CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#" xmlns:sioct="http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="no-js" xml:lang="en"> <head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cookieconsent2/3.1.1/cookieconsent.min.css"/> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cookieconsent2/3.1.1/cookieconsent.min.js" data-cfasync="false"></script> <script> window.addEventListener('load', function(){ window.cookieconsent.initialise({ revokeBtn: "<div class='cc-revoke'></div>", type: "opt-in", theme: "classic", palette: { popup: { background: "#000", text: "#fff" }, button: { background: "#fd0", text: "#000" } }, content: { link: "Сookie policy", href: "https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/about/privacy-policy" }, onInitialise: function(status) { if(status == cookieconsent.status.allow) darwinCookieScripts(); }, onStatusChange: function(status) { if (this.hasConsented()) darwinCookieScripts(); } }) }); function darwinCookieScripts() { /* Google Tag Manager */ (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WLMRHJJ'); /* End Google Tag Manager */ /* facebook */ (function(d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) return; js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_GB/sdk.js#xfbml=1&version=v2.5&appId=1735181336713570"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); /* end facebook */ } // end darwinCookieScripts </script> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/apple-touch-icon.png" type="image/png"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http:\/\/schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "item": { "@id": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/", "name": "Darwin Correspondence Project", "image": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/charles-darwin_with_signature.jpg" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "item": { "@id": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/letters", "name": "The Letters", "image": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/charles-darwin_with_signature.jpg" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "item": { "@id": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/letters\/darwins-life-letters", "name": "Darwin's life in letters", "image": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/4xDarwins-02.jpg" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 4, "item": { "@id": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/letters\/darwins-life-letters\/darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad", "name": "Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad", "image": "https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/PR-Q-00900-00001-C-00002-000-00025_p423.jpg" } } ] } </script> <meta name="description" content="At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments, and continuing a massive scientific correspondence. Six months later the volume of his correspondence dropped markedly,"/> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/node/97"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Darwin Correspondence Project"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad"/> <meta property="og:description" content="At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of The variation of animals and plants under domestication, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments, and continuing a massive scientific correspondence. Six months later the volume of his correspondence dropped markedly, reflecting a decline in his already weak health. Although Darwin worried about the effect of the quarrels on public perceptions, his theory was gathering support in influential scientific circles. He struggled with leaf angles, fractions, diagrams, and shoot dissections."/> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2017-05-11T14:39:19+01:00"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/PR-Q-00900-00001-C-00002-000-00025_p423.jpg"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2015-06-12T15:59:44+01:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2015-06-12T15:59:44+01:00"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><title>Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad | Darwin Correspondence Project</title> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("/modules/system/system.base.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/modules/system/system.menus.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/modules/system/system.messages.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/modules/system/system.theme.css?sh7yfi"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("/sites/all/modules/drupal-feature-teasers-master/css/teasers.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/modules/comment/comment.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/sites/all/modules/cudl/cudl.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/sites/all/modules/cudl_album/css/cudl_album.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/sites/all/modules/darwin_emotion/darwin_emotion.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/sites/all/modules/darwin_kids_timeline/darwin_kids_timeline.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/sites/all/modules/darwin_search/darwin_search.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/modules/field/theme/field.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/sites/all/modules/learning_resources/css/learning_resources.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/modules/node/node.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/modules/search/search.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/modules/user/user.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/sites/all/modules/views/css/views.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/sites/all/modules/ckeditor/css/ckeditor.css?sh7yfi"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("/sites/all/modules/ctools/css/ctools.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/misc/ui/jquery.ui.core.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/misc/ui/jquery.ui.theme.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/misc/ui/jquery.ui.autocomplete.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/misc/ui/jquery.ui.progressbar.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/sites/all/modules/panels/css/panels.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/sites/all/modules/darwin_sharing/sharing.css?sh7yfi"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> @import url("/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/css/full-stylesheet.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/css/drupal.css?sh7yfi"); </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> /**/ @import url("/sites/default/files/cpn/block-57.css?sh7yfi"); @import url("/sites/default/files/cpn/block-56.css?sh7yfi"); /**/ </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> /*> </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="//use.typekit.net/afi5qbj.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async="async" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // try { Typekit.load(); } catch (e) { } //</script> <script type="text/javascript"> // document.documentElement.className += " js"; //</script> <link href="/sites/all/themes/custom_css/darwin.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel="stylesheet"/> <link href="/sites/all/themes/custom_js/remodal/remodal.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link href="/sites/all/themes/custom_js/remodal/remodal-default-theme.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <style type="text/css" media="all"> /* Find appropriate media query to disable navigation submenus on larger dispays to get rid of superfluous black space at the bottom of the page */ /*.campl-local-navigation-container > ul ul ul { display: none; }*/ .social-media-share svg { color: white; vertical-align: text-top; } </style></head><body class="html not-front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-node page-node- page-node-97 node-type-page campl-theme-4 SI-letters SI-darwins-life-letters SI-darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WLMRHJJ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div id="fb-root"></div>   <a href="#page-content" class="campl-skipTo">skip to content</a><div class="campl-row campl-global-header"><div class="campl-wrap clearfix"><div class="campl-header-container campl-column8" id="global-header-controls"><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk" class="campl-main-logo"><img alt="University of Cambridge" src="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/images/interface/main-logo-small.png"/></a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-horizontal-navigation campl-global-navigation clearfix"> <li><a href="#study-with-us">Study at Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="#about-the-university">About the University</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research" class="campl-no-drawer">Research at Cambridge</a></li></ul></div><div class="campl-column2"><div class="campl-quicklinks"></div></div><div class="campl-column2"><div class="campl-site-search" id="site-search-btn"><label for="header-search" class="hidden">Search site</label><div class="campl-search-input"><form action="https://search.cam.ac.uk/web" method="get"><input id="header-search" type="text" name="query" value="" placeholder="Search"/><input type="hidden" name="filterTitle" value="Darwin Correspondence Project"/><input type="hidden" name="include" value="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk"/><input type="image" class="campl-search-submit" src="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/images/interface/btn-search-header.png"/></form></div></div></div></div></div><div class="campl-row campl-global-header campl-search-drawer"><div class="campl-wrap clearfix"><form class="campl-site-search-form" id="site-search-container" action="https://search.cam.ac.uk/web" method="get" name="site-search-container"><div class="campl-search-form-wrapper clearfix"><input type="text" class="text" name="query" value="" placeholder="Search"/><input type="hidden" name="filterTitle" value="Darwin Correspondence Project"/><input type="hidden" name="include" value="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk"/><input type="image" class="campl-search-submit" src="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/images/interface/btn-search.png"/></div></form></div></div><div class="campl-row campl-global-navigation-drawer"><div class="campl-wrap clearfix"><div class="campl-column12 campl-home-link-container"><a href="/">Home</a></div></div><div class="campl-wrap clearfix"><div class="campl-column12 campl-global-navigation-mobile-list campl-global-navigation-list"><div class="campl-global-navigation-outer clearfix" id="study-with-us"><ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-global-navigation-header-container"> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/study-at-cambridge">Study at Cambridge</a></li></ul><div class="campl-column4"><ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list campl-global-navigation-secondary-with-children"> <li><a href="http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/">Undergraduate</a><ul class="campl-global-navigation-tertiary campl-unstyled-list"> <li><a href="http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/courses/">Courses</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/apply/">Applying</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/events/">Events and open days</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/finance/">Fees and finance</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.becambridge.com/">Student blogs and videos</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="campl-column4"><ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list campl-global-navigation-secondary-with-children"> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/gradadmissions/prospec/">Graduate</a><ul class="campl-global-navigation-tertiary campl-unstyled-list"> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/gradadmissions/prospec/whycam/">Why Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/gradadmissions/prospec/studying/qualifdir/">Qualifications directory</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/gradadmissions/prospec/apply/">How to apply</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/studentregistry/fees/">Fees and funding</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/gradadmissions/prospec/faq/index.html">Frequently asked questions</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="campl-column4"><ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list last"> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/international-cambridge/studying-at-cambridge">International students</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.ice.cam.ac.uk">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/education/epe/">Executive and professional education</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.educ.cam.ac.uk">Courses in education</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="campl-global-navigation-outer clearfix" id="about-the-university"><ul class="campl-global-navigation-header-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university">About the University</a></li></ul><div class="campl-column4"><ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work">How the University and Colleges work</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history">History</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/visiting-the-university">Visiting the University</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/term-dates-and-calendars">Term dates and calendars</a></li> <li class="last"><a href="http://map.cam.ac.uk">Map</a></li></ul></div><div class="campl-column4"><ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/for-media">For media</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/video-and-audio">Video and audio</a></li> <li><a href="http://webservices.admin.cam.ac.uk/faesearch/map.cgi">Find an expert</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/publications">Publications</a></li> <li class="last"><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/international-cambridge">International Cambridge</a></li></ul></div><div class="campl-column4"><ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/news">News</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/whatson">Events</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/public-engagement">Public engagement</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.jobs.cam.ac.uk">Jobs</a></li> <li class="last"><a href="http://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk">Giving to Cambridge</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="campl-global-navigation-outer clearfix" id="our-research"><ul class="campl-global-navigation-header-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li><a href="">Research at Cambridge</a></li></ul></div></div><ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-quicklinks-list campl-global-navigation-container"> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/for-staff">For staff</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/gateway">For current students</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk">For alumni</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/for-business">For business</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/colleges-and-departments">Colleges & departments</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/libraries-and-facilities">Libraries & facilities</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/museums-and-collections">Museums & collections</a></li> <li class="last"><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/email-and-phone-search">Email & phone search</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="campl-row campl-page-header campl-section-page"><div class="campl-wrap clearfix"><div class="campl-column12"><div class="campl-content-container"><div class="region region-breadcrumb"><div id="block-easy-breadcrumb-easy-breadcrumb" class="block block-easy-breadcrumb"><div><div itemscope="itemscope" class="easy-breadcrumb campl-breadcrumb" id="breadcrumb" itemtype="https://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-horizontal-navigation clearfix"> <li class="first-child"><a href="/" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-front campl-home ir">Home</a></li> <li><a href="../../letters" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-1">The Letters</a></li> <li><a href="../darwins-life-letters" class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-2">Darwin's life in letters</a></li> <li><span class="easy-breadcrumb_segment easy-breadcrumb_segment-title" itemprop="title">Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad</span></li> </ul> </div></div></div></div><h1 class="campl-page-title">Darwin Correspondence Project</h1></div></div></div></div><div class="campl-row campl-page-header"><div class="campl-wrap"><div class="region region-horizontal-navigation"><div id="block-menu-block-1" class="block block-menu-block"> <div> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix campl-local-navigation"> <div class="campl-local-navigation-container"> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list"> <li class="first leaf menu-mlid-198"><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2309"><a href="../../about-darwin">About Darwin</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2309"><a href="../../about-darwin">About Darwin overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-869"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/family-life">Family life</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-869"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/family-life">Family life overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1125"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-childhood">Darwin on childhood</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1038"><a href="../../tags/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-marriage">Darwin on marriage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1258"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-s-observations-his-children">Darwin's observations on his children</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2295"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-and-fatherhood">Darwin and fatherhood</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1039"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/family-life/death-anne-elizabeth-darwin">The death of Annie Darwin</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1051"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/family-life/visiting-darwins">Visiting the Darwins</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3416"><a href="../../commentary/voyage-hms-beagle" title="">Voyage of HMS Beagle</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1035"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read">What Darwin read</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1035"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read">What Darwin read overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1130"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/darwin-s-student-booklist">Darwin's student booklist</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-933"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/books-beagle">Books on the Beagle</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1036"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/darwin-s-reading-notebooks">Darwin's reading notebooks</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1059"><a href="../../about-darwin/origin-species">On the Origin of Species</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1059"><a href="../../about-darwin/origin-species">On the Origin of Species overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1060"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/origin-species/writing-origin">The writing of "Origin"</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1084"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/origin-species/abstract-darwin-s-theory">Abstract of Darwin's theory</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1093"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/origin-species/alfred-russel-wallace-s-essay-varieties">Alfred Russel Wallace's essay on varieties</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1094"><a href="../../charles-darwin-and-his-publisher">Charles Darwin and his publisher</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1147"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/origin-species/review-origin-species">Review: The Origin of Species</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1126"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/darwins-health">Darwin's health</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first last leaf menu-mlid-2917"><a href="../../tags/darwin/darwin-on-his-health">Darwin's notes for his physician, 1865</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1128"><a href="../../about-darwin/darwin-s-photographic-portraits">Darwin's photographic portraits</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2896"><a href="../../have-you-read-one-about">Have you read the one about....</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2654"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said">Six things Darwin never said - and one he did</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2654"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said">Six things Darwin never said - and one he did overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2892"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said/evolution-misquotation">The evolution of a misquotation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3673"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue">Portraits of Charles Darwin: a catalogue</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3673"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue">Portraits of Charles Darwin: a catalogue overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3676"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/11-ellen-sharples-pastel">1.1 Ellen Sharples pastel</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3709"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/12-george-richmond-marriage-portrait">1.2 George Richmond, marriage portrait</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3718"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/13-thomas-herbert-maguire-lithograph">1.3 Thomas Herbert Maguire, lithograph</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3721"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/14-samuel-laurence-drawing-1">1.4 Samuel Laurence drawing 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3724"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/15-samuel-laurence-drawing-2">1.5 Samuel Laurence drawing 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3727"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/16-ouless-oil-portrait">1.6 Ouless oil portrait</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3730"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/17-ouless-replica">1.7 Ouless replica</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3733"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/18-anonymous-drawing-after-ouless">1.8 anonymous drawing, after Ouless</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3736"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/19-rajon-etching-after-ouless">1.9 Rajon, etching after Ouless</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3679"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/110-rajon-etching-variant-state">1.10 Rajon etching, variant state</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3682"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/111-laura-russell-oil">1.11 Laura Russell, oil</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3685"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/112-marian-huxley-drawing">1.12 Marian Huxley, drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3688"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/113-louisa-nash-drawing">1.13 Louisa Nash, drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3691"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/114-william-richmond-oil">1.14 William Richmond, oil</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3694"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/115-albert-goodwin-watercolour">1.15 Albert Goodwin, watercolour</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3697"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/116-alphonse-legros-drypoint">1.16 Alphonse Legros, drypoint</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3700"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/117-alphonse-legros-drawing">1.17 Alphonse Legros drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3703"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/118-john-collier-oil-linnean">1.18 John Collier, oil in Linnean</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3706"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/119-john-collier-oil-npg">1.19 John Collier, oil in NPG</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3712"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/120-leopold-flameng-etching-after-collier">1.20 Leopold Flameng etching, after Collier</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3715"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/121-window-christs-college-cambridge">1.21 window at Christ's College Cambridge</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3739"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/21-thomas-woolner-bust">2.1 Thomas Woolner bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3772"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/22-thomas-woolner-metal-plaque">2.2 Thomas Woolner metal plaque</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3802"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/23-wedgwood-medallions">2.3 Wedgwood medallions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3805"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/24-wedgwood-plaque">2.4 Wedgwood plaque</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3808"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/25-wedgwood-medallions-2nd-type">2.5 Wedgwood medallions, 2nd type</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3811"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/26-adolf-von-hildebrand-bust">2.6 Adolf von Hildebrand bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3814"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/27-joseph-moore-midland-union-medal">2.7 Joseph Moore, Midland Union medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3817"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/28-alphonse-legros-medallion">2.8 Alphonse Legros medallion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3820"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/29-legros-medallion-plaster-model">2.9 Legros medallion, plaster model</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3742"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/210-moritz-klinkicht-print-legros">2.10 Moritz Klinkicht, print from Legros</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3745"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/211-christian-lehr-plaster-bust">2.11 Christian Lehr, plaster bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3748"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/212-allan-wyon-royal-society-medal">2.12 Allan Wyon, Royal Society medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3751"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/213-edgar-boehm-statue-nhm">2.13 Edgar Boehm, statue in the NHM</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3754"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/214-boehm-westminster-abbey-roundel">2.14 Boehm, Westminster Abbey roundel</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3757"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/215-boehm-terracotta-bust-npg">2.15 Boehm terracotta bust (NPG)</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3760"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/216-horace-montford-statue-shrewsbury">2.16 Horace Montford statue, Shrewsbury</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3763"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/217-montford-statuette">2.17 Montford, statuette</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3766"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/218-montford-carnegie-bust">2.18 Montford, Carnegie bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3769"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/219-montford-bust-royal-society">2.19 Montford, bust at the Royal Society</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3775"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/220-montford-terracotta-bust-npg">2.20 Montford, terracotta bust, NPG</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3778"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/221-montford-relief-christs-college">2.21 Montford, relief at Christ's College</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3781"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/222-l-j-chavalliaud-statue-liverpool">2.22 L.-J. Chavalliaud statue in Liverpool</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3784"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/223-hope-pinker-statue-oxford-museum">2.23 Hope Pinker statue, Oxford Museum</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3787"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/224-herbert-hampton-statue-lancaster">2.24 Herbert Hampton statue, Lancaster</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3790"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/225-henry-pegram-statue-birmingham">2.25 Henry Pegram statue, Birmingham</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3793"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/226-linnean-society-medal">2.26 Linnean Society medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3796"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/227-william-couper-bust-new-york">2.27 William Couper bust, New York</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3799"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/228-couper-bust-cambridge">2.28 Couper bust in Cambridge</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3823"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/31-antoine-claudet-daguerreotype">3.1 Antoine Claudet, daguerreotype</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3856"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/32-maull-and-polyblank-photo-1">3.2 Maull and Polyblank photo 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3865"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/33-maull-and-polyblank-photo-2">3.3 Maull and Polyblank photo 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3868"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/34-william-darwin-photo-1">3.4 William Darwin, photo 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3871"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/35-william-darwin-photo-2">3.5 William Darwin, photo 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3874"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/36-william-darwin-photo-3">3.6 William Darwin, photo 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3877"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/37-leonard-darwin-photo-verandah">3.7 Leonard Darwin, photo on verandah</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3880"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/38-leonard-darwin-interior-photo">3.8 Leonard Darwin, interior photo</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3883"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/39-leonard-darwin-photo-horseback">3.9 Leonard Darwin, photo on horseback</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3826"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/310-ernest-edwards-men-eminence">3.10 Ernest Edwards, 'Men of Eminence'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3829"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/311-edwards-illustrated-london-news">3.11 Edwards, in Illustrated London News</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3832"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/312-edwards-second-group-photos">3.12 Edwards, second group of photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3835"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/313-edwards-representative-men">3.13 Edwards 'Representative Men'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3838"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/314-julia-margaret-cameron-photos">3.14 Julia Margaret Cameron, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3841"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/315-george-charles-wallich-photo">3.15 George Charles Wallich, photo</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3844"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/316-oscar-rejlander-photos">3.16 Oscar Rejlander, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3847"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/317-lock-and-whitfield-men-mark">3.17 Lock and Whitfield, 'Men of Mark'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3850"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/318-elliott-and-fry-photos-c1869-1871">3.18 Elliott and Fry photos, c.1869-1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3853"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/319-elliott-and-fry-photos-c1880-1">3.19 Elliott and Fry photos c.1880-1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3859"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/320-elliott-and-fry-c1880-1-verandah">3.20 Elliott and Fry, c.1880-1, verandah</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3862"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/321-herbert-rose-barraud-photos">3.21 Herbert Rose Barraud, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3886"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/41-albert-way-comic-drawings">4.1 Albert Way, comic drawings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3919"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/42-augustus-earle-caricature-drawing">4.2 Augustus Earle, caricature drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3952"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/43-alfred-crowquill-caricature">4.3 Alfred Crowquill, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3985"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/44-thomas-huxley-caricature-sketch">4.4 Thomas Huxley, caricature sketch</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4018"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/45-william-beard-comic-painting">4.5 William Beard, comic painting</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4051"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/46-thomas-nast-cartoon">4.6 Thomas Nast, cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4054"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/47-vanity-fair-caricature">4.7 'Vanity Fair', caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4057"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/48-vanity-fair-preliminary-study">4.8 'Vanity Fair', preliminary study</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4060"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/49-graphic-cartoon">4.9 'Graphic', cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3889"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/410-hornet-caricature-darwin">4.10 'Hornet' caricature of Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3892"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/411-fun-cartoon-little-lecture">4.11 'Fun' cartoon, 'A little lecture'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3895"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/412-fun-wedding-procession">4.12 'Fun', Wedding procession</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3898"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/413-fun-cartoon-griset-emotional">4.13 'Fun' cartoon by Griset, 'Emotional'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3901"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/414-fun-cartoon-troubles">4.14 'Fun' cartoon, 'That troubles'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3904"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/415-george-cruikshank-comic-drawing">4.15 George Cruikshank, comic drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3907"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/416-joseph-simms-physiognomy">4.16 Joseph Simms, physiognomy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3910"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/417-figaro-unidentifiable-1871">4.17 'Figaro', unidentifiable 1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3913"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/418-figaro-chromolithograph-1">4.18 'Figaro' chromolithograph 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3916"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/419-george-montbard-caricature">4.19 George Montbard, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3922"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/420-frederick-waddy-caricature">4.20 Frederick Waddy, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3925"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/421-gegeef-our-national-church-1">4.21 Gegeef, 'Our National Church', 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3928"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/422-gegeef-et-al-our-national-church-2">4.22 Gegeef et al., 'Our National Church', 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3931"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/423-gegeef-battle-field-science">4.23 Gegeef, 'Battle Field of Science'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3934"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/424-daily-graphic-nast-satire">4.24 'Daily Graphic', Nast satire</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3937"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/425-punch-1877-re-cambridge-doctorate">4.25 'Punch' 1877 re. Cambridge doctorate</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3940"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/426-christmas-card-caricature-monkeys">4.26 Christmas card caricature, monkeys</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3943"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/427-four-founders-darwinismus">4.27 'Four founders of Darwinismus'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3946"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/428-english-celebrities-montage">4.28 'English celebrities' montage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3949"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/429-richard-grant-white-fall-man">4.29 Richard Grant White, 'Fall of man'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3955"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/430-la-petite-lune-gill-cartoon">4.30 'La Petite Lune', Gill cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3958"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/431-la-lune-rousse-gill-cartoon">4.31 'La Lune Rousse', Gill cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3961"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/432-anis-liqueur-label">4.32 Anis liqueur label</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3964"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/433-harpers-weekly-bellew-caricature">4.33 'Harper's Weekly', Bellew caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3967"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/434-punch-sambourne-cartoon-1">4.34 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3970"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/435-frederick-sem-caricature">4.35 Frederick Sem, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3973"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/436-sem-chistmas-card">4.36 Sem, Chistmas card</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3976"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/437-mosquito-satire">4.37 'Mosquito' satire</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3979"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/438-franz-goedecker-caricature">4.38 Franz Goedecker, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3982"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/439-moonshine-magazine-cartoon">4.39 'Moonshine' magazine cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3988"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/440-phrenological-magazine">4.40 'Phrenological Magazine'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3991"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/441-punch-sambourne-cartoon-2">4.41 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3994"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/442-punch-sambourne-cartoon-3">4.42 'Punch' Sambourne cartoon 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3997"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/443-illustrated-london-news-article">4.43 'Illustrated London News' article</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4000"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/444-puck-cartoon-1">4.44 'Puck' cartoon 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4003"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/445-puck-cartoon-2">4.45 'Puck' cartoon 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4006"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/446-puck-cartoon-3">4.46 'Puck' cartoon 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4009"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/447-puck-cartoon-4">4.47 'Puck' cartoon 4</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4012"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/448-puck-cartoon-5">4.48 'Puck', cartoon 5</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4015"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/449-alfred-bryan-caricature">4.49 Alfred Bryan, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4021"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/450-cigar-box-lid-design">4.50 Cigar box lid design</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4024"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/451-frederick-holder-life-and-work">4.51 Frederick Holder 'Life and Work'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4027"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/452-wasp-caricature">4.52 'Wasp' caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4030"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/453-claud-warren-outlines-hands">4.53 Claud Warren, 'Outlines of Hands'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4033"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/454-jubilees-queen-victoria">4.54 jubilees of Queen Victoria</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4036"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/455-harry-furniss-caricature">4.55 Harry Furniss caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4039"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/456-larks-cartoon">4.56 'Larks' cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4042"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/457-silhouette-cartoon">4.57 silhouette cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4045"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/458-simian-savage-drawings">4.58 'Simian, savage' . . . drawings</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4048"><a href="../../about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/459-simplicissimus-cartoon">4.59 'Simplicissimus' cartoon</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4066"><a href="../../about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life">Darwin and the experimental life</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4066"><a href="../../about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life">Darwin and the experimental life overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4069"><a href="../../about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/what-experiment">What is an experiment?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4081"><a href="../../about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/morphology-movement-observation-and-experiment">From morphology to movement: observation and experiment</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4078"><a href="../../about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/fools-experiments">Fool's experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4075"><a href="../../about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/experimenting-emotions">Experimenting with emotions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4072"><a href="../../about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/animals-ethics-and-progress-science">Animals, ethics, and the progress of science</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3366"><a href="../../fake-darwin">Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3402"><a href="../../darwins-bad-days">Darwin's bad days</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3644"><a href="../../people/about-darwin/darwin-s-first-love">Darwin's first love</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-800"><a href="../../letters" title="" class="active-trail campl-selected">The letters</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-800"><a href="../../letters" title="" class="active-trail">The letters overview</a></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-2080"><a href="../darwins-life-letters" class="active-trail">Darwin's life in letters</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-2080"><a href="../darwins-life-letters" class="active-trail">Darwin's life in letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1097"><a href="darwin-letters-1821-1836-childhood-beagle-voyage">1821-1836: Childhood to the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1106"><a href="darwin-letters-1837-1843-london-years-natural-selection" title="Charles Darwin's life seen through his letters, 1837-43">1837-43: The London years to 'natural selection'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1107"><a href="darwin-letters-1844-1846-building-scientific-network">1844-1846: Building a scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1108"><a href="darwin-letters-1847-1850-microscopes-and-barnacles">1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1109"><a href="darwin-letters-1851-1855-death-daughter">1851-1855: Death of a daughter</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1110"><a href="darwin-letters-1856-1857-big-book">1856-1857: The 'Big Book'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-936"><a href="darwin-letters-1858-1859-origin">1858-1859: Origin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-937"><a href="darwin-letters-1860-answering-critics">1860: Answering critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1111"><a href="darwin-letters-1861-gaining-allies">1861: Gaining allies</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1098"><a href="darwin-letters-1862-multiplicity-experiments">1862: A multiplicity of experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-1099 campl-current-page"><a href="darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad" class="active-trail active">1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1100"><a href="darwin-letters-1864-failing-health">1864: Failing health</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-935"><a href="darwin-letters-1865-delays-and-disappointments">1865: Delays and disappointments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1101"><a href="darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest">1866: Survival of the fittest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1102"><a href="darwin-letters-1867-civilised-dispute">1867: A civilised dispute</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1103"><a href="darwin-letters-1868-studying-sex">1868: Studying sex</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1104"><a href="darwin-letters-1869-forward-all-fronts">1869: Forward on all fronts</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1105"><a href="darwin-letters1870-human-evolution">1870: Human evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1151"><a href="darwin-letters-1871-emptying-nest">1871: An emptying nest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1152"><a href="darwin-letters-1872-job-done">1872: Job done?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1049"><a href="darwins-letters-1873-animal-or-vegetable">1873: Animal or vegetable?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1050"><a href="darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year">1874: A turbulent year</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2275"><a href="darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings">1875: Pulling strings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2894"><a href="darwin-letters-1876-midst-life">1876: In the midst of life</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3363"><a href="darwin-letters-1877-flowers-and-honours">1877: Flowers and honours</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3383"><a href="darwin-letters-1878-movement-and-sleep">1878: Movement and sleep</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3394"><a href="darwin-letters-1879-tracing-roots">1879: Tracing roots</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3661"><a href="darwin-letters-1880-sensitivity-and-worms">1880: Sensitivity and worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4063"><a href="darwin-letters-1881-old-friends-and-new-admirers">1881: Old friends and new admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4102"><a href="darwin-letters-1882-nothing-too-great-or-too-small">1882: Nothing too great or too small</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3384"><a href="../darwins-works-letters">Darwin's works in letters</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3384"><a href="../darwins-works-letters">Darwin's works in letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3385"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/journal-researches">Journal of researches</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3386"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/living-and-fossil-cirripedia">Living and fossil cirripedia</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3400"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the 'big book'</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3400"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the 'big book' overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3401"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book/dates-composition-darwins-manuscript-species">Dates of composition of Darwin's manuscript on species</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3406"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/origin">Origin</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3407"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions">Rewriting Origin - the later editions</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3407"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions">Rewriting Origin - the later editions overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3412"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/how-old-earth">How old is the earth?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3411"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/whale-bear">The whale-bear</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3413"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/origin-lost-changes-second-german">Origin: the lost changes for the second German edition</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3404"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/orchids">Orchids</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3662"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/climbing-plants">Climbing plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3387"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/descent">Descent</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3388"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/expression">Expression</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3389"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/insectivorous-plants">Insectivorous plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3663"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/forms-flowers">Forms of flowers</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4084"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/cross-and-self-fertilisation">Cross and self fertilisation</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3405"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/life-erasmus-darwin">Life of Erasmus Darwin</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3665"><a href="../darwins-works-letters/movement-plants">Movement in Plants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2264"><a href="../about-letters">About the letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2408"><a href="../lifecycle-letter-film">Lifecycle of a letter film</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2408"><a href="../lifecycle-letter-film">Lifecycle of a letter film overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2411"><a href="../lifecycle-letter-film/editing-letter">Editing a Letter</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2409"><a href="../lifecycle-letter-film/working-darwin-archive">Working in the Darwin archive</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2296"><a href="../capturing-darwin-s-voice-audio-selected-letters">Capturing Darwin's voice: audio of selected letters</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2266"><a href="../correspondence-women">Correspondence with women</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-878"><a href="../../hunt-new-letters">The hunt for new letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1136"><a href="../editorial-policy-and-practice">Editorial policy and practice</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1136"><a href="../editorial-policy-and-practice">Editorial policy and practice overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3646"><a href="../editorial-policy-and-practice/full-notes-editorial-policy">Full notes on editorial policy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2263"><a href="../symbols-and-abbreviations">Symbols and abbreviations</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2905"><a href="../darwins-letters-timeline">Darwin's letters: a timeline</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2909"><a href="../../world-map">Darwin's letters: World Map</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3364"><a href="/have-you-read-one-about" title="">Have you read the one about...</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4183"><a href="../charles-darwin-life-letters">Charles Darwin: A Life in Letters</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4158"><a href="../../darwin-conversation-exhibition">Darwin in Conversation exhibition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4099"><a href="../diagrams-and-drawings-letters">Diagrams and drawings in letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4105"><a href="../favourite-letters">Favourite Letters</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4105"><a href="../favourite-letters">Favourite Letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4162"><a href="../favourite-letters/be-envious-ripe-oranges-w-d-fox-may-1832">Be envious of ripe oranges: To W. D. Fox, May 1832</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4111"><a href="../favourite-letters/monstrous-stain-j-m-herbert-2-june-1833">That monstrous stain: To J. M. Herbert, 2 June 1833</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4166"><a href="../favourite-letters/my-most-solemn-request-emma-darwin-5-july-1844">My most solemn request: To Emma Darwin, 5 July 1844</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4178"><a href="../favourite-letters/our-poor-dear-dear-child-emma-darwin-23-april-1851">Our poor dear dear child: To Emma Darwin, [23 April 1851]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4174"><a href="../favourite-letters/i-beg-million-pardons-john-lubbock-3-september-1862">I beg a million pardons: To John Lubbock, [3 September 1862]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4129"><a href="../favourite-letters/prize-possessions-henry-denny-17-january-1865">Prize possessions: To Henry Denny, 17 January [1865]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4114"><a href="../favourite-letters/how-manage-it-j-d-hooker-17-june-1865">How to manage it: To J. D. Hooker, [17 June 1865]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4117"><a href="../favourite-letters/fly-flower-hermann-m-ller-23-october-1867">A fly on the flower: From Hermann Müller, 23 October 1867</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4138"><a href="../favourite-letters/reading-my-roommate-s-illustrious-ancestor-t-h-huxley-10-june-1868">Reading my roommate's illustrious ancestor: To T. H. Huxley, 10 June 1868</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4169"><a href="../favourite-letters/beginning-something-j-d-hooker-22-january-1869">A beginning, & that is something: To J. D. Hooker, [22 January 1869]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4135"><a href="../favourite-letters/perfect-copper-plate-hand-adolf-reuter-30-may-1869">Perfect copper-plate hand: From Adolf Reuter, 30 May 1869</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4132"><a href="../favourite-letters/darwin-s-favourite-photographer-o-g-rejlander-30-april-1871">Darwin's favourite photographer: From O. G. Rejlander, 30 April 1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4172"><a href="../favourite-letters/your-letter-eternalized-us-n-d-doedes-27-march-1873">Your letter eternalized before us: From N. D. Doedes, 27 March 1873</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4120"><a href="../favourite-letters/lost-translation-auguste-forel-12-november-1874">Lost in translation: From Auguste Forel, 12 November 1874</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4182"><a href="../favourite-letters/i-never-trusted-drosera-e-f-lubbock-after-2-july-1875">I never trusted Drosera: From E. F. Lubbock, [after 2 July] 1875</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4126"><a href="../favourite-letters/argus-pheasant-mivart-r-wallace-17-june-1876">From Argus pheasant to Mivart: To A. R. Wallace, 17 June 1876</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4141"><a href="../favourite-letters/wearing-his-knowledge-lightly-fritz-m-ller-5-april-1878">Wearing his knowledge lightly: From Fritz Müller, 5 April 1878</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4123"><a href="../favourite-letters/terms-engagement-julius-wiesner-25-october-1881">Terms of engagement: To Julius Wiesner, 25 October 1881</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4108"><a href="../favourite-letters/intellectual-capacities-caroline-kennard-26-december-1881">Intellectual capacities: From Caroline Kennard, 26 December 1881</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4144"><a href="../darwin-plays">Darwin plays</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4144"><a href="../darwin-plays">Darwin plays overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4150"><a href="../darwin-plays/emma-audio-play">'Emma' audio play</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4147"><a href="../darwin-plays/frank-audio-play">'Frank' audio play</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4153"><a href="../darwin-plays/confessing-murder-audio-play">'Like confessing a murder' audio play</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-2294"><a href="../darwin-plays/re-design-dramatisation">'Re: Design' dramatisation</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2294"><a href="../darwin-plays/re-design-dramatisation">'Re: Design' dramatisation overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1134"><a href="../../commentary/religion/re-design-dramatisation/dramatisation-script">Dramatisation script</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3377"><a href="/search?sort=date&keyword=darwin&f1-document-type=letter" title="">Browse all Darwin letters in date order</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3391"><a href="../list-correspondents">List of correspondents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-824"><a href="../../commentary">Commentary</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-824"><a href="../../commentary">Commentary overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2269"><a href="../../commentary/evolution" title="">Evolution</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2269"><a href="../../commentary/evolution" title="">Evolution overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2262"><a href="../../commentary/evolution/natural-selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2293"><a href="../../commentary/evolution/sexual-selection">Sexual selection</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2299"><a href="../../commentary/evolution/inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2298"><a href="../../commentary/evolution/divergence">Divergence</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3410"><a href="../../commentary/evolution/correlation-growth-deaf-blue-eyed-cats-pigs-and-poison">Correlation of growth: deaf blue-eyed cats, pigs, and poison</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3414"><a href="../../commentary/evolution/natural-selection-trouble-terminology-part-i">Natural Selection: the trouble with terminology Part I</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3415"><a href="../../commentary/evolution/survival-fittest-trouble-terminology-part-ii">Survival of the fittest: the trouble with terminology Part II</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3671"><a href="../../commentary/evolution/darwin-s-species-notebooks-i-think">Darwin's species notebooks: 'I think . . .'</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-871"><a href="../../commentary/geology" title="">Geology</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-871"><a href="../../commentary/geology" title="">Geology overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2259"><a href="../../commentary/geology/darwin-geology">Darwin and geology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1127"><a href="../../topics/geology/darwin-s-introduction-geology">Darwin's introduction to geology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1270"><a href="../../commentary/geology/geology-beagle-voyage">The geology of the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1122"><a href="../../commentary/geology/darwin-coral-reefs">Darwin and coral reefs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2258"><a href="../../commentary/geology/darwin-s-earthquakes">Darwin's earthquakes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2257"><a href="../../topics/geology/darwin-geological-society" title="">Darwin and the Geological Society</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1123"><a href="../../commentary/geology/darwin-glen-roy">Darwin and Glen Roy</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1087"><a href="../../topics/geology/bibliography-darwin-s-geological-publications">Bibliography of Darwin's geological publications</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2247"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences" title="">Life sciences</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2247"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences" title="">Life sciences overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1117"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down">Darwin and Down</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1117"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down">Darwin and Down overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1149"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down/darwin-s-hothouse-and-lists-hothouse-plants">Darwin's hothouse and lists of hothouse plants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4087"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/species-and-varieties">Species and varieties</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1058"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/evolution-honeycomb">The evolution of honeycomb</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1083"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/tale-two-bees">A tale of two bees</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1088"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed">Beauty and the seed</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1088"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed">Beauty and the seed overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1055"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed/mauro-galetti-profile-ecologist">Mauro Galetti: profile of an ecologist</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2261"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/casting-about-darwin-worms">Casting about: Darwin on worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1081"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/was-darwin-ecologist">Was Darwin an ecologist?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3641"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/dipsacus-and-drosera-frank-s-favourite-carnivores">Dipsacus and Drosera</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2318"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles">Darwin and barnacles</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2318"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles">Darwin and barnacles overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2317"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles/darwin-s-study-cirripedia">Darwin's study of the Cirripedia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2280"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2280"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2284"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-draft-petition">Vivisection: draft petition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2285"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-baas-committee-report">Vivisection: BAAS committee report</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2286"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-first-sketch-bill">Vivisection: first sketch of the bill</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2287"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-darwins-testimony-royal-commission">Vivisection: Darwin's testimony</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2288"><a href="../../topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/appeal-against-animal-cruelty">'An Appeal' against animal cruelty</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2916"><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/biodiversity-and-its-histories">Biodiversity and its histories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-873"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature" title="">Human nature</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-873"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature" title="">Human nature overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2604"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/darwin-human-evolution">Darwin on human evolution</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1269"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions">The expression of emotions</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1269"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions">The expression of emotions overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1262"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment">Emotion experiment</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1262"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment">Emotion experiment overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1263"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment/results-darwin-online-emotions">Results of the Darwin Online Emotions Experiment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2256"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/face-emotion">Face of emotion</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2292"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/darwin-s-queries-expression">Darwin's queries on expression</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1052"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/origin-language">The origin of language</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1052"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/origin-language">The origin of language overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1053"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/origin-language/language-key-letters">Language: key letters</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1153"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/origin-language/language-interview-gregory-radick">Language: Interview with Gregory Radick</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1140"><a href="../../commentary/human-nature/darwin-and-human-nature-film-series">Film series podcasts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-874"><a href="../../commentary/religion" title="">Religion</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-874"><a href="../../commentary/religion" title="">Religion overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1033"><a href="../../commentary/religion/darwin-and-design">Darwin and design</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1288"><a href="../../commentary/religion/what-did-darwin-believe">What did Darwin believe?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1034"><a href="../../commentary/religion/darwin-and-church">Darwin and the Church</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1089"><a href="../../commentary/religion/british-association-meeting-1860">British Association meeting 1860</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1121"><a href="../../commentary/religion/darwin-and-religion-america">Darwin and religion in America</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1045"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray">Essays and reviews by Asa Gray</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1045"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray">Essays and reviews by Asa Gray overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2271"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/darwiniana-preface">Darwiniana - Preface</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2272"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-design-versus-necessity">Essay: Design versus necessity</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1046"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-natural-selection-natural-theology">Essay: Natural selection & natural theology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1146"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-evolution-theology">Essay: Evolution and theology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2273"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-what-darwinism">Essay: What is Darwinism?</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2274"><a href="../../commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-evolutionary-teleology">Essay: Evolutionary teleology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-2249"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews">Science and religion Interviews</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2249"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews">Science and religion Interviews overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2250"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-emily-ballou">Interview with Emily Ballou</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2251"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-simon-conway-morris">Interview with Simon Conway Morris</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2252"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-john-hedley-brooke">Interview with John Hedley Brooke</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2253"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-randal-keynes">Interview with Randal Keynes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2254"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-tim-lewens">Interview with Tim Lewens</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2255"><a href="../../commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-pietro-corsi">Interview with Pietro Corsi</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-3395"><a href="../../commentary/curious" title="">For the curious...</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3395"><a href="../../commentary/curious" title="">For the curious... overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4155"><a href="../../commentary/curious/cordillera-beagle-expedition">Cordillera Beagle expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4096"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-family">The Darwin family</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4093"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-s-plant-experiments">Darwin's plant experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4090"><a href="../../commentary/curious/behind-scenes">Behind the scenes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3664"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-s-networks">Darwin's Networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3643"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-and-beagle-voyage">Darwin and the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3403"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-and-working-home">Darwin and working from home</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3409"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-cats-and-cat-shows">Darwin, cats and cat shows</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3396"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-and-dogs">Darwin and dogs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3397"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwins-illness">Darwin's illness</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3398"><a href="../../commentary/curious/plant-or-animal-or-don-t-try-home">Plant or animal? (Or: Don't try this at home!)</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3399"><a href="../../commentary/curious/strange-things-sent-darwin-post">Strange things sent to Darwin in the post</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-823"><a href="../../people">People</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-823"><a href="../../people">People overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2150"><a href="../../commentary/key-correspondents" title="">Key correspondents</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2153"><a href="../../commentary/beagle-voyage-networks" title="">Beagle voyage networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2152"><a href="../../commentary/family-and-friends" title="">Family and friends</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2159"><a href="../../commentary/darwins-scientific-network" title="">Darwin's scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2155"><a href="../../tags/readers-and-critics" title="">Readers and critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2162"><a href="../../tags/publishers-artists-and-illustrators" title="">Publishers, artists and illustrators</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3381"><a href="../../correspondents-alphabetical" title="">People pages in alphabetical order</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3367"><a href="../../people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums">German and Dutch photograph albums</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3367"><a href="../../people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums">German and Dutch photograph albums overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3372"><a href="../../people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums/photograph-album-german-and-austrian-scientists">Photograph album of German and Austrian scientists</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3371"><a href="../../people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums/photograph-album-dutch-admirers">Photograph album of Dutch admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3370"><a href="../../german-poems-presented-darwin">German poems presented to Darwin</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3380"><a href="/search?f1-document-type=people&sort=name" title="">List of all people mentioned in letters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-825"><a href="../../learning-resources" title="">Learning</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-825"><a href="../../learning-resources" title="">Learning overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1739"><a href="../../learning/7-11">Ages 7-11</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1739"><a href="../../learning/7-11">Ages 7-11 overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2601"><a href="../../learning/7-11/darwin-the-collector">Darwin The Collector</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2602"><a href="../../learning/7-11/detecting-darwin">Detecting Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2603"><a href="../../learning/7-11/darwin-and-evolution">Darwin And Evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2600"><a href="../../learning/7-11/darwins-fantastical-voyage">Darwin's Fantastical Voyage</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3408"><a href="../../learning/7-11/home-learning-7-11-years">Home learning: 7-11 years</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1744"><a href="../../learning/11-14">Ages 11-14</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1744"><a href="../../learning/11-14">Ages 11-14 overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2899"><a href="../../learning/11-14/darwin-and-religion">Darwin and Religion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2898"><a href="../../learning/11-14/doing-darwins-experiments">Doing Darwin's Experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2900"><a href="../../learning/11-14/how-dangerous-was-darwin">How dangerous was Darwin?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2901"><a href="../../learning/11-14/offer-of-a-lifetime">Offer of a lifetime</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2903"><a href="../../learning/11-14/darwin-and-slavery">Darwin and slavery</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2902"><a href="../../learning/11-14/beagle-voyage">Beagle Voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2904"><a href="../../learning/11-14/darwins-scientific-women">Darwin's scientific women</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1154"><a href="../../case-studies-using-darwin-s-letters-classroom">Schools Gallery: Using Darwin's letters in the classroom</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-833"><a href="../../learning/universities">Universities</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-833"><a href="../../learning/universities">Universities overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1063"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source" title="">Letters as a primary source</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1063"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source" title="">Letters as a primary source overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2276"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/scientific-networks">Scientific networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2277"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/scientific-practice">Scientific practice</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2278"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/controversy">Controversy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2279"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/religion">Religion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1066"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/discussion-questions-and-essay-questions">Discussion questions and essay questions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1286"><a href="../../learning/universities/letters-primary-source/suggested-reading">Suggested reading</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1550"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science">Getting to know Darwin's science</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1550"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science">Getting to know Darwin's science overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2144"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/early-days">Early days</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1086"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/barnacles">Barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-932"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1287"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/variation-under-domestication">Variation under domestication</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1259"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/orchids">Orchids</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1150"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/instinct-and-evolution-mind">Instinct and the evolution of mind</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1048"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/insectivorous-plants">Insectivorous plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1095"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/climbing-plants">Climbing plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1141"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/floral-dimorphism">Floral dimorphism</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1260"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/power-movement-plants">Power of movement in plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1135"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/earthworms">Earthworms</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1132"><a href="../../learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/dining-down-house">Dining at Down House</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2314"><a href="../../learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature">Darwin and human nature</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2314"><a href="../../learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature">Darwin and human nature overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1155"><a href="../../learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature/moral-nature">Moral nature</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1261"><a href="../../learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature/race-civilization-and-progress">Race, civilization, and progress</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-1289"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science">Women and science</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1289"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science">Women and science overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2281"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/women-s-scientific-participation">Women's scientific participation</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1290"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/women-scientific-audience">Women as a scientific audience</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1041"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/referencing-women-s-work">Referencing women's work</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2312"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/darwin-public-and-private">Darwin in public and private</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2283"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/darwin-mentor">Darwin as mentor</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2313"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2311"><a href="../../learning/universities/women-and-science/suggested-reading">Suggested reading</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2897"><a href="../../learning-resources/timeline" title="">Darwin timeline</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3668"><a href="../../learning-resources/exploring-evolution">Teacher training</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-4186"><a href="../../commentary/curious" title="">For the curious...</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4186"><a href="../../commentary/curious" title="">For the curious... overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4189"><a href="../../commentary/curious/cordillera-beagle-expedition" title="">Cordillera Beagle expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4192"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-family" title="">The Darwin family</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4195"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-s-plant-experiments" title="">Darwin's plant experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4198"><a href="../../commentary/curious/behind-scenes" title="">Behind the scenes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4201"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-s-networks" title="">Darwin's Networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4204"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-and-beagle-voyage" title="">Darwin and the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4207"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-and-working-home" title="">Darwin and working from home</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4210"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-cats-and-cat-shows" title="">Darwin, cats and cat shows</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4213"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwin-and-dogs" title="">Darwin and dogs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4216"><a href="../../commentary/curious/darwins-illness" title="">Darwin's illness</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4219"><a href="../../commentary/curious/plant-or-animal-or-don-t-try-home" title="">Plant or animal? (Or: Don't try this at home!)</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4222"><a href="../../commentary/curious/strange-things-sent-darwin-post" title="">Strange things sent to Darwin in the post</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2412"><a href="../../special-features" title="">Resources</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2412"><a href="../../special-features" title="">Resources overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1882"><a href="../../commentary/historical-sources" title="">Historical documents</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2236"><a href="../../tags/audio" title="Index of pages containing audio.">Audio</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2237"><a href="../../tags/video" title="Index of pages containing video.">Video</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2305"><a href="../../tags/interactive" title="">Interactive</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3379"><a href="../../special-features/site-index">Site index</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-826"><a href="../../about" title="">About us</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-826"><a href="../../about" title="">About us overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-828"><a href="../../about/who-we-were">Who we are</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-875"><a href="../../about/publications">Publications</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-875"><a href="../../about/publications">Publications overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-879"><a href="../../about/publications/correspondence-charles-darwin">The correspondence of Charles Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1057"><a href="../../charles-darwin-beagle-letters">Charles Darwin: the Beagle letters</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-934"><a href="../../about/publications/charles-darwin-s-letters-selection-1825-1859">Charles Darwin's letters: a selection 1825-1859</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2918"><a href="../../about/publications/evolution-selected-letters-charles-darwin-1860-1870">Evolution: Selected Letters of Charles Darwin 1860-1870</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1085"><a href="../../correspondence-1821-60-anniversary-paperback-set">The correspondence 1821-60: anniversary paperback set</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2310"><a href="../../about/publications/voyage-round-world">A voyage round the world</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1090"><a href="../publications/calendars-correspondence-charles-darwin">Calendars to the correspondence of Charles Darwin</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2895"><a href="../../about/publications/darwin-and-women-selection-letters">Darwin and women: a selection of letters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2265"><a href="../../about/research-initiatives">Research initiatives</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2265"><a href="../../about/research-initiatives">Research initiatives overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2289"><a href="../../about/research-initiatives/darwin-and-ecological-science">Darwin and ecological science</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2267"><a href="../../about/research-initiatives/darwin-and-religion-definitive-web-resource">Darwin and religion: a definitive web resource</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2163"><a href="../../about/research-initiatives/evolutionary-views-human-nature">Evolutionary views of human nature</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-1755"><a href="../../about/research-initiatives/darwin-and-gender-project">The Darwin and gender project</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1755"><a href="../../about/research-initiatives/darwin-and-gender-project">The Darwin and gender project overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2291"><a href="../../about/research-initiatives/darwin-and-gender-project/darwin-and-gender-projects-harvard-students">Darwin and gender projects by Harvard students</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2297"><a href="../../about/research-initiatives/darwin-and-gender-project/darwin-s-women-short-film">Darwin's Women: Short Film</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3365"><a href="../../Epsilon">Epsilon: a collaborative digital framework</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2893"><a href="../../about/technical">Technical</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1056"><a href="../../about/awards">Awards</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-827"><a href="../../about/funding">Funding</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first last collapsed menu-mlid-827"><a href="../../about/funding">Funding overview</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3647"><a href="../../about/hackathon">Hackathon</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1148"><a href="../../about/history-project">History</a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"> <li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1148"><a href="../../about/history-project">History overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2319"><a href="../../about/history-project/frederick-burkhardt-1912-2007">Frederick Burkhardt (1912-2007)</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2320"><a href="../../about/history-project/anne-schlabach-burkhardt-1916-2012">Anne Schlabach Burkhardt (1916-2012)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3376"><a href="../../about/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-829"><a href="../../about/contact">Contact</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="block-search-form" class="block block-search"><div><form action="/about/who-we-were" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" name="search-block-form"><div><div class="container-inline"><h2 class="element-invisible">Search form</h2><div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"><label class="element-invisible" for="edit-search-block-form--2">Search</label><input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="search_block_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text"/></div><div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit"/></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-PC8nNG4dwKtxvnFasbqRbaD93xpaGSPofnmsiqbnEew"/><input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_block_form"/></div></div></form></div></div><div id="block-darwin-search-darwin-search" class="block block-darwin-search"><div class="campl-column9"><span itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebSite"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/"/><form action="/search" itemprop="potentialAction" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/SearchAction" method="get" accept-charset="UTF-8" id="darwin-search-block-form" name="darwin-search-block-form"><span itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebSite"></span><div> <meta itemprop="target" content="/search?q="/><input placeholder="Search over 15000 letters and articles..." type="text" itemprop="query-input" name="keyword" value="" class="form-text"/><input type="hidden" value="" name="tab"/><input type="submit" value="Search" class="form-submit"/></div><div class="advanced-search"><span itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebSite"><a href="/advanced-search">advanced search ›</a></span></div></form></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="campl-row campl-page-header"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix campl-page-sub-title campl-recessed-sub-title"> <div class="campl-column12"> <div class="campl-content-container"> <h1 class="campl-sub-title">Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="campl-row campl-content campl-recessed-content"><div class="campl-wrap clearfix"><div class="campl-column9 campl-main-content" id="page-content"> <div class=""> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-darwin-sharing-darwin-sharing-add" class="block block-darwin-sharing campl-content-container"> <div> <div class="social-media-share"><a class="icon-sm darwin-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fletters%2Fdarwins-life-letters%2Fdarwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad" title="Share on Facebook" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i></a> <a class="icon-sm darwin-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Darwin+in+letters%2C+1863%3A+Quarrels+at+home%2C+honours+abroad&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fletters%2Fdarwins-life-letters%2Fdarwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad" title="Share on Twitter" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a> <a class="icon-sm darwin-email" href="mailto:?&subject=Darwin+in+letters%2C+1863%3A+Quarrels+at+home%2C+honours+abroad&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fletters%2Fdarwins-life-letters%2Fdarwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad" title="Share by email"><i class="fas fa-envelope"></i></a></div> </div> </div> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system"> <div> <div id="node-97" class="node node-page clearfix" about="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad" typeof="foaf:Document"><span property="dc:title" content="Darwin in letters, 1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span><span property="sioc:num_replies" content="0" datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> <div class="content campl-content-container"> <div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-file field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"> <div id="file-264" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg"> <div class="content"><a href="/sites/default/files/PR-Q-00900-00001-C-00002-000-00025_p423.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" class="campl-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/PR-Q-00900-00001-C-00002-000-00025_p423.jpg" width="1201" height="2000" alt="Down House hothouse" title="Down House hothouse"/></a> <div class="field field-name-field-file-caption field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even">Down House hothouse, engraving from Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, Jan. 1883</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-file-identifier field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even">Q900:1.c.2.25</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-credit field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even">Cambridge University Library</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"> <p>At the start of 1863, Charles Darwin was actively working on the manuscript of <em>The variation of animals and plants under domestication</em>, anticipating with excitement the construction of a hothouse to accommodate his increasingly varied botanical experiments, and continuing a massive scientific correspondence. Six months later the volume of his correspondence dropped markedly, reflecting a decline in his already weak health. Darwin then began punctuating letters with explanations that he was 'unwell & must write briefly' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4197">letter to John Scott, 31 May [1863]</a>), and in a <a href="/DCP-LETT-4218">letter of 23 [June 1863]</a> he wrote to his close friend Joseph Dalton Hooker: 'I am languid & bedeviled … & hate everybody'. Although Darwin did continue his botanical pursuits over the summer, and persevered with his work on Variation until 20 July, his letter-writing dwindled considerably. The correspondence and Darwin's scientific work diminished even further when he and his family departed on 2 September for more than a month at a hydropathic establishment in Malvern Wells, Worcestershire, where he underwent a course of the water-cure. The treatment was not effective and Darwin remained ill for the rest of the year.</p> <h4>'Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history'</h4> <p>The first five months of 1863 contain the bulk of the correspondence from the year. These letters illustrate Darwin's preoccupation with the challenges presented by the publication in February of books by his friends Charles Lyell, the respected geologist, and Thomas Henry Huxley, the zoologist and anatomist. Lyell's <em>Antiquity of man</em> and Huxley's <em>Evidence as to man's place in nature</em> both had a direct bearing on Darwin's species theory and on the problem of human origins. Specifically, Darwin wondered how far the public had been led by his theory to accept the notion of human descent from 'some Quadrumanum animal', as he put it in <a href="/DCP-LETT-4009">a letter to J. D. Hooker of 24[-5] February [1863]</a>. When Huxley's book described the detailed anatomical similarities between humans and apes, Darwin was full of praise. He especially admired its discussion of the implications of ape ancestry for prevailing views of human dignity and intelligence, exclaiming to Huxley: 'I declare I never in my life read anything grander' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4013">letter to T. H. Huxley, 26 [February 1863]</a>). In the same letter, he gave his reaction to the <em>Antiquity of man</em>, complaining that he was 'fearfully disappointed at Lyells excessive caution in expressing any judgment on Species or origin of man'. Darwin's concern about the popular reception of his transmutation theory led him, after some consideration, to briefly play a public role in the controversies that embroiled Britain's scientific circles following the publication of Lyell's and Huxley's books.</p> <p>Three years earlier Darwin had predicted that Lyell's forthcoming discussion of human antiquity would 'horrify the world' far more than <em>Origin</em> had (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 8, <a href="/DCP-LETT-2647">letter to Charles Lyell, 10 January [1860]</a>). In the same letter he reminded Lyell of his belief that human beings were 'in the same predicament with other animals' and that he had made this suggestion in <em>Origin</em> with the famous line: 'Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history' (p. 488). Since the publication of <em>Origin</em> in 1859, new evidence that early humans had coexisted with animals now extinct had been rapidly accumulating. Lyell's argument for a greater human antiquity than was commonly accepted was based on recent discoveries in England and France of primitive stone tools in association with the bones of extinct mammals, as well as on evidence collected earlier in the century. Lyell's <em>Antiquity of man</em> and Huxley's <em>Evidence as to man's place in nature</em> directly confronted experts and non-experts alike with the possibility of human descent from an ape-like animal, while dating human origins to a time far earlier than that decreed by scripture. Victorian anxiety regarding human origins was further increased by the discovery in March 1863 of the Moulin-Quignon jaw, the first human fossil found in association with bones from animals like the woolly mammoth and cave bear (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4219">see letter from Jacques Boucher de Perthes, 23 June 1863</a>). Although English experts subsequently decided the jaw was a forgery, publications in learned journals and the press during the first half of 1863 focused attention even more closely on Darwin's arguments for species change.</p> <p>In this context, Lyell's discussion of the origin of species particularly dismayed Darwin. In the first and most detailed of several letters to Lyell discussing <em>Antiquity</em>, Darwin made a list of criticisms, including the objection that one statement led the reader to think that the author was 'far from believing that man was descended from any animal'. Another sentence suggesting that human intelligence appeared in a sudden leap from that of inferior animals made him 'groan' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4028">letter to Charles Lyell, 6 March [1863]</a>). Darwin reiterated in a later letter that it would not have mattered if Lyell had thrown doubt on the significance of variation and natural selection, if only he could have permitted himself to say 'boldly & distinctly out that species were not separately created' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4047">letter to Charles Lyell, 17 March [1863]</a>). Public perceptions of creation, and the origin of species particularly, worried Darwin; he told Hooker that he had once thought Lyell 'could do more to convert the Public than all of us', but that after reading the book he wished his one-time mentor had not said a word (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4009">letter to J. D. Hooker, 24[-5] February [1863]</a>).</p> <p>Darwin did not relish telling Lyell of his disappointment; when he did write, he tempered his criticisms by acknowledging: 'I know you will forgive me for writing with perfect freedom; for you must know how deeply I respect you, as my old honoured guide & master' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4028">letter to Charles Lyell, 6 March [1863]</a>). Nevertheless, Darwin's regret was profound that the colleague and friend who had first advised him in 1856 to write his essay on species could not now support his theory more definitively.</p> <p>Lyell, for his part, admitted that his feelings prevented him from discussing human descent from the 'brutes', but added that he would bring many towards Darwin who would have rebelled against stronger statements regarding species change (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4035">letter from Charles Lyell, 11 March 1863</a>). The botanist Asa Gray, Darwin's friend in the United States, agreed that Lyell's approach would sway many towards a new way of thinking, while Huxley's book would scare them off (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4112">see letter from Asa Gray, 20 April 1863</a>). In May, Darwin responded to Gray that Lyell's and Gray's indecision regarding change of species by descent put him 'into despair' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4153">letter to Asa Gray, 11 May [1863]</a>). In the same letter, he assured Gray that the essential question was not natural selection, but '<em>Creation</em> <strong>or</strong> <em>Modification,</em>'.</p> <h4>Faction fighting</h4> <p>Darwin was not alone in feeling disaffected towards Lyell and his book. In a February letter to the <em>Athenæum</em>, a weekly review of science, literature, music, and the arts, the prominent anatomist Richard Owen denounced the account provided in <em>Antiquity of man</em> of the ongoing debate between Owen, Huxley, and others concerning the comparative anatomy of the human and simian brain. He charged Lyell with failing to put across Owen's position, a failure which he attributed to Lyell's lack of expertise in the subject. 'The worst of it is', Hooker wrote to Darwin, 'I suppose it is virtually Huxley's writing, & that L. will find great difficulty in answering Owen <em>unaided</em>' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4007">letter from J. D. Hooker, [23 February 1863]</a>). Hugh Falconer was also preparing a denunciation of Lyell's book on the grounds that it gave insufficient credit to his own research and that of Joseph Prestwich. Hooker wrote: 'I fear L. will get scant pity even from his own side, for F spoke to me the other night in the most strongly slighting terms of so much of Lyell's book being written by others' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4007">letter from J. D. Hooker, [23 February 1863]</a>). Falconer published his criticisms in a letter in the <em>Athenæum</em>, on 4 April, concluding with an invitation to Lyell to present a single fact or original observation that he had contributed to the proofs of human antiquity. Darwin and Hooker repeatedly exchanged regrets about Falconer's action towards Lyell, with Darwin commenting: 'It is wretched to see men fighting so for a little fame' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4048">letter to J. D. Hooker, 17 March [1863]</a>).</p> <p>Falconer and Owen were already engaged in a dispute over whose name for a recently discovered fossil elephant should have priority. When Falconer's account of the elephant appeared in the <em>Natural History Review</em> in January, Darwin, who was already ill-disposed towards Owen following his 1860 review of <em>Origin</em>, wrote to Falconer: 'You would laugh, if you could have seen how indignant all Owen's lies and mean conduct about E. Columbi made me… . The case is come to such a pass, that I think every man of science is bound to show his feelings by some overt act, and I shall watch for a fitting opportunity' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-3901">letter to Hugh Falconer, 5 [and 6] January [1863]</a>).</p> <h4><em>Archaeopteryx</em></h4> <p>Falconer, Darwin, and others found an additional reason to be annoyed with Owen when it became clear that Owen's November 1862 description of the recently discovered <em>Archaeopteryx</em> had missed some essential elements of the Jurassic fossil. When informed by Falconer of Owen's 'slip-shod and hasty account' of the find, Darwin asked, 'Has God demented Owen, as a punishment for his crimes… ?' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-3899">letter from Hugh Falconer, 3 January [1863]</a>, and <a href="/DCP-LETT-3928">letter to Hugh Falconer, 20 [January 1863]</a>). Aside from Owen's apparent oversights, Falconer enthusiastically observed that the fossil was 'a strange being à la Darwin', a transitional form between reptiles and birds (<a href="/DCP-LETT-3899">letter from Hugh Falconer, 3 January [1863]</a>). Darwin was delighted by Falconer's description of the 'wondrous Bird', commenting that: 'no group is so isolated as Birds'; Darwin thought that now perhaps a significant gap had been filled in the fossil record (<a href="/DCP-LETT-3901">letter to Hugh Falconer, 5 [and 6] January [1863]</a>). Only until March did Darwin take much notice of the now famous fossil in his correspondence and publications; Owen's perceived failings, however, continued to capture his and others' attention (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4000">see letter to J. D. Dana, 20 February [1863]</a>, and <a href="/DCP-LETT-4028">letter to Charles Lyell, 6 March [1863]</a>).</p> <p>In March, after hearing from Lyell that Owen in his paper on the aye-aye claimed the 'whole credit of making out the derivation or origin of species', Darwin considered writing a letter to the <em>Athenæum</em> in response (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4024">letter to J. D. Hooker, 5 March [1863]</a>). He later expressed disappointment that the paper gave him no scope to attack Owen even though he 'had partly composed such <em>a good letter</em>(!)' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4048">letter to J. D. Hooker, 17 March [1863]</a>). At the same time Darwin admitted his mixed feelings: 'I long to be in the same boat with all … my friends ie at open war; but at same time I rejoice not to be annoyed at public quarrel, & it would annoy me much.'</p> <p>Darwin did find an opportunity to enter his own protest against Owen with the appearance of an anonymous review in the <em>Athenæum</em> of William Benjamin Carpenter's book on Foraminifera (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4065">see letter to J. D. Hooker, [29 March 1863]</a>, and Appendix VII). The reviewer, soon identified as Owen, accused Carpenter, a physician and naturalist, of slavishly following Darwin's ideas by concluding that the varied Foraminifera probably derived from a few ancestral types. Owen also censured Darwin for subscribing to an 'occult cause' when he wrote that all organic forms had probably 'descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed' (<em>Origin</em>, p. 484). Owen preferred Jean Baptiste de Lamarck's explanation of the origin of life: heterogeny, or the spontaneous generation of species from non-living matter; and he referred to the beginning of life in the 'vitally acting slime' settled at the bottom of seas, lakes, and rivers (<em>Correspondence</em> vol. 11, Appendix VII).</p> <h4>Quarrels at home</h4> <p>Darwin told Hooker of his regret that he had 'truckled to public opinion & used Pentateuchal term of creation, by which I really meant "appeared" by some wholly unknown process.- It is mere rubbish thinking, at present, of origin of life; one might as well think of origin of matter.-' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4065">letter to J. D. Hooker, [29 March 1863]</a>). Owen's endorsement of Lamarck rankled all the more because Darwin was already disturbed by Lyell's presentation of his theory in <em>Antiquity of man</em> as a modification of Lamarck's. In complaining of this to Lyell, he described Lamarck's 1809 publication as a 'wretched book' from which he had 'gained nothing' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4038">letter to Charles Lyell, 12-13 March [1863]</a>).</p> <blockquote> <p>poor miserable devil of a scotched viper</p> </blockquote> <p>When Carpenter's answer to Owen's review was judged too weak a response to the man whom Hooker referred to as a 'poor miserable devil of a scotched viper', Darwin wrote a letter to the <em>Athenæum</em> in opposition to Owen's review, in which he sought to advance his theory by making clear the difference between his view of transmutation and Lamarck's and by softening the effect of Lyell's failure to fully support him in the first edition of <em>Antiquity of man</em> (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4007">letter from J. D. Hooker, [23 February 1863]</a>, and <a href="/DCP-LETT-4108">letter to <em>Athenæum</em>, 18 April [1863]</a>). He told Gray: 'Under the cloak of a fling at Heterogeny I have sent a letter to Athenæum in defence of myself, & I take sly advantage to quote Lyells <em>amended</em> verdict on the Origin' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4112">letter to Asa Gray, 20 April [1863]</a>). Darwin quoted a sentence from the second edition of <em>Antiquity of man</em> (C. Lyell 1863b, p. 469), published in April, in which Lyell had added that he fully expected it would become the 'generally received opinion of men of science' that organic change had 'been brought about by the subordinate agency of such causes as Variation and Natural Selection'. Darwin explained his use of the quote to Lyell: 'you see that I am determined, as far as I can, that the Public shall see how far you go' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4106">letter to Charles Lyell, 18 April [1863]</a>).</p> <blockquote> <p>a scientific man had better be trampled in dirt than squabble</p> </blockquote> <p>Hooker implored him not to write any more letters to the <em>Athenæum</em>, stressing how much he disliked bringing science before the public in this way (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4144">see letter from J. D. Hooker, [7 May 1863]</a>, and Appendix VII). He also suspected that Owen's reply had won favour with the public. Darwin agreed, and regretted that he had written to the Athenæum in response to Owen: 'I have been gnashing my teeth at my own folly' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4148">letter to J. D. Hooker, [9 May 1863]</a>). After his venture into the popular press, he admired a satiric rendition in <em>Public Opinion</em> of the recent quarrels that he thought showed that 'a scientific man had better be trampled in dirt than squabble' (see Appendix VIII).</p> <p>While Darwin worried about the effect of the quarrels on public perceptions, his theory was gathering support in influential scientific circles. George Bentham devoted the first part of his presidential address at the Linnean Society of London to British and foreign evaluations of Darwin's theory. While preparing the lecture, Bentham had warned Darwin that though he appreciated the force of Darwin's arguments, he still could not satisfy himself on all points (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4118">see letter from George Bentham, 21 April 1863</a>). However, when he read the address, Darwin was greatly pleased with its positive approach to both transmutation and natural selection: 'I verily believe that your address, written as it is, will do more to shake the unshaken & bring on those leaning to our side, than anything written directly in favour of transmutation. I can hardly tell why it is, but your address has pleased me as much as Lyell's book disappointed me,-that is the part on species, though so cleverly written' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4217">letter to George Bentham, 19 June [1863]</a>).</p> <blockquote> <p>the best book of Natural History Travels ever published in England</p> </blockquote> <p>Darwin was also pleased by the publication of <em>The naturalist on the river Amazons</em>, a book that he had encouraged Henry Walter Bates to write. When the book appeared in April 1863, Darwin gave it fulsome praise: 'My criticisms may be condensed into a single sentence, namely that it is the best book of Natural History Travels ever published in England.' He added that Bates had 'spoken out boldly on Species; & boldness on this subject seems to get rarer & rarer' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4107">letter to H. W. Bates, 18 April [1863]</a>), dismissing a reviewer in 'that d--d Athenæum' who accused Bates of bending his facts to support Darwin's theory (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4103">letter to J. D. Hooker, [17 April 1863]</a>).</p> <p>Darwin felt equally strongly about the quality of Bates's work on mimicry in butterflies, which had been published in 1862 (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 10). He sent a copy to Asa Gray to review in an American journal, and also wrote a long unsigned review of it himself ('Review of Bates on mimetic butterflies') for the <em>Natural History Review </em>(<a href="/DCP-LETT-3911">see letter to H. W. Bates, 12 January [1863]</a>). Darwin added Bates's name to his list of the 'half-a-dozen real downright believers in modification of Species in all England … who dare speak out' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4148">letter to J. D. Hooker, [9 May 1863]</a>). The others listed were himself, Hooker, Huxley, Alfred Russel Wallace, and John Lubbock.</p> <h4>Honours abroad</h4> <p>Darwin had also found a supporter in New Zealand. Julius von Haast, a German working as a provincial geologist in the British colony, paid tribute to Darwin's work when he spoke to the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury in September 1862 (<a href="/DCP-LETT-3935">see letter to Julius von Haast, 22 January 1863</a>); he discussed the importance of applying Darwin's theory to geological and palaeontological discoveries made in New Zealand. Haast's arduous explorations and geological, zoological, and botanical observations greatly interested Darwin, who applauded him as a 'glorious species man', while Haast extolled Darwin as the 'noble champion of true philosophic enquiry' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4122">letter to J. D. Hooker, 23 April [1863]</a>, and <a href="/DCP-LETT-4249">letter from Julius von Haast, 21 July [-7? August] 1863</a>). Darwin was subsequently elected an Honorary Member of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand, of which Haast was a founding member (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4298A">see letter from the secretary of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand, 14 September 1863</a>).</p> <p>Additional notices of honours arrived at Down House in 1863. From Shropshire, where Darwin first began observing nature, he was invited to become an honorary member of the Severn Valley Naturalists Field Club (<a href="/DCP-LETT-3999">see letter from George Maw, 19 February 1863</a>). Other honours included his election as a corresponding member of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 11, Appendix III), and of the Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchâtel (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4166B">see letter from La Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchâtel, 14 May 1863</a>).</p> <p>The foreign reception of <em>Origin</em> was reflected not only in awards, but in Darwin's correspondence. When Darwin felt that Lyell failed to uphold his views on transmutation in <em>Antiquity of man</em>, he did not hesitate to tell him of recent reports from other countries suggesting growing international interest in his theory (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4047">see letter to Charles Lyell, 17 March [1863]</a>). In January 1863, the geologist Friedrich Rolle, who had recently published a popular exposition of Darwin's views, wrote with positive news of reactions to his theory in Germany (<a href="/DCP-LETT-3947">see letter from Friedrich Rolle, 26 January 1863</a>). Darwin was not surprised to hear from Hooker that the French botanists Joseph Decaisne and Charles Naudin thought little of his theory (<a href="/DCP-LETT-3953">see letter to J. D. Hooker, 30 January [1863]</a>), but he was happy that the respected Swiss botanist Alphonse de Candolle sent information on the 'progress of species-question', citing the French palaeontologist Gaston de Saporta's prediction that the role of natural selection would ultimately be accepted in France. Candolle had sent his monograph on oaks (A. de Candolle 1862b), which included a generally favourable discussion of <em>Origin</em> with what Darwin called 'prudent reservations' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-3917">letters to Alphonse de Candolle, 14 January [1863]</a> and <a href="/DCP-LETT-3957">31 January [1863]</a>, and <a href="/DCP-LETT-4196">letter to Asa Gray, 31 May [1863]</a>). Asa Gray reviewed Candolle's memoir in the <em>American Journal of Science and Arts</em> (A. Gray 1863e), continuing his practice of making discussions of Darwin's views known to American readers.</p> <h4>The Copley medal</h4> <p>Less encouraging news arrived in November when Darwin heard that his nomination for the Royal Society's Copley Medal had been unsuccessful (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4671">see letter from E. A. Darwin to Emma Darwin, 11 November [1863]</a>). The council of the Royal Society voted instead for the geologist Adam Sedgwick; Darwin suspected that Owen, a member of the council, had placed Sedgwick in opposition to him (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4345">see letter to J. D. Hooker, [22-3 November 1863]</a>). However, it is certain that one influential figure in Darwin's failure to win the award was Edward Sabine, President of the Royal Society (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4340F">see letter from Edward Sabine to John Phillips, 12 November 1863</a>). Characteristically, Darwin claimed to care more about the resulting sympathy and praise from close friends than about honours like the Copley Medal (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4353">see letter to J. D. Hooker, 5 [December 1863]</a>).</p> <h4>Plants and more plants</h4> <h5>Phyllotaxy: the 'wonderful problem'</h5> <p>Darwin continued to pay particularly close attention to specific criticisms from supporters or near-supporters of his theory. Hugh Falconer suggested that a 'law of Phyllotaxis' governed the arrangement of leaves around a stem in a series of fixed angles for every plant, and stated that there must then be 'in nature, a deeper seated and innate principle, to the operation of which "Natural Selection" is merely an adjunct' (Falconer 1863a, p. 80). Darwin, challenged by this statement, began puzzling over the angles of leaves, asking the professional botanists Gray, Hooker, and Daniel Oliver for references on phyllotaxy, and setting his son George, the mathematician in the family, to explaining the phenomenon (<a href="/DCP-LETT-8770">see letter from Daniel Oliver, 17 February 1863</a>, <a href="/DCP-LETT-4110">letter to Asa Gray, 20 April [1863]</a>, <a href="/DCP-LETT-4148">letter to J. D. Hooker, [9 May 1863]</a>, and <a href="/DCP-LETT-3887">memorandum from G. H. Darwin, [before 11 May 1863])</a>.</p> <p>As he struggled with leaf angles, fractions, diagrams, and shoot dissections, his letters grew full of complaints that the problem was 'enough to drive the quietest man mad' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4153">letter to Asa Gray, 11 May [1863]</a>). Hooker and Gray agreed wholeheartedly, but Hooker sent another reference, acknowledging that Darwin was a 'hard headed man' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4169">letter from J. D. Hooker, [24 May 1863]</a>). Darwin finally decided that Falconer's remark was much exaggerated; he conceded to his critic that it was a 'wonderful problem' but he himself had 'made out … nothing' and wished someone could give a rational explanation of phyllotaxy (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4191">letter to J. D. Hooker, 29 May [1863]</a>, and <a href="/DCP-LETT-4277">letter to Hugh Falconer, [25-6 August 1863]</a>).</p> <h5>Sterility and hybridity</h5> <p>Another criticism that continued to exercise Darwin was Huxley's assertion, first made in his 1860 review of <em>Origin</em>, that in order to prove the emergence of new species by natural selection, it was necessary to provide a case in which two forms of the same species of plant or animal, produced by selective breeding, were either unable to cross or else formed sterile hybrids. Huxley made this point again in his six lectures to working men, given at the Museum of Practical Geology at the end of 1862, and published as a book in early 1863 (T. H. Huxley 1863a). Though Darwin was otherwise extremely pleased with the book, he continued to disagree with Huxley about sterility as a fair test for species, pointing out that in his work on domesticated animals he had come to the conclusion that 'there are almost certainly several cases of 2 or 3 or more species blended together & now perfectly fertile together' which led him to believe 'that there must be something in domestication … which eliminates the natural sterility of species, when crossed' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-3852">letter to T. H. Huxley, 10 [January 1863]</a>). He reminded Huxley again of the German botanist Karl Friedrich von Gärtner's experiments, which had produced infertile hybrids in <em>Verbascum</em> and <em>Zea</em> (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 10, Appendix VI). However, when <em>Evidence as to man's place in nature</em> was published in February 1863, Huxley again argued that natural selection required experimental proof that physiological species could be produced by selective breeding.</p> <p>Huxley's criticism provided additional impetus for Darwin to continue the work on dimorphic plants, and on cross and hybrid sterility, that had already occupied much of his time in 1861 and 1862. With the publication in 1862 of his paper on <em>Primula</em> ('Dimorphic condition in <em>Primula</em>'), he had demonstrated that two different flower forms, one with a long style and short stamens, the other with a short style and long stamens, were only fully fertile when crossed with each other. In February 1863, his paper on <em>Linum</em> ('Two forms in species of <em>Linum</em>') was read before the Linnean Society. In the paper, Darwin presented experimental results that suggested a high degree of sterility when the same flower forms were crossed (see Appendix IV).</p> <p>Darwin continued to investigate the true nature of sterility, a question he had been struggling with in 1861 and 1862; he wanted to determine experimentally whether it was selected for or whether, as he had argued in <em>Origin</em> (p. 245), it was 'incidental on other acquired differences' (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 10, Appendix VI). In addition to crossing varieties of <em>Primula</em> in 1863, he continued working with a plant in another genus, the purple loosestrife, <em>Lythrum salicaria.</em> This species provided the 'oddest case of reproduction ever noticed.-a triple marriage' between three hermaphrodite flower forms; during the summer of 1863, Darwin worked 'like a Trojan' to finish the large series of crosses between the three forms that he had started the previous year (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4262">letter to Asa Gray, 4 August [1863]</a>). The results were published in his 1865 paper 'Three forms of <em>Lythrum salicaria</em>'.</p> <h5>Botanical correspondents</h5> <p>In the process of acquiring botanical specimens, as well as sharing observations and experimental results, Darwin continued corresponding with a wide range of gardeners, horticulturists, and hobbyists, in addition to professional botanists. Lydia Ernestine Becker, who was soon to be involved in the women's suffrage movement, began writing to him in 1863 with field observations and specimens of the dimorphic <em>Lychnis</em>. A correspondence also began with the Scottish hybridiser Isaac Anderson-Henry, and Darwin continued the exchange of letters that had started the previous year with the Hertfordshire nurseryman Thomas Rivers.</p> <h5>John Scott</h5> <p>Darwin had found a protégé and collaborator in the examination of hybridity and sterility at the end of the previous year. John Scott, a gardener at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, had initiated the correspondence in November 1862 with a letter correcting Darwin's description of reproduction in the orchid genus <em>Acropera</em> (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 10). Their 1863 letters reveal Darwin's excitement at finding another person in Britain who shared his interests in hybridity, and who was more than willing to carry out breeding experiments. Though the two men discussed a multitude of botanical subjects, the crossing experiments that Scott had begun on the primrose family after reading Darwin's paper, 'Dimorphic condition in <em>Primula</em>', as well as investigations of orchid pollination, occupied much of their detailed and lengthy botanical correspondence in 1863. Darwin eventually communicated Scott's <em>Primula</em> work to the Linnean Society in a paper that was read in February 1864. He had already promised Scott that he would delay publication of his own continuing work with <em>Primula</em> crosses, the results of which were published in 1868 (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4185">see letter to John Scott, 25 and 28 May [1863]</a>). Scott's experiments confirmed the results of Darwin's earlier paper on <em>Primula</em> ; his additional crosses between differently coloured varieties of <em>P. vulgaris</em>, in which he found 'the <em>very zero</em> of <em>fertility between varieties of a species</em>', were the sort of result that both he and Darwin hoped would counteract Huxley's criticism (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4252">letter from John Scott, 23 July [1863]</a>). Darwin reviewed the draft of Scott's paper with satisfaction (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4332">see letter to John Scott, 7 November [1863]</a>).</p> <p>Scott had referred directly to Huxley's reservations about natural selection in the introduction to his paper on orchids (Scott 1863a), completed earlier in 1863, which Darwin had also encouraged him to write (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4084">see letter to John Scott, 12 April [1863]</a>). In this paper, Scott provided evidence of self-sterility in <em>Maxillaria</em> species that were fertile when crossed with another species in the same genus. Darwin's reaction was enthusiastic: 'The facts will be of <em>highest</em> use to me: I feel convinced that your paper will have permanent value' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4197">letter to John Scott, 31 May [1863]</a>). Scott received a different response in Scotland; he warned Darwin that at the Edinburgh Botanical Society, where he read his orchid paper, anything that 'savours of the "Origin" is not at all palatable!' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4202">letter from John Scott, [3 June 1863]</a>).</p> <p>Darwin's early confidence in Scott rested not only on their common theoretical interests but on Scott's powers of experimental observation. When Scott expressed growing frustration with his position as gardener, hoping for a foreign appointment that would offer more independence and opportunity for his experimental work, Darwin was sympathetic. He consulted Hooker on the advisability of this 'truly remarkable man' taking a position offered in Darjeeling, India (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4177">see letter from John Scott, 22 May 1863</a>, and <a href="/DCP-LETT-4180">letter to J. D. Hooker, 23 May [1863]</a>). Hooker advised against the appointment; Darwin replied that if Scott 'had leisure he would make a wonderful observer; to my judgment I have come across no one like him' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4191">letter to J. D. Hooker, 29 May [1863]</a>).</p> <h5>The new hothouse: tropical plants</h5> <p>Darwin continued his own study of orchid pollination and was aided by the completion of his new hothouse in February; this enabled him to grow more tropical plants than before (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 11, Appendix VI). He was fascinated with the adaptations in orchids for cross-pollination by insects because of his conviction that natural selection had brought about modifications leading to an apparent perfection of structure and coadaptation. The cross-pollination of orchids, as well as dimorphism in other flowers, provided evidence for his assertion that nature 'abhors perpetual self-fertilisation' (<em>Orchids</em>, p. 359); he had discussed the indispensibility of intercrossing to natural selection in <em>Origin</em>, pp. 96-109, and he continued to observe individuals of the same species crossing with one another in a variety of plants. With additional study of <em>Cypripedium</em>, <em>Acropera</em>, and the bee orchid, <em>Ophrys apifera</em>, he gathered information that would ultimately be published in his paper 'Fertilization of orchids' and the second edition of <em>Orchids</em>. </p> <p>Darwin also exchanged information on orchids, melastomas, and other tropical and sub-tropical plants with observers from warmer parts of the world. Correspondence was established in 1863 with Roland Trimen, a civil servant in Cape Town, whose work on <em>Disa</em> and <em>Herschelea</em> Darwin communicated to the Linnean Society (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4179">see letter to Roland Trimen, 23 May [1863]</a>). Darwin began to exchange letters with Hermann Crüger, a German botanist in Trinidad, and continued writing to George Henry Kendrick Thwaites, the director of the Peradeniya botanic gardens in Ceylon. Closer to home, Darwin arranged for a paper on orchids written by a German correspondent, the botanist Friedrich Hildebrand, to be published in the English journal Annals and Magazine of Natural History. In addition to following Darwin's orchid work, Hildebrand told him he had repeated all Darwin's <em>Linum</em> experiments with the same results (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4242">see letter from Friedrich Hildebrand, 16 July 1863</a>).</p> <p>In England, Darwin asked Philip Henry Gosse, a writer and naturalist in Torquay, about reproduction in <em>Ophrys apifera</em>, his 'greatest puzzle', an orchid that seemed perfectly adapted for both self-pollination and cross-pollination (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4200">letter to P. H. Gosse, 2 June [1863]</a>). The observation of insects entering and leaving flowers filled Darwin with pleasure. After describing a bee's movements in relation to the pollinia, movements that confirmed Gray's theory that <em>Cypripedium</em> was pollinated by insects crawling through the flower, Darwin concluded: 'It was beautiful' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4110">letter to Asa Gray, 20 April [1863]</a>).</p> <h5>Cross-pollination</h5> <p>Darwin was also investigating different mechanisms for cross-pollination by searching for and studying dichogamous flowers, those in which the stamens and pistils mature at different times (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4153">see letter to Asa Gray, 11 May [1863]</a>). The fertility of unopening, self-pollinated flowers (later called cleistogamic flowers) relative to that of the opening, cross-pollinated flowers on the same plant, as in some <em>Oxalis</em> and <em>Viola</em> species, had interested Darwin since 1860; it continued to capture his attention (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4084">see letter to John Scott, 12 April [1863]</a>). Additionally, Darwin investigated the fertility of peloric flowers to determine whether the change in flower structure from irregular to regular was associated with a change in fertility when crossed with other plants in the same species (<a href="/DCP-LETT-3929">see letter to Isaac Anderson-Henry, 20 January [1863]</a>). These botanical observations contributed to his understanding of intercrossing, the subject of several papers published later, and of <em>Forms of flowers</em> and <em>Cross and self fertilisation</em>, both published in the 1870s.</p> <h5>Plants that move</h5> <p>Darwin regularly discussed a wide range of botanical topics with Hooker, Gray, and Oliver. These correspondents were the first to hear about Darwin's 'chief Hobby-horse' of the summer, one that he said he owed to Gray's 1858 paper on the coiling of tendrils in <em>Echinocystis</em>. Darwin had placed the gourd <em>Echinocystis lobata</em> in his study to watch the spontaneous gyratory movements of its tendrils (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4221">see letter to J. D. Hooker, 25 [June 1863]</a>). Darwin observed: 'their irritability is beautiful, as beautiful in all its modifications as anything in orchids' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4262">letter to Asa Gray, 4 August [1863]</a>). He acquired tropical 'tendrilliferous' plants that could grow in his hothouse from Hooker, and set about studying the various types of movement of tendrils, stems, and leaves in different plants (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4226">see letter from J. D. Hooker, [31 July 1863]</a>). When he tried to determine the originality of his observations, Hooker and Oliver responded that they knew little; Hooker suggested that Darwin's discoveries were 'most curious & novel' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4226">letter from J. D. Hooker, [21 July 1863]</a>). Gray had noticed more tendril movements and supplied additional references, expressing astonishment at his English colleagues' lack of knowledge about these types of plant movements: 'What are Hooker & Oliver (the latter a Professor too) about, and where have they lived not to know anything of them?' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4288">letter from Asa Gray, 1 September 1863</a>). Gray encouraged Darwin's work, assuring Darwin: 'it will be fruitful in your hands'.</p> <p>Darwin was considering the movements as adaptations for climbing, and was beginning to puzzle over the various types of sensitivity in different plant parts. The detail of his note-taking, the diagrams, and the careful timing of the oscillations, suggest how important the observations would be to the later publications 'Climbing plants' and <em>Movement in plants</em>. At the same time, he explained to Hooker: 'it is just the sort of niggling work which suits me & takes up no time & rather rests me whilst writing' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4241">letter to J. D. Hooker, 14 July [1863]</a>).</p> <p>Darwin's pleasure in watching these 'wonderfully crafty & sagacious' plants was cut short in September by his departure with his family for Malvern Wells, but even when ill at home in November, he watched them in his study as they twined past volumes on the bookcase and around the head of the sofa (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4199">letter to W. E. Darwin, [25 July 1863],</a> and <a href="/DCP-LETT-4345">letter to J. D. Hooker, [22-3 November 1863]</a>).</p> <h4>Writing <em>Variation</em></h4> <p>Many of Darwin's botanical observations and experiments of 1863 naturally overlapped with his writing of <em>Variation</em>, particularly when he was working on the chapter he called 'Crossing & Sterility' (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 11, Appendix II). When Darwin finished, by 23 January 1863, a chapter on bud-variation, or sports, he had completed the first half of the book, which was to amass 'a large body of facts' on variation in domestic animals and plants (<em>Variation</em> 1: 1). He then turned to general discussions, completing three sections, on inheritance, crossing and sterility, and selection, by the end of July 1863. While it was not unusual for Darwin to complain to his correspondents about how slowly the writing was going, and how he feared he would never finish, he struck a more optimistic note in a <a href="/DCP-LETT-4245">letter to Julius von Haast of 18 July [1863]</a>, in which he said he was working very hard at<em> Variation</em> and hoped to begin printing in six months. However, the two-volume work was not published until 1868.</p> <h4>Roping in the family</h4> <p>Darwin relied on members of his family for help in his research throughout the year. His eldest son, William Erasmus Darwin, a banker in Southampton, had been pressed into service to make observations in the field on dimorphic plant species. William was a conscientious observer, as is indicated by his botanical notebook and sketchbook (Cambridge University Library DAR 117 and DAR 186: 43). Many of his observations were later cited in <em>Forms of flowers</em>, and his help with the examination of the trimorphic genus <em>Lythrum</em> was noted in 'Three forms of <em>Lythrum salicaria</em>'.</p> <p>George contributed his mathematical expertise to his father's investigation of phyllotaxy, while Henrietta was often at her father's side in the hothouse and garden. Henrietta took an interest in science, reading and commenting on Huxley's books and Lyell's <em>Antiquity of man</em> (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4010">see letter from T. H. Huxley, 25 February 1863</a>, and <a href="/DCP-LETT-4038">letter to Charles Lyell, 12-13 March [1863]</a>).</p> <p>Emma was a steady help to Darwin, writing many letters that her husband dictated when he was too ill to hold a pen. During the autumn of 1863, they collaborated in a new endeavour, producing an appeal against the use of steel vermin traps and the animal suffering caused by them (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 11, Appendix IX). Francis Darwin later wrote of his father's strong feelings regarding torment of both animals and humans: 'It was indeed one of the strongest feelings in his nature, and was exemplified in matters small and great, in his sympathy with the educational miseries of dancing dogs, or in his horror at the suffering of slaves' (LL 3: 199).</p> <h4>The American Civil War</h4> <p>Darwin's aversion to slavery had led him to side with the Union cause in the American Civil War, discussion of which figured prominently in his correspondence with Asa Gray in Cambridge, Massachusetts. At the start of the year, Darwin displayed an interest in war-related issues, particularly after reading a tract written on relations between Britain and the United States by Gray's father-in-law, the lawyer Charles Greely Loring (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4006">see letter to Asa Gray, 23 February [1863]</a>, and Loring 1862). However, his tolerance of Gray's fervent approach to the war declined in 1863. In April, he complained that a note of Gray's sounded 'very savage against England' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4110">see letter to Asa Gray, 20 April [1863]</a>).</p> <p>Darwin evidently refrained from discussing the subject again until he read Gray's statement that he wished he had a son so that he could send him to the war (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4234">see letter from Asa Gray, 7 July 1863</a>). Darwin shared this letter with Hooker, who had long since ceased to discuss politics or the American Civil War in his correspondence with Gray: 'What pleasant letters Asa Gray writes. One might as well write to a madman as to him about the war. It is a holy war & everything sh<sup>d</sup>. be sacrificed to it' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4254">letter to J. D. Hooker, 26 [July 1863]</a>). Darwin then confessed to Gray that he could not eagerly support the north owing to the boasting and the abuse of England, and added that 'the treatment of the free coloured population, and the not freeing Maryland slaves stops all my enthusiasm' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4262">letter to Asa Gray, 4 August [1863]</a>). He urged Gray not to hate England too much, claiming: 'she is the mother of fine children all over the world'.</p> <h4>Health worries</h4> <p>Despite his declining health, Darwin continued to be occupied with his various botanical subjects throughout the summer, until he told Hooker in a <a href="/DCP-LETT-4274">letter of 25 [August 1863]</a> that after having had 'a deal of sickness of late; every morning for a fortnight', he had resolved to take his household to Malvern the following week. Three letters in August from John Goodsir, professor of anatomy at the University of Edinburgh, indicate that Darwin had sent him a slide and a phial of vomit for analysis. Goodsir found no micro-organisms other than normal inhabitants of the mouth and stomach.</p> <p>On the way to Malvern Wells, Darwin stopped in London overnight to consult George Busk, former Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons, whom Goodsir had mentioned, and whom Hooker had recommended as having 'the most fertile brain of any man I know in regard of all such matters as your stomach' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4272">see letter from John Goodsir, 21 August [1863]</a>; <a href="/DCP-LETT-4276">letter from J. D. Hooker, [27 August 1863]</a>). Unfortunately Darwin took a turn for the worse once he arrived in Worcestershire. Only by the end of September was he able to write a letter in his own hand and recount his condition over the summer and early autumn: 'I got worse & worse at home & was sick every day for two months; so came here, where I suddenly broke down & could do nothing; but I hope I am now very slowly recovering, but am very weak' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4310">letter to A. R. Wallace, [29 September? 1863]</a>).</p> <p>Darwin wrote one other letter in his own hand before the end of October; this was a heart-felt note to Hooker, who had recently suffered the death of his six-year-old daughter (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4318">see letter to J. D. Hooker, [4 October 1863]</a>). The Darwins' daughter, Annie, had died at Malvern in 1851, and Hooker's news was a powerful reminder of their loss (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 5). Unable to find Annie's gravestone in 1863, they wrote to Darwin's cousin, William Darwin Fox, who had visited the grave seven years earlier. Fox sent a helpful letter that guided them to where it was hidden by overgrown trees and shrubs (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4296">see letter from W. D. Fox, 7 September [1863]</a>). Emma wrote back: 'This has been a great relief' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4312">letter from Emma Darwin to W. D. Fox, [29 September 1863]</a>).</p> <p>When the Darwins returned home, Charles fared little better, and most letters were dictated to Emma. Darwin only managed one of his typically long letters to Hooker by writing while lying down (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4345">see letter to J. D. Hooker, [22-3 November 1863]</a>). He told Roland Trimen in a <a href="/DCP-LETT-4347">letter of 25 November [1863]</a> that he had been 'ordered to do nothing for 6 months' by his doctors, mentioning that even writing the letter was 'against rules'. George Busk had diagnosed Darwin as having 'Waterbrash', a 'diseased secretion of the stomach', which accompanied 'various kinds of general derangement'. Busk prescribed medication and also advised him to consult the physician Dr William Brinton, a stomach specialist at St Thomas's Hospital, London (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4315">letter from George Busk, [<em>c.</em>27 August 1863]</a>). Brinton, who visited Down House in early November, evidently advised Darwin to curtail his activities.</p> <p>Dr Brinton visited Down House again in early December, when Darwin had been 'vomiting every day for eleven days & some days many times after every meal' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4353">letter to J. D. Hooker, 5 [December 1863]</a>). Nevertheless, Brinton, he said, had told him that there was no reason why he should not recover his previous state of health. Brinton's words must have encouraged Darwin; he wrote Hooker a somewhat more lively letter than usual: 'I sh<sup>d</sup>. like to live to do a little more work & often I feel sure I shall & then again I feel that my tether is run out' (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4353">letter to J. D. Hooker, 5 [December 1863]</a>). He also triumphantly informed Hooker that an Italian edition of <em>Origin</em> was being prepared, which would be the fifth foreign edition. Recalling the controversies of the first five months of the year, Darwin added: 'Owen will not be right in telling Longmans that Book w <sup>d</sup> be utterly forgotten in ten years'.</p> <p>However, Darwin would not return at once to gathering more support for <em>Origin</em>, or to the observations and experimental work that he hoped would further bolster his theory. The few remaining letters from him in December were short, and dictated to Emma. By the end of the year, Emma admitted to Hooker (<a href="/DCP-LETT-4359">letter from Emma Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 26 December [1863]</a>) that Darwin's health fluctuated and showed little improvement; he usually stayed in his bedroom, tolerating only short visits even from his sons. She was pessimistic about his prospects of health over the next few months: 'When not uncomfortable his spirits are wonderfully good, but I am afraid he may remain just as he is very long before there is a struggle in his constitution & that the sickness is conquered.'</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-terms field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"> <div class="field-label">Terms: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"><a href="../../tags/ccd-intro" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">CCD intro</a></div> <div class="field-item odd"><a href="../../tags/hothouse" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">hothouse</a></div> <div class="field-item even"><a href="../../tags/botany" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">botany</a></div> <div class="field-item odd"><a href="../../taxonomy/term/64" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Featured</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-term-related-letters field-type-text field-label-above"> <div class="field-label">Related letters: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even">3901</div> <div class="field-item odd">4028</div> <div class="field-item even">4065</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-bibliography field-type-text-long field-label-above"> <div class="field-label">Further information: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"> <p><a href="../../commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down/darwin-s-hothouse-and-lists-hothouse-plants">Darwin's hothouse and lists of hothouse plants</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-related-bibliographic-refe field-type-text field-label-above"> <div class="field-label">Related bibliographic reference: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even">Lyell, Charles. 1863a. <i>The geological evidences of the antiquity of man with remarks on theories of the origin of species by variation.</i> London: John Murray.</div> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="bibliography even">Bates, Henry Walter. 1863. <i>The naturalist on the River Amazons. A record of adventures, habits of animals, sketches of Brazilian and Indian life, and aspects of nature under the equator, during eleven years of travel.</i> 2 vols. London: John Murray.</div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even">Huxley, Thomas Henry. 1863a. <i>Evidence as to man's place in nature.</i> London: Williams & Norgate.</div> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="bibliography even">Scott, John. 1863a. Experiments on the fertilisation of orchids in the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh. [Read 14 May 1863.] <i>Transactions of the Botanical Society</i> [<i>of Edinburgh</i>] 7: 543-50. [An abstract appeared in <i>Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal</i> n.s. 18 (1863): 322-4.]</div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even"><i>Variation</i>: <i>The variation of animals and plants under domestication.</i> By Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1868.</div> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="bibliography even"><i>Origin</i>: <i>On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.</i> By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1859.</div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even">Lyell, Charles. 1863b. <i>The geological evidences of the antiquity of man with remarks on theories of the origin of species by variation.</i> 2d edition, revised. London: John Murray.</div> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="bibliography even">Bates, Henry Walter. 1892. <i>The naturalist on the River Amazons. A record of adventures, habits of animals, sketches of Brazilian and Indian life, and aspects of nature under the equator, during eleven years of travel. With a memoir of the author by Edward Clodd.</i> Reprint of the first edition. London: John Murray.</div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even">Candolle, Alphonse de. 1862b. Etude sur l'espèce à l'occasion d'une révision de la famille des Cupulifères. <i>Bibliothèque Universelle et Revue Suisse. Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles</i> n.s. 15: 211-37, 326-65.</div> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="bibliography even">Gray, Asa. 1863e. Species, considered as to variation, geographical distribution, and succession. <i>American Journal of Science and Arts</i> 2d ser. 35: 431-44.</div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even">Falconer, Hugh. 1863a. On the American fossil elephant of the regions bordering the Gulf of Mexico (<i>E. Columbi</i>, Falc.); with general observations on the living and extinct species. <i>Natural History Review</i> n.s. 3: 43-114.</div> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="bibliography even">'Dimorphic condition in <i>Primula</i>': On the two forms, or dimorphic condition, in the species of <i>Primula</i>, and on their remarkable sexual relations. By Charles Darwin. [Read 21 November 1861.] <i>Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society</i> (<i>Botany</i>) 6 (1862): 77-96. [<i>Collected papers</i> 2: 45-63.]</div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even">'Two forms in species of <i>Linum</i>': On the existence of two forms, and on their reciprocal sexual relation, in several species of the genus <i>Linum.</i> By Charles Darwin. [Read 5 February 1863.] <i>Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society</i> (<i>Botany</i>) 7 (1864): 69-83. [<i>Collected papers</i> 2: 93-105.]</div> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="bibliography even">'Three forms of <i>Lythrum salicaria</i>': On the sexual relations of the three forms of <i>Lythrum salicaria.</i> By Charles Darwin. [Read 16 June 1864.] <i>Journal of the Linnean Society</i> (<i>Botany</i>) 8 (1865): 169-96. [<i>Collected papers</i> 2: 106-31.]</div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even"><i>Orchids</i>: <i>On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing.</i> By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1862.</div> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="bibliography even">'Fertilization of orchids': Notes on the fertilization of orchids. By Charles Darwin. <i>Annals and Magazine of Natural History</i> 4th ser. 4 (1869): 141-59. [<i>Collected papers</i> 2: 138-56.]</div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even"><i>Orchids</i> 2d ed.: <i>The various contrivances by which orchids are fertilised by insects.</i> By Charles Darwin. 2d edition, revised. London: John Murray. 1877.</div> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="bibliography even"><i>Forms of flowers</i>: <i>The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species.</i> By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1877.</div> </div> <div class="field-item even"> <div class="bibliography even"><i>Cross and self fertilisation</i>: <i>The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom.</i> By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1876.</div> </div> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="bibliography even"><i>Movement in plants</i>: <i>The power of movement in plants.</i> By Charles Darwin. Assisted by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray. 1880.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="campl-column3 campl-secondary-content"> <div class="region region-sidebar"> <div id="block-menu-block-3" class="block block-menu-block"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>In this section:</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-3 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-3"> <ul class="menu"> <li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1097 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/FITZROY-R-01-05660.jpg?itok=GaagKH0Z)"><a href="darwin-letters-1821-1836-childhood-beagle-voyage">1821-1836: Childhood to the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1106 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-E-01-01218.jpg?itok=ozj0QpGk)"><a href="darwin-letters-1837-1843-london-years-natural-selection" title="Charles Darwin's life seen through his letters, 1837-43">1837-43: The London years to 'natural selection'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1107 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/HOOKER-J-D-02-02357.jpg?itok=SchxeKwK)"><a href="darwin-letters-1844-1846-building-scientific-network">1844-1846: Building a scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1108 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/HOOKER-J-D-01-02357.jpg?itok=UCAmJ_At)"><a href="darwin-letters-1847-1850-microscopes-and-barnacles">1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1109 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-A-01-01203.jpg?itok=0Jm0VtzG)"><a href="darwin-letters-1851-1855-death-daughter">1851-1855: Death of a daughter</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1110 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/TEGETMEIER-W-B-01-04682.jpg?itok=A2QjtG5o)"><a href="darwin-letters-1856-1857-big-book">1856-1857: The 'Big Book'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-936 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/WALLACE-A-R-01-01832.jpg?itok=2Ptl2OXa)"><a href="darwin-letters-1858-1859-origin">1858-1859: Origin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-937 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/OWEN-R-01-03629.jpg?itok=f53MuCPx)"><a href="darwin-letters-1860-answering-critics">1860: Answering critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1111 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/BENTHAM-G-01-00398.jpg?itok=tM3UqtiG)"><a href="darwin-letters-1861-gaining-allies">1861: Gaining allies</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1098 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Down-house1_4.jpg?itok=4_rtOp2x)"><a href="darwin-letters-1862-multiplicity-experiments">1862: A multiplicity of experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-1099 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-Q-00900-00001-C-00002-000-00025_p423.jpg?itok=BBVkiqVO)"><a href="darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad" class="active-trail active">1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1100 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00113.jpg?itok=sF2FC3ni)"><a href="darwin-letters-1864-failing-health">1864: Failing health</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-935 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-01-00001.jpg?itok=XL8-zA8v)"><a href="darwin-letters-1865-delays-and-disappointments">1865: Delays and disappointments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1101 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00116.jpg?itok=N9ikp1AD)"><a href="darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest">1866: Survival of the fittest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1102 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-Q-00340-00001-C-00007-00004-000-p471.jpg?itok=amNzEpLQ)"><a href="darwin-letters-1867-civilised-dispute">1867: A civilised dispute</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1103 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-G-H-01-01224.jpg?itok=MmoeVmv4)"><a href="darwin-letters-1868-studying-sex">1868: Studying sex</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1104 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00072.jpg?itok=E2w1KsMz)"><a href="darwin-letters-1869-forward-all-fronts">1869: Forward on all fronts</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1105 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00040.jpg?itok=W-VC37wq)"><a href="darwin-letters1870-human-evolution">1870: Human evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1151 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-05-00001.jpg?itok=eEVkSzQ3)"><a href="darwin-letters-1871-emptying-nest">1871: An emptying nest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1152 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00140-00004-000-00007.jpg?itok=II3d31Wn)"><a href="darwin-letters-1872-job-done">1872: Job done?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1049 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00162-000-00201.jpg?itok=wTj1bEPM)"><a href="darwins-letters-1873-animal-or-vegetable">1873: Animal or vegetable?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1050 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-02-00001.jpg?itok=tBvrwyfP)"><a href="darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year">1874: A turbulent year</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2275 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/READE-W-W-01-03950.jpg?itok=LlpKTTUy)"><a href="darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings">1875: Pulling strings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2894 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-A-R-01-01205.jpg?itok=t7EJx2F1)"><a href="darwin-letters-1876-midst-life">1876: In the midst of life</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3363 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Christ's%20College%20Library%20monkey.JPG?itok=ANjwgfNC)"><a href="darwin-letters-1877-flowers-and-honours">1877: Flowers and honours</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3383 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/frontispiece_bernard_darwin_MS-ADD-08904-00004-01158-000-00001-s.jpg?itok=KfoObDs8)"><a href="darwin-letters-1878-movement-and-sleep">1878: Movement and sleep</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3394 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/CCD_27_frontispiece.jpg?itok=b1GlRz8m)"><a href="darwin-letters-1879-tracing-roots">1879: Tracing roots</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3661 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/CCD_28_frontispiece.jpg?itok=uiPDp-CE)"><a href="darwin-letters-1880-sensitivity-and-worms">1880: Sensitivity and worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4063 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-T-00992-B-00001-00045-000-FANCY-PORTRAIT-NO-54_CD.jpg?itok=0uAnSj_J)"><a href="darwin-letters-1881-old-friends-and-new-admirers">1881: Old friends and new admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4102 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/The_funeral_ceremony_of_the_Charles_Darwin_at_Westminster_Ab_Wellcome_V0018693_final.jpg?itok=ws9uiIeg)"><a href="darwin-letters-1882-nothing-too-great-or-too-small">1882: Nothing too great or too small</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-cudl-related-letters" class="block block-cudl"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>Related letters</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-3901.xml">To Hugh Falconer 5 [and 6] January [1863]</a></h3> <div class="summary"> <p>His admiration for HF's paper on American fossil elephant.</p> <p>Notes "temporary irruption of S. American forms into N. America".</p> <p>Rejoices that HF has "smashed" case of <i>Mastodon</i> on Timor.</p> <p>Shares HF's anger at Owen.</p> <p>He is eager to hear about fossil bird [<i>Archaeopteryx</i>].</p> <p>Comments on criticisms of species theory by [Johann Andreas?] Wagner.</p> <p>Describes research on fertilisation of Melastomataceae.</p> </div> </div> <div class="letter odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-4028.xml">To Charles Lyell 6 March [1863]</a></h3> <div class="summary"> <p>Comments at length on CL's book [<i>Antiquity of man</i> (1863)]. CD is "greatly disappointed that you have not given judgment and spoken fairly out what you think about the derivation of species".</p> <p>Lists large number of queries concerning minor points.</p> <p>Praises especially the chapters on language and glaciers.</p> <p>Comments on the temperature of Africa during the glacial period, especially with regard to the views of Hooker.</p> <p>Mentions Owen's paper on the aye-aye [<i>Rep. BAAS</i> 32 (1862) pt 2: 114-16].</p> </div> </div> <div class="letter even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-4065.xml">To J. D. Hooker [29 March 1863]</a></h3> <div class="summary"> <p>CD regrets he used "creation" in <i>Origin</i> when he meant "appeared".</p> <p>An Oken-like article in "Owenian style" in <i>Athenæum</i>.</p> <p>Tropical plants continue to be troublesome.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-cudl-related-people" class="block block-cudl"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>Related people</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1585.xml">Falconer, Hugh</a></h3> <div class="date">1808-65</div> <div class="summary">Palaeontologist and botanist. Superintendent of the botanic garden, Saharanpur, India, 1832-42. Superintended the arrangement of Indian fossils for the British Museum in 1844. Superintendent of the Calcutta botanic garden and professor of botany, Calcutta Medical College, 1848-55. Retired owing to ill health and returned to Britain in 1855; pursued palaeontological research while travelling in southern Europe. Vice-president of the Royal Society of London and foreign secretary of the Geological Society of London, 1865. FRS 1845.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_2039.xml">Haast, Julius von</a></h3> <div class="date">1822-87</div> <div class="summary">German-born explorer and geologist. Travelled to New Zealand in 1858 to report on the prospects for German emigration. Explored the western districts of Nelson province at the request of the provincial government in 1859. Appointed geologist to Canterbury province, 1861. Conducted the first geological survey of Canterbury province, 1861-8. Became a British national in 1861. Founded the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury in 1862, and the Canterbury Museum in 1863. Professor of geology, Canterbury College, 1876-87. Member of the Senate of the University of New Zealand, 1879-87. Knighted, 1886. FRS 1867.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_317.xml">Bates, H. W.</a></h3> <div class="date">1825-92</div> <div class="summary">Entomologist. Undertook a joint expedition to the Amazon with Alfred Russel Wallace, 1848-9; continued to explore the area, after Wallace returned to England, until 1859. Provided the first comprehensive scientific explanation of the phenomenon subsequently known as Batesian mimicry. Published an account of his travels, The naturalist on the River Amazons, in 1863. Assistant secretary, Royal Geographical Society of London, 1864-92. President, Entomological Society of London, 1868, 1869, and 1878. FRS 1881.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_356.xml">Becker, L. E.</a></h3> <div class="date">1827-90</div> <div class="summary">Leading member of the women's suffrage movement, botanist, and astronomer. Published Botany for novices (1864); awarded a Horticultural Society Gold Medal, 1865. Founder and president of the Manchester Ladies' Literary Society, 1867. Secretary to the Manchester National Society for Women's Suffrage from 1867. Member of the Manchester School Board, 1870. Editor of and regular contributor to the Women's Suffrage Journal from 1870. Secretary to the London central committee of the National Society for Women's Suffrage from 1881.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_4258.xml">Scott, John</a></h3> <div class="date">1836-80</div> <div class="summary">Scottish botanist. Gardener at several different country estates, before becoming foreman of the propagating department at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, in 1859. Through CD's patronage emigrated to India in 1864, and worked briefly on a Cinchona plantation before taking a position as curator of the Calcutta botanic garden from 1865 to 1879. Seconded to the opium department, 1872-8. Carried out numerous botanical experiments and observations on CD's behalf. Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, 1873.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-views-my-sidebar-block" class="block block-views"> <div> <div class="view view-my-sidebar view-id-my_sidebar view-display-id-block view-dom-id-ee229f8a3c785521d6615fa33c21b3d9"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-side-text"> <div class="field-content"> <h3>About this article</h3> <p>Based on the introduction to <strong><em>The correspondence of Charles Darwin</em>, vol. 11: 1863</strong></p> <p>Edited by Frederick Burkhardt, Duncan Porter, Sheila Ann Dean, Jonathan R. Topham, Sarah Wilmot. (Cambridge University Press 1999)</p> <p>Order this volume online from <a href="http://admin.cambridge.org/ps/academic/subjects/life-sciences/darwin/series/correspondence-charles-darwin" target="_blank">Cambridge University Press</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-57" class="block block-block"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>Darwin's letters: a timeline</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <p><a href="../darwins-letters-timeline"><img alt="Timeline of letters to and from represented as a chart" src="/sites/all/modules/darwin_letter_timeline/timeline-promo.png"/></a></p> <p><a href="../darwins-letters-timeline">Explore the letters to and from Charles Darwin over time</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="campl-row campl-local-footer"><div class="campl-wrap clearfix"><div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"><div class="region region-footer-1"><div id="block-block-1" class="block block-block campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"><div class="content"><p>Darwin Correspondence Project<br/><a href="mailto:darwin@lib.cam.ac.uk">darwin@lib.cam.ac.uk</a></p><p>© <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/">University of Cambridge</a> 2022</p><p><a href="/copyright-declaration">Copyright declaration</a></p><p><a href="/about/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a></p><p>Website by <a href="http://www.surfaceimpression.digital/">Surface Impression</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"><div class="region region-footer-2"><div id="block-menu-block-5" class="block block-menu-block campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"><div class="content"><div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-5 menu-name-menu-footer-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"><ul class="campl-unstyled-list"> <li class="first leaf menu-mlid-2302"><a href="/commentary/historical-sources" title="">Historical sources</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2303"><a href="/tags/audio" title="">Audio resources</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2304"><a href="/tags/video" title="">Video resources</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3382"><a href="/special-features/site-index" title="">Letters data indexes</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"><div class="region region-footer-3"><div id="block-block-38" class="block block-block campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"><div class="content"><div class="library-logo"><img alt="Cambridge University Library logo" src="/sites/all/static/white_transparent_landscape.png"/></div></div></div></div></div><div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation last"><div class="region region-footer-4"><div id="block-block-39" class="block block-block campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"><div class="content"><div class="alcs-logo"><img alt="ALCS logo" src="/sites/all/static/ACLS_Logo.png"/></div></div></div><div id="block-block-56" class="block block-block campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"><div class="content"><p></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="campl-row campl-global-footer"><div class="campl-wrap clearfix"><div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"><div class="campl-content-container campl-footer-logo"><img alt="University of Cambridge" src="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/images/interface/main-logo-small.png" class="campl-scale-with-grid"/><p>© 2024 University of Cambridge</p><ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-global-footer-links"> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/university-a-z">University A-Z</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/contact-the-university">Contact the University</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-this-site/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/information/foi/">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-this-site/terms-and-conditions">Terms and conditions</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"><div class="campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"><div class="link-list"><h3><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/study-at-cambridge">Study at Cambridge</a></h3><ul class="campl-unstyled-list"> <li><a href="http://www.study.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate/">Undergraduate</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/students/gradadmissions/prospec/">Graduate</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/international-cambridge/studying-at-cambridge">International students</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.ice.cam.ac.uk">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/education/epe/">Executive and professional education</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.educ.cam.ac.uk">Courses in education</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"><div class="campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"><h3><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university">About the University</a></h3><ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-page-children"> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work">How the University and Colleges work</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/visiting-the-university">Visiting the University</a></li> <li><a href="http://map.cam.ac.uk">Map</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/news">News</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/whatson">Events</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.jobs.cam.ac.uk">Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk">Giving to Cambridge</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation last"><div class="campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"><h3><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research">Research at Cambridge</a></h3><ul class="campl-unstyled-list"> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news">News</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/discussion">Discussion</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/spotlight-on">Spotlight on...</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge">About research at Cambridge</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/js/libs/jquery-min.js?v=1.7.1"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/misc/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js?v=1.4.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/misc/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js?v=1.4.4"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/misc/jquery.once.js?v=1.2"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/misc/drupal.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/all/modules/drupal-feature-teasers-master/js/teasers.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/all/modules/cudl_album/js/cudl_album.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/all/modules/darwin_emotion/darwin_emotion.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/all/modules/darwin_kids_timeline/darwin_kids_timeline.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/all/modules/learning_resources/js/learning_resources.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/misc/ui/jquery.ui.core.min.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/misc/ui/jquery.ui.widget.min.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/misc/ui/jquery.ui.position.min.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/misc/ui/jquery.ui.autocomplete.min.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/misc/ui/jquery.ui.progressbar.min.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/all/themes/custom_js/remodal/remodal.min.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.15.4/js/all.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/js/custom.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/js/libs/ios-orientationchange-fix.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/js/libs/modernizr.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/all/themes/drupal-cambridge-theme-master/js/drupal.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> //><! </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/cpn/block-57.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/cpn/block-56.js?sh7yfi"></script> <script src="/sites/all/themes/custom_js/SI-custom.js?sh7yfi"></script></body></html>