross-journal editorial team" data-track-label="link"> Research Cross-Journal Editorial Team </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/reviews-cross-journal-editorial-team" data-track="click" data-track-action="reviews cross-journal editorial team" data-track-label="link"> Reviews Cross-Journal Editorial Team </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/our-publishing-models" data-track="click" data-track-action="our publishing models" data-track-label="link"> Our publishing models </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/editorial-values-statement" data-track="click" data-track-action="editorial values statement" data-track-label="link"> Editorial Values Statement </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/editorial-policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="editorial policies" data-track-label="link"> Editorial Policies </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/content" data-track="click" data-track-action="content types" data-track-label="link"> Content Types </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/web-feeds" data-track="click" data-track-action="web feeds" data-track-label="link"> Web Feeds </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/posters" data-track="click" data-track-action="posters" data-track-label="link"> Posters </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/contact" data-track="click" data-track-action="contact" data-track-label="link"> Contact </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav class="c-header__dropdown" aria-labelledby="Publish-with-us-label" id="publish-with-us" data-test="publish-with-us" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 id="Publish-with-us-label" class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--js-hide">Publish with us</h2> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/submission-guidelines" data-track="click" data-track-action="submission guidelines" data-track-label="link"> Submission Guidelines </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncb/for-reviewers" data-track="click" data-track-action="for reviewers" data-track-label="link"> For Reviewers </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" data-test="nature-author-services" data-track="nav_language_services" data-track-context="header publish with us dropdown menu" data-track-action="manuscript author services" data-track-label="link manuscript author services" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/go/sn/?utm_source=For+Authors&utm_medium=Website_Nature&utm_campaign=Platform+Experimentation+2022&utm_id=PE2022"> Language editing services </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--keyline"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://mts-ncb.nature.com/cgi-bin/main.plex" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="submit link in Nature header dropdown menu" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link (publish with us dropdown menu)" data-track-external>Submit manuscript<svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m15 0c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v5.5c0 .27614237-.2238576.5-.5.5s-.5-.22385763-.5-.5v-5.5c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227l-.1166211-.00672773h-9v3c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-3v10c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h7.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-7.5c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-10.17157288c0-.53043297.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.41421356l3.82842712-3.82842712c.37507276-.37507276.88378059-.58578644 1.41421356-.58578644zm-.5442863 8.18867991 3.3545404 3.35454039c.2508994.2508994.2538696.6596433.0035959.909917-.2429543.2429542-.6561449.2462671-.9065387-.0089489l-2.2609825-2.3045251.0010427 7.2231989c0 .3569916-.2898381.6371378-.6473715.6371378-.3470771 0-.6473715-.2852563-.6473715-.6371378l-.0010428-7.2231995-2.2611222 2.3046654c-.2531661.2580415-.6562868.2592444-.9065605.0089707-.24295423-.2429542-.24865597-.6576651.0036132-.9099343l3.3546673-3.35466731c.2509089-.25090888.6612706-.25227691.9135302-.00001728zm-.9557137-3.18867991c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-8.5-3.587-3.587 3.587h2.587c.55228475 0 1-.44771525 1-1zm8.5 1.587c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill="#fff"/></svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="search-menu" class="c-header__dropdown c-header__dropdown--full-width" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 class="c-header__visually-hidden">Search</h2> <form class="c-header__search-form" action="/search" method="get" role="search" autocomplete="off" data-test="inline-search"> <label class="c-header__heading" for="keywords">Search articles by subject, keyword or author</label> <div class="c-header__search-layout c-header__search-layout--max-width"> <div> <input type="text" required="" class="c-header__input" id="keywords" name="q" value=""> </div> <div class="c-header__search-layout"> <div> <label for="results-from" class="c-header__visually-hidden">Show results from</label> <select id="results-from" name="journal" class="c-header__select"> <option value="" selected>All journals</option> <option value="ncb">This journal</option> </select> </div> <div> <button type="submit" class="c-header__search-button">Search</button> </div> </div> </div> </form> <div class="c-header__flush"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/search/advanced" data-track="click" data-track-action="advanced search" data-track-label="link"> Advanced search </a> </div> <h3 class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--keyline">Quick links</h3> <ul class="c-header__list"> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/subjects" data-track="click" data-track-action="explore articles by subject" data-track-label="link">Explore articles by subject</a></li> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/naturecareers" data-track="click" data-track-action="find a job" data-track-label="link">Find a job</a></li> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/authors/index.html" data-track="click" data-track-action="guide to authors" data-track-label="link">Guide to authors</a></li> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/authors/editorial_policies/" data-track="click" data-track-action="editorial policies" data-track-label="link">Editorial policies</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <footer class="composite-layer" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical"> <meta itemprop="publisher" content="Springer Nature"> <div class="u-mt-16 u-mb-16"> <div class="u-container"> <p class="c-meta u-ma-0"> Top headline image: Image courtesy of Miriana Dardano and Dorina Lang, Hannover Medical School </p> </div> </div> <div class="u-mt-16 u-mb-16"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="u-display-flex u-flex-wrap u-justify-content-space-between"> <p class="c-meta u-ma-0 u-mr-24 u-flex-shrink"> Issue cover: Image: Dr. Christopher Thomas, Marseille Developmental Biology Institute (IBDM), CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université. Cover design: Lauren Heslop </p> <p class="c-meta u-ma-0 u-flex-shrink"> <span class="c-meta__item"> Nature Cell Biology (<i>Nat Cell Biol</i>) </span> <span class="c-meta__item"> <abbr title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</abbr> <span itemprop="onlineIssn">1476-4679</span> (online) </span> <span class="c-meta__item"> <abbr title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</abbr> <span itemprop="printIssn">1465-7392</span> (print) </span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer"> <div class="u-hide-print" data-track-component="footer"> <h2 class="u-visually-hidden">nature.com sitemap</h2> <div class="c-footer__container"> <div class="c-footer__grid c-footer__group--separator"> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">About Nature Portfolio</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/npg_/company_info/index.html" data-track="click" data-track-action="about us" data-track-label="link">About us</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/npg_/press_room/press_releases.html" data-track="click" data-track-action="press releases" data-track-label="link">Press releases</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://press.nature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="press office" data-track-label="link">Press office</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://support.nature.com/support/home" data-track="click" data-track-action="contact us" data-track-label="link">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Discover content</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/siteindex" data-track="click" data-track-action="journals a-z" data-track-label="link">Journals A-Z</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/subjects" data-track="click" data-track-action="article by subject" data-track-label="link">Articles by subject</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.protocols.io/" data-track="click" data-track-action="protocols.io" data-track-label="link">protocols.io</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.natureindex.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature index" data-track-label="link">Nature Index</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Publishing policies</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="Nature portfolio policies" data-track-label="link">Nature portfolio policies</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/nature-research/open-access" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link">Open access</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Author & Researcher services</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/reprints" data-track="click" data-track-action="reprints and permissions" data-track-label="link">Reprints & permissions</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data" data-track="click" data-track-action="data research service" data-track-label="link">Research data</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/language-editing/" data-track="click" data-track-action="language editing" data-track-label="link">Language editing</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/scientific-editing/" data-track="click" data-track-action="scientific editing" data-track-label="link">Scientific editing</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://masterclasses.nature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature masterclasses" data-track-label="link">Nature Masterclasses</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://solutions.springernature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="research solutions" data-track-label="link">Research Solutions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Libraries & institutions</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/tools-services" data-track="click" data-track-action="librarian service and tools" data-track-label="link">Librarian service & tools</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/manage-your-account/librarianportal" data-track="click" data-track-action="librarian portal" data-track-label="link">Librarian portal</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/openresearch/about-open-access/information-for-institutions" data-track="click" data-track-action="open research" data-track-label="link">Open research</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/recommend-to-your-library" data-track="click" data-track-action="Recommend to library" data-track-label="link">Recommend to library</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Advertising & partnerships</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/product/digital-advertising/" data-track="click" data-track-action="advertising" data-track-label="link">Advertising</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="partnerships and services" data-track-label="link">Partnerships & Services</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/media-kits/" data-track="click" data-track-action="media kits" data-track-label="link">Media kits</a> </li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/product/branded-content-native-advertising/" data-track-action="branded content" data-track-label="link">Branded content</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Professional development</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature careers" data-track-label="link">Nature Careers</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://conferences.nature.com" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature conferences" data-track-label="link">Nature<span class="u-visually-hidden"> </span> Conferences</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Regional websites</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/natafrica" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature africa" data-track-label="link">Nature Africa</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="http://www.naturechina.com" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature china" data-track-label="link">Nature China</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/nindia" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature india" data-track-label="link">Nature India</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/natitaly" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature Italy" data-track-label="link">Nature Italy</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.natureasia.com/ja-jp" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature japan" data-track-label="link">Nature Japan</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/nmiddleeast" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature middle east" data-track-label="link">Nature Middle East</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer__container"> <ul class="c-footer__links"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/privacy" data-track="click" data-track-action="privacy policy" data-track-label="link">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/cookies" data-track="click" data-track-action="use of cookies" data-track-label="link">Use of cookies</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"> <button class="optanon-toggle-display c-footer__link" onclick="javascript:;" data-cc-action="preferences" data-track="click" data-track-action="manage cookies" data-track-label="link">Your privacy choices/Manage cookies </button> </li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/legal-notice" data-track="click" data-track-action="legal notice" data-track-label="link">Legal notice</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/accessibility-statement" data-track="click" data-track-action="accessibility statement" data-track-label="link">Accessibility statement</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/terms-and-conditions" data-track="click" data-track-action="terms and conditions" data-track-label="link">Terms & Conditions</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/ccpa" data-track="click" data-track-action="california privacy statement" data-track-label="link">Your US state privacy rights</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer__container"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/" class="c-footer__link"> <img src="/static/images/logos/sn-logo-white-ea63208b81.svg" alt="Springer Nature" loading="lazy" width="200" height="20"/> </a> <p class="c-footer__legal" data-test="copyright">© 2024 Springer Nature Limited</p> </div> </div> <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><path id="a" d="M0 .74h56.72v55.24H0z"/></defs><symbol id="icon-access" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m14 8c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1v7h2.5c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5v1.5h-18v-1.5c0-.2761424.22385763-.5.5-.5h2.5v-7c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1s1 .44771525 1 1v6.9996556h8v-6.9996556c0-.55228475.4477153-1 1-1zm-8 0 2 1v5l-2 1zm6 0v7l-2-1v-5zm-2.42653766-7.59857636 7.03554716 4.92488299c.4162533.29137735.5174853.86502537.226108 1.28127873-.1721584.24594054-.4534847.39241464-.7536934.39241464h-14.16284822c-.50810197 0-.92-.41189803-.92-.92 0-.30020869.1464741-.58153499.39241464-.75369337l7.03554714-4.92488299c.34432015-.2410241.80260453-.2410241 1.14692468 0zm-.57346234 2.03988748-3.65526982 2.55868888h7.31053962z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-account" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.2379028 16.9048051c1.3083556-.2032362 2.5118471-.7235183 3.5294683-1.4798399-.8731327-2.5141501-2.0638925-3.935978-3.7673711-4.3188248v-1.27684611c1.1651924-.41183641 2-1.52307546 2-2.82929429 0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.30621883.83480763 2.41745788 2 2.82929429v1.27684611c-1.70347856.3828468-2.89423845 1.8046747-3.76737114 4.3188248 1.01762123.7563216 2.22111275 1.2766037 3.52946833 1.4798399.40563808.0629726.81921174.0951949 1.23790281.0951949s.83226473-.0322223 1.2379028-.0951949zm4.3421782-2.1721994c1.4927655-1.4532925 2.419919-3.484675 2.419919-5.7326057 0-4.418278-3.581722-8-8-8s-8 3.581722-8 8c0 2.2479307.92715352 4.2793132 2.41991895 5.7326057.75688473-2.0164459 1.83949951-3.6071894 3.48926591-4.3218837-1.14534283-.70360829-1.90918486-1.96796271-1.90918486-3.410722 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4s4 1.790861 4 4c0 1.44275929-.763842 2.70711371-1.9091849 3.410722 1.6497664.7146943 2.7323812 2.3054378 3.4892659 4.3218837zm-5.580081 3.2673943c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-alert" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m4 10h2.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-3.08578644l-1.12132034 1.1213203c-.18753638.1875364-.29289322.4418903-.29289322.7071068v.1715729h14v-.1715729c0-.2652165-.1053568-.5195704-.2928932-.7071068l-1.7071068-1.7071067v-3.4142136c0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5zm3 4c0 1.1045695.8954305 2 2 2s2-.8954305 2-2zm-5 0c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-.1715729c0-.530433.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.4142135l1.41421356-1.4142136v-3c0-3.3137085 2.6862915-6 6-6s6 2.6862915 6 6v3l1.4142136 1.4142136c.3750727.3750727.5857864.8837805.5857864 1.4142135v.1715729c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-4c0 1.6568542-1.3431458 3-3 3-1.65685425 0-3-1.3431458-3-3z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-broad" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m6.10307866 2.97190702v7.69043288l2.44965196-2.44676915c.38776071-.38730439 1.0088052-.39493524 1.38498697-.01919617.38609051.38563612.38643641 1.01053024-.00013864 1.39665039l-4.12239817 4.11754683c-.38616704.3857126-1.01187344.3861062-1.39846576-.0000311l-4.12258206-4.11773056c-.38618426-.38572979-.39254614-1.00476697-.01636437-1.38050605.38609047-.38563611 1.01018509-.38751562 1.4012233.00306241l2.44985644 2.4469734v-8.67638639c0-.54139983.43698413-.98042709.98493125-.98159081l7.89910522-.0043627c.5451687 0 .9871152.44142642.9871152.98595351s-.4419465.98595351-.9871152.98595351z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(-1 0 0 -1 14 15)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m3.28337502 11.5302405 4.03074001 4.176208c.37758093.3912076.98937525.3916069 1.367372-.0000316l4.03091977-4.1763942c.3775978-.3912252.3838182-1.0190815.0160006-1.4001736-.3775061-.39113013-.9877245-.39303641-1.3700683.003106l-2.39538585 2.4818345v-11.6147896l-.00649339-.11662112c-.055753-.49733869-.46370161-.88337888-.95867408-.88337888-.49497246 0-.90292107.38604019-.95867408.88337888l-.00649338.11662112v11.6147896l-2.39518594-2.4816273c-.37913917-.39282218-.98637524-.40056175-1.35419292-.0194697-.37750607.3911302-.37784433 1.0249269.00013556 1.4165479z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m4.46975946 3.28337502-4.17620792 4.03074001c-.39120768.37758093-.39160691.98937525.0000316 1.367372l4.1763942 4.03091977c.39122514.3775978 1.01908149.3838182 1.40017357.0160006.39113012-.3775061.3930364-.9877245-.00310603-1.3700683l-2.48183446-2.39538585h11.61478958l.1166211-.00649339c.4973387-.055753.8833789-.46370161.8833789-.95867408 0-.49497246-.3860402-.90292107-.8833789-.95867408l-.1166211-.00649338h-11.61478958l2.4816273-2.39518594c.39282216-.37913917.40056173-.98637524.01946965-1.35419292-.39113012-.37750607-1.02492687-.37784433-1.41654791.00013556z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m11.5302405 12.716625 4.176208-4.03074003c.3912076-.37758093.3916069-.98937525-.0000316-1.367372l-4.1763942-4.03091981c-.3912252-.37759778-1.0190815-.38381821-1.4001736-.01600053-.39113013.37750607-.39303641.98772445.003106 1.37006824l2.4818345 2.39538588h-11.6147896l-.11662112.00649339c-.49733869.055753-.88337888.46370161-.88337888.95867408 0 .49497246.38604019.90292107.88337888.95867408l.11662112.00649338h11.6147896l-2.4816273 2.39518592c-.39282218.3791392-.40056175.9863753-.0194697 1.3541929.3911302.3775061 1.0249269.3778444 1.4165479-.0001355z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-sub" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m7.89692134 4.97190702v7.69043288l-2.44965196-2.4467692c-.38776071-.38730434-1.0088052-.39493519-1.38498697-.0191961-.38609047.3856361-.38643643 1.0105302.00013864 1.3966504l4.12239817 4.1175468c.38616704.3857126 1.01187344.3861062 1.39846576-.0000311l4.12258202-4.1177306c.3861843-.3857298.3925462-1.0047669.0163644-1.380506-.3860905-.38563612-1.0101851-.38751563-1.4012233.0030624l-2.44985643 2.4469734v-8.67638639c0-.54139983-.43698413-.98042709-.98493125-.98159081l-7.89910525-.0043627c-.54516866 0-.98711517.44142642-.98711517.98595351s.44194651.98595351.98711517.98595351z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.716625 4.46975946-4.03074003-4.17620792c-.37758093-.39120768-.98937525-.39160691-1.367372.0000316l-4.03091981 4.1763942c-.37759778.39122514-.38381821 1.01908149-.01600053 1.40017357.37750607.39113012.98772445.3930364 1.37006824-.00310603l2.39538588-2.48183446v11.61478958l.00649339.1166211c.055753.4973387.46370161.8833789.95867408.8833789.49497246 0 .90292107-.3860402.95867408-.8833789l.00649338-.1166211v-11.61478958l2.39518592 2.4816273c.3791392.39282216.9863753.40056173 1.3541929.01946965.3775061-.39113012.3778444-1.02492687-.0001355-1.41654791z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-article" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m13 15v-12.9906311c0-.0073595-.0019884-.0093689.0014977-.0093689l-11.00158888.00087166v13.00506804c0 .5482678.44615281.9940603.99415146.9940603h10.27350412c-.1701701-.2941734-.2675644-.6357129-.2675644-1zm-12 .0059397v-13.00506804c0-.5562408.44704472-1.00087166.99850233-1.00087166h11.00299537c.5510129 0 .9985023.45190985.9985023 1.0093689v2.9906311h3v9.9914698c0 1.1065798-.8927712 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.09954652 0-1.99406028-.8927712-1.99406028-1.9940603zm13-9.0059397v9c0 .5522847.4477153 1 1 1s1-.4477153 1-1v-9zm-10-2h7v4h-7zm1 1v2h5v-2zm-1 4h7v1h-7zm0 2h7v1h-7zm0 2h7v1h-7z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-audio" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m13.0957477 13.5588459c-.195279.1937043-.5119137.193729-.7072234.0000551-.1953098-.193674-.1953346-.5077061-.0000556-.7014104 1.0251004-1.0168342 1.6108711-2.3905226 1.6108711-3.85745208 0-1.46604976-.5850634-2.83898246-1.6090736-3.85566829-.1951894-.19379323-.1950192-.50782531.0003802-.70141028.1953993-.19358497.512034-.19341614.7072234.00037709 1.2094886 1.20083761 1.901635 2.8250555 1.901635 4.55670148 0 1.73268608-.6929822 3.35779608-1.9037571 4.55880738zm2.1233994 2.1025159c-.195234.193749-.5118687.1938462-.7072235.0002171-.1953548-.1936292-.1954528-.5076613-.0002189-.7014104 1.5832215-1.5711805 2.4881302-3.6939808 2.4881302-5.96012998 0-2.26581266-.9046382-4.3883241-2.487443-5.95944795-.1952117-.19377107-.1950777-.50780316.0002993-.70141031s.5120117-.19347426.7072234.00029682c1.7683321 1.75528196 2.7800854 4.12911258 2.7800854 6.66056144 0 2.53182498-1.0120556 4.90597838-2.7808529 6.66132328zm-14.21898205-3.6854911c-.5523759 0-1.00016505-.4441085-1.00016505-.991944v-3.96777631c0-.54783558.44778915-.99194407 1.00016505-.99194407h2.0003301l5.41965617-3.8393633c.44948677-.31842296 1.07413994-.21516983 1.39520191.23062232.12116339.16823446.18629727.36981184.18629727.57655577v12.01603479c0 .5478356-.44778914.9919441-1.00016505.9919441-.20845738 0-.41170538-.0645985-.58133413-.184766l-5.41965617-3.8393633zm0-.991944h2.32084805l5.68047235 4.0241292v-12.01603479l-5.68047235 4.02412928h-2.32084805z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-block" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m0 0h24v24h-24z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-book" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m4 13v-11h1v11h11v-11h-13c-.55228475 0-1 .44771525-1 1v10.2675644c.29417337-.1701701.63571286-.2675644 1-.2675644zm12 1h-13c-.55228475 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.44771525 1 1 1h13zm0 3h-13c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-12c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2h13c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1v14c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1zm-8.5-13h6c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm1 2h4c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-4c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-broad" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9.18274226 7.81v7.7999954l2.48162734-2.4816273c.3928221-.3928221 1.0219731-.4005617 1.4030652-.0194696.3911301.3911301.3914806 1.0249268-.0001404 1.4165479l-4.17620796 4.1762079c-.39120769.3912077-1.02508144.3916069-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.1763942-4.1763942c-.39122514-.3912251-.39767006-1.0190815-.01657798-1.4001736.39113012-.3911301 1.02337106-.3930364 1.41951349.0031061l2.48183446 2.4818344v-8.7999954c0-.54911294.4426881-.99439484.99778758-.99557515l8.00221246-.00442485c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1s-.4477153 1-1 1z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(-1 0 0 -1 20.182742 24.805206)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-calendar" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12.5 0c.2761424 0 .5.21505737.5.49047852v.50952148h2c1.1072288 0 2 .89451376 2 2v12c0 1.1072288-.8945138 2-2 2h-12c-1.1072288 0-2-.8945138-2-2v-12c0-1.1072288.89451376-2 2-2h1v1h-1c-.55393837 0-1 .44579254-1 1v3h14v-3c0-.55393837-.4457925-1-1-1h-2v1.50952148c0 .27088381-.2319336.49047852-.5.49047852-.2761424 0-.5-.21505737-.5-.49047852v-3.01904296c0-.27088381.2319336-.49047852.5-.49047852zm3.5 7h-14v8c0 .5539384.44579254 1 1 1h12c.5539384 0 1-.4457925 1-1zm-11 6v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm-6-2v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm6 0v1h-1v-1zm-3 0v1h-1v-1zm-3-2v1h-1v-1zm6 0v1h-1v-1zm-3 0v1h-1v-1zm-5.5-9c.27614237 0 .5.21505737.5.49047852v.50952148h5v1h-5v1.50952148c0 .27088381-.23193359.49047852-.5.49047852-.27614237 0-.5-.21505737-.5-.49047852v-3.01904296c0-.27088381.23193359-.49047852.5-.49047852z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-cart" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m5 14c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm10 0c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm-10 1c-.55228475 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.44771525 1 1 1 1-.4477153 1-1-.44771525-1-1-1zm10 0c-.5522847 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.4477153 1 1 1 1-.4477153 1-1-.4477153-1-1-1zm-12.82032249-15c.47691417 0 .88746157.33678127.98070211.80449199l.23823144 1.19501025 13.36277974.00045554c.5522847.00001882.9999659.44774934.9999659 1.00004222 0 .07084994-.0075361.14150708-.022474.2107727l-1.2908094 5.98534344c-.1007861.46742419-.5432548.80388386-1.0571651.80388386h-10.24805106c-.59173366 0-1.07142857.4477153-1.07142857 1 0 .5128358.41361449.9355072.94647737.9932723l.1249512.0067277h10.35933776c.2749512 0 .4979349.2228539.4979349.4978051 0 .2749417-.2227336.4978951-.4976753.4980063l-10.35959736.0041886c-1.18346732 0-2.14285714-.8954305-2.14285714-2 0-.6625717.34520317-1.24989198.87690425-1.61383592l-1.63768102-8.19004794c-.01312273-.06561364-.01950005-.131011-.0196107-.19547395l-1.71961253-.00064219c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385762-.5-.5 0-.27614237.22385763-.5.5-.5zm14.53193359 2.99950224h-13.11300004l1.20580469 6.02530174c.11024034-.0163252.22327998-.02480398.33844139-.02480398h10.27064786z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-less" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.58578644 4-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 -1 0 9 9)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-more" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.58578644 6-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4.00000002c-.39052429.3905243-1.02368927.3905243-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368929 0-1.41421358z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 1)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-circle-fill" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8 14c-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6 6 2.6862915 6 6-2.6862915 6-6 6z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-circle" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8 12c2.209139 0 4-1.790861 4-4s-1.790861-4-4-4-4 1.790861-4 4 1.790861 4 4 4zm0 2c-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6 6 2.6862915 6 6-2.6862915 6-6 6z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-citation" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m8.63593473 5.99995183c2.20913897 0 3.99999997 1.79084375 3.99999997 3.99996146 0 1.40730761-.7267788 2.64486871-1.8254829 3.35783281 1.6240224.6764218 2.8754442 2.0093871 3.4610603 3.6412466l-1.0763845.000006c-.5310008-1.2078237-1.5108121-2.1940153-2.7691712-2.7181346l-.79002167-.329052v-1.023992l.63016577-.4089232c.8482885-.5504661 1.3698342-1.4895187 1.3698342-2.51898361 0-1.65683828-1.3431457-2.99996146-2.99999997-2.99996146-1.65685425 0-3 1.34312318-3 2.99996146 0 1.02946491.52154569 1.96851751 1.36983419 2.51898361l.63016581.4089232v1.023992l-.79002171.329052c-1.25835905.5241193-2.23817037 1.5103109-2.76917113 2.7181346l-1.07638453-.000006c.58561612-1.6318595 1.8370379-2.9648248 3.46106024-3.6412466-1.09870405-.7129641-1.82548287-1.9505252-1.82548287-3.35783281 0-2.20911771 1.790861-3.99996146 4-3.99996146zm7.36897597-4.99995183c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89353404 1.9950893 2.00274083v5.994422c0 1.10608317-.8926228 2.00274087-1.9950893 2.00274087l-3.0049107-.0009037v-1l3.0049107.00091329c.5490631 0 .9950893-.44783123.9950893-1.00275046v-5.994422c0-.55646537-.4450595-1.00275046-.9950893-1.00275046h-14.00982141c-.54906309 0-.99508929.44783123-.99508929 1.00275046v5.9971821c0 .66666024.33333333.99999036 1 .99999036l2-.00091329v1l-2 .0009037c-1 0-2-.99999041-2-1.99998077v-5.9971821c0-1.10608322.8926228-2.00274083 1.99508929-2.00274083zm-8.5049107 2.9999711c.27614237 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.22385763.5-.5.5h-4c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.22385763-.5.5-.5zm3 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.2238576.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.22385763-.5.5-.5zm4 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.2238576-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-close" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.29679575 12.2772478c-.39658757.3965876-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062148 1.4265779.39651227.3965123 1.03246768.3934888 1.42657791-.0006214l4.27724782-4.27724787 4.2772478 4.27724787c.3965876.3965875 1.0328109.3943884 1.4265779.0006214.3965123-.3965122.3934888-1.0324677-.0006214-1.4265779l-4.27724787-4.2772478 4.27724787-4.27724782c.3965875-.39658757.3943884-1.03281091.0006214-1.42657791-.3965122-.39651226-1.0324677-.39348875-1.4265779.00062148l-4.2772478 4.27724782-4.27724782-4.27724782c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.42657791-.00062148-.39651226.39651227-.39348875 1.03246768.00062148 1.42657791l4.27724782 4.27724782z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-collections" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m15 4c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v9c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-8c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2h1c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h8c.5128358 0 .9355072-.3860402.9932723-.8833789l.0067277-.1166211v-9c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227l-.1166211-.00672773h-1v-1zm-4-3c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v9c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-8c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-9c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2zm0 1h-8c-.51283584 0-.93550716.38604019-.99327227.88337887l-.00672773.11662113v9c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h8c.5128358 0 .9355072-.3860402.9932723-.8833789l.0067277-.1166211v-9c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227zm-1.5 7c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm0-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm0-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-compare" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12 3c3.3137085 0 6 2.6862915 6 6s-2.6862915 6-6 6c-1.0928452 0-2.11744941-.2921742-2.99996061-.8026704-.88181407.5102749-1.90678042.8026704-3.00003939.8026704-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6c1.09325897 0 2.11822532.29239547 3.00096303.80325037.88158756-.51107621 1.90619177-.80325037 2.99903697-.80325037zm-6 1c-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5 0 2.7614237 2.23857625 5 5 5 .74397391 0 1.44999672-.162488 2.08451611-.4539116-1.27652344-1.1000812-2.08451611-2.7287264-2.08451611-4.5460884s.80799267-3.44600721 2.08434391-4.5463015c-.63434719-.29121054-1.34037-.4536985-2.08434391-.4536985zm6 0c-.7439739 0-1.4499967.16248796-2.08451611.45391156 1.27652341 1.10008123 2.08451611 2.72872644 2.08451611 4.54608844s-.8079927 3.4460072-2.08434391 4.5463015c.63434721.2912105 1.34037001.4536985 2.08434391.4536985 2.7614237 0 5-2.2385763 5-5 0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5zm-1.4162763 7.0005324h-3.16744736c.15614659.3572676.35283837.6927622.58425872 1.0006671h1.99892988c.23142036-.3079049.42811216-.6433995.58425876-1.0006671zm.4162763-2.0005324h-4c0 .34288501.0345146.67770871.10025909 1.0011864h3.79948181c.0657445-.32347769.1002591-.65830139.1002591-1.0011864zm-.4158423-1.99953894h-3.16831543c-.13859957.31730812-.24521946.651783-.31578599.99935097h3.79988742c-.0705665-.34756797-.1771864-.68204285-.315786-.99935097zm-1.58295822-1.999926-.08316107.06199199c-.34550042.27081213-.65446126.58611297-.91825862.93727862h2.00044041c-.28418626-.37830727-.6207872-.71499149-.99902072-.99927061z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-download-file" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm0 1h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v14.00982141c0 .5500396.44491393.9950893.99406028.9950893h12.01187942c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717zm-1.5046024 4c.27614237 0 .5.21637201.5.49209595v6.14827645l1.7462789-1.77990922c.1933927-.1971171.5125222-.19455839.7001689-.0069117.1932998.19329992.1910058.50899492-.0027774.70277812l-2.59089271 2.5908927c-.19483374.1948337-.51177825.1937771-.70556873-.0000133l-2.59099079-2.5909908c-.19484111-.1948411-.19043735-.5151448-.00279066-.70279146.19329987-.19329987.50465175-.19237083.70018565.00692852l1.74638684 1.78001764v-6.14827695c0-.27177709.23193359-.49209595.5-.49209595z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.9975267 12.999368c.5467123 0 1.0024733.4478567 1.0024733 1.000316 0 .5563109-.4488226 1.000316-1.0024733 1.000316h-9.99505341c-.54671233 0-1.00247329-.4478567-1.00247329-1.000316 0-.5563109.44882258-1.000316 1.00247329-1.000316zm-4.9975267-11.999368c.55228475 0 1 .44497754 1 .99589209v6.80214418l2.4816273-2.48241149c.3928222-.39294628 1.0219732-.4006883 1.4030652-.01947579.3911302.39125371.3914806 1.02525073-.0001404 1.41699553l-4.17620792 4.17752758c-.39120769.3913313-1.02508144.3917306-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.17639421-4.17771394c-.39122513-.39134876-.39767006-1.01940351-.01657797-1.40061601.39113012-.39125372 1.02337105-.3931606 1.41951349.00310701l2.48183446 2.48261871v-6.80214418c0-.55001601.44386482-.99589209 1-.99589209z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-editors" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m8.72592184 2.54588137c-.48811714-.34391207-1.08343326-.54588137-1.72592184-.54588137-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.02947485.5215457 1.96853646 1.3698342 2.51900785l.6301658.40892721v1.02400182l-.79002171.32905522c-1.93395773.8055207-3.20997829 2.7024791-3.20997829 4.8180274v.9009805h-1v-.9009805c0-2.5479714 1.54557359-4.79153984 3.82548288-5.7411543-1.09870406-.71297106-1.82548288-1.95054399-1.82548288-3.3578652 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4 1.09079823 0 2.07961816.43662103 2.80122451 1.1446278-.37707584.09278571-.7373238.22835063-1.07530267.40125357zm-2.72592184 14.45411863h-1v-.9009805c0-2.5479714 1.54557359-4.7915398 3.82548288-5.7411543-1.09870406-.71297106-1.82548288-1.95054399-1.82548288-3.3578652 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4s4 1.790861 4 4c0 1.40732121-.7267788 2.64489414-1.8254829 3.3578652 2.2799093.9496145 3.8254829 3.1931829 3.8254829 5.7411543v.9009805h-1v-.9009805c0-2.1155483-1.2760206-4.0125067-3.2099783-4.8180274l-.7900217-.3290552v-1.02400184l.6301658-.40892721c.8482885-.55047139 1.3698342-1.489533 1.3698342-2.51900785 0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.02947485.5215457 1.96853646 1.3698342 2.51900785l.6301658.40892721v1.02400184l-.79002171.3290552c-1.93395773.8055207-3.20997829 2.7024791-3.20997829 4.8180274z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-email" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587h-14.00982141c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm0 1h-14.00982141c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v9.98828264c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h14.00982141c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-.0049107 2.55749512v1.44250488l-7 4-7-4v-1.44250488l7 4z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-error" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm2.8630343 4.71100931-2.8630343 2.86303426-2.86303426-2.86303426c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.4265779-.00062147-.39651227.39651226-.39348876 1.03246767.00062147 1.4265779l2.86303426 2.86303426-2.86303426 2.8630343c-.39658757.3965875-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062147 1.4265779.39651226.3965122 1.03246767.3934887 1.4265779-.0006215l2.86303426-2.8630343 2.8630343 2.8630343c.3965875.3965876 1.0328109.3943885 1.4265779.0006215.3965122-.3965123.3934887-1.0324677-.0006215-1.4265779l-2.8630343-2.8630343 2.8630343-2.86303426c.3965876-.39658757.3943885-1.03281091.0006215-1.4265779-.3965123-.39651227-1.0324677-.39348876-1.4265779.00062147z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-ethics" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.76384967 1.41421356.83301651-.8330165c.77492941-.77492941 2.03133823-.77492941 2.80626762 0l.8330165.8330165c.3750728.37507276.8837806.58578644 1.4142136.58578644h1.3496361c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v1.34963611c0 .53043298.2107137 1.03914081.5857864 1.41421356l.8330165.83301651c.7749295.77492941.7749295 2.03133823 0 2.80626762l-.8330165.8330165c-.3750727.3750728-.5857864.8837806-.5857864 1.4142136v1.3496361c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-1.3496361c-.530433 0-1.0391408.2107137-1.4142136.5857864l-.8330165.8330165c-.77492939.7749295-2.03133821.7749295-2.80626762 0l-.83301651-.8330165c-.37507275-.3750727-.88378058-.5857864-1.41421356-.5857864h-1.34963611c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-1.3496361c0-.530433-.21071368-1.0391408-.58578644-1.4142136l-.8330165-.8330165c-.77492941-.77492939-.77492941-2.03133821 0-2.80626762l.8330165-.83301651c.37507276-.37507275.58578644-.88378058.58578644-1.41421356v-1.34963611c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2h1.34963611c.53043298 0 1.03914081-.21071368 1.41421356-.58578644zm-1.41421356 1.58578644h-1.34963611c-.55228475 0-1 .44771525-1 1v1.34963611c0 .79564947-.31607052 1.55871121-.87867966 2.12132034l-.8330165.83301651c-.38440512.38440512-.38440512 1.00764896 0 1.39205408l.8330165.83301646c.56260914.5626092.87867966 1.3256709.87867966 2.1213204v1.3496361c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h1.34963611c.79564947 0 1.55871121.3160705 2.12132034.8786797l.83301651.8330165c.38440512.3844051 1.00764896.3844051 1.39205408 0l.83301646-.8330165c.5626092-.5626092 1.3256709-.8786797 2.1213204-.8786797h1.3496361c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-1.3496361c0-.7956495.3160705-1.5587112.8786797-2.1213204l.8330165-.83301646c.3844051-.38440512.3844051-1.00764896 0-1.39205408l-.8330165-.83301651c-.5626092-.56260913-.8786797-1.32567087-.8786797-2.12132034v-1.34963611c0-.55228475-.4477153-1-1-1h-1.3496361c-.7956495 0-1.5587112-.31607052-2.1213204-.87867966l-.83301646-.8330165c-.38440512-.38440512-1.00764896-.38440512-1.39205408 0l-.83301651.8330165c-.56260913.56260914-1.32567087.87867966-2.12132034.87867966zm3.58698944 11.4960218c-.02081224.002155-.04199226.0030286-.06345763.002542-.98766446-.0223875-1.93408568-.3063547-2.75885125-.8155622-.23496767-.1450683-.30784554-.4531483-.16277726-.688116.14506827-.2349677.45314827-.3078455.68811595-.1627773.67447084.4164161 1.44758575.6483839 2.25617384.6667123.01759529.0003988.03495764.0017019.05204365.0038639.01713363-.0017748.03452416-.0026845.05212715-.0026845 2.4852814 0 4.5-2.0147186 4.5-4.5 0-1.04888973-.3593547-2.04134635-1.0074477-2.83787157-.1742817-.21419731-.1419238-.5291218.0722736-.70340353.2141973-.17428173.5291218-.14192375.7034035.07227357.7919032.97327203 1.2317706 2.18808682 1.2317706 3.46900153 0 3.0375661-2.4624339 5.5-5.5 5.5-.02146768 0-.04261937-.0013529-.06337445-.0039782zm1.57975095-10.78419583c.2654788.07599731.419084.35281842.3430867.61829728-.0759973.26547885-.3528185.419084-.6182973.3430867-.37560116-.10752146-.76586237-.16587951-1.15568824-.17249193-2.5587807-.00064534-4.58547766 2.00216524-4.58547766 4.49928198 0 .62691557.12797645 1.23496.37274865 1.7964426.11035133.2531347-.0053975.5477984-.25853224.6581497-.25313473.1103514-.54779841-.0053975-.65814974-.2585322-.29947131-.6869568-.45606667-1.43097603-.45606667-2.1960601 0-3.05211432 2.47714695-5.50006595 5.59399617-5.49921198.48576182.00815502.96289603.0795037 1.42238033.21103795zm-1.9766658 6.41091303 2.69835-2.94655317c.1788432-.21040373.4943901-.23598862.7047939-.05714545.2104037.17884318.2359886.49439014.0571454.70479387l-3.01637681 3.34277395c-.18039088.1999106-.48669547.2210637-.69285412.0478478l-1.93095347-1.62240047c-.21213845-.17678204-.24080048-.49206439-.06401844-.70420284.17678204-.21213844.49206439-.24080048.70420284-.06401844z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-expand"><path d="M7.498 11.918a.997.997 0 0 0-.003-1.411.995.995 0 0 0-1.412-.003l-4.102 4.102v-3.51A1 1 0 0 0 .98 10.09.992.992 0 0 0 0 11.092V17c0 .554.448 1.002 1.002 1.002h5.907c.554 0 1.002-.45 1.002-1.003 0-.539-.45-.978-1.006-.978h-3.51zm3.005-5.835a.997.997 0 0 0 .003 1.412.995.995 0 0 0 1.411.003l4.103-4.103v3.51a1 1 0 0 0 1.001 1.006A.992.992 0 0 0 18 6.91V1.002A1 1 0 0 0 17 0h-5.907a1.003 1.003 0 0 0-1.002 1.003c0 .539.45.978 1.006.978h3.51z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-explore" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 17c4.418278 0 8-3.581722 8-8s-3.581722-8-8-8-8 3.581722-8 8 3.581722 8 8 8zm0 1c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9zm0-2.5c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5c2.969509 0 5.400504-2.3575119 5.497023-5.31714844.0090007-.27599565.2400359-.49243782.5160315-.48343711.2759957.0090007.4924378.2400359.4834371.51603155-.114093 3.4985237-2.9869632 6.284554-6.4964916 6.284554zm-.29090657-12.99359748c.27587424-.01216621.50937715.20161139.52154336.47748563.01216621.27587423-.20161139.50937715-.47748563.52154336-2.93195733.12930094-5.25315116 2.54886451-5.25315116 5.49456849 0 .27614237-.22385763.5-.5.5s-.5-.22385763-.5-.5c0-3.48142406 2.74307146-6.34074398 6.20909343-6.49359748zm1.13784138 8.04763908-1.2004882-1.20048821c-.19526215-.19526215-.19526215-.51184463 0-.70710678s.51184463-.19526215.70710678 0l1.20048821 1.2004882 1.6006509-4.00162734-4.50670359 1.80268144-1.80268144 4.50670359zm4.10281269-6.50378907-2.6692597 6.67314927c-.1016411.2541026-.3029834.4554449-.557086.557086l-6.67314927 2.6692597 2.66925969-6.67314926c.10164107-.25410266.30298336-.45544495.55708602-.55708602z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-filter" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m14.9738641 0c.5667192 0 1.0261359.4477136 1.0261359 1 0 .24221858-.0902161.47620768-.2538899.65849851l-5.6938314 6.34147206v5.49997973c0 .3147562-.1520673.6111434-.4104543.7999971l-2.05227171 1.4999945c-.45337535.3313696-1.09655869.2418269-1.4365902-.1999993-.13321514-.1730955-.20522717-.3836284-.20522717-.5999978v-6.99997423l-5.69383133-6.34147206c-.3731872-.41563511-.32996891-1.0473954.09653074-1.41107611.18705584-.15950448.42716133-.2474224.67571519-.2474224zm-5.9218641 8.5h-2.105v6.491l.01238459.0070843.02053271.0015705.01955278-.0070558 2.0532976-1.4990996zm-8.02585008-7.5-.01564945.00240169 5.83249953 6.49759831h2.313l5.836-6.499z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-home" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 5-6 6v5h4v-4h4v4h4v-5zm7 6.5857864v4.4142136c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-5v-4h-2v4h-5c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-4.4142136c-.25592232 0-.51184464-.097631-.70710678-.2928932l-.58578644-.5857864c-.39052429-.3905243-.39052429-1.02368929 0-1.41421358l8.29289322-8.29289322 8.2928932 8.29289322c.3905243.39052429.3905243 1.02368928 0 1.41421358l-.5857864.5857864c-.1952622.1952622-.4511845.2928932-.7071068.2928932zm-7-9.17157284-7.58578644 7.58578644.58578644.5857864 7-6.99999996 7 6.99999996.5857864-.5857864z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-image" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm-3.49645283 10.1752453-3.89407257 6.7495552c.11705545.048464.24538859.0751995.37998328.0751995h10.60290092l-2.4329715-4.2154691-1.57494129 2.7288098zm8.49779013 6.8247547c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v13.98991071l4.50814957-7.81026689 3.08089884 5.33809539 1.57494129-2.7288097 3.5875735 6.2159812zm-3.0059397-11c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm0 1c-.5522847 0-1 .44771525-1 1s.4477153 1 1 1 1-.44771525 1-1-.4477153-1-1-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-info" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm0 7h-1.5l-.11662113.00672773c-.49733868.05776511-.88337887.48043643-.88337887.99327227 0 .47338693.32893365.86994729.77070917.97358929l.1126697.01968298.11662113.00672773h.5v3h-.5l-.11662113.0067277c-.42082504.0488782-.76196299.3590206-.85696816.7639815l-.01968298.1126697-.00672773.1166211.00672773.1166211c.04887817.4208251.35902055.761963.76398144.8569682l.1126697.019683.11662113.0067277h3l.1166211-.0067277c.4973387-.0577651.8833789-.4804365.8833789-.9932723 0-.4733869-.3289337-.8699473-.7707092-.9735893l-.1126697-.019683-.1166211-.0067277h-.5v-4l-.00672773-.11662113c-.04887817-.42082504-.35902055-.76196299-.76398144-.85696816l-.1126697-.01968298zm0-3.25c-.69035594 0-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25s.55964406 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25-.55964406 1.25-1.25-.55964406-1.25-1.25-1.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-institution" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m7 16.9998189v-2.0003623h4v2.0003623h2v-3.0005434h-8v3.0005434zm-3-10.00181122h-1.52632364c-.27614237 0-.5-.22389817-.5-.50009056 0-.13995446.05863589-.27350497.16166338-.36820841l1.23156713-1.13206327h-2.36690687v12.00217346h3v-2.0003623h-3v-1.0001811h3v-1.0001811h1v-4.00072448h-1zm10 0v2.00036224h-1v4.00072448h1v1.0001811h3v1.0001811h-3v2.0003623h3v-12.00217346h-2.3695309l1.2315671 1.13206327c.2033191.186892.2166633.50325042.0298051.70660631-.0946863.10304615-.2282126.16169266-.3681417.16169266zm3-3.00054336c.5522847 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v13.00235456h-18v-13.00235456c0-.55238478.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112h3.45499992l4.20535144-3.86558216c.19129876-.17584288.48537447-.17584288.67667324 0l4.2053514 3.86558216zm-4 3.00054336h-8v1.00018112h8zm-2 6.00108672h1v-4.00072448h-1zm-1 0v-4.00072448h-2v4.00072448zm-3 0v-4.00072448h-1v4.00072448zm8-4.00072448c.5522847 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v2.00036226h-2v-2.00036226c0-.55238478.4477153-1.00018112 1-1.00018112zm-12 0c.55228475 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v2.00036226h-2v-2.00036226c0-.55238478.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112zm5.99868798-7.81907007-5.24205601 4.81852671h10.48411203zm.00131202 3.81834559c-.55228475 0-1-.44779634-1-1.00018112s.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112-.44771525 1.00018112-1 1.00018112zm-1 11.00199236v1.0001811h2v-1.0001811z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-location" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9.39521328 16.2688008c.79596342-.7770119 1.59208152-1.6299956 2.33285652-2.5295081 1.4020032-1.7024324 2.4323601-3.3624519 2.9354918-4.871847.2228715-.66861448.3364384-1.29323246.3364384-1.8674457 0-3.3137085-2.6862915-6-6-6-3.36356866 0-6 2.60156856-6 6 0 .57421324.11356691 1.19883122.3364384 1.8674457.50313169 1.5093951 1.53348863 3.1694146 2.93549184 4.871847.74077492.8995125 1.53689309 1.7524962 2.33285648 2.5295081.13694479.1336842.26895677.2602648.39521328.3793207.12625651-.1190559.25826849-.2456365.39521328-.3793207zm-.39521328 1.7311992s-7-6-7-11c0-4 3.13400675-7 7-7 3.8659932 0 7 3.13400675 7 7 0 5-7 11-7 11zm0-8c-1.65685425 0-3-1.34314575-3-3s1.34314575-3 3-3c1.6568542 0 3 1.34314575 3 3s-1.3431458 3-3 3zm0-1c1.1045695 0 2-.8954305 2-2s-.8954305-2-2-2-2 .8954305-2 2 .8954305 2 2 2z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-minus" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h11.99825664c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-11.99825664c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-newsletter" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.8482489 2-1.1428571v-1.7053918h-4v1.7053918zm-3-1.7142857v-2.1339632h6v2.1339632l3-1.71428574v-6.41967746h-12v6.41967746zm10-5.3839632 1.5299989.95624934c.2923814.18273835.4700011.50320827.4700011.8479983v8.44575236c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-14c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-8.44575236c0-.34479003.1776197-.66525995.47000106-.8479983l1.52999894-.95624934v-2.75c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1h12c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1zm0 1.17924764v3.07075236l-7 4-7-4v-3.07075236l-1 .625v8.44575236c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h14c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-8.44575236zm-10-1.92924764h6v1h-6zm-1 2h8v1h-8z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-orcid" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 1c4.418278 0 8 3.581722 8 8s-3.581722 8-8 8-8-3.581722-8-8 3.581722-8 8-8zm-2.90107518 5.2732337h-1.41865256v7.1712107h1.41865256zm4.55867178.02508949h-2.99247027v7.14612121h2.91062487c.7673039 0 1.4476365-.1483432 2.0410182-.445034s1.0511995-.7152915 1.3734671-1.2558144c.3222677-.540523.4833991-1.1603247.4833991-1.85942385 0-.68545815-.1602789-1.30270225-.4808414-1.85175082-.3205625-.54904856-.7707074-.97532211-1.3504481-1.27883343-.5797408-.30351132-1.2413173-.45526471-1.9847495-.45526471zm-.1892674 1.07933542c.7877654 0 1.4143875.22336734 1.8798852.67010873.4654977.44674138.698243 1.05546001.698243 1.82617415 0 .74343221-.2310402 1.34447791-.6931277 1.80315511-.4620874.4586773-1.0750688.6880124-1.8389625.6880124h-1.46810075v-4.98745039zm-5.08652545-3.71099194c-.21825533 0-.410525.08444276-.57681478.25333081-.16628977.16888806-.24943341.36245684-.24943341.58071218 0 .22345188.08314364.41961891.24943341.58850696.16628978.16888806.35855945.25333082.57681478.25333082.233845 0 .43390938-.08314364.60019916-.24943342.16628978-.16628977.24943342-.36375592.24943342-.59240436 0-.233845-.08314364-.43131115-.24943342-.59240437s-.36635416-.24163862-.60019916-.24163862z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-plus" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h4.99912834v-4.99912834c0-.55276616.44386482-1.00087166 1-1.00087166.55228475 0 1 .44463086 1 1.00087166v4.99912834h4.9991283c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-4.9991283v4.9991283c0 .5527662-.44386482 1.0008717-1 1.0008717-.55228475 0-1-.4446309-1-1.0008717v-4.9991283h-4.99912834c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-print" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 5h-14.00982141c-.54941618 0-.99508929.4467783-.99508929.99961498v6.00077002c0 .5570958.44271433.999615.99508929.999615h1.00491071v-3h12v3h1.0049107c.5494162 0 .9950893-.4467783.9950893-.999615v-6.00077002c0-.55709576-.4427143-.99961498-.9950893-.99961498zm-2.0049107-1v-2.00208688c0-.54777062-.4519464-.99791312-1.0085302-.99791312h-7.9829396c-.55661731 0-1.0085302.44910695-1.0085302.99791312v2.00208688zm1 10v2.0018986c0 1.103521-.9019504 1.9981014-2.0085302 1.9981014h-7.9829396c-1.1092806 0-2.0085302-.8867064-2.0085302-1.9981014v-2.0018986h-1.00491071c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8874333-1.99508929-1.999615v-6.00077002c0-1.10435686.8926228-1.99961498 1.99508929-1.99961498h1.00491071v-2.00208688c0-1.10341695.90195036-1.99791312 2.0085302-1.99791312h7.9829396c1.1092806 0 2.0085302.89826062 2.0085302 1.99791312v2.00208688h1.0049107c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.88743329 1.9950893 1.99961498v6.00077002c0 1.1043569-.8926228 1.999615-1.9950893 1.999615zm-1-3h-10v5.0018986c0 .5546075.44702548.9981014 1.0085302.9981014h7.9829396c.5565964 0 1.0085302-.4491701 1.0085302-.9981014zm-9 1h8v1h-8zm0 2h5v1h-5zm9-5c-.5522847 0-1-.44771525-1-1s.4477153-1 1-1 1 .44771525 1 1-.4477153 1-1 1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-search" viewBox="0 0 22 22"><path d="M21.697 20.261a1.028 1.028 0 01.01 1.448 1.034 1.034 0 01-1.448-.01l-4.267-4.267A9.812 9.811 0 010 9.812a9.812 9.811 0 1117.43 6.182zM9.812 18.222A8.41 8.41 0 109.81 1.403a8.41 8.41 0 000 16.82z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-facebook" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m6.00368507 20c-1.10660471 0-2.00368507-.8945138-2.00368507-1.9940603v-12.01187942c0-1.10128908.89451376-1.99406028 1.99406028-1.99406028h12.01187942c1.1012891 0 1.9940603.89451376 1.9940603 1.99406028v12.01187942c0 1.1012891-.88679 1.9940603-2.0032184 1.9940603h-2.9570132v-6.1960818h2.0797387l.3114113-2.414723h-2.39115v-1.54164807c0-.69911803.1941355-1.1755439 1.1966615-1.1755439l1.2786739-.00055875v-2.15974763l-.2339477-.02492088c-.3441234-.03134957-.9500153-.07025255-1.6293054-.07025255-1.8435726 0-3.1057323 1.12531866-3.1057323 3.19187953v1.78079225h-2.0850778v2.414723h2.0850778v6.1960818z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-twitter" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m18.8767135 6.87445248c.7638174-.46908424 1.351611-1.21167363 1.6250764-2.09636345-.7135248.43394112-1.50406.74870123-2.3464594.91677702-.6695189-.73342162-1.6297913-1.19486605-2.6922204-1.19486605-2.0399895 0-3.6933555 1.69603749-3.6933555 3.78628909 0 .29642457.0314329.58673729.0942985.8617704-3.06469922-.15890802-5.78835241-1.66547825-7.60988389-3.9574208-.3174714.56076194-.49978171 1.21167363-.49978171 1.90536824 0 1.31404706.65223085 2.47224203 1.64236444 3.15218497-.60350999-.0198635-1.17401554-.1925232-1.67222562-.47366811v.04583885c0 1.83355406 1.27302891 3.36609966 2.96411421 3.71294696-.31118484.0886217-.63651445.1329326-.97441718.1329326-.2357461 0-.47149219-.0229194-.69466516-.0672303.47149219 1.5065703 1.83253297 2.6036468 3.44975116 2.632678-1.2651707 1.0160946-2.85724264 1.6196394-4.5891906 1.6196394-.29861172 0-.59093688-.0152796-.88011875-.0504227 1.63450624 1.0726291 3.57548241 1.6990934 5.66104951 1.6990934 6.79263079 0 10.50641749-5.7711113 10.50641749-10.7751859l-.0094298-.48894775c.7229547-.53478659 1.3516109-1.20250585 1.8419628-1.96190282-.6632323.30100846-1.3751855.50422736-2.1217148.59590507z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-youtube" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m10.1415 14.3973208-.0005625-5.19318431 4.863375 2.60554491zm9.963-7.92753362c-.6845625-.73643756-1.4518125-.73990314-1.803375-.7826454-2.518875-.18714178-6.2971875-.18714178-6.2971875-.18714178-.007875 0-3.7861875 0-6.3050625.18714178-.352125.04274226-1.1188125.04620784-1.8039375.7826454-.5394375.56084773-.7149375 1.8344515-.7149375 1.8344515s-.18 1.49597903-.18 2.99138042v1.4024082c0 1.495979.18 2.9913804.18 2.9913804s.1755 1.2736038.7149375 1.8344515c.685125.7364376 1.5845625.7133337 1.9850625.7901542 1.44.1420891 6.12.1859866 6.12.1859866s3.78225-.005776 6.301125-.1929178c.3515625-.0433198 1.1188125-.0467854 1.803375-.783223.5394375-.5608477.7155-1.8344515.7155-1.8344515s.18-1.4954014.18-2.9913804v-1.4024082c0-1.49540139-.18-2.99138042-.18-2.99138042s-.1760625-1.27360377-.7155-1.8344515z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-subject-medicine" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12.5 8h-6.5c-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3v1c0 1.6568542 1.34314575 3 3 3h1v-2h-.5c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5h1.5 2 1 2c1.6568542 0 3-1.34314575 3-3v-1c0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3h-2v2h1.5c.8284271 0 1.5.67157288 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5zm-5.5-1v-1h-3.5c-1.38071187 0-2.5-1.11928813-2.5-2.5s1.11928813-2.5 2.5-2.5h1.02786405c.46573528 0 .92507448.10843528 1.34164078.31671843l1.13382424.56691212c.06026365-1.05041141.93116291-1.88363055 1.99667093-1.88363055 1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2h2c2.209139 0 4 1.790861 4 4v1c0 2.209139-1.790861 4-4 4h-2v1h2c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2h-2c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2s-2-.8954305-2-2h-1c-2.209139 0-4-1.790861-4-4v-1c0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4zm0-2v-2.05652691c-.14564246-.03538148-.28733393-.08714006-.42229124-.15461871l-1.15541752-.57770876c-.27771087-.13885544-.583937-.21114562-.89442719-.21114562h-1.02786405c-.82842712 0-1.5.67157288-1.5 1.5s.67157288 1.5 1.5 1.5zm4 1v1h1.5c.2761424 0 .5-.22385763.5-.5s-.2238576-.5-.5-.5zm-1 1v-5c0-.55228475-.44771525-1-1-1s-1 .44771525-1 1v5zm-2 4v5c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1s1-.4477153 1-1v-5zm3 2v2h2c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1s-.4477153-1-1-1zm-4-1v-1h-.5c-.27614237 0-.5.2238576-.5.5s.22385763.5.5.5zm-3.5-9h1c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-success" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm3.4860198 4.98163161-4.71802968 5.50657859-2.62834168-2.02300024c-.42862421-.36730544-1.06564993-.30775346-1.42283677.13301307-.35718685.44076653-.29927542 1.0958383.12934879 1.46314377l3.40735508 2.7323063c.42215801.3385221 1.03700951.2798252 1.38749189-.1324571l5.38450527-6.33394549c.3613513-.43716226.3096573-1.09278382-.115462-1.46437175-.4251192-.37158792-1.0626796-.31842941-1.4240309.11873285z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-table" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587l-4.0059107-.001.001.001h-1l-.001-.001h-5l.001.001h-1l-.001-.001-3.00391071.001c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm-11.0059107 5h-3.999v6.9941413c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h3.00391071zm6 0h-5v8h5zm5.0059107-4h-4.0059107v3h5.001v1h-5.001v7.999l4.0059107.001c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-12.5049107 9c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-6-2c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-6-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm1.499-5h-5v3h5zm-6 0h-3.00391071c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v1.99414134h3.999z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-tick-circle" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12 2c5.5228475 0 10 4.4771525 10 10s-4.4771525 10-10 10-10-4.4771525-10-10 4.4771525-10 10-10zm0 1c-4.97056275 0-9 4.02943725-9 9 0 4.9705627 4.02943725 9 9 9 4.9705627 0 9-4.0294373 9-9 0-4.97056275-4.0294373-9-9-9zm4.2199868 5.36606669c.3613514-.43716226.9989118-.49032077 1.424031-.11873285s.4768133 1.02720949.115462 1.46437175l-6.093335 6.94397871c-.3622945.4128716-.9897871.4562317-1.4054264.0971157l-3.89719065-3.3672071c-.42862421-.3673054-.48653564-1.0223772-.1293488-1.4631437s.99421256-.5003185 1.42283677-.1330131l3.11097438 2.6987741z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-tick" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m6.76799012 9.21106946-3.1109744-2.58349728c-.42862421-.35161617-1.06564993-.29460792-1.42283677.12733148s-.29927541 1.04903009.1293488 1.40064626l3.91576307 3.23873978c.41034319.3393961 1.01467563.2976897 1.37450571-.0948578l6.10568327-6.660841c.3613513-.41848908.3096572-1.04610608-.115462-1.4018218-.4251192-.35571573-1.0626796-.30482786-1.424031.11366122z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-update" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m1 13v1c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h14c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-1h-1v-10h-14v10zm16-1h1v2c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-14c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-2h1v-9c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1h14c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1zm-1 0v1h-4.5857864l-1 1h-2.82842716l-1-1h-4.58578644v-1h5l1 1h2l1-1zm-13-8h12v7h-12zm1 1v5h10v-5zm1 1h4v1h-4zm0 2h4v1h-4z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-upload" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm0 1h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v14.00982141c0 .5500396.44491393.9950893.99406028.9950893h12.01187942c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717zm-1.85576936 4.14572769c.19483374-.19483375.51177826-.19377714.70556874.00001334l2.59099082 2.59099079c.1948411.19484112.1904373.51514474.0027906.70279143-.1932998.19329987-.5046517.19237083-.7001856-.00692852l-1.74638687-1.7800176v6.14827687c0 .2717771-.23193359.492096-.5.492096-.27614237 0-.5-.216372-.5-.492096v-6.14827641l-1.74627892 1.77990922c-.1933927.1971171-.51252214.19455839-.70016883.0069117-.19329987-.19329988-.19100584-.50899493.00277731-.70277808z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-video" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587h-14.00982141c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm0 1h-14.00982141c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v9.98828264c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h14.00982141c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-8.30912922 2.24944486 4.60460462 2.73982242c.9365543.55726659.9290753 1.46522435 0 2.01804082l-4.60460462 2.7398224c-.93655425.5572666-1.69578148.1645632-1.69578148-.8937585v-5.71016863c0-1.05087579.76670616-1.446575 1.69578148-.89375851zm-.67492769.96085624v5.5750128c0 .2995102-.10753745.2442517.16578928.0847713l4.58452283-2.67497259c.3050619-.17799716.3051624-.21655446 0-.39461026l-4.58452283-2.67497264c-.26630747-.15538481-.16578928-.20699944-.16578928.08477139z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-warning" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.75c.69035594 0 1.25.5596441 1.25 1.25s-.55964406 1.25-1.25 1.25-1.25-.5596441-1.25-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25-1.25zm.41320045-7.75c.55228475 0 1.00000005.44771525 1.00000005 1l-.0034543.08304548-.3333333 4c-.043191.51829212-.47645714.91695452-.99654578.91695452h-.15973424c-.52008864 0-.95335475-.3986624-.99654576-.91695452l-.33333333-4c-.04586475-.55037702.36312325-1.03372649.91350028-1.07959124l.04148683-.00259031zm-.41320045 14c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-checklist-banner" viewBox="0 0 56.69 56.69"><path style="fill:none" d="M0 0h56.69v56.69H0z"/><clipPath id="b"><use xlink:href="#a" style="overflow:visible"/></clipPath><path d="M21.14 34.46c0-6.77 5.48-12.26 12.24-12.26s12.24 5.49 12.24 12.26-5.48 12.26-12.24 12.26c-6.76-.01-12.24-5.49-12.24-12.26zm19.33 10.66 10.23 9.22s1.21 1.09 2.3-.12l2.09-2.32s1.09-1.21-.12-2.3l-10.23-9.22m-19.29-5.92c0-4.38 3.55-7.94 7.93-7.94s7.93 3.55 7.93 7.94c0 4.38-3.55 7.94-7.93 7.94-4.38-.01-7.93-3.56-7.93-7.94zm17.58 12.99 4.14-4.81" style="clip-path:url(#b);fill:none;stroke:#01324b;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round"/><path d="M8.26 9.75H28.6M8.26 15.98H28.6m-20.34 6.2h12.5m14.42-5.2V4.86s0-2.93-2.93-2.93H4.13s-2.93 0-2.93 2.93v37.57s0 2.93 2.93 2.93h15.01M8.26 9.75H28.6M8.26 15.98H28.6m-20.34 6.2h12.5" style="clip-path:url(#b);fill:none;stroke:#01324b;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 1)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.728 3.293 7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 1 .281.561l.011.157c0 .32-.15.605-.384.788l-7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 1-1.416-1.414L17.576 13H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h13.598l-6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 1-.082-1.32l.083-.095a1 1 0 0 1 1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h4.99912834v-4.99912834c0-.55276616.44386482-1.00087166 1-1.00087166.55228475 0 1 .44463086 1 1.00087166v4.99912834h4.9991283c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-4.9991283v4.9991283c0 .5527662-.44386482 1.0008717-1 1.0008717-.55228475 0-1-.4446309-1-1.0008717v-4.9991283h-4.99912834c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 5.278a1 1 0 0 1 .03 1.414L9.103 11.51a1.491 1.491 0 0 1-2.188.019L2.278 6.692a1 1 0 0 1 1.444-1.384L8 9.771l4.278-4.463a1 1 0 0 1 1.318-.111l.096.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h11.99825664c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-11.99825664c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-close-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.29679575 12.2772478c-.39658757.3965876-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062148 1.4265779.39651227.3965123 1.03246768.3934888 1.42657791-.0006214l4.27724782-4.27724787 4.2772478 4.27724787c.3965876.3965875 1.0328109.3943884 1.4265779.0006214.3965123-.3965122.3934888-1.0324677-.0006214-1.4265779l-4.27724787-4.2772478 4.27724787-4.27724782c.3965875-.39658757.3943884-1.03281091.0006214-1.42657791-.3965122-.39651226-1.0324677-.39348875-1.4265779.00062148l-4.2772478 4.27724782-4.27724782-4.27724782c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.42657791-.00062148-.39651226.39651227-.39348875 1.03246768.00062148 1.42657791l4.27724782 4.27724782z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.9975267 12.999368c.5467123 0 1.0024733.4478567 1.0024733 1.000316 0 .5563109-.4488226 1.000316-1.0024733 1.000316h-9.99505341c-.54671233 0-1.00247329-.4478567-1.00247329-1.000316 0-.5563109.44882258-1.000316 1.00247329-1.000316zm-4.9975267-11.999368c.55228475 0 1 .44497754 1 .99589209v6.80214418l2.4816273-2.48241149c.3928222-.39294628 1.0219732-.4006883 1.4030652-.01947579.3911302.39125371.3914806 1.02525073-.0001404 1.41699553l-4.17620792 4.17752758c-.39120769.3913313-1.02508144.3917306-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.17639421-4.17771394c-.39122513-.39134876-.39767006-1.01940351-.01657797-1.40061601.39113012-.39125372 1.02337105-.3931606 1.41951349.00310701l2.48183446 2.48261871v-6.80214418c0-.55001601.44386482-.99589209 1-.99589209z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm0 7h-1.5l-.11662113.00672773c-.49733868.05776511-.88337887.48043643-.88337887.99327227 0 .47338693.32893365.86994729.77070917.97358929l.1126697.01968298.11662113.00672773h.5v3h-.5l-.11662113.0067277c-.42082504.0488782-.76196299.3590206-.85696816.7639815l-.01968298.1126697-.00672773.1166211.00672773.1166211c.04887817.4208251.35902055.761963.76398144.8569682l.1126697.019683.11662113.0067277h3l.1166211-.0067277c.4973387-.0577651.8833789-.4804365.8833789-.9932723 0-.4733869-.3289337-.8699473-.7707092-.9735893l-.1126697-.019683-.1166211-.0067277h-.5v-4l-.00672773-.11662113c-.04887817-.42082504-.35902055-.76196299-.76398144-.85696816l-.1126697-.01968298zm0-3.25c-.69035594 0-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25s.55964406 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25-.55964406 1.25-1.25-.55964406-1.25-1.25-1.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.462 0c1.413 0 2.538 1.184 2.538 2.619v12.762c0 1.435-1.125 2.619-2.538 2.619h-16.924c-1.413 0-2.538-1.184-2.538-2.619v-12.762c0-1.435 1.125-2.619 2.538-2.619zm.538 5.158-7.378 6.258a2.549 2.549 0 0 1 -3.253-.008l-7.369-6.248v10.222c0 .353.253.619.538.619h16.924c.285 0 .538-.266.538-.619zm-.538-3.158h-16.924c-.264 0-.5.228-.534.542l8.65 7.334c.2.165.492.165.684.007l8.656-7.342-.001-.025c-.044-.3-.274-.516-.531-.516z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-menu-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h18Zm-4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h14Zm4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-search-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 1c5.523 0 10 4.477 10 10 0 2.4-.846 4.604-2.256 6.328l3.963 3.965a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-3.965-3.963A9.959 9.959 0 0 1 11 21C5.477 21 1 16.523 1 11S5.477 1 11 1Zm0 2a8 8 0 1 0 0 16 8 8 0 0 0 0-16Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-single-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm-.406 9.008a8.965 8.965 0 0 1 6.596 2.494A9.161 9.161 0 0 1 21 21.025V22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H4a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.985c.05-4.825 3.815-8.777 8.594-9.007Zm.39 1.992-.299.006c-3.63.175-6.518 3.127-6.678 6.775L5 21h13.998l-.009-.268a7.157 7.157 0 0 0-1.97-4.573l-.214-.213A6.967 6.967 0 0 0 11.984 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.75c.69035594 0 1.25.5596441 1.25 1.25s-.55964406 1.25-1.25 1.25-1.25-.5596441-1.25-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25-1.25zm.41320045-7.75c.55228475 0 1.00000005.44771525 1.00000005 1l-.0034543.08304548-.3333333 4c-.043191.51829212-.47645714.91695452-.99654578.91695452h-.15973424c-.52008864 0-.95335475-.3986624-.99654576-.91695452l-.33333333-4c-.04586475-.55037702.36312325-1.03372649.91350028-1.07959124l.04148683-.00259031zm-.41320045 14c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-expand-image" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m7.49754099 11.9178212c.38955542-.3895554.38761957-1.0207846-.00290473-1.4113089-.39324695-.3932469-1.02238878-.3918247-1.41130883-.0029047l-4.10273549 4.1027355.00055454-3.5103985c.00008852-.5603185-.44832171-1.006032-1.00155062-1.0059446-.53903074.0000852-.97857527.4487442-.97866268 1.0021075l-.00093318 5.9072465c-.00008751.553948.44841131 1.001882 1.00174994 1.0017946l5.906983-.0009331c.5539233-.0000875 1.00197907-.4486389 1.00206646-1.0018679.00008515-.5390307-.45026621-.9784332-1.00588841-.9783454l-3.51010549.0005545zm3.00571741-5.83449376c-.3895554.38955541-.3876196 1.02078454.0029047 1.41130883.393247.39324696 1.0223888.39182478 1.4113089.00290473l4.1027355-4.10273549-.0005546 3.5103985c-.0000885.56031852.4483217 1.006032 1.0015506 1.00594461.5390308-.00008516.9785753-.44874418.9786627-1.00210749l.0009332-5.9072465c.0000875-.553948-.4484113-1.00188204-1.0017499-1.00179463l-5.906983.00093313c-.5539233.00008751-1.0019791.44863892-1.0020665 1.00186784-.0000852.53903074.4502662.97843325 1.0058884.97834547l3.5101055-.00055449z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-github" viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M48.854 0C21.839 0 0 22 0 49.217c0 21.756 13.993 40.172 33.405 46.69 2.427.49 3.316-1.059 3.316-2.362 0-1.141-.08-5.052-.08-9.127-13.59 2.934-16.42-5.867-16.42-5.867-2.184-5.704-5.42-7.17-5.42-7.17-4.448-3.015.324-3.015.324-3.015 4.934.326 7.523 5.052 7.523 5.052 4.367 7.496 11.404 5.378 14.235 4.074.404-3.178 1.699-5.378 3.074-6.6-10.839-1.141-22.243-5.378-22.243-24.283 0-5.378 1.94-9.778 5.014-13.2-.485-1.222-2.184-6.275.486-13.038 0 0 4.125-1.304 13.426 5.052a46.97 46.97 0 0 1 12.214-1.63c4.125 0 8.33.571 12.213 1.63 9.302-6.356 13.427-5.052 13.427-5.052 2.67 6.763.97 11.816.485 13.038 3.155 3.422 5.015 7.822 5.015 13.2 0 18.905-11.404 23.06-22.324 24.283 1.78 1.548 3.316 4.481 3.316 9.126 0 6.6-.08 11.897-.08 13.526 0 1.304.89 2.853 3.316 2.364 19.412-6.52 33.405-24.935 33.405-46.691C97.707 22 75.788 0 48.854 0z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-arrow-left"><path d="M15 7a1 1 0 000-2H3.385l2.482-2.482a.994.994 0 00.02-1.403 1.001 1.001 0 00-1.417 0L.294 5.292a1.001 1.001 0 000 1.416l4.176 4.177a.991.991 0 001.4.016 1 1 0 00-.003-1.42L3.385 7H15z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-arrow-right"><path d="M1 7a1 1 0 010-2h11.615l-2.482-2.482a.994.994 0 01-.02-1.403 1.001 1.001 0 011.417 0l4.176 4.177a1.001 1.001 0 010 1.416l-4.176 4.177a.991.991 0 01-1.4.016 1 1 0 01.003-1.42L12.615 7H1z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-submit-open" viewBox="0 0 16 17"><path d="M12 0c1.10457 0 2 .895431 2 2v5c0 .276142-.223858.5-.5.5S13 7.276142 13 7V2c0-.512836-.38604-.935507-.883379-.993272L12 1H6v3c0 1.10457-.89543 2-2 2H1v8c0 .512836.38604.935507.883379.993272L2 15h6.5c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H2c-1.104569 0-2-.89543-2-2V5.828427c0-.530433.210714-1.039141.585786-1.414213L4.414214.585786C4.789286.210714 5.297994 0 5.828427 0H12Zm3.41 11.14c.250899.250899.250274.659726 0 .91-.242954.242954-.649606.245216-.9-.01l-1.863671-1.900337.001043 5.869492c0 .356992-.289839.637138-.647372.637138-.347077 0-.647371-.285256-.647371-.637138l-.001043-5.869492L9.5 12.04c-.253166.258042-.649726.260274-.9.01-.242954-.242954-.252269-.657731 0-.91l2.942184-2.951303c.250908-.250909.66127-.252277.91353-.000017L15.41 11.14ZM5 1.413 1.413 5H4c.552285 0 1-.447715 1-1V1.413ZM11 3c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H7.5c-.276142 0-.5-.223858-.5-.5s.223858-.5.5-.5H11Zm0 2c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H7.5c-.276142 0-.5-.223858-.5-.5s.223858-.5.5-.5H11Z" fill-rule="nonzero"/></symbol></svg> </div> </footer> <script data-test="idp-callback"> var backHalf = false; var doi = false; var distractionFreeSelector = null; var mainParentSelector = document.querySelector('.js-main-column'); var prependAccessMessageTo = 'div.distractionFree'; var accessMessage = null; var idp = { institutionalLogin: function (names) { if (names.length && doi) { if (mainParentSelector) { accessMessage = document.createElement('div'); if (backHalf) { accessMessage.innerHTML = '<p style="transform: translateY(-5px)" class="block mb0 pb4 pt6 text-gray-light text13 text-center">Access provided by ' + names[0] + '</p>'; distractionFreeSelector = document.querySelector(prependAccessMessageTo); if (distractionFreeSelector) { distractionFreeSelector.classList.remove('visually-hidden'); distractionFreeSelector.prepend(accessMessage); } } else { accessMessage.innerHTML = '<p style="transform: translateY(-5px)" class="text14 block mb0 pb10 text-center">Access provided by ' + names[0] + '</p>'; mainParentSelector.prepend(accessMessage); } } } } } </script> <script src="https://verify.nature.com/verify/nature.min.js"></script> <noscript> <img hidden src="https://verify.nature.com/verify/nature.png" width="0" height="0" style="display: none" alt=""> </noscript> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Nature Cell Biology