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18 0 9 9 0 0 1-18 0m9-10C6.477 2 2 6.477 2 12s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S17.523 2 12 2m3.376 10.416-4.599 3.066a.5.5 0 0 1-.777-.416V8.934a.5.5 0 0 1 .777-.416l4.599 3.066a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .832" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="j i d"><p class="bf b bg z du">Listen</p></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-labelledby="postFooterSocialMenu"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button aria-controls="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Share Post" data-testid="headerSocialShareButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al mt an ao ap ex mu mv mk mw mx my mz na s nb nc nd ne nf ng nh u ni nj nk"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M15.218 4.931a.4.4 0 0 1-.118.132l.012.006a.45.45 0 0 1-.292.074.5.5 0 0 1-.3-.13l-2.02-2.02v7.07c0 .28-.23.5-.5.5s-.5-.22-.5-.5v-7.04l-2 2a.45.45 0 0 1-.57.04h-.02a.4.4 0 0 1-.16-.3.4.4 0 0 1 .1-.32l2.8-2.8a.5.5 0 0 1 .7 0l2.8 2.79a.42.42 0 0 1 .068.498m-.106.138.008.004v-.01zM16 7.063h1.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v10a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-11c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2v-10a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H8a.5.5 0 0 1 .35.15.5.5 0 0 1 .15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.35.15H6.4c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v10.2a.9.9 0 0 0 .9.9h11.2c.5 0 .9-.4.9-.9v-10.2c0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9H16a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="j i d"><p class="bf b bg z du">Share</p></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p id="9f8b" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">Scientific knowledge should be available to everyone, and as a non-profit, the Allen Institute for AI (AI2) is uniquely positioned to make significant progress toward this goal. We are passionate about access to literature: <strong class="bf oi">Promoting Equal Access to Science</strong> is one of Semantic Scholar’s <a class="af oj" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/about#values" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">core values</a>. We’ve made strides in this area by partnering with organizations like <a class="af oj" href="https://www.openathens.net/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Open Athens</a> and <a class="af oj" href="https://unpaywall.org/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Unpaywall</a>, supporting open access to scientific research, creating datasets like <a class="af oj" href="https://github.com/allenai/s2orc" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">S2ORC</a> and <a class="af oj" href="https://github.com/allenai/cord19" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Cord-19</a>, and investing in our <a class="af oj" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/product/api" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">API</a> to enable others to do the same. These are critical steps, but we have much more to do. Equal access means more than simply access to PDFs, especially when, for some scholars, the tools needed to search and browse papers are inaccessible.</p><p id="555b" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">Unfortunately, since the launch of <a class="af oj" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">semanticscholar.org</a> in 2015, we haven’t focused on addressing the needs of our disabled users¹. We’ve unintentionally created usability problems for these users, which can present barriers to using the tools available on Semantic Scholar for discovering and organizing papers. In turn, this means we’re not doing everything we can to progress toward <a class="af oj" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/about#mission" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">our mission</a> of accelerating scientific breakthroughs using AI. This year we set out to change that, with an explicit goal of enabling access for more of our disabled users.</p><h1 id="1bdc" class="ok ol hj bf om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph bk">Why is accessibility important?</h1><blockquote class="pi pj pk"><p id="dbe7" class="nl nm pl bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk"><strong class="bf oi"><em class="hj">My current experience of reading papers is not as enjoyable as it’s supposed to be. I really want to do research. It’s just frustrating that sometimes you’re motivated and feeling very focused, and want to read this paper, and spend the next two hours figuring out how to make this paper accessible so that you could read it. By that time you will lose all the motivation. </em></strong><br/>User Study Participant</p></blockquote><p id="6c5a" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">Some common questions inevitably arise when investing in accessibility: Why? Why invest in this over a feature that might reach a larger audience? How many people does this <em class="pl">actually</em> affect?</p><p id="2a3a" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">Answering these questions requires defining a few terms. <em class="pl">Accessibility</em> refers to a state of being — an accessible website takes everyone’s needs into account, and an inaccessible one leaves people behind. For example, colorblind users with <a class="af oj" href="https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/color-blindness/types-color-blindness" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">deuteranopia or protanopia</a> may be unable to distinguish an on/off status if it’s only communicated via shades of red & green. In this case, the site excludes colorblind users by failing to consider their needs. This lack of consideration is what disables them.</p><p id="dd13" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">This way of thinking about disabilities is the <a class="af oj" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ability-based-design-Wobbrock-Gajos/090c30b27c13ab8c034468fea525b947e9925815" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pl">social model</em></a>. There are a few different ways to view the concept of disability. Most people are familiar with the <em class="pl">medical model</em>, which links a disability to an individual’s body as a personal condition, or a problem to be fixed.</p><p id="d5c2" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">In the social model, a person is not disabled by their body but rather by their environment. The environment is causing an exclusion because it’s not accounting for the needs of everyone. <strong class="bf oi">We believe the responsibility for access lies with designers, engineers, and architects.</strong></p><p id="9d04" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">Think about the last time you used closed captioning. Developed initially for <em class="pl">permanently</em> disabled d/Deaf people, closed captioning is also useful for someone who is <em class="pl">temporarily</em> disabled by an ear infection or <em class="pl">situationally</em> disabled by a loud environment. This is an example of inclusive design, a method of designing for accessibility. Often, a design initially intended for a small audience creates a better experience for everyone.</p><p id="d4e9" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">The same applies to experiences within Semantic Scholar. <a class="af oj" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/product/tldr" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">TLDRs</a>, automatically-generated short summaries of papers, were developed to help scholars quickly decide which papers to read. They also benefit scholars with cognitive disabilities that make scanning large blocks of text difficult.</p><p id="7d6f" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">So why invest? How many people does it affect? By considering disabilities via the social model, you begin to understand how many people stand to benefit from an accessible product. Even if you <em class="pl">only</em> consider permanent disabilities, <a class="af oj" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/features/kf-adult-prevalence-disabilities.html" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">a quarter of all people in the United States have a disability</a>. Perhaps a better question to ask would be: who is being left behind by an inaccessible site?</p><h1 id="a37c" class="ok ol hj bf om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph bk">Where we started</h1><blockquote class="pi pj pk"><p id="c692" class="nl nm pl bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk"><strong class="bf oi"><em class="hj">I’m getting bitter feelings about the technology I had for college. Most websites I use, especially for academia, break at least a little bit whenever I use my accessibility settings.</em></strong><br/>User Study Participant</p></blockquote><p id="15d4" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">We began by gathering a baseline understanding of how Semantic Scholar currently performs with assistive technologies. First, we ran an audit with <a class="af oj" href="https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/accessibility" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Lighthouse</a>, an accessibility tool from Google that inspects the site and provides a list of opportunities for improvement. This approach is convenient, as it provides a single score we could work on improving. However, it can only tell you if your code is valid, it can’t tell if your website makes sense to users.</p><p id="cf60" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">We also proxy tested the website ourselves, with screen readers and keyboard navigation. Proxy testing gives a peek into the experience of people who use these technologies but, again, doesn’t tell the whole story. For one thing, there are many types of assistive devices, some of which are highly personalized to individual needs. Second, unless you have experience using these technologies daily, it’s difficult to understand what distinguishes a good experience from a bad one.</p><p id="2e55" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">To gain an accurate baseline, we looked to one of the slogans of the disability rights movement: “Nothing about us without us.” This means no work to improve accessibility should be done without including disabled users in the decision-making process. We contacted disabled scholars and conducted several usability studies to understand their challenges. We talked with several individuals that use a mix of screen readers, screen magnifiers, voice recognition software, and other alternative input devices.</p><p id="a383" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">After each test, we administered the <a class="af oj" href="https://makeitfable.com/accessible-usability-scale/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Accessible Usability Scale</a> (AUS), a 10-question survey modeled after the <a class="af oj" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/SUS%3A-A-'Quick-and-Dirty'-Usability-Scale-Brooke/79596de8da82cbb219e88b45c808b052606f765d" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">System Usability Scale</a> (SUS), a reliable and valid method of determining a system’s perceived ease of use. After the initial round of user testing, we achieved an AUS baseline of 53.25 — well below the average score of 68.</p><h1 id="743a" class="ok ol hj bf om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph bk">How we move forward</h1><p id="e399" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn pm np nq nr pn nt nu nv po nx ny nz pp ob oc od pq of og oh gn bk">We had some work to do. Fortunately, the combination of audits, proxy testing, and usability testing yielded a list of opportunities for improvement. So our engineers and designers learned best practices, broke down the opportunities into a series of milestones, and set to work fixing things.</p><p id="b642" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">The engineering team began learning and implementing guidelines laid out by <a class="af oj" href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/aria/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">WAI-ARIA</a>, proper HTML semantics, and how best to structure headings within a document. To ensure that new code remains accessible, we added rules from <a class="af oj" href="https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/accessibility/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Lighthouse</a> and the <a class="af oj" href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">eslint plugin</a> for jsx-a11y rules to our continuous integration pipeline test suite. While we worked to get our website up to accessibility standards, we hosted interactive workshops for fellow developers to share what we learned and practiced using screen readers and keyboard navigation so they could implement those learnings within their own projects.</p><p id="c6a2" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">The design team worked on text and color legibility, ensuring that elements are legible by people with all kinds of colorblindness and adhering to <a class="af oj" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/#dfn-contrast-ratio" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">contrast ratio</a> best practices. In addition, we checked text and button sizes and ensured web elements were not cut off for users who rely on screen magnification. We are also learning to write UX copy designed to orient users who cannot see visual elements on the page.</p><p id="749d" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">These changes should make accessing scientific literature easier for scholars who rely on screen readers and magnifiers as well as scholars who navigate with a keyboard only or use other alternate or adaptive devices. However, we couldn’t assess the impact without first engaging disabled scholars to verify our progress. So, we engaged <a class="af oj" href="https://knowbility.org/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Knowbility</a> to broaden our pool of participants and ran a follow-up usability test. After these accessibility improvements, we increased our AUS from 53.25 to 71.56.</p><blockquote class="pi pj pk"><p id="3614" class="nl nm pl bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk"><strong class="bf oi"><em class="hj">This is extremely accessible. I wish I had this in grad school.</em><br/></strong>User Study Participant</p></blockquote><h1 id="cdc0" class="ok ol hj bf om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph bk">What happens next</h1><p id="ba39" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn pm np nq nr pn nt nu nv po nx ny nz pp ob oc od pq of og oh gn bk">Although we’ve made meaningful progress, we know there’s plenty more to do. For this effort to be a success, it has to be more than checking items off of a list or fixing issues after the fact — we need to change how we work. The process requires empathy, education, and prioritization — all of which must stay top of mind, a regular part of our workflows. We need to continue learning, advocating for accessibility, and sharing what we know.</p><p id="366e" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">Throughout this year, we’ve given a series of talks to share our findings and efforts with the broader team at the Allen Institute for AI. We’ve run interactive workshops to educate best practices and held bug bashes to try and find additional issues. Team members are encouraged to continue learning by becoming members of the <a class="af oj" href="https://www.a11yproject.com" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">a11y community</a> through attending <a class="af oj" href="https://www.deque.com/axe-con/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">conferences</a> and joining <a class="af oj" href="https://web-a11y.slack.com/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">slack groups</a>.</p><p id="3419" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">To continue with the progress we’ve made in user studies and to ensure that we continue including disabled voices, we are inviting disabled scholars into our bi-weekly user chats and building inclusivity in our user panels. We’re exploring ways to quickly test and iterate on prototypes in an accessible way before they get to the implementation stage.</p><p id="d5b0" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk">Our <a class="af oj" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/research/research-team" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">research team</a> is developing ways to improve the accessibility of scientific papers themselves. One approach is using AI algorithms to extract information from inaccessible PDFs and rendering paper content as (more accessible) HTML — see our <a class="af oj" href="https://papertohtml.org/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">demo</a> (<a class="af oj" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/SciA11y%3A-Converting-Scientific-Papers-to-Accessible-Wang-Cachola/582616fe83a85f095a16778c28297723e25b0ea7" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">which won a Best Artifact Award at ASSETS</a>, the premier accessibility conference in computing) and earlier <a class="af oj" href="https://blog.allenai.org/scia11y-improving-the-accessibility-of-scientific-documents-1-of-2-48e1a7025a09" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">blog</a> <a class="af oj" href="https://blog.allenai.org/scia11y-improving-the-accessibility-of-scientific-documents-2-of-2-ef3da4a3b573" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">posts</a> on this topic. Our recent work includes developing new <a class="af oj" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/VILA%3A-Improving-Structured-Content-Extraction-from-Shen-Lo/f95620883ce631dcca296d6301ab094555a9b1c4" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">layout-aware extraction techniques</a>, <a class="af oj" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Dataset-of-Alt-Texts-from-HCI-Publications%3A-and-Chintalapati-Bragg/1b2139b38e6a9ded0c161a6bbed39a5cf09c03f0" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">datasets to support figure accessibility</a>, and more — for more information on our accessibility research, see <a class="af oj" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/about/accessibility" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.semanticscholar.org/about/accessibility</a>.</p><blockquote class="pi pj pk"><p id="4c81" class="nl nm pl bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk"><strong class="bf oi"><em class="hj">If papers were more accessible, there would be more blind researchers.</em><br/></strong>User Study Participant</p></blockquote><h1 id="73eb" class="ok ol hj bf om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph bk">You can help!</h1><p id="c617" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn pm np nq nr pn nt nu nv po nx ny nz pp ob oc od pq of og oh gn bk">If you’re interested in helping us promote equal access to science and want to help shape the future of scholarly research, sign up for our <a class="af oj" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/product/beta-program" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">beta program</a>. If you’d like to learn more about accessibility in general, join the <a class="af oj" href="https://www.a11yproject.com" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">a11y community</a> — they have a great list of <a class="af oj" href="https://www.a11yproject.com/resources" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">resources</a> if you’re unsure where to start. Lastly, if you find a way for us to improve, please let us know!</p></div></div></div><div class="ab cb pr ps pt pu" role="separator"><span class="pv by bm pw px py"></span><span class="pv by bm pw px py"></span><span class="pv by bm pw px"></span></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><p id="f450" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk"><em class="pl">[1]: We’re using identity-first language (e.g., “disabled scholar”). The Deaf, autistic and blind communities often use this language, but other communities may prefer person-first language (e.g., “a scholar who is disabled”). It’s best to ask individuals what they prefer.</em></p></div></div></div><div class="ab cb pr ps pt pu" role="separator"><span class="pv by bm pw px py"></span><span class="pv by bm pw px py"></span><span class="pv by bm pw px"></span></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><p id="3b4b" class="pw-post-body-paragraph nl nm hj bf b nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh gn bk"><em class="pl">Follow </em><a class="af oj" href="http://twitter.com/allen_ai" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pl">@allen_ai</em></a><em class="pl"> and </em><a class="af oj" href="https://twitter.com/semanticscholar" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pl">@semanticscholar</em></a><em class="pl"> on Twitter, and subscribe to the </em><a class="af oj" href="https://share.hsforms.com/1uJkWs5aDRHWhiky3aHooIg3ioxm" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="pl">AI2 Newsletter</em></a><em 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The environment is causing an exclusion because it’s not accounting for the needs of everyone. We believe the responsibility for access lies with designers, engineers, and architects.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":188,"end":276,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_10":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_10","name":"9d04","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Think about the last time you used closed captioning. Developed initially for permanently disabled d\u002FDeaf people, closed captioning is also useful for someone who is temporarily disabled by an ear infection or situationally disabled by a loud environment. This is an example of inclusive design, a method of designing for accessibility. Often, a design initially intended for a small audience creates a better experience for everyone.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":78,"end":89,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":166,"end":177,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":210,"end":223,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_11":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_11","name":"d4e9","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The same applies to experiences within Semantic Scholar. TLDRs, automatically-generated short summaries of papers, were developed to help scholars quickly decide which papers to read. They also benefit scholars with cognitive disabilities that make scanning large blocks of text difficult.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":57,"end":62,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fproduct\u002Ftldr","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_12":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_12","name":"7d6f","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"So why invest? How many people does it affect? By considering disabilities via the social model, you begin to understand how many people stand to benefit from an accessible product. Even if you only consider permanent disabilities, a quarter of all people in the United States have a disability. Perhaps a better question to ask would be: who is being left behind by an inaccessible site?","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":232,"end":294,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fncbddd\u002Fdisabilityandhealth\u002Ffeatures\u002Fkf-adult-prevalence-disabilities.html","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":194,"end":198,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_13":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_13","name":"a37c","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Where we started","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_14":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_14","name":"c692","type":"BQ","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"I’m getting bitter feelings about the technology I had for college. Most websites I use, especially for academia, break at least a little bit whenever I use my accessibility settings.\nUser Study Participant","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":183,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":0,"end":183,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_15":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_15","name":"15d4","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"We began by gathering a baseline understanding of how Semantic Scholar currently performs with assistive technologies. First, we ran an audit with Lighthouse, an accessibility tool from Google that inspects the site and provides a list of opportunities for improvement. This approach is convenient, as it provides a single score we could work on improving. However, it can only tell you if your code is valid, it can’t tell if your website makes sense to users.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":147,"end":157,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fdeveloper.chrome.com\u002Fdocs\u002Flighthouse\u002Faccessibility","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_16":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_16","name":"cf60","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"We also proxy tested the website ourselves, with screen readers and keyboard navigation. Proxy testing gives a peek into the experience of people who use these technologies but, again, doesn’t tell the whole story. For one thing, there are many types of assistive devices, some of which are highly personalized to individual needs. Second, unless you have experience using these technologies daily, it’s difficult to understand what distinguishes a good experience from a bad one.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_17":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_17","name":"2e55","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"To gain an accurate baseline, we looked to one of the slogans of the disability rights movement: “Nothing about us without us.” This means no work to improve accessibility should be done without including disabled users in the decision-making process. We contacted disabled scholars and conducted several usability studies to understand their challenges. We talked with several individuals that use a mix of screen readers, screen magnifiers, voice recognition software, and other alternative input devices.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_18":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_18","name":"a383","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"After each test, we administered the Accessible Usability Scale (AUS), a 10-question survey modeled after the System Usability Scale (SUS), a reliable and valid method of determining a system’s perceived ease of use. After the initial round of user testing, we achieved an AUS baseline of 53.25 — well below the average score of 68.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":37,"end":63,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmakeitfable.com\u002Faccessible-usability-scale\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":110,"end":132,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fpaper\u002FSUS%3A-A-'Quick-and-Dirty'-Usability-Scale-Brooke\u002F79596de8da82cbb219e88b45c808b052606f765d","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_19":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_19","name":"743a","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"How we move forward","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_20":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_20","name":"e399","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"We had some work to do. Fortunately, the combination of audits, proxy testing, and usability testing yielded a list of opportunities for improvement. So our engineers and designers learned best practices, broke down the opportunities into a series of milestones, and set to work fixing things.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_21":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_21","name":"b642","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The engineering team began learning and implementing guidelines laid out by WAI-ARIA, proper HTML semantics, and how best to structure headings within a document. To ensure that new code remains accessible, we added rules from Lighthouse and the eslint plugin for jsx-a11y rules to our continuous integration pipeline test suite. While we worked to get our website up to accessibility standards, we hosted interactive workshops for fellow developers to share what we learned and practiced using screen readers and keyboard navigation so they could implement those learnings within their own projects.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":76,"end":84,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002FWAI\u002Fstandards-guidelines\u002Faria\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":227,"end":237,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fdeveloper.chrome.com\u002Fdocs\u002Flighthouse\u002Faccessibility\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":246,"end":259,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npmjs.com\u002Fpackage\u002Feslint-plugin-jsx-a11y","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_22":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_22","name":"c6a2","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The design team worked on text and color legibility, ensuring that elements are legible by people with all kinds of colorblindness and adhering to contrast ratio best practices. In addition, we checked text and button sizes and ensured web elements were not cut off for users who rely on screen magnification. We are also learning to write UX copy designed to orient users who cannot see visual elements on the page.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":147,"end":161,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002FTR\u002FWCAG21\u002F#dfn-contrast-ratio","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_23":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_23","name":"749d","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"These changes should make accessing scientific literature easier for scholars who rely on screen readers and magnifiers as well as scholars who navigate with a keyboard only or use other alternate or adaptive devices. However, we couldn’t assess the impact without first engaging disabled scholars to verify our progress. So, we engaged Knowbility to broaden our pool of participants and ran a follow-up usability test. After these accessibility improvements, we increased our AUS from 53.25 to 71.56.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":337,"end":347,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fknowbility.org\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_24":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_24","name":"3614","type":"BQ","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"This is extremely accessible. I wish I had this in grad school.\nUser Study Participant","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":64,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":0,"end":63,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_25":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_25","name":"cdc0","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"What happens next","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_26":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_26","name":"ba39","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Although we’ve made meaningful progress, we know there’s plenty more to do. For this effort to be a success, it has to be more than checking items off of a list or fixing issues after the fact — we need to change how we work. The process requires empathy, education, and prioritization — all of which must stay top of mind, a regular part of our workflows. We need to continue learning, advocating for accessibility, and sharing what we know.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_27":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_27","name":"366e","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Throughout this year, we’ve given a series of talks to share our findings and efforts with the broader team at the Allen Institute for AI. We’ve run interactive workshops to educate best practices and held bug bashes to try and find additional issues. Team members are encouraged to continue learning by becoming members of the a11y community through attending conferences and joining slack groups.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":328,"end":342,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.a11yproject.com","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":361,"end":372,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.deque.com\u002Faxe-con\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":385,"end":397,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb-a11y.slack.com\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_28":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_28","name":"3419","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"To continue with the progress we’ve made in user studies and to ensure that we continue including disabled voices, we are inviting disabled scholars into our bi-weekly user chats and building inclusivity in our user panels. We’re exploring ways to quickly test and iterate on prototypes in an accessible way before they get to the implementation stage.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_29":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_29","name":"d5b0","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Our research team is developing ways to improve the accessibility of scientific papers themselves. One approach is using AI algorithms to extract information from inaccessible PDFs and rendering paper content as (more accessible) HTML — see our demo (which won a Best Artifact Award at ASSETS, the premier accessibility conference in computing) and earlier blog posts on this topic. Our recent work includes developing new layout-aware extraction techniques, datasets to support figure accessibility, and more — for more information on our accessibility research, see https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fabout\u002Faccessibility.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":4,"end":17,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fresearch-team","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":245,"end":249,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fpapertohtml.org\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":251,"end":292,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fpaper\u002FSciA11y%3A-Converting-Scientific-Papers-to-Accessible-Wang-Cachola\u002F582616fe83a85f095a16778c28297723e25b0ea7","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":357,"end":361,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.allenai.org\u002Fscia11y-improving-the-accessibility-of-scientific-documents-1-of-2-48e1a7025a09","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":362,"end":367,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.allenai.org\u002Fscia11y-improving-the-accessibility-of-scientific-documents-2-of-2-ef3da4a3b573","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":423,"end":457,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fpaper\u002FVILA%3A-Improving-Structured-Content-Extraction-from-Shen-Lo\u002Ff95620883ce631dcca296d6301ab094555a9b1c4","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":459,"end":499,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fpaper\u002FA-Dataset-of-Alt-Texts-from-HCI-Publications%3A-and-Chintalapati-Bragg\u002F1b2139b38e6a9ded0c161a6bbed39a5cf09c03f0","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":568,"end":619,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fabout\u002Faccessibility","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_30":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_30","name":"4c81","type":"BQ","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"If papers were more accessible, there would be more blind researchers.\nUser Study Participant","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":71,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":0,"end":70,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_31":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_31","name":"73eb","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"You can help!","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_32":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_32","name":"c617","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"If you’re interested in helping us promote equal access to science and want to help shape the future of scholarly research, sign up for our beta program. If you’d like to learn more about accessibility in general, join the a11y community — they have a great list of resources if you’re unsure where to start. Lastly, if you find a way for us to improve, please let us know!","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":140,"end":152,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fproduct\u002Fbeta-program","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":223,"end":237,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.a11yproject.com","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":266,"end":275,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.a11yproject.com\u002Fresources","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_33":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_33","name":"f450","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"[1]: We’re using identity-first language (e.g., “disabled scholar”). The Deaf, autistic and blind communities often use this language, but other communities may prefer person-first language (e.g., “a scholar who is disabled”). It’s best to ask individuals what they prefer.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":0,"end":273,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:76ab40bd073a_34":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"76ab40bd073a_34","name":"3b4b","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Follow @allen_ai and @semanticscholar on Twitter, and subscribe to the AI2 Newsletter to stay current on news and research coming out of 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