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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythological_foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identity_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Identity and distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_and_Roman_descriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_and_Roman_descriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Greek and Roman descriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_and_Roman_descriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Physical appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homeric_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeric_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Homeric period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeric_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Archaic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Achaemenid_Thrace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenid_Thrace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Achaemenid Thrace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achaemenid_Thrace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odrysian_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odrysian_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Odrysian Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odrysian_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macedonian_Thrace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonian_Thrace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Macedonian Thrace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonian_Thrace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_raids_to_enslave_Thracians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_raids_to_enslave_Thracians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Greek raids to enslave Thracians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_raids_to_enslave_Thracians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Thrace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Thrace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Roman Thrace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Thrace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thracology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thracology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Thracology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Thracology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Thracology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Thracology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multidisciplinary_Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multidisciplinary_Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Multidisciplinary Studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multidisciplinary_Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thracians</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="تراقيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تراقيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracios" title="Tracios – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tracios" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakiyal%C4%B1lar" title="Frakiyalılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frakiyalılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تراکیلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تراکیلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Фракійцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фракійцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Траки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Траки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tra%C4%8Dani" title="Tračani – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tračani" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traked" title="Traked – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Traked" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracis" title="Tracis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tracis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Фракисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фракисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thr%C3%A1kov%C3%A9" title="Thrákové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thrákové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrakere" title="Thrakere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thrakere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraker" title="Thraker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thraker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraki" title="Thraki – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Thraki" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traaklased" title="Traaklased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Traaklased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Θράκες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θράκες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracios" title="Tracios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tracios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakoj" title="Trakoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trakoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traziar" title="Traziar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Traziar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تراکیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تراکیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraces" title="Thraces – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thraces" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traasjers" title="Traasjers – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Traasjers" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Tr%C3%A1iciaigh" title="Na Tráiciaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Tráiciaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracios" title="Tracios – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tracios" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="트라키아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트라키아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թրակիացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թրակիացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraki%C4%8Denjo" title="Thrakičenjo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Thrakičenjo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tra%C4%8Dani" title="Tračani – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tračani" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Trakia" title="Orang Trakia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Trakia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Erakverjar" title="Þrakverjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þrakverjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traci" title="Traci – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Traci" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="תראקים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תראקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="თრაკიელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თრაკიელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraces" title="Thraces – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thraces" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%81%C4%B7ie%C5%A1i" title="Trāķieši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trāķieši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakai_(tauta)" title="Trakai (tauta) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trakai (tauta)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraci%C3%ABrs" title="Thraciërs – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Thraciërs" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracian" title="Tracian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tracian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1kok" title="Trákok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trákok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тракијци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тракијци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraci%C3%ABrs" title="Thraciërs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thraciërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="トラキア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トラキア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakere" title="Trakere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trakere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakiyaliklar" title="Frakiyaliklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Frakiyaliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تراکيان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تراکيان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakowie" title="Trakowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trakowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1cios" title="Trácios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trácios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traci" title="Traci – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Traci" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Фракийцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фракийцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trak%C3%ABt" title="Trakët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Trakët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thracians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1ci" title="Tráci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tráci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tra%C4%8Dani" title="Tračani – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tračani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Трачани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трачани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tra%C4%8Dani" title="Tračani – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tračani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traakialaiset" title="Traakialaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Traakialaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraker" title="Thraker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thraker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasyano" title="Trasyano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trasyano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traklar" title="Traklar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Traklar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%96" title="Фракійці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фракійці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Thracia" title="Người Thracia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Thracia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="色雷斯人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="色雷斯人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="色雷斯人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="色雷斯人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q144964#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thracians%22">"Thracians"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thracians%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thracians%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thracians%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thracians%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thracians%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:#34669c"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="color:white">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Thrace" title="Category:Thrace"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">a series</span></a> on</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vazovo_Thracian_Pegasus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vazovo_Thracian_Pegasus.png/120px-Vazovo_Thracian_Pegasus.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vazovo_Thracian_Pegasus.png/180px-Vazovo_Thracian_Pegasus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vazovo_Thracian_Pegasus.png/240px-Vazovo_Thracian_Pegasus.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="793" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:235%;"> <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Thrace</span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Thrace_and_Macedonia" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Geography</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thrace" title="Northern Thrace">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perperikon" title="Perperikon">Perperikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seuthopolis" title="Seuthopolis">Seuthopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Sintica" title="Heraclea Sintica">Sintia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgas#History" title="Burgas">Pyrgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sofia" title="History of Sofia">Serdika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpudeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulpudeva">Pulpudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria#History" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Uskudama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia#Thrace_and_Macedonia" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">Cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Thracian_Rulers#Construction" title="Valley of the Thracian Rulers">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_warfare" title="Thracian warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_horseman" title="Thracian horseman">Emblem</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia">Tribes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mysi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysi">Mysi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Moesi" title="Moesi">Moesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Brygi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyni" title="Thyni">Thyni</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bithyni" title="Bithyni">Bithyni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maedi" title="Maedi">Maedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessi" title="Bessi">Bessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Daci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrianes" title="Agrianes">Agriani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dii" title="Dii">Dii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astae" class="mw-redirect" title="Astae">Asti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edoni" title="Edoni">Edoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrae" title="Satrae">Satri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieres" title="Pieres">Pieres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trausi" class="mw-redirect" title="Trausi">Trausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebryces" title="Bebryces">Bebrici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia">Tribes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tereus" title="Tereus">Tereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus" title="Phineus">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhesus_of_Thrace" title="Rhesus of Thrace">Rhesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odrysian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Odrysian Kingdom">Odrysian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teres_I" title="Teres I">Teres I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotys_I_(Odrysian)" title="Cotys I (Odrysian)">Cotys I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seuthes_III" title="Seuthes III">Seuthes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skudra" title="Skudra">Skudra</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_warfare" title="Thracian warfare">Warfare</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callinicus" title="Battle of Callinicus">Battle of Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraex" title="Thraex">Thraex</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Roman Thrace</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian the Great">Justinian the Great</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion#The_"Dionysian"_Zis" title="Thracian religion">Zagreus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabazios" title="Sabazios">Sabazios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxis" title="Zalmoxis">Zalmoxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendis" title="Bendis">Bendis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion#The_"Arean"_Zis" title="Thracian religion">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion#The_"Hermesian"_Zis" title="Thracian religion">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion#The_"Apollonian"_Zis" title="Thracian religion">Apellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibelthiurdos" title="Zibelthiurdos">Zbelthourd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotys" title="Kotys">Kotys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derzelas" title="Derzelas">Derzelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistoros" title="Pleistoros">Pleistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thracian_deities" title="Category:Thracian deities">Gods</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#fdfdfb; border-top:2px solid #A09A9A"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Legacy">Legacy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:#fdfdfb; border:1px solid #E4E5F4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Bulgarians" title="Thracian Bulgarians">Thracian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thracian_archaeology" title="Category:Thracian archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracology" title="Thracology">Thracology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thrace_series" title="Template:Thrace series"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thrace_series" title="Template talk:Thrace series"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thrace_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thrace series"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> The <b>Thracians</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Θρᾷκες</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Thrāikes</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Thraci</i>) were an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European speaking people</a> who inhabited large parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Webber_Definition_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webber_Definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thracians resided mainly in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Present_(time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Present (time)">modern-day</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, but also in north-western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia (Asia Minor)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p><p>The exact origin of the Thracians is uncertain, but it is believed that Thracians like other Indo-European speaking groups in Europe descended from a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModiNeshevaSarnoVai2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModiNeshevaSarnoVai2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the 5th millennium BC, the inhabitants of the eastern region of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> became organized in different groups of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous people</a> that were later named by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> under the single ethnonym of "Thracians".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Thracian culture</a> emerged during the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, which began about 3500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From it also developed the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> and other regional groups of tribes. Historical and archaeological records indicate that the Thracian culture flourished in the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in the 6th century BC, Xenophanes described Thracians as "blue-eyed and red-haired".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman</a> historians, the Thracians were uncivilized and remained largely disunited, until the establishment of their first permanent state the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a> in the 5th century BC. The Thracian kingdom faced subjugation by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> around the same time. After the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> were defeated by the Greeks in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Wars">Persian Wars</a>, the Thracians experienced a short period of peace. In the late 4th century BC the Odrysian kingdom lost independence to <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a>, becoming incorporated into the empire, but it regained independence following <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s death. </p><p>The Thracians faced conquest by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Romans</a> in the mid 2nd century BC under whom they faced internal strife. They composed major parts of rebellions against the Romans along with the Macedonians until the <a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian War</a>. Beginning in 73 BC, <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a>, a Thracian warrior from the <a href="/wiki/Maedi" title="Maedi">Maedi</a> tribe who was enslaved as a <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiator</a> by the Romans, led a <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">revolt</a> that posed a significant challenge to Roman authority, prompting a series of military campaigns against it. The aftermath of the rebellion saw the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> of 6,000 surviving rebels along the <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_-_Odrysian_Armour_and_Helmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sofia_-_Odrysian_Armour_and_Helmet.jpg/186px-Sofia_-_Odrysian_Armour_and_Helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sofia_-_Odrysian_Armour_and_Helmet.jpg/280px-Sofia_-_Odrysian_Armour_and_Helmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sofia_-_Odrysian_Armour_and_Helmet.jpg/373px-Sofia_-_Odrysian_Armour_and_Helmet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Thracian armor from the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a>, 4th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Thracians were described as "<a href="/wiki/Warlike_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlike races">warlike</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a> since they were neither Romans nor Greeks but in spite of that they were favored as excellent mercenaries. While the Thracians were perceived as unsophisticated by the Romans and Greeks, their culture was reportedly noted for its sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-Thrace_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-Thrace-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 19th century-early 20th century, Bulgaria and Romania have used <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a> to learn more about <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Thracian culture</a> and way of life. </p><p>Thracians followed a <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic religion</a> with <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> elements. One of their customs was <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattooing</a>, common among both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thracians culturally interacted with the peoples surrounding them – <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a><sup id="cite_ref-shchuk_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shchuk-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thracians spoke the now <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian language</a> and shared a common culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Webber_Definition_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webber_Definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last reported use of a <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian language</a> was by <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> in the 6th century AD. The scientific study of the Thracians is known as <a href="/wiki/Thracology" title="Thracology">Thracology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first historical record of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> <i>Thracian</i> is found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, where the Thracians are described as allies of the <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> against the Ancient Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> <i>Thracian</i> comes from Ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Θρᾷξ</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Thrāix</i></span>; plural Θρᾷκες, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Thrāikes</i></span>) or Θρᾴκιος (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Thrāikios</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a>: Θρηίκιος, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Thrēikios</i></span>), and the toponym <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> comes from Θρᾴκη (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Thrāikē</i></span>; Ionic: Θρῄκη, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Thrēikē</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forms are all <a href="/wiki/Exonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonyms">exonyms</a> as applied by the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1982p._597._"We_have_no_way_of_knowing_what_the_Thracians_called_themselves_and_if_indeed_they_had_a_common_name..._Thus_the_name_of_Thracians_and_that_of_their_country_were_given_by_the_Greeks_to_a_group_of_Hellenic_tribes_occupying_the_territory..."_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1982p._597._"We_have_no_way_of_knowing_what_the_Thracians_called_themselves_and_if_indeed_they_had_a_common_name..._Thus_the_name_of_Thracians_and_that_of_their_country_were_given_by_the_Greeks_to_a_group_of_Hellenic_tribes_occupying_the_territory..."-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythological_foundation">Mythological foundation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mythological foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ares_Canope_Villa_Adriana_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ares_Canope_Villa_Adriana_b.jpg/220px-Ares_Canope_Villa_Adriana_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ares_Canope_Villa_Adriana_b.jpg/330px-Ares_Canope_Villa_Adriana_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ares_Canope_Villa_Adriana_b.jpg/440px-Ares_Canope_Villa_Adriana_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a> the god of <a href="/wiki/War_god" class="mw-redirect" title="War god">war</a> and courage. He is one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a>, and the son of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thrax_(mythology)" title="Thrax (mythology)">Thrax</a></i> (his name simply the quintessential Thracian) was regarded as one of the reputed sons of the god <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Alcestis_(play)" title="Alcestis (play)">Alcestis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> mentions that one of the names of Ares himself was "Thrax". Since Ares was regarded as the patron of Thrace his golden or gilded shield was kept in his temple at Bistonia in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Balkans#Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Balkans">Prehistoric Balkans § Iron Age</a></div> <p>The origins of the Thracians remain obscure, in the absence of written historical records before they made contact with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of proto-Thracians in the prehistoric period depends on artifacts of <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Klejn" title="Leo Klejn">Leo Klejn</a> identifies proto-Thracians with the <a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">multi-cordoned ware culture</a> that was pushed away from Ukraine by the advancing <a href="/wiki/Timber_grave_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber grave culture">timber grave culture</a> or Srubnaya. It is generally proposed that a Thracian people developed from a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">indigenous peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-Europeans</a> from the time of Proto-Indo-European expansion in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddinott198127_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddinott198127-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the latter, around 1500 BC, mixed with indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson19773_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson19773-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one theory, their ancestors migrated in three waves from the northeast: the first in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Neolithic" title="Late Neolithic">Late Neolithic</a>, forcing out the <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(tribe)" title="Achaeans (tribe)">Achaeans</a>, the second in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>, and the third around 1200 BC. They reached the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean islands</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean civilization</a>. They did not speak the same language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of written archeological records left by Thracians suggests that the diverse topography did not make it possible for a single language to form.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> historians agreed that the ancient Thracians were superior fighters; only their constant political fragmentation prevented them from overrunning the lands around the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these historians characterized the Thracians as "primitive" partly because they lived in simple, open villages, the Thracians in fact had a fairly advanced culture that was especially noted for its poetry and music. Their soldiers were valued as mercenaries, particularly by the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity_and_distribution">Identity and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Identity and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Thracian" title="Classification of Thracian">Classification of Thracian</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Daco-Thracian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes">List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peltaste.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Peltaste.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="350" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of 5th–4th century BC Thracian <i><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">peltast</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Thracians inhabited parts of the ancient provinces of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Beotia">Beotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Dobruja)" title="Scythia Minor (Dobruja)">Scythia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatia" title="Sarmatia">Sarmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, and other regions of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. This area extended over most of the Balkans region, and the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> as far as beyond the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Bug</a> and including <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to <i>Ethnica</i>, a geographical dictionary by <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus of Byzantium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>—the land of the Thracians—was known as Perki (Περκη) and Aria (Αρια) before being named Thrace by the Greeks,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presumably due to the affiliation of the Thracians with the god <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Perki is the reflexive name of the god Ares as *Perkʷūnos.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TribesinThrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/TribesinThrace.jpg/250px-TribesinThrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/TribesinThrace.jpg/375px-TribesinThrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/TribesinThrace.jpg/500px-TribesinThrace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1221" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia">Tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentions about a period in the past, from his point of view, when Thracians had inhabited the region of <a href="/wiki/Phocis_(ancient_region)" title="Phocis (ancient region)">Phocis</a>, also known as the location of <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>. He dates it to the lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Tereus" title="Tereus">Tereus</a> – mythological Thracian king and son of the god <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>. </p><p>Due to the lack of historical records that predate <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> it's presumed that the Thracians did not manage to form a lasting political organization until the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Odrysian">Odrysian state</a> was founded in the 5th century BC. In the 1st century BC, during <a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">King Burebista</a>'s rule, emerged the powerful state of <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>. </p><p> Currently, there are about 200 identified <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia">Thracian tribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Moesi" title="Moesi">Moesi</a> achieved significant importance during Roman rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What's notable about the Moesians is that they practiced vegetarianism, feeding themselves on honey, milk, and cheese.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dacia_82_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dacia_82_BC.png/250px-Dacia_82_BC.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Dacia_82_BC.png 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Tribes in <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a> (82/61 BC – 45/44 BC)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_and_Roman_descriptions">Greek and Roman descriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Greek and Roman descriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Thracians were regarded by ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> as warlike, ferocious, bloodthirsty, and barbarian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebber20013_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber20013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duruy_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duruy-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in his <i>Republic</i> groups them with the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calling them extravagant and high spirited; and in his <i>Laws</i> portrays them as a warlike nation, grouping them with <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Carthaginians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> wrote of Cotys's sober and gentle character being unlike that of most Thracians.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> in his <i>Annals</i> writes of them being wild, savage and impatient, disobedient even to their own kings.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thracians have been said to have "tattooed their bodies, obtained their wives by purchase, and often sold their children".<sup id="cite_ref-duruy_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duruy-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Victor_Duruy" title="Victor Duruy">Victor Duruy</a> further notes that they "considered husbandry unworthy of a warrior, and knew no source of gain but war and theft".<sup id="cite_ref-duruy_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duruy-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also states that they practiced <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-duruy_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duruy-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been confirmed by archaeological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_-_Unique_Tracian_Helmet_from_Bronze_and_Silver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sofia_-_Unique_Tracian_Helmet_from_Bronze_and_Silver.jpg/220px-Sofia_-_Unique_Tracian_Helmet_from_Bronze_and_Silver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sofia_-_Unique_Tracian_Helmet_from_Bronze_and_Silver.jpg/330px-Sofia_-_Unique_Tracian_Helmet_from_Bronze_and_Silver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sofia_-_Unique_Tracian_Helmet_from_Bronze_and_Silver.jpg/440px-Sofia_-_Unique_Tracian_Helmet_from_Bronze_and_Silver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Thracian Helm, Bronze and Silver</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> write how the Thracians broke their pacts of <a href="/wiki/Truce" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce">truce</a> with trickery.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyaneus testifies that the Thracians struck their weapons against each other before battle, "in the Thracian manner".<sup id="cite_ref-Clearchus_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clearchus-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diegylis" title="Diegylis">Diegylis</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Caeni" title="Caeni">Caeni</a>, was considered one of the most bloodthirsty chieftains by <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> club for lawless youths was named after the thracian tribe <a href="/wiki/Triballi" title="Triballi">Triballi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebber20016_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber20016-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which might be the origin of the word <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a>. </p><p>According to ancient Roman sources, the <a href="/wiki/Dii" title="Dii">Dii</a><sup id="cite_ref-Thrace_1998,_page_100_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thrace_1998,_page_100-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were responsible for the worst<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebber20017_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber20017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atrocities in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>, killing every living thing, including children and dogs in <a href="/wiki/Tanagra" title="Tanagra">Tanagra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycalessos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycalessos">Mycalessos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thrace_1998,_page_100_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thrace_1998,_page_100-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dii" title="Dii">Dii</a> would impale <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> heads on their spears and <a href="/wiki/Rhomphaia" title="Rhomphaia">rhomphaias</a> such as in the <a href="/wiki/Kallinikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kallinikos">Kallinikos</a> skirmish at 171 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebber20017_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber20017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strabo treated the Thracians as barbarians, and held that they spoke the same language as the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-muller_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muller-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Roman authors noted that even after the introduction of Latin they still kept their "barbarous" ways.<sup id="cite_ref-duruy_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duruy-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> writes that "the thracians sell their children and let their maidens commerce with whatever men they please".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accuracy and impartiality of these descriptions have been called into question in modern times, given the seeming embellishments in Herodotus's histories, for one.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herototus_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herototus-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeologists</a> have attempted to piece together a fuller understanding of Thracian culture through the study of their artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-heritage_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Physical appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thracian_clothing" title="Thracian clothing">Thracian clothing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reproduction_of_Thracian_tomb_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Reproduction_of_Thracian_tomb_1.jpg/220px-Reproduction_of_Thracian_tomb_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Reproduction_of_Thracian_tomb_1.jpg/330px-Reproduction_of_Thracian_tomb_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Reproduction_of_Thracian_tomb_1.jpg/440px-Reproduction_of_Thracian_tomb_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Thracian king and queen. <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak" title="Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak">Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak</a>, 4th century BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thrace-ostrusha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Thrace-ostrusha.jpg/220px-Thrace-ostrusha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Thrace-ostrusha.jpg/330px-Thrace-ostrusha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Thrace-ostrusha.jpg/440px-Thrace-ostrusha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>A fresco of a Thracian woman in the <a href="/wiki/Ostrusha_mound" title="Ostrusha mound">Ostrusha Mound</a>, in central <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Several Thracian graves or tombstones have the name <i>Rufus</i> inscribed on them, meaning "redhead" – a common name given to people with <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">red hair</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebber200117_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber200117-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to associating the name with slaves when the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> enslaved this particular group.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Greek artwork often depicts Thracians as redheads.<sup id="cite_ref-Beth_Cohen_2000,_p._371_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beth_Cohen_2000,_p._371-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_of_Thrace" title="Rhesus of Thrace">Rhesus of Thrace</a>, a mythological Thracian king, was so named because of his red hair and is depicted on Greek pottery as having red hair and a red beard.<sup id="cite_ref-Beth_Cohen_2000,_p._371_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beth_Cohen_2000,_p._371-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Greek writers also described the Thracians as red-haired. A fragment by the Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a> describes the Thracians as blue-eyed and red haired: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...Men make gods in their own image; those of the Ethiopians are black and snub-nosed, those of the Thracians have blue eyes and red hair.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a> described <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> as wearing a hat with red hair, which classicists believe was Thracian in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other ancient writers who described the hair of the Thracians as red include <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus of Miletus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Firmicus_Maternus" title="Julius Firmicus Maternus">Julius Firmicus Maternus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksandrovska_grobniza.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Aleksandrovska_grobniza.JPG/220px-Aleksandrovska_grobniza.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Aleksandrovska_grobniza.JPG/330px-Aleksandrovska_grobniza.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Aleksandrovska_grobniza.JPG/440px-Aleksandrovska_grobniza.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Hunting scene, Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4th</span> century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Nevertheless, academic studies<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> have concluded that people often had different physical features from those described by primary sources. Ancient authors described as red-haired several groups of people. They claimed that all <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs#Appearance" title="Early Slavs">Slavs had red hair</a>, and likewise described the <a href="/wiki/Scythians#Physical_appearance" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> as red haired. According to Beth Cohen, Thracians had "the same dark hair and the same facial features as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Aris N. Poulianos states that Thracians, like modern <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, belonged mainly to the Aegean anthropological type.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeric_period">Homeric period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Homeric period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known mention of Thracians is in the second song of Homer's <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, where the population inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Chersonesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian Chersonesus">Thracian Chersonesus</a> is said to have participated in the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, which is believed to have taken place around 12th century BC. This population is referred to with the following name: </p><p><i>"...And Hippothous led the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgi</a>, that rage with the spear, even them that dwelt in deep-soiled <a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larisa</a>; these were led by Hippothous and Pylaeus, scion of <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>, sons twain of Pelasgian Lethus, son of <a href="/wiki/Teutamus" title="Teutamus">Teutamus</a>. But the Thracians Acamas led and <a href="/wiki/Peirous" title="Peirous">Peirous</a>, the warrior, even all them that the strong stream of the Hellespont encloseth."</i><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaic_period">Archaic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Archaic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a> along the Thracian coasts (first the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean sea">Aegean</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Marmara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Seas</a>) were founded in the 8th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormackWilkes2015_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormackWilkes2015-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thracians and Greeks lived side-by-side. Ancient sources record a Thracian presence on the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean islands">Aegean islands</a> and in <i>Hellas</i> (the broader "land of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenes">Hellenes</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarinov201511_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinov201511-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At some point in the 7th century BC, a portion of the Thracian <a href="/wiki/Treri" class="mw-redirect" title="Treri">Treres</a> tribe migrated across the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Thracian Bosporus</a> and invaded <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff198594-55_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff198594-55-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 637 BC, the Treres under their king Kobos (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κώβος</span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kṓbos</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Cobus</i>), in alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lycians" title="Lycians">Lycians</a>, attacked the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> during the seventh year of the reign of the Lydian king <a href="/wiki/Ardys_of_Lydia" title="Ardys of Lydia">Ardys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spalinger_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalinger-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They defeated the <a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Lydians</a> and captured the capital city of Lydia, <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, except for its citadel, and Ardys might have been killed in this attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Dale_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ardys's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Sadyattes" title="Sadyattes">Sadyattes</a>, might possibly also have been killed in another Cimmerian attack on Lydia.<sup id="cite_ref-Dale_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after 635 BC, with Assyrian approval<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Scythians under Madyes entered Anatolia. In alliance with Sadyattes's son, the Lydian king <a href="/wiki/Alyattes_of_Lydia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyattes of Lydia">Alyattes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff1985126_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff1985126-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madyes expelled the Treres from Asia Minor and defeated the Cimmerians so that they no longer constituted a threat again, following which the Scythians extended their domination to Central Anatolia<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until they were themselves expelled by the Medes from Western Asia in the 600s BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Spalinger_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalinger-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Achaemenid_Thrace">Achaemenid Thrace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Achaemenid Thrace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Skudra" title="Skudra">Skudra</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Thracian_warriors,_reign_of_Darius_I,_6th-5th_century_BCE._from_Persepolis,_Iran,_Pergamon_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Relief_of_Thracian_warriors%2C_reign_of_Darius_I%2C_6th-5th_century_BCE._from_Persepolis%2C_Iran%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg/180px-Relief_of_Thracian_warriors%2C_reign_of_Darius_I%2C_6th-5th_century_BCE._from_Persepolis%2C_Iran%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Relief_of_Thracian_warriors%2C_reign_of_Darius_I%2C_6th-5th_century_BCE._from_Persepolis%2C_Iran%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg/270px-Relief_of_Thracian_warriors%2C_reign_of_Darius_I%2C_6th-5th_century_BCE._from_Persepolis%2C_Iran%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Relief_of_Thracian_warriors%2C_reign_of_Darius_I%2C_6th-5th_century_BCE._from_Persepolis%2C_Iran%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg/360px-Relief_of_Thracian_warriors%2C_reign_of_Darius_I%2C_6th-5th_century_BCE._from_Persepolis%2C_Iran%2C_Pergamon_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3349" data-file-height="3651" /></a><figcaption>Relief of Thracian Warriors from 6th-5th century BC, Reign of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 6th century BC the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> conquered Thrace, starting in 513 BC, when the Achaemenid king <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a> amassed an army and marched from Achaemenid-ruled Anatolia into Thrace, and from there he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Arda_(Maritsa_tributary)" title="Arda (Maritsa tributary)">Arteskos</a> river and then proceeded through the valley-route of the <a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Hebros</a> river. This was an act of conquest by Darius I, who sought to create a new satrapy in the Balkans, and had during his march sent emissaries to the Thracians found on the path of his army as well as to the many other Thracian tribes over a wide area. All these peoples of Thrace, including the Odrysae, submitted to the Achaemenid king until his army reached the territory of Thracian tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a> who lived just south of the Danube river and who in vain attempted to resist the Achaemenid conquest. After the resistance of the Getae was defeated and they were forced to provide the Achaemenid army with soldiers, all the Thracian tribes between the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> river had been subjected by the Achaemenid Empire. Once Darius had reached the Danube, he crossed the river and <a href="/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I" title="Scythian campaign of Darius I">campaigned against the Scythians</a>, after which he returned to Anatolia through Thrace and left a large army in Europe under the command of his general <a href="/wiki/Megabazus" title="Megabazus">Megabazus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Following Darius I's orders to create a new satrapy for the Achaemenid Empire in the Balkans, Megabazus forced the Greek cities who had refused to submit to the Achaemenid Empire, starting with <a href="/wiki/Perinthus" title="Perinthus">Perinthus</a>, after which led military campaigns throughout Thrace to impose Achaemenid rule over every city and tribe in the area. With the help of Thracian guides, Megabazus was able to conquer <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia</a> up to but not including the area of Lake Prasias, and he gave the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a> inhabiting these regions up to the Lake Prasias to Thracians loyal to the Achaemenid Empire. The last endeavours of Megabazus included his the conquest of the area between the <a href="/wiki/Struma_(river)" title="Struma (river)">Strymon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Axius</a> rivers, and at the end of his campaign, the king of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_I_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas I of Macedon">Amyntas I</a>, accepted to become a vassal of the Achaemenid Empire. Within the satrapy itself, the Achaemenid king Darius granted to the tyrant <a href="/wiki/Histiaeus" title="Histiaeus">Histiaeus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> the district of <a href="/wiki/Myrcinus" title="Myrcinus">Myrcinus</a> on the Strymon's east bank until Megabazus persuaded him to recall Histiaeus after he returned to Asia Minor, after which the Thracian tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Edoni" title="Edoni">Edoni</a> retook control of Myrcinus.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new satrapy, once created, was named <a href="/wiki/Skudra" title="Skudra"><span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Skudra</i></span></a> (<span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><span lang="peo"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="script-Xpeo">𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼</span></span></span>), derived from Scythian the name <span title="Scythian-language romanization"><i lang="xsc-Latn">Skuδa</i></span>, which was the self-designation of the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> who inhabited the northern parts of the satrapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Szemerényi_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szemerényi-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once Megabazus had returned to Asia Minor, he was succeeded in <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Skudra</i></span> by a governor whose name is unknown, and Darius appointed the general <a href="/wiki/Otanes_(son_of_Sisamnes)" title="Otanes (son of Sisamnes)">Otanes</a> to oversee the administrative division of the Hellespont, which extended on both sides of the sea and included the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Propontis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a> proper and its approaches. Otanes then proceeded to capture <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antandrus" title="Antandrus">Antandrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamponeia" title="Lamponeia">Lamponeia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbros</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a> for the Achaemenid Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_I_tomb_Skudrian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Xerxes_I_tomb_Skudrian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg/194px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Skudrian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Xerxes_I_tomb_Skudrian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg/291px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Skudrian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Xerxes_I_tomb_Skudrian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg/388px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Skudrian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Skudrian (Thracian) soldier of the Achaemenid army, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480</span> BC. <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> tomb relief.</figcaption></figure><p>The area included within the satrapy of <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Skudra</i></span> included both the Aegean coast of Thrace, as well as its Pontic coast till the Danube. In the interior, the Western border of the satrapy consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Axius</a> river and the <a href="/wiki/Belasica" title="Belasica">Belasica</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pirin" title="Pirin">Pirin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a> mountain ranges till the site of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kostenets" title="Kostenets">Kostenets</a>. The importance of this satrapy rested in that it contained the <a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Hebros</a> river, where a route in the river valley connected the permanent Persian settlement of <a href="/wiki/Doriscus" title="Doriscus">Doriscus</a> with the Aegean coast, as well as with the port-cities of <a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesembria" title="Mesembria">Mesembria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a> on the Black Sea, and with the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Thracian_Plain" title="Upper Thracian Plain">central Thracian plain</a>, which gave this region an important strategic value. Persian sources describe the province as being populated by three groups: the <i>Saka Paradraya</i> ("Saka beyond the sea", the Persian term for all <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a> peoples to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black</a> Seas <sup id="cite_ref-gershevitch_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gershevitch-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dandamayev_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dandamayev-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); the <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Skudra</i></span> themselves (most likely the Thracian tribes), and <i>Yauna Takabara</i>. The latter term, which translates as "<a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a> with shield-like hats", is believed to refer to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a>. The three ethnicities (Saka, Macedonian, Thracian) enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid army">Achaemenid army</a>, as shown in the Imperial tomb reliefs of <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a>, and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a> on the Achaemenid side.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Achaemenid control over its European possessions collapsed once the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a> started, the Thracians did not help the Greek rebels, and they instead saw Achaemenid rule as more favourable because the latter had treated the Thracians with favour and even given them more land, and also because they realised that Achaemenid rule was a bulwark against Greek expansion and Scythian attacks. During the revolt, Aristagoras of Miletus captured Myrcinus from the Edones and died trying to attack another Thracian city.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_(Persian)_Empire_-_Circa_480BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Achaemenid_%28Persian%29_Empire_-_Circa_480BC.png/270px-Achaemenid_%28Persian%29_Empire_-_Circa_480BC.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Achaemenid_%28Persian%29_Empire_-_Circa_480BC.png/405px-Achaemenid_%28Persian%29_Empire_-_Circa_480BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Achaemenid_%28Persian%29_Empire_-_Circa_480BC.png/540px-Achaemenid_%28Persian%29_Empire_-_Circa_480BC.png 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Province of <a href="/wiki/Skudra" title="Skudra">Skudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, 480 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Once the Ionian Revolt had been fully quelled, the Achaemenid general <a href="/wiki/Mardonius_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardonius (general)">Mardonius</a> crossed the Hellespont with a large fleet and army, re-subjugated Thrace without any effort and made Macedonia full part of the satrapy of <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Skudra</i></span>. Mardonius was however attacked at night by the <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Bryges</a> in the area of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Doiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Doiran">Lake Doiran</a> and modern-day <a href="/wiki/Valandovo" title="Valandovo">Valandovo</a>, but he was able to defeat and submit them as well. Herodotus's list of tribes who provided the Achaemenid army with soldiers included Thracians from both the coast and from the central Thracian plain, attesting that Mardonius's campaign had reconquered all the Thracian areas which were under Achaemenid rule before the Ionian Revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Greeks <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">defeated</a> a <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">second invasion attempt</a> by the Persian Empire in 479 BC, they started attacking the satrapy of <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Skudra</i></span>, which was resisted by both the Thracians and the Persian forces. The Thracians kept on sending supplies to the governor of <a href="/wiki/Eion" title="Eion">Eion</a> when the Greeks besieged it. When the city fell to the Greeks in 475 BC, <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a> gave its land to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> for colonisation. Although Athens was now in control of the Aegean Sea and the Hellespont following the defeat of the Persian invasion, the Persians were still able to control the southern coast of Thrace from a base in central Thrace and with the support of the Thracians. Thanks to the Thracians co-operating with the Persians by sending supplies and military reinforcements down the Hebrus river route, Achaemenid authority in central Thrace lasted until around 465 BC, and the governor <a href="/wiki/Mascames" title="Mascames">Mascames</a> managed to resist many Greek attacks in Doriscus until then.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_78-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around this time, <a href="/wiki/Teres_I" title="Teres I">Teres I</a>, the king of the Odrysae tribe, in whose territory the Hebrus flowed, was starting to organise the rise of his kingdom into a powerful state. With the end of Achaemenid power in the Balkans, the Thracian <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Kingdom of Macedonia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Athenian thalassocracy</a> filled the ensuing power vacuum and formed their own spheres of influence in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_78-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Odrysian_Kingdom">Odrysian Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Odrysian Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odrysian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Odrysian.svg/250px-Odrysian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Odrysian.svg/375px-Odrysian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Odrysian.svg/500px-Odrysian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a> in its maximum extent under <a href="/wiki/Sitalces" title="Sitalces">Sitalces I</a> (431–424 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormackWilkes2015_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormackWilkes2015-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Odrysian Kingdom was a state union of over 40 Thracian tribes<sup id="cite_ref-Thrace_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thrace-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 22 kingdoms<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that existed between the 5th century BC and the 1st century AD. It consisted mainly of present-day <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, spreading to parts of Southeastern <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>), parts of Northern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and parts of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">European Turkey</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the 5th century BC, the Thracian population was large enough that <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> called them the second-most numerous people in the part of the world known by him (after the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indians</a>), and potentially the most powerful, if not for their lack of unity.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thracians in classical times were broken up into a large number of groups and tribes, though a number of powerful Thracian states were organized, the most important being the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a> of Thrace, and also the short lived <a href="/wiki/Dacian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian kingdom">Dacian kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">peltast</a> is</i> a type of soldier of this period that originated in Thrace.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time, a subculture of <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibate</a> <a href="/wiki/Ascetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetics">ascetics</a> called the "<a href="/wiki/Ctistae" title="Ctistae">ctistae</a>" lived in Thrace, where they served as philosophers, priests and prophets. They were held in a place of honor by the Thracians, with their lives being dedicated to the gods. <sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Macedonian_Thrace">Macedonian Thrace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Macedonian Thrace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this period, contacts between the Thracians and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> intensified.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the Persians withdrew from Europe and before the expansion of the Kingdom of Macedon, Thrace was divided into three regions (east, central, and west). A notable ruler of the East Thracians was <a href="/wiki/Cersobleptes" title="Cersobleptes">Cersobleptes</a>, who attempted to expand his authority over many of the Thracian tribes. He was eventually defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Thracians were typically not city-builders<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1982p._612._"Thrace_possessed_only_fortified_areas,_and_cities_such_as_Cabassus_would_have_been_no_more_than_large_villages._In_general_the_population_lived_in_villages_and_hamlets."_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1982p._612._"Thrace_possessed_only_fortified_areas,_and_cities_such_as_Cabassus_would_have_been_no_more_than_large_villages._In_general_the_population_lived_in_villages_and_hamlets."-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1982p._612._"According_to_Strabo_(vii.6.1cf.st.Byz.446.15)_the_Thracian_suffix_-bria_meant_polis_but_it_is_an_inaccurate_translation._89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1982p._612._"According_to_Strabo_(vii.6.1cf.st.Byz.446.15)_the_Thracian_suffix_-bria_meant_polis_but_it_is_an_inaccurate_translation.-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their only <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> was <a href="/wiki/Seuthopolis" title="Seuthopolis">Seuthopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebber2001_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber2001-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conquest of the southern part of Thrace by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> in the 4th century BC made the Odrysian kingdom extinct for several years. After the kingdom was reestablished, it was a vassal state of Macedon for several decades under generals such as <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Issus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Battle_of_Issus.jpg/276px-Battle_of_Issus.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Battle_of_Issus.jpg/414px-Battle_of_Issus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Battle_of_Issus.jpg/552px-Battle_of_Issus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic depicting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a>, 333 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>In 336 BC, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> began recruiting thracian <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">javelin men</a> in his army, who accompnied him on his continuous <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">conquest</a> to expand the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strength of the thracian cavalry quickly grew from 150 men, to 1000 men by the time Alexander advanced into <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and numbered 1600 when he reached the persian city of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>. The thracian infantry was under the command of the Odrysian prince <a href="/wiki/Sitalces_II" title="Sitalces II">Sitalces II</a> who led them in the siege of <a href="/wiki/Telmessos" title="Telmessos">Telmissus</a> and in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Issus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Gaugamela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 279 BC, <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Celtic Gauls</a> advanced into <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>, southern Greece and <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>. They were soon forced out of Macedonia and southern Greece, but they <a href="/wiki/Tylis" title="Tylis">remained in Thrace</a> until the end of the 3rd century BC. From Thrace, three Celtic tribes advanced into <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and established the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In western parts of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, Celts (<a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a>) and Thracians lived alongside each other, as evident from the archaeological findings of pits and treasures, spanning from the 3rd century BC to the 1st century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_raids_to_enslave_Thracians">Greek raids to enslave Thracians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Greek raids to enslave Thracians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery in ancient Greece</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raids</a> were a specific form of <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">banditry</a> that was the primary method employed by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> for gathering slaves. In regions such as <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>, natives, or "<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>", captured in these raids were the main source of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>. As described by <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aspis_(Menander)" title="Aspis (Menander)">Aspis</a>, after the slaves were captured in raids, their actual enslavement took place when they were resold through <a href="/wiki/Slave_dealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave dealer">slave-dealers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Slaveowners" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaveowners">slaveowners</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>. The fragmentary list of slaves confiscated from the property of the mutilators of the <a href="/wiki/Herm_(sculpture)" title="Herm (sculpture)">Hermai</a> mentions 32 slaves whose origins have been ascertained: 13 came from <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, 7 from <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, and the others came from <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Ilyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>. The names given to slaves in the <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedies</a> often had a geographical link, thus Thratta, used by <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Wasps" title="The Wasps">The Wasps</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Acharnians" title="The Acharnians">The Acharnians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peace_(Aristophanes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace (Aristophanes)">Peace</a>, simply meant a Thracian woman. The <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a> of a slave was a significant criterion for major purchasers: Ancient practice was to avoid a concentration of too many slaves of the same ethnic origin in the same place, in order to limit the risk of <a href="/wiki/Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt">revolt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Thrace">Roman Thrace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Roman Thrace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Thracia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracia (Roman province)">Thracia (Roman province)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythia Minor (Roman province)">Scythia Minor (Roman province)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AtlBalk.e-150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/AtlBalk.e-150.jpg/300px-AtlBalk.e-150.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/AtlBalk.e-150.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Southeastern Europe in the 2nd century BC</figcaption></figure><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Macedonian Wars</a>, conflict between Rome and Thrace was unavoidable. The rulers of Macedonia were weak, and Thracian tribal authority resurged. But after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pydna" title="Battle of Pydna">Battle of Pydna</a> in 168 BC, Roman authority over Macedonia seemed inevitable, and the governance of Thrace passed to Rome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Initially, Thracians and Macedonians revolted against Roman rule. For example, the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Andriscus" title="Andriscus">Andriscus</a>, in 149 BC, drew the bulk of its support from Thrace. Incursions by local tribes into Macedonia continued for many years, though a few tribes, such as the Deneletae and the Bessi, willingly allied with <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian War</a>, Thrace acknowledged Roman authority. The <a href="/wiki/Thracian_kingdom_(Roman_vassal_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian kingdom (Roman vassal state)">client state of Thracia</a> comprised several tribes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thracia_SPQR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Thracia_SPQR.png/220px-Thracia_SPQR.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Thracia_SPQR.png/330px-Thracia_SPQR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Thracia_SPQR.png/440px-Thracia_SPQR.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>The province of <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a> within the Roman Empire, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 116</span> AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The next century and a half saw the slow development of Thracia into a permanent Roman client state. The <a href="/wiki/Sapaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapaei">Sapaei</a> tribe came to the forefront initially under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Rhescuporis_I_(Sapaean)" title="Rhescuporis I (Sapaean)">Rhascuporis</a>. He was known to have granted assistance to both <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>, and later supported the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican</a> armies against <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> in the final days of the Republic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The heirs of Rhascuporis became as deeply enmeshed in political scandal and murder as were their Roman masters. A series of royal assassinations altered the ruling landscape for several years in the early Roman imperial period. Various factions took control with the support of the Roman Emperor. The turmoil would eventually end with one final assassination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Rhoemetalces_III" title="Rhoemetalces III">Rhoemetalces III</a> of the Thracian Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Sapes" title="Sapes">Sapes</a> was murdered in AD 46 by his wife, Thracia was incorporated as an official Roman province to be governed by <a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Procurators</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefects</a>. The central governing authority of Rome was in <a href="/wiki/Perinthus" title="Perinthus">Perinthus</a>, but regions within the province were under the command of military subordinates to the governor. The lack of large urban centers made Thracia a difficult place to manage, but eventually the province flourished under Roman rule. However, Romanization was not attempted in the province of Thracia. The <i><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Sprachbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Sprachbund">Balkan Sprachbund</a></i> does not support Hellenization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Roman authority in Thracia rested mainly with the legions stationed in <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>. The rural nature of Thracia's populations, and distance from Roman authority, certainly inspired local troops to support Moesia's legions. Over the next few centuries, the province was periodically and increasingly attacked by migrating <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a>. The reign of <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a> saw the construction of over 100 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Legion">legionary</a> fortresses to supplement the defense.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odrysian_kingdom_of_Thrace_%26_Environs_(Portuguese).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Odrysian_kingdom_of_Thrace_%26_Environs_%28Portuguese%29.svg/220px-Odrysian_kingdom_of_Thrace_%26_Environs_%28Portuguese%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Odrysian_kingdom_of_Thrace_%26_Environs_%28Portuguese%29.svg/330px-Odrysian_kingdom_of_Thrace_%26_Environs_%28Portuguese%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Odrysian_kingdom_of_Thrace_%26_Environs_%28Portuguese%29.svg/440px-Odrysian_kingdom_of_Thrace_%26_Environs_%28Portuguese%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Location of the thracian tribe <a href="/wiki/Bessi" title="Bessi">Bessoi (Bessi)</a>, Western <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient languages of these people and their cultural influence were highly reduced due to the repeated invasions of the Balkans by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, accompanied by, <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">hellenization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">romanization</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Slavicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavicization">slavicisation</a>. However, the Thracians as a group only disappeared in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Nicetas_of_Remesiana" title="Nicetas of Remesiana">Nicetas</a> the Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Remesiana" title="Remesiana">Remesiana</a> brought the gospel to "those mountain wolves", the <a href="/wiki/Bessi" title="Bessi">Bessi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unclear_Schramm_Claims_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unclear_Schramm_Claims-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly his mission was successful, and the worship of Dionysus and other Thracian gods was eventually replaced by Christianity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Moses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mount_Moses.jpg/220px-Mount_Moses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mount_Moses.jpg/330px-Mount_Moses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mount_Moses.jpg/440px-Mount_Moses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Moses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Moses">Mount Moses (Sinai)</a>, Egypt where Bessian was spoken by monks</figcaption></figure> <p>In 570, Antoninus Placentius said that in the valleys of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> there was a monastery in which the monks spoke Greek, Latin, Syriac, Egyptian and Bessian. The origin of the monasteries is explained in a medieval <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Metaphrastes" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon Metaphrastes">Simeon Metaphrastes</a>, in Vita Sancti Theodosii Coenobiarchae in which he wrote that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Theodosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Theodosius">Theodosius the Cenobiarch</a> founded on the shore of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> a monastery with four churches, in each being spoken a different language, among which Bessian was found. The place where the monasteries were founded was called "Cutila", which may be a Thracian name.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teteven-History-museum-Thracian-god-3-century-BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Teteven-History-museum-Thracian-god-3-century-BC.jpg/220px-Teteven-History-museum-Thracian-god-3-century-BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Teteven-History-museum-Thracian-god-3-century-BC.jpg/330px-Teteven-History-museum-Thracian-god-3-century-BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Teteven-History-museum-Thracian-god-3-century-BC.jpg/440px-Teteven-History-museum-Thracian-god-3-century-BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thracian_horseman" title="Thracian horseman">Thracian Rider</a> from 3rd century BC </figcaption></figure> <p>The further fate of the Thracians is a matter of dispute. German historian Gottfried Schramm speculated that the <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> derived from the Christianized Thracian tribe <a href="/wiki/Bessi" title="Bessi">Bessi</a>, after their remnants were allegedly pushed by <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> during the 9th century westwards into modern day <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unclear_Schramm_Claims_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unclear_Schramm_Claims-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, archaeologically, there is absolutely no evidence of a 9th-century migration of any population, such as the Bessi, from <a href="/wiki/Western_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Bulgaria">western Bulgaria</a> to Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also from a linguistic point of view it emerges that the Thracian-Bessian hypothesis of the origin of Albanian should be rejected, since only very little comparative linguistic material is available (the Thracian is attested only marginally, while the Bessian is completely unknown), but at the same time the individual phonetic history of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and Thracian clearly indicates a very different sound development that cannot be considered as the result of one language. Furthermore, the Christian vocabulary of Albanian is mainly <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, which speaks against the construct of a "Thracian-Bessian church language".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most probably the Thracians were assimilated into the Roman and later in the Byzantine society and became part of the ancestral groups of the modern Southeastern Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oddly the last mention of Thracians, in the 6th century, coincides with the first mention of <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, when the Slavic tribes inhabited large territories of Central and Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 6th century Thracians that weren't already assimilated in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, were incorporated in the slavic speaking <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JE%C5%B9DZIEC_Z_MADARY.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/JE%C5%B9DZIEC_Z_MADARY.JPG/220px-JE%C5%B9DZIEC_Z_MADARY.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/JE%C5%B9DZIEC_Z_MADARY.JPG/330px-JE%C5%B9DZIEC_Z_MADARY.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/JE%C5%B9DZIEC_Z_MADARY.JPG/440px-JE%C5%B9DZIEC_Z_MADARY.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madara_Rider" title="Madara Rider">Madara Rider</a>, a Bulgarian relief from 7th century AD, resembling earlier <a href="/wiki/Thracian_horseman" title="Thracian horseman">Thracian Horseman</a> reliefs</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bulgarian Thrace</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic tribes</a> had mingled with the Thracian population, prior to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Asparuh_of_Bulgaria" title="Asparuh of Bulgaria">Asparuh</a>, in 680 AD the Thracians, <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> readily united to establish the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three ethnic groups mingled to produce the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, retained control over <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> until the 7th century when the northern half of the entire region was claimed by the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> and the remainder was reorganized in the <a href="/wiki/Thrace_(theme)" title="Thrace (theme)">Thracian theme</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Bulgarians" title="Genetic studies on Bulgarians">Genetic studies on Bulgarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thrace" title="Northern Thrace">Northern Thrace</a></div> <p>A recent Bulgarian study on the heritage of Thracian mounds in Bulgaria claims historical, cultural and ethnic links between Thracians and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic studies on modern <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> show that approximately 55% of Bulgarian autosomal genetic legacy is of Paleo-Balkan and Mediterranean origin which can be attributed to Thracians and other indigenous <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Balkans">Balkan</a> populations predating <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Greek Thrace</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a></div> <p><b>Turkish Thrace</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_ring_Ezerovo_mound_BG_Ancient_Thrace_period_SIGOLD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Golden_ring_Ezerovo_mound_BG_Ancient_Thrace_period_SIGOLD.jpg/150px-Golden_ring_Ezerovo_mound_BG_Ancient_Thrace_period_SIGOLD.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Golden_ring_Ezerovo_mound_BG_Ancient_Thrace_period_SIGOLD.jpg/225px-Golden_ring_Ezerovo_mound_BG_Ancient_Thrace_period_SIGOLD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Golden_ring_Ezerovo_mound_BG_Ancient_Thrace_period_SIGOLD.jpg/299px-Golden_ring_Ezerovo_mound_BG_Ancient_Thrace_period_SIGOLD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>The Ring of Ezerovo, 5th century BC</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian language</a></div> <p>The records of Thracian writing are very scarce. There are only four inscriptions that have been discovered. One of them is a gold ring unearthed in the village of <a href="/wiki/Ezerovo,_Plovdiv_Province" title="Ezerovo, Plovdiv Province">Ezerovo</a>, Bulgaria. The thracian inscription is written using the Greek script and consists of 8 lines. Attempts to decipher the inscription have proven inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan mythology</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HandOfSabazius.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HandOfSabazius.JPG/220px-HandOfSabazius.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="429" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HandOfSabazius.JPG/330px-HandOfSabazius.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/HandOfSabazius.JPG/440px-HandOfSabazius.JPG 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="1633" /></a><figcaption>Bronze hand used in the worship of the Thracian god <a href="/wiki/Sabazios" title="Sabazios">Sabazios</a>. 1st-2nd century AD. Sabazios became popular in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">the Roman Empire</a> and had connections with <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysos</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>One notable cult that existed in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> and the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythia Minor (Roman province)">Scythia Minor</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Dobrudja" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrudja">Dobrudja</a>) was that of the "<a href="/wiki/Thracian_horseman" title="Thracian horseman">Thracian horseman</a>", also known as <a href="/wiki/Sabazios" title="Sabazios">Sabazios</a> or "Thracian <a href="/wiki/Heros_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heros (mythology)">Heros</a>" known by a <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a> name as Heros <i>Karabazmos</i>, a god of the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>, who was usually depicted on funeral statues as a horseman slaying a beast with a spear.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicoloff_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicoloff-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a> and Dacians potentially had a monotheistic religion based on the god Zalmoxis, though this is heavily debated in the anthropological community. <sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supreme Balkan thunder god <a href="/wiki/Perkwunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkwunos">Perkon</a> was part of the Thracian pantheon, although cults of <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zalmoxis" title="Zalmoxis">Zalmoxis</a> likely overshadowed his.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Thracians are considered the first to worship the god of wine called <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> in Greek or <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a> in Thracian.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later this cult reached Ancient Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some consider Thrace as the motherland of wine culture.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and other historians of Ancient Greece also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">ancient Thracians</a>' love for winemaking and consumption, also related to religion<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as early as 6000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The male Thracians were polygamous. <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a> puts it: "<i>All Thracians, especially us and the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a>, are not much abstaining, because no one takes less than ten, eleven, twelve wives, some even more. If one dies and has only four or five wives he is called ill-fated, unhappy and unmarried.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-Goev_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goev-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Herodotus virginity among women was not valued, and unmarried Thracian women could have sex with any man they wished to.<sup id="cite_ref-Goev_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goev-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were men perceived as holy Thracians, who lived without women and were called "ktisti".<sup id="cite_ref-Goev_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goev-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In myth, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> rebuked the sexual advances of the <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Bistones</a> women after the death of <a href="/wiki/Eurydice" title="Eurydice">Eurydice</a>, and was killed for not engaging in the activities promoted by the followers of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfare">Warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thracian_warfare" title="Thracian warfare">Thracian warfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksandrovo_kurgan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Aleksandrovo_kurgan.jpg/220px-Aleksandrovo_kurgan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Aleksandrovo_kurgan.jpg/330px-Aleksandrovo_kurgan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Aleksandrovo_kurgan.jpg/440px-Aleksandrovo_kurgan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Hunting scene, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_of_Aleksandrovo" title="Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo">Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4th</span> century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The Thracians were a warrior people, known as both horsemen and lightly armed skirmishers with javelins.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thracian <a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">peltasts</a> had a notable influence in Ancient Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBest1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of Thracian warfare spans from c. 10th century BC up to the 1st century AD in the region defined by Ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Greek</a> and Latin historians as Thrace. It concerns the armed conflicts of the Thracian tribes and their kingdoms in the Balkans and in the Dacian territories. Emperor Traianus, also known as Trajan, conquered Dacia after two wars in the 2nd century AD. The wars ended with the occupation of the fortress of Sarmisegetusa and the death of the king Decebalus. Besides conflicts between Thracians and neighboring nations and tribes, numerous wars were recorded among Thracian tribes too.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture#Genetics" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture#Genetics" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture § Genetics</a></div> <p>A genetic study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a></i> in 2019 examined the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> of 25 Thracian remains in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> from the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. They were found to harbor a mixture of ancestry from <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a> (WSHs) and <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a> (EEFs), supporting the idea that Southeast Europe was the link between Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModiNeshevaSarnoVai2019_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModiNeshevaSarnoVai2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Bulgarian study from 2013 claims genetic similarity between Thracians (8-6 century BC), medieval Bulgarians (8–10 century AD), and modern Bulgarians, highlighting highest resemblance between them and Romanians, Northern Italians and Northern Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examinations of Iron Age and ancient Thracian remains in Bulgaria were found to mainly carry the Y-DNA haplogroup <a href="/wiki/E-V13" class="mw-redirect" title="E-V13">E-V13</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tested samples were further specifically listed as: E-BY3880 x 3, E-L618 x 2, E-M78 x 2, R-Z93, E-CTS1273, E-BY14160.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six of the samples were predicted for having brown eyes while two for having blue eyes, while majority of the samples were predicted for an intermediate skin color and hair color prediction ranged from majority brown on detailed, to light and dark.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spartacus_statue_by_Denis_Foyatier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spartacus_statue_by_Denis_Foyatier.jpg/220px-Spartacus_statue_by_Denis_Foyatier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spartacus_statue_by_Denis_Foyatier.jpg/330px-Spartacus_statue_by_Denis_Foyatier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spartacus_statue_by_Denis_Foyatier.jpg/440px-Spartacus_statue_by_Denis_Foyatier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a> was a Thracian <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiator</a> who was one of the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">escaped slave</a> leaders in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a>. He led a major <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave uprising</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar%C3%B3ti_-_Orpheus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mar%C3%B3ti_-_Orpheus.jpg/220px-Mar%C3%B3ti_-_Orpheus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mar%C3%B3ti_-_Orpheus.jpg/330px-Mar%C3%B3ti_-_Orpheus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mar%C3%B3ti_-_Orpheus.jpg/440px-Mar%C3%B3ti_-_Orpheus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="2305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> was a Thracian <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> endowed with legendary musical skills.</figcaption></figure> <p>This is a list of historically important personalities being entirely or partly of Thracian and Dacian ancestry: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, mythological figure considered chief among poets and musicians; king of the Thracian tribe of <a href="/wiki/Cicones" title="Cicones">Cicones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhesus_of_Thrace" title="Rhesus of Thrace">Rhesus of Thrace</a>, mythical king of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">The Iliad</a></i> who fought on the side of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumolpus" title="Eumolpus">Eumolpus</a>, legendary king of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> described as having come to <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> either as a bard, a warrior, or a priest of <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tereus" title="Tereus">Tereus</a>, mythological <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thracian</a> king,<sup id="cite_ref-T_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the son of <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a> and the naiad <a href="/wiki/Bistonis" title="Bistonis">Bistonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a>, Thracian gladiator who led a large slave uprising in Southern Italy in 73–71 BC and defeated several Roman legions in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadocus_I" title="Amadocus I">Amadocus</a>, Thracian King, the <a href="/wiki/Amadok_Point" title="Amadok Point">Amadok Point</a> was named after him</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teres_I" title="Teres I">Teres I</a>, Thracian King who united many tribes of Thrace under the banner of the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian</a> state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seuthes_I" title="Seuthes I">Seuthes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seuthes_II" title="Seuthes II">Seuthes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seuthes_III" title="Seuthes III">Seuthes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotys_I_(Odrysian)" title="Cotys I (Odrysian)">Cotys I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitalces" title="Sitalces">Sitalces</a>, King of the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Odrysian">Odrysian</a> state; an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Athenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenians">Athenians</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a>, King of Dacia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a>, Roman Emperor from 235 to 238.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureolus" title="Aureolus">Aureolus</a>, Roman military commander</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>, Roman Emperor from 305 to 311; born to a Thracian father and Dacian mother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, Roman Emperor from 306 to 337; born to Thracian father<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ni%C5%A1" title="History of Niš">Naissus</a> and Thracian (<a href="/wiki/Bithyni" title="Bithyni">Bithynian</a>) mother in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ni%C5%A1" title="History of Niš">Naissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a>, Roman Emperor from 308 to 324</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daia" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximinus Daia">Maximinus Daia</a> or Maximinus Daza, Roman Emperor from 308 to 313</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a>, Eastern Roman Emperor and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Justinian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian dynasty">Justinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian the Great</a>, Eastern Roman Emperor; either Illyrian or Thracian, born in <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, Eastern Roman general of reputed Illyrian, Greek or Thracian origin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a>, Eastern Roman Emperor from 450 to 457; either Illyrian or Thracian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I the Thracian">Leo I the Thracian</a>, Eastern Roman Emperor from 457 to 474</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouzes" title="Bouzes">Bouzes</a> or Buzes, Eastern Roman general active during the reign of Justinian the Great (r. 527–565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coutzes" title="Coutzes">Coutzes</a> or Cutzes, general of the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian I</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thracology">Thracology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Thracology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thracology" title="Thracology">Thracology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian treasure</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panagyurishte-Treasure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Panagyurishte Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Panagyurishte-Treasure.jpg/108px-Panagyurishte-Treasure.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Panagyurishte-Treasure.jpg/162px-Panagyurishte-Treasure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Panagyurishte-Treasure.jpg/216px-Panagyurishte-Treasure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_golden_life-size_mask_of_Teres_I_found_in_his_tomb_in_the_Valley_of_the_Thracian_Kings.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The golden life-size mask of Teres I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_golden_life-size_mask_of_Teres_I_found_in_his_tomb_in_the_Valley_of_the_Thracian_Kings.png/108px-The_golden_life-size_mask_of_Teres_I_found_in_his_tomb_in_the_Valley_of_the_Thracian_Kings.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_golden_life-size_mask_of_Teres_I_found_in_his_tomb_in_the_Valley_of_the_Thracian_Kings.png/162px-The_golden_life-size_mask_of_Teres_I_found_in_his_tomb_in_the_Valley_of_the_Thracian_Kings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_golden_life-size_mask_of_Teres_I_found_in_his_tomb_in_the_Valley_of_the_Thracian_Kings.png/216px-The_golden_life-size_mask_of_Teres_I_found_in_his_tomb_in_the_Valley_of_the_Thracian_Kings.png 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The branch of science that studies the ancient Thracians and Thrace is called <a href="/wiki/Thracology" title="Thracology">Thracology</a>. Archaeological research on the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian culture">Thracian culture</a> started in the 20th century, especially after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, mainly in southern <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. As a result of intensive excavations in the 1960s and 1970s a number of Thracian tombs and sanctuaries were discovered. Most significant among them are: the <a href="/wiki/Getic_burial_complex" title="Getic burial complex">Getic burial complex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Sveshtari" title="Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari">Tomb of Sveshtari</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Thracian_Rulers" title="Valley of the Thracian Rulers">Valley of the Thracian Rulers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak" title="Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak">Tomb of Kazanlak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatul" title="Tatul">Tatul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seuthopolis" title="Seuthopolis">Seuthopolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perperikon" title="Perperikon">Perperikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandrovo_kurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandrovo kurgan">Tomb of Aleksandrovo</a> in Bulgaria, <a href="/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia" title="Sarmizegetusa Regia">Sarmizegetusa</a> in Romania and others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also a large number of elaborately crafted gold and silver treasure sets from the 5th and 4th century BC were unearthed. In the following decades, those were exhibited in museums around the world, thus calling attention to ancient Thracian culture. Since the year 2000, Bulgarian archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Kitov" title="Georgi Kitov">Georgi Kitov</a> has made discoveries in Central Bulgaria, in an area now known as "The Valley of the Thracian Kings". The residence of the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kings</a> was found in <a href="/wiki/Starosel" title="Starosel">Starosel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sredna_Gora" title="Sredna Gora">Sredna Gora</a> mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-tomb_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomb-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-novinite062111_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novinite062111-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1922 Bulgarian study claimed that there were at least 6,269 <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolises</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:593px;max-width:593px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Odrysian Wreath from Golyamata Mogila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg/90px-Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg/135px-Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg/180px-Sofia_-_Odrysian_Wreath_from_Golyamata_Mogila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_Bronze_Head_from_the_Golyama_Kosmatka_Tumulus_near_Shipka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bronze Head from the Golyama Kosmatka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_Bronze_Head_from_the_Golyama_Kosmatka_Tumulus_near_Shipka.jpg/90px-National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_Bronze_Head_from_the_Golyama_Kosmatka_Tumulus_near_Shipka.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_Bronze_Head_from_the_Golyama_Kosmatka_Tumulus_near_Shipka.jpg/135px-National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_Bronze_Head_from_the_Golyama_Kosmatka_Tumulus_near_Shipka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_Bronze_Head_from_the_Golyama_Kosmatka_Tumulus_near_Shipka.jpg/180px-National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_Bronze_Head_from_the_Golyama_Kosmatka_Tumulus_near_Shipka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_History_Museum,_Sofia,_Bulgaria_20090405_334.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Panagyurishte Thracian Gold Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/National_History_Museum%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_20090405_334.JPG/202px-National_History_Museum%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_20090405_334.JPG" decoding="async" width="202" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/National_History_Museum%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_20090405_334.JPG/303px-National_History_Museum%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_20090405_334.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/National_History_Museum%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_20090405_334.JPG/404px-National_History_Museum%2C_Sofia%2C_Bulgaria_20090405_334.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_-_Panagyurishte_Thracian_Gold_Treasure_(Amphora).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Panagyurishte Thracian Gold Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sofia_-_Panagyurishte_Thracian_Gold_Treasure_%28Amphora%29.jpg/90px-Sofia_-_Panagyurishte_Thracian_Gold_Treasure_%28Amphora%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sofia_-_Panagyurishte_Thracian_Gold_Treasure_%28Amphora%29.jpg/135px-Sofia_-_Panagyurishte_Thracian_Gold_Treasure_%28Amphora%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sofia_-_Panagyurishte_Thracian_Gold_Treasure_%28Amphora%29.jpg/180px-Sofia_-_Panagyurishte_Thracian_Gold_Treasure_%28Amphora%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_of_Rogozen_Treasure_(Thracian)_-_Regional_Historical_Museum_-_Vratsa_-_Bulgaria_-_01_(28112738747).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rogozen Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sample_of_Rogozen_Treasure_%28Thracian%29_-_Regional_Historical_Museum_-_Vratsa_-_Bulgaria_-_01_%2828112738747%29.jpg/101px-Sample_of_Rogozen_Treasure_%28Thracian%29_-_Regional_Historical_Museum_-_Vratsa_-_Bulgaria_-_01_%2828112738747%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sample_of_Rogozen_Treasure_%28Thracian%29_-_Regional_Historical_Museum_-_Vratsa_-_Bulgaria_-_01_%2828112738747%29.jpg/152px-Sample_of_Rogozen_Treasure_%28Thracian%29_-_Regional_Historical_Museum_-_Vratsa_-_Bulgaria_-_01_%2828112738747%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sample_of_Rogozen_Treasure_%28Thracian%29_-_Regional_Historical_Museum_-_Vratsa_-_Bulgaria_-_01_%2828112738747%29.jpg/202px-Sample_of_Rogozen_Treasure_%28Thracian%29_-_Regional_Historical_Museum_-_Vratsa_-_Bulgaria_-_01_%2828112738747%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Panagyurishte_Treasure" title="Panagyurishte Treasure">Panagyurishte Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogozen_Treasure" title="Rogozen Treasure">Rogozen Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valchitran_Treasure" title="Valchitran Treasure">Valchitran Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borovo_Treasure" title="Borovo Treasure">Borovo Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukovit_Treasure" title="Lukovit Treasure">Lukovit Treasure</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multidisciplinary_Studies">Multidisciplinary Studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Multidisciplinary Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dominant stance of history and archaeology as the two main disciplines dealing with the Thracians as a subject of research has been succeeded by a clear shift towards new multidisciplinary and more inclusive scientific perspectives. An example of this new trend was the large-scale multidisciplinary project "Thracians – Genesis and Development of the Ethnos, Cultural Identities, Civilization Relations and Heritage of the Antiquity", launched in 2016 in Bulgaria. The project was the first comprehensive study of the Thracian heritage including 72 scholars from 18 institutes of the Bulgarian Academy of Science, as well as researchers from Canada, Italy, Germany, Japan and Switzerland. The project studied 13 scientific themes among which: formation of the Thracian ethnos, outlining of its ethno-cultural territory, continuity of the gene pool and related DNA studies, architectural, botanical, microbiological, astronomical, acoustic and linguistic aspects, mining and ceramics technologies, food and drink customs, that resulted in an extensively illustrated book including 33 scientific articles.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ThracianTribes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thracian tribes and heroes"><img alt="Thracian tribes and heroes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/ThracianTribes.jpg/116px-ThracianTribes.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/ThracianTribes.jpg/174px-ThracianTribes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/ThracianTribes.jpg/232px-ThracianTribes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thracian tribes and heroes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the territory of Philip II of Macedon"><img alt="Map of the territory of Philip II of Macedon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg/120px-Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg/180px-Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg/240px-Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the territory of Philip II of Macedon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadochen1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Lysimachus and the Diadochi"><img alt="Kingdom of Lysimachus and the Diadochi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Diadochen1.png/120px-Diadochen1.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Diadochen1.png/180px-Diadochen1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Diadochen1.png/240px-Diadochen1.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="961" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kingdom of Lysimachus and the Diadochi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioecesis_Thraciae_400_AD.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Diocese of Thrace (Dioecesis Thraciae) c. 400 AD"><img alt="Map of the Diocese of Thrace (Dioecesis Thraciae) c. 400 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dioecesis_Thraciae_400_AD.png/120px-Dioecesis_Thraciae_400_AD.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dioecesis_Thraciae_400_AD.png/180px-Dioecesis_Thraciae_400_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dioecesis_Thraciae_400_AD.png/240px-Dioecesis_Thraciae_400_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the Diocese of Thrace (Dioecesis Thraciae) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400</span> AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thracian_Horseman_Histria_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thracian Roman era "Heros" (Sabazius) stele"><img alt="Thracian Roman era "Heros" (Sabazius) stele" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Thracian_Horseman_Histria_Museum.jpg/89px-Thracian_Horseman_Histria_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Thracian_Horseman_Histria_Museum.jpg/134px-Thracian_Horseman_Histria_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Thracian_Horseman_Histria_Museum.jpg/178px-Thracian_Horseman_Histria_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="2430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thracian Roman era "Heros" (<a href="/wiki/Sabazios" title="Sabazios">Sabazius</a>) <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergaios_thracian_king.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Bergaios, a local Thracian king in the Pangaian District, Greece"><img alt="Coin of Bergaios, a local Thracian king in the Pangaian District, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bergaios_thracian_king.jpg/120px-Bergaios_thracian_king.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bergaios_thracian_king.jpg/180px-Bergaios_thracian_king.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bergaios_thracian_king.jpg/240px-Bergaios_thracian_king.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Bergaios" title="Bergaios">Bergaios</a>, a local Thracian king in the <a href="/wiki/Pangaion_Hills" title="Pangaion Hills">Pangaian District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helmet_of_Cotofenesti_-_Front_Large_by_Radu_Oltean.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden Dacian helmet of Cotofenesti, in Romania"><img alt="Golden Dacian helmet of Cotofenesti, in Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Helmet_of_Cotofenesti_-_Front_Large_by_Radu_Oltean.jpg/80px-Helmet_of_Cotofenesti_-_Front_Large_by_Radu_Oltean.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Helmet_of_Cotofenesti_-_Front_Large_by_Radu_Oltean.jpg/121px-Helmet_of_Cotofenesti_-_Front_Large_by_Radu_Oltean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Helmet_of_Cotofenesti_-_Front_Large_by_Radu_Oltean.jpg/161px-Helmet_of_Cotofenesti_-_Front_Large_by_Radu_Oltean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Golden Dacian helmet of Cotofenesti, in Romania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koson_79000126.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold coins that have been minted by the Dacians, with the legend ΚΟΣΩΝ"><img alt="Gold coins that have been minted by the Dacians, with the legend ΚΟΣΩΝ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Koson_79000126.jpg/120px-Koson_79000126.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Koson_79000126.jpg/180px-Koson_79000126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Koson_79000126.jpg/240px-Koson_79000126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold coins that have been minted by the Dacians, with the legend ΚΟΣΩΝ</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thracian_treasure_NHM_Bulgaria.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A gold Thracian treasure from Panagyurishte, Bulgaria"><img alt="A gold Thracian treasure from Panagyurishte, Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thracian_treasure_NHM_Bulgaria.JPG/120px-Thracian_treasure_NHM_Bulgaria.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thracian_treasure_NHM_Bulgaria.JPG/180px-Thracian_treasure_NHM_Bulgaria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thracian_treasure_NHM_Bulgaria.JPG/240px-Thracian_treasure_NHM_Bulgaria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A gold Thracian treasure from <a href="/wiki/Panagyurishte" title="Panagyurishte">Panagyurishte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shushmanets3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thracian tomb Shushmanets, built in 4th century BC"><img alt="Thracian tomb Shushmanets, built in 4th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Shushmanets3.jpg/120px-Shushmanets3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Shushmanets3.jpg/180px-Shushmanets3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Shushmanets3.jpg/240px-Shushmanets3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_Shushmanets" title="Thracian tomb Shushmanets">Thracian tomb Shushmanets</a>, built in 4th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomb-Sveshtari.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari"><img alt="The Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Thomb-Sveshtari.jpg/120px-Thomb-Sveshtari.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Thomb-Sveshtari.jpg/180px-Thomb-Sveshtari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Thomb-Sveshtari.jpg/240px-Thomb-Sveshtari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6264" data-file-height="2986" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Sveshtari" title="Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari">Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomb-Sveshtari-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The interior of the Sveshtari tomb"><img alt="The interior of the Sveshtari tomb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Thomb-Sveshtari-2.jpg/120px-Thomb-Sveshtari-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Thomb-Sveshtari-2.jpg/180px-Thomb-Sveshtari-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Thomb-Sveshtari-2.jpg/240px-Thomb-Sveshtari-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6264" data-file-height="2986" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The interior of the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Sveshtari" title="Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari">Sveshtari tomb</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SeuthIIIHeroon_SM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Tomb of Seuthes III"><img alt="Interior of Tomb of Seuthes III" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/SeuthIIIHeroon_SM.jpg/90px-SeuthIIIHeroon_SM.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/SeuthIIIHeroon_SM.jpg/135px-SeuthIIIHeroon_SM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/SeuthIIIHeroon_SM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Seuthes_III" title="Tomb of Seuthes III">Tomb of Seuthes III</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazanluk_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak"><img alt="Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kazanluk_1.jpg/120px-Kazanluk_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kazanluk_1.jpg/180px-Kazanluk_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kazanluk_1.jpg/240px-Kazanluk_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak" title="Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak">Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_Bronze_Head_from_the_Golyama_Kosmatka_Tumulus_near_Shipka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze head of Seuthes III"><img alt="Bronze head of Seuthes III" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_Bronze_Head_from_the_Golyama_Kosmatka_Tumulus_near_Shipka.jpg/80px-National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_Bronze_Head_from_the_Golyama_Kosmatka_Tumulus_near_Shipka.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_Bronze_Head_from_the_Golyama_Kosmatka_Tumulus_near_Shipka.jpg/120px-National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_Bronze_Head_from_the_Golyama_Kosmatka_Tumulus_near_Shipka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_Bronze_Head_from_the_Golyama_Kosmatka_Tumulus_near_Shipka.jpg/160px-National_Archaeological_Museum_Sofia_-_Bronze_Head_from_the_Golyama_Kosmatka_Tumulus_near_Shipka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze head of Seuthes III</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thracian_horseman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thracian Cavalry"><img alt="Thracian Cavalry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Thracian_horseman.jpg/120px-Thracian_horseman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Thracian_horseman.jpg/180px-Thracian_horseman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Thracian_horseman.jpg/240px-Thracian_horseman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thracian Cavalry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Thracian_Rider_God.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thracian Horseman Relief"><img alt="Thracian Horseman Relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Thracian_Rider_God.jpg/120px-The_Thracian_Rider_God.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Thracian_Rider_God.jpg/180px-The_Thracian_Rider_God.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The_Thracian_Rider_God.jpg/240px-The_Thracian_Rider_God.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thracian Horseman Relief</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Thracian_tomb_Goliama_Kosmatka,_Bulgaria_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Seuthes III"><img alt="Tomb of Seuthes III" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Thracian_tomb_Goliama_Kosmatka%2C_Bulgaria_01.jpg/120px-The_Thracian_tomb_Goliama_Kosmatka%2C_Bulgaria_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Thracian_tomb_Goliama_Kosmatka%2C_Bulgaria_01.jpg/180px-The_Thracian_tomb_Goliama_Kosmatka%2C_Bulgaria_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Thracian_tomb_Goliama_Kosmatka%2C_Bulgaria_01.jpg/240px-The_Thracian_tomb_Goliama_Kosmatka%2C_Bulgaria_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Seuthes_III" title="Tomb of Seuthes III">Tomb of Seuthes III</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Seuthes_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Seuthes III"><img alt="Coin of Seuthes III" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coin_of_Seuthes_III.jpg/120px-Coin_of_Seuthes_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coin_of_Seuthes_III.jpg/180px-Coin_of_Seuthes_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coin_of_Seuthes_III.jpg/240px-Coin_of_Seuthes_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of Seuthes III</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria_1_Stotinka_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Thracian Horseman on the modern Bulgarian currency"><img alt="The Thracian Horseman on the modern Bulgarian currency" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bulgaria_1_Stotinka_2000.jpg/120px-Bulgaria_1_Stotinka_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bulgaria_1_Stotinka_2000.jpg/180px-Bulgaria_1_Stotinka_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bulgaria_1_Stotinka_2000.jpg/240px-Bulgaria_1_Stotinka_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1007" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Thracian_horseman" title="Thracian horseman">Thracian Horseman</a> on the modern <a href="/wiki/Stotinki" class="mw-redirect" title="Stotinki">Bulgarian currency</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Thracian tribes">List of Thracian tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Daco-Thracian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes">List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism (religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_warfare" title="Thracian warfare">Thracian warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Dacian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thraco-Dacian">Thraco-Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Webber_Definition-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webber_Definition_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webber_Definition_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebber2001">Webber 2001</a>, p. 3. "The Thracians were an Indo-European people who occupied the area between northern Greece, Romania, and north-western Turkey. They shared the same language and culture... There may have been as many as a million Thracians, divided among up to 40 tribes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFModiNeshevaSarnoVai2019">Modi et al. 2019</a>. "One of the best documented Indo-European civilizations that inhabited Romania, Bulgaria is the Thracians..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEModiNeshevaSarnoVai2019-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModiNeshevaSarnoVai2019_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModiNeshevaSarnoVai2019_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFModiNeshevaSarnoVai2019">Modi et al. 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41945-0">Nature</a> (2019) Ancient human mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Bulgaria: new insights into the genetic history of Thracians</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popov, D. The Greek intellectuals and the Thracian world. <i>Iztok - Zapad</i> 2, 13–203 (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fol, A. The Thracian orfeism. <i>Sofia</i>, 145–244 (1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fol, A. The History of Bulgarian lands in antiquity. <i>Tangra TanNakRa</i>, 11–300 (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chichikova, M. The Thracian city - Terra Antiqua Balcanica. <i>GSU</i> IF C, 85–93 (1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danov, H. G. Thracian a source of knowledge. <i>Veliko Tarnovo</i>, 50–58 (1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raicheva, L. Thracians and Orpheism. <i>IK Ogledalo</i>, 5–59 (2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fol, A., Georgiev, V. & Danov, H. The History of Bulgaria. Primarily - communal and slavery. <i>Thracians. BAS, Sofia</i> 1, 110–274 (1979).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mihailov, G. The Thracians. <i>New Bulgarian University</i> 2, 1–491 (2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fragment B16 within "the well-known fragments" B14-B16, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/xenophanes/">"Xenophanes", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> (Accessed: February 20, 2023).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-Thrace-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica-Thrace_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210418224807/https://www.britannica.com/place/Thrace">"Thrace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Thrace">the original</a> on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thrace&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FThrace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlassopoulos2013" class="citation book cs1">Vlassopoulos, Kostas (2013). <i>Greeks and Barbarians</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-24426-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-24426-9"><bdi>978-1-107-24426-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greeks+and+Barbarians&rft.pages=124-125&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-24426-9&rft.aulast=Vlassopoulos&rft.aufirst=Kostas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shchuk-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shchuk_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShchukin1989" class="citation book cs1">Shchukin, M. B. (1989). <i>Rome and the Barbarians in Central and Eastern Europe: 1st Century B.C.-1st Century A.D</i>. B.A.R. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86054-690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86054-690-0"><bdi>978-0-86054-690-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Barbarians+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%3A+1st+Century+B.C.-1st+Century+A.D.&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=B.A.R.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-86054-690-0&rft.aulast=Shchukin&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="//doi.org/10.2307/581137" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/581137">Hind, J. G. F. "Archaeology of the Greeks and Barbarian Peoples around the Black Sea (1982-1992)</a>." <i>Archaeological Reports</i>, no. 39, 1992, pp. 82–112. <i>JSTOR</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman1970" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John (1970). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 1</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 836. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85073-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85073-8"><bdi>0-521-85073-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%2C+Volume+3%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=836&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-521-85073-8&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gottwein.de/Grie/lyr/LyrAnakr01.php">Navicula Bacchi – Θρηικίη</a> (Accessed: October 13, 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1982p._597._"We_have_no_way_of_knowing_what_the_Thracians_called_themselves_and_if_indeed_they_had_a_common_name..._Thus_the_name_of_Thracians_and_that_of_their_country_were_given_by_the_Greeks_to_a_group_of_Hellenic_tribes_occupying_the_territory..."-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1982p._597._"We_have_no_way_of_knowing_what_the_Thracians_called_themselves_and_if_indeed_they_had_a_common_name..._Thus_the_name_of_Thracians_and_that_of_their_country_were_given_by_the_Greeks_to_a_group_of_Hellenic_tribes_occupying_the_territory..."_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarašanin1982">Garašanin 1982</a>, p. 597. "We have no way of knowing what the Thracians called themselves and if indeed they had a common name... Thus the name of Thracians and that of their country were given by the Greeks to a group of Hellenic tribes occupying the territory...".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemprière and Wright,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> p. 358. "Mars was father of Cupid, Anteros, and Harmonia, by the goddess Venus. He had Ascalaphus and Ialmenus by Astyoche; Alcippe by Agraulos; Molus, Pylus, Euenus, and oThestius, by Demonice the daughter of Agenor. Besides these, he was the reputed father of Romulus, Oenomaus, Bythis, Thrax, Diomedes of Thrace, &c."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Euripides, <i><a href="/wiki/Alcestis_(play)" title="Alcestis (play)">Alcestis</a></i> p. 95. "[Line] 58. 'Thrace's golden shield' – One of the names of Ares was Thrax, he being the Patron of Thrace. His golden or gilded shield was kept in his temple at Bistonia there. Like the other Thracian bucklers, it was of the shape of a half-moon ('Pelta'). His 'festival of Mars Gradivus' was kept annually by the Latins in the month of March, when this sort of shield was displayed."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchütz2006" class="citation book cs1">Schütz, István (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03500/03577/03577.pdf"><i>Fehér foltok a Balkánon</i></a> [<i>White spots in the Balkans</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Balassi Kiadó. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feh%C3%A9r+foltok+a+Balk%C3%A1non&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Balassi+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCtz&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03500%2F03577%2F03577.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddinott198127-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddinott198127_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddinott1981">Hoddinott 1981</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson19773-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson19773_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1977">Casson 1977</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Thrace">Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Thrace"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>, 15 Mar. 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The catalogue of <a href="/wiki/Kimbell_Art_Museum" title="Kimbell Art Museum">Kimbell Art Museum</a>'s 1998 exhibition <i>Ancient Gold: The Wealth of the Thracians</i> indicates a historical extent of Thracian settlement including most of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, all of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kimbellart.org/exhibitions/past_gold.cfm">Kimbell Art – Exhibitions</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/241">Stephanus Of Byzantium - Ethnica</a>, Theta 316.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillerbeck2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Billerbeck, Margarethe (2010). <i>Stephanus von Byzanz: Stephani Byzantii Ethnica / Delta - Iota</i> (in German). pp. Theta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3111738505" title="Special:BookSources/978-3111738505"><bdi>978-3111738505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stephanus+von+Byzanz%3A+Stephani+Byzantii+Ethnica+%2F+Delta+-+Iota&rft.pages=Theta&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3111738505&rft.aulast=Billerbeck&rft.aufirst=Margarethe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThucydides" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i>. Vol. 2.29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Peloponnesian+War&rft.au=Thucydides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion#CITEREFFolTachevaVenedikovMarazov1998" title="Thracian religion">Fol et al. 1998</a>, p. 32-71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliadeCulianuWiesner1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eliade, Mircea; Culianu, Ioan Petru; Wiesner, Hillary S (1993). <i>Dicţionar al religiilor</i> [<i>Dictionary of religions</i>] (in Romanian). Humanitas. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-28-0394-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-28-0394-3"><bdi>978-973-28-0394-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/489886127">489886127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dic%C5%A3ionar+al+religiilor&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Humanitas&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489886127&rft.isbn=978-973-28-0394-3&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rft.au=Culianu%2C+Ioan+Petru&rft.au=Wiesner%2C+Hillary+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchütz2006" class="citation book cs1">Schütz, István (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03500/03577/03577.pdf"><i>Fehér foltok a Balkánon</i></a> [<i>White spots in the Balkans</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Balassi Kiadó. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feh%C3%A9r+foltok+a+Balk%C3%A1non&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Balassi+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCtz&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03500%2F03577%2F03577.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Lindsay (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.bg/books?id=cjUOAQAAMAAJ&q=the+moesi+vegetarian&redir_esc=y"><i>Encyclopedia of religion</i>(13 ed.)</a>. Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028659824" title="Special:BookSources/9780028659824"><bdi>9780028659824</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber20013-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebber20013_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebber2001">Webber 2001</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead1982" class="citation book cs1">Head, Duncan (1982). <i>Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars, 359 BC to 146 BC: Organisation, Tactics, Dress and Weapons</i>. Wargames Research Group. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904417-26-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904417-26-5"><bdi>978-0-904417-26-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Macedonian+and+Punic+Wars%2C+359+BC+to+146+BC%3A+Organisation%2C+Tactics%2C+Dress+and+Weapons&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Wargames+Research+Group&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-904417-26-5&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duruy-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duruy_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duruy_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duruy_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duruy_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duruy_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Duruy1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Duruy" title="Victor Duruy">Victor Duruy</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk0yAQAAMAAJ"><i>History of Rome And of the Roman People, from Its Origin to the Invasion of the Barbarians · Volume 4, Part 1</i></a>. Dana, Estes & Company. pp. 3–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Rome+And+of+the+Roman+People%2C+from+Its+Origin+to+the+Invasion+of+the+Barbarians+%C2%B7+Volume+4%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Dana%2C+Estes+%26+Company&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Victor+Duruy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGk0yAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato. <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i>: "Take the quality of passion or spirit;--it would be ridiculous to imagine that this quality, when found in States, is not derived from the individuals who are supposed to possess it, e.g. the Thracians, Scythians, and in general the northern nations;"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato. <i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i>: "Are we to follow the custom of the Scythians, and Persians, and Carthaginians, and Celts, and Iberians, and Thracians, who are all warlike nations, or that of your countrymen, for they, as you say, altogether abstain?"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)">Histories</a></i>, 27.12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i>: "In the Consulship of Lentulus Getulicus and Caius Calvisius, the triumphal ensigns were decreed to Poppeus Sabinus for having routed some clans of Thracians, who living wildly on the high mountains, acted thence with the more outrage and contumacy. The ground of their late commotion, not to mention the savage genius of the people, was their scorn and impatience, to have recruits raised amongst them, and all their stoutest men enlisted in our armies; accustomed as they were not even to obey their native kings further than their own humour, nor to aid them with forces but under captains of their own choosing, nor to fight against any enemy but their own borderers."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonkova2010" class="citation book cs1">Tonkova, Milenka (2010). "On human sacrifice in Thrace (on archaeological evidence)". In Cândea, Ionel; Sîrbu, Valeriu (eds.). <i>Tracii şi vecinii lor în antichitate</i>. Ed. Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. pp. 503–514. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-1871-58-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-1871-58-5"><bdi>978-973-1871-58-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/844101517">844101517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+human+sacrifice+in+Thrace+%28on+archaeological+evidence%29&rft.btitle=Tracii+%C5%9Fi+vecinii+lor+%C3%AEn+antichitate&rft.pages=503-514&rft.pub=Ed.+Istros+a+Muzeului+Br%C4%83ilei&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F844101517&rft.isbn=978-973-1871-58-5&rft.aulast=Tonkova&rft.aufirst=Milenka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polyaenus. <i>Strategems</i>. Book 7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/polyaenus7.html#43.1">The Thracians</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo. <i>History</i>, 9.401 (9.2.4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clearchus-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clearchus_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polyaenus. <i>Strategems</i>. Book 7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/polyaenus2.html">Clearchus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber20016-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebber20016_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebber2001">Webber 2001</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thrace_1998,_page_100-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thrace_1998,_page_100_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thrace_1998,_page_100_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibald1998" class="citation book cs1">Archibald, Zofia (1998). <i>The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked</i>. Clarendon Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815047-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815047-3"><bdi>978-0-19-815047-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1000881553">1000881553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Odrysian+Kingdom+of+Thrace%3A+Orpheus+Unmasked&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1000881553&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815047-3&rft.aulast=Archibald&rft.aufirst=Zofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber20017-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebber20017_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebber20017_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebber2001">Webber 2001</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muller-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muller_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Max_Müller1866" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Max Müller">Friedrich Max Müller</a> (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNQWAAAAQAAJ"><i>Lectures on the Science of Language Delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in ... 1861 [and] ... 1863 : [first And] Second Series · Volume 1</i></a>. Longmans Green. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+Science+of+Language+Delivered+at+the+Royal+Institution+of+Great+Britain+in+...+1861+%5Band%5D+...+1863+%3A+%5Bfirst+And%5D+Second+Series+%C2%B7+Volume+1&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Longmans+Green&rft.date=1866&rft.au=Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNQWAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus (trans. G.C. Macaulay). <i>The History of Herodotus</i> (Volume II). "Of the other Thracians the custom is to sell their children to be carried away out of the country; and over their maidens they do not keep watch, but allow them to have commerce with whatever men they please, but over their wives they keep very great watch."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="//doi.org/10.1080/01463377609369206" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1080/01463377609369206">Enos, R. L. (1976). Rhetorical intent in ancient historiography: Herodotus and the battle of marathon</a>. <i>Communication Quarterly</i>, <i>24</i>(1), 24–31. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3296527">Evans, J. A. S. "Father of History or Father of Lies; The Reputation of Herodotus." <i>The Classical Journal</i>, vol. 64</a>, no. 1, 1968, pp. 11–17. <i>JSTOR</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herototus-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herototus_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu2016" class="citation news cs1">Hu, Rollin (February 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jhunewsletter.com/article/2016/02/40565">"Herodotus' Histories and its reliability"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_News-Letter" title="The Johns Hopkins News-Letter">The Johns Hopkins News-Letter</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Johns+Hopkins+News-Letter&rft.atitle=Herodotus%27+Histories+and+its+reliability&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Rollin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhunewsletter.com%2Farticle%2F2016%2F02%2F40565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heritage-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heritage_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlass1977" class="citation news cs1">Klass, Rosanne (June 26, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/26/archives/thracian-clues-to-our-barbarian-heritage-thracian-clues.html">"Thracian Clues To Our 'Barbarian' Heritage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thracian+Clues+To+Our+%27Barbarian%27+Heritage&rft.date=1977-06-26&rft.aulast=Klass&rft.aufirst=Rosanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F06%2F26%2Farchives%2Fthracian-clues-to-our-barbarian-heritage-thracian-clues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber200117-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebber200117_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebber2001">Webber 2001</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReillyKaufmanBodino2003" class="citation book cs1">Reilly, Kevin; Kaufman, Stephen; Bodino, Angela (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxkoW4AWfoQC&pg=PA121"><i>Racism: A Global Reader</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 121–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1060-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-1060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism%3A+A+Global+Reader&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1060-7&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Bodino%2C+Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxkoW4AWfoQC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beth_Cohen_2000,_p._371-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beth_Cohen_2000,_p._371_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beth_Cohen_2000,_p._371_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2000" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Beth, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SqByJzo1eD8C&pg=PA371"><i>Not the Classical Ideal: Athens and the Construction of the Other in Greek Art</i></a>. BRILL. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11712-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11712-9"><bdi>978-90-04-11712-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+the+Classical+Ideal%3A+Athens+and+the+Construction+of+the+Other+in+Greek+Art&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11712-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSqByJzo1eD8C%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diels, B16,<i>Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker</i>, 1903, pp.38–58 (Xenophanes fr. B16, Diels-Kranz, Kirk/Raven no. 171 [= Clem. Alex. Strom. Vii.4]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ode 18, Dithyramb 4, verse 51, quoted in <i>Bacchylides: a selection By Bacchylides</i>, Herwig Maehler, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hecataeus mentions a Thracian tribe called the <i>Xanthoi</i> (Nenci 1954: fragment 191 ) apparently named for their fair (red) hair (Helm 1988: 145), quoted in <i>Indo-European origins: the anthropological evidence Institute for the Study of Man</i>, John v. day, 2001 p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Temp. II. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clem. Alex. Strom. Vii.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Matheseos Libri Octo, II. 1</i>, quoted in <i>Ancient Astrology Theory and Practice</i>, Jean Rhys Bram 2005, pp. 14, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beth Cohen (ed.) <i>Not the Classical Ideal: Athens and the Construction of the Other in Greek Art</i>. Leiden, 2000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poulianos, Aris N., 1961, The Origin of the Greeks, Ph.D. thesis, University of Moscow, supervised by F.G.Debets</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134:book=2:card=819">Homer, Illiad II 480</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer. The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924: at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.581-2.614">2.581</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltschulerCaludeMeadePagel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Altschuler, Eric Lewin; Calude, Andreea S.; Meade, Andrew; Pagel, Mark (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3654165">"Linguistic evidence supports date for Homeric epics"</a>. <i>BioEssays</i>. <b>35</b> (5): 417–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.201200165">10.1002/bies.201200165</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3654165">3654165</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23417708">23417708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=Linguistic+evidence+supports+date+for+Homeric+epics&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=417-420&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3654165%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23417708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.201200165&rft.aulast=Altschuler&rft.aufirst=Eric+Lewin&rft.au=Calude%2C+Andreea+S.&rft.au=Meade%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Pagel%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3654165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECormackWilkes2015-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormackWilkes2015_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormackWilkes2015_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCormackWilkes2015">Cormack & Wilkes 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinov201511-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarinov201511_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarinov2015">Marinov 2015</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff198594-55-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff198594-55_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiakonoff1985">Diakonoff 1985</a>, p. 94-55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spalinger-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spalinger_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spalinger_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalinger1978" class="citation journal cs1">Spalinger, Anthony J. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/599752">"The Date of the Death of Gyges and Its Historical Implications"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>98</b> (4): 400–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599752">10.2307/599752</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/599752">599752</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+the+Death+of+Gyges+and+Its+Historical+Implications&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=400-409&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F599752&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F599752%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Spalinger&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F599752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dale-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dale_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dale_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dale, Alexander (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29719834">"WALWET and KUKALIM: Lydian coin legends, dynastic succession, and the chronology of Mermnad kings"</a>. <i>Kadmos</i>. <b>54</b>: 151–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fkadmos-2015-0008">10.1515/kadmos-2015-0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165043567">165043567</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kadmos&rft.atitle=WALWET+and+KUKALIM%3A+Lydian+coin+legends%2C+dynastic+succession%2C+and+the+chronology+of+Mermnad+kings&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=151-166&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fkadmos-2015-0008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165043567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29719834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rene-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rene_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset, René</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/8">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9"><bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi></a>. <q>A Scythian army, acting in conformity with Assyrian policy, entered Pontis to crush the last of the Cimmerians</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8135-1304-9&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff1985126-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff1985126_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiakonoff1985">Diakonoff 1985</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvantchik1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Askold_Ivantchik" title="Askold Ivantchik">Ivantchik, Askold</a> (1993). <i>Les Cimmériens au Proche-Orient</i> [<i>The Cimmerians in the Near East</i>] (in French). <a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, Switzerland; <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, Germany: Editions Universitaires (Switzerland); <a href="/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht" title="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht</a> (Germany). pp. 95–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7278-0876-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7278-0876-0"><bdi>978-3-7278-0876-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Cimm%C3%A9riens+au+Proche-Orient&rft.place=Fribourg%2C+Switzerland%3B+G%C3%B6ttingen%2C+Germany&rft.pages=95-125&rft.pub=Editions+Universitaires+%28Switzerland%29%3B+Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht+%28Germany%29&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-7278-0876-0&rft.aulast=Ivantchik&rft.aufirst=Askold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1972" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, E. D. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/123971">"The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture and Archaeology"</a>. <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 129–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1972.9979527">10.1080/00438243.1972.9979527</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/123971">123971</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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UNESCO. pp. 44–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1540-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1540-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1540-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia+Volume+II%3A+The+development+of+sedentary+and+nomadic+civilizations%3A+700+BC+to+AD+250&rft.pages=44-46&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1540-7&rft.au=M.+A.+Dandamayev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDguGWP0vGY8C%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondFol" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fol" title="Alexander Fol">Fol, Alexander</a>. "Persia in Europe, apart from Greece". <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 246–253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22804-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22804-6"><bdi>978-0-521-22804-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persia+in+Europe%2C+apart+from+Greece&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=246-253&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22804-6&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=N.+G.+L.&rft.au=Fol%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thrace-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thrace_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/GreeceThrace.htm"><i>Thrace</i></a>. The History Files.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thrace&rft.pub=The+History+Files&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FKingListsEurope%2FGreeceThrace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204062009/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-09/05/c_132695455.htm">"Interview: Capital of largest Thracian kingdom discovered in Bulgaria"</a>. <i>xinhuanet.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-09/05/c_132695455.htm">the original</a> on 2017-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xinhuanet.com&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Capital+of+largest+Thracian+kingdom+discovered+in+Bulgaria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fworld%2F2013-09%2F05%2Fc_132695455.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.5.v.html">Herodotus. <i>Histories</i>, Book V</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Mary Frances (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436729">"Philopoemen's Special Forces: Peltasts and a New Kind of Greek Light-Armed Warfare (Livy 35.27)"</a>. <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 257–277. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436729">4436729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=Philopoemen%27s+Special+Forces%3A+Peltasts+and+a+New+Kind+of+Greek+Light-Armed+Warfare+%28Livy+35.27%29&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-277&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4436729%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Mary+Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4436729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=3:chapter=3:section=7">Strabo, Geography VII.3.3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1982p._612._"Thrace_possessed_only_fortified_areas,_and_cities_such_as_Cabassus_would_have_been_no_more_than_large_villages._In_general_the_population_lived_in_villages_and_hamlets."-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1982p._612._"Thrace_possessed_only_fortified_areas,_and_cities_such_as_Cabassus_would_have_been_no_more_than_large_villages._In_general_the_population_lived_in_villages_and_hamlets."_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarašanin1982">Garašanin 1982</a>, p. 612. "Thrace possessed only fortified areas, and cities such as Cabassus would have been no more than large villages. In general the population lived in villages and hamlets.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1982p._612._"According_to_Strabo_(vii.6.1cf.st.Byz.446.15)_the_Thracian_suffix_-bria_meant_polis_but_it_is_an_inaccurate_translation.-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1982p._612._"According_to_Strabo_(vii.6.1cf.st.Byz.446.15)_the_Thracian_suffix_-bria_meant_polis_but_it_is_an_inaccurate_translation._89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarašanin1982">Garašanin 1982</a>, p. 612. "According to Strabo (vii.6.1cf.st.Byz.446.15) the Thracian suffix -bria meant polis but it is an inaccurate translation..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mogens Herman Hansen. <i>An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation</i>. Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 888. "It was meant to be a polis but there was no reason to think that it was anything other than a native settlement."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber2001-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebber2001_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebber2001">Webber 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley2004" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, James (2004). <i>The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359-323 B.C</i>. McFarland. pp. 34, 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786419180" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786419180"><bdi>978-0786419180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macedonian+Empire%3A+The+Era+of+Warfare+Under+Philip+II+and+Alexander+the+Great%2C+359-323+B.C.&rft.pages=34%2C+46&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0786419180&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.bg/books/edition/The_Macedonian_Empire/nTmXOFX-wioC?hl=bg&gbpv=1&dq=inauthor:">"James+R.+Ashley"&printsec=frontcover Ashley, The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718170142/http://eprints.jiia.it:8080/148/1/Luca_dacian-warriors.pdf">"Funerary Practices in Europe, before and after the Roman Conquest"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.jiia.it:8080/148/1/Luca_dacian-warriors.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Funerary+Practices+in+Europe%2C+before+and+after+the+Roman+Conquest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.jiia.it%3A8080%2F148%2F1%2FLuca_dacian-warriors.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchütz2006" class="citation book cs1">Schütz, István (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03500/03577/03577.pdf"><i>Fehér foltok a Balkánon</i></a> [<i>White spots in the Balkans</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Balassi Kiadó. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feh%C3%A9r+foltok+a+Balk%C3%A1non&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Balassi+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCtz&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03500%2F03577%2F03577.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unclear_Schramm_Claims-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unclear_Schramm_Claims_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unclear_Schramm_Claims_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottfried Schramm: A New Approach to Albanian History 1994<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2021)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linguistics Research Center of the University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 8 September 2012.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2020" class="citation book cs1">Curta, Florin (2020). "Migrations in the Archaeology of Eastern and Southeastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages (Some Comments on the Current State of Research)". In Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes; Reinfandt, Lucian; Stouraitis, Yannis (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMBnzQEACAAJ"><i>Migration Histories of the Medieval Afroeurasian Transition Zone: Aspects of Mobility Between Africa, Asia and Europe, 300-1500 C.E.</i></a> Studies in Global Migration History. Vol. 13. Brill. pp. 101–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42561-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42561-3"><bdi>978-90-04-42561-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6705">1874-6705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Migrations+in+the+Archaeology+of+Eastern+and+Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages+%28Some+Comments+on+the+Current+State+of+Research%29&rft.btitle=Migration+Histories+of+the+Medieval+Afroeurasian+Transition+Zone%3A+Aspects+of+Mobility+Between+Africa%2C+Asia+and+Europe%2C+300-1500+C.E.&rft.series=Studies+in+Global+Migration+History&rft.pages=101-140&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1874-6705&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42561-3&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMBnzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span> p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatzinger2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matzinger, Joachim (30 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de/downloads/meldungen/gastvortrag_matzinger_nov_2016/muenchen_2_ethnogenese.pdf">"Die albanische Autochthonie hypothese aus der Sicht der Sprachwissenschaft"</a> [Hypotheses on the Albanian origins by the perspective of linguistics] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German): 15–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Die+albanische+Autochthonie+hypothese+aus+der+Sicht+der+Sprachwissenschaft&rft.pages=15-16&rft.date=2016-11-30&rft.aulast=Matzinger&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de%2Fdownloads%2Fmeldungen%2Fgastvortrag_matzinger_nov_2016%2Fmuenchen_2_ethnogenese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T.N. Pollio (2021) The Art of Medieval Jewelry. An Illustrated History. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Thrace%2C+the+Motherland+of+Wine+Culture+%7C+Code+de+Vino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.codedevino.com%2Fworld-of-wine%2Fthe-way-of-wine%2Fancient-thrace-the-motherland-of-wine-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdvertorial2021" class="citation web cs1">Advertorial (2021-11-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wineindustryadvisor.com/2021/11/17/thracians-why-wine-integral-culture">"Who Are the Thracians and Why Wine Was an Integral Part of Their Culture and Tradition 6000 Years Ago?"</a>. <i>Wine Industry Advisor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wine+Industry+Advisor&rft.atitle=Who+Are+the+Thracians+and+Why+Wine+Was+an+Integral+Part+of+Their+Culture+and+Tradition+6000+Years+Ago%3F&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft.au=Advertorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwineindustryadvisor.com%2F2021%2F11%2F17%2Fthracians-why-wine-integral-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goev-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goev_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goev_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goev_121-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАнгел_Гоев" class="citation book cs1">Ангел Гоев. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksBG/Sbornik_Erotika_2_2011.pdf"><i>Еротичното в историята Том 2</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 8, 13, 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-400-514-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-400-514-6"><bdi>978-954-400-514-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+2&rft.pages=8%2C+13%2C+14&rft.isbn=978-954-400-514-6&rft.au=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulgari-istoria-2010.com%2FbooksBG%2FSbornik_Erotika_2_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npNUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA552"><i>Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. 27 June 2016. p. 552. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-020-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-020-1"><bdi>978-1-61069-020-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome%3A+The+Definitive+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=552&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016-06-27&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-020-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpNUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBest1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBest1969">Best 1969</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karachanak et al., 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00414-011-0589-y">Karachanak, S., V. Carossa, D. Nesheva, A. Olivieri, M. Pala, B. Hooshiar Kashani, V. Grugni, et al. "Bulgarians vs the Other European Populations: A Mitochondrial DNA Perspective." International Journal of Legal Medicine 126 (2012): 497.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247">The genetic history of the Southern Arc : A bridge between West Asia and Europe</a> - Lazaridis et al</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247">The genetic history of the Southern Arc : A bridge between West Asia and Europe</a> - Lazaridis et al</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/publications">The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe. Science 377, eabm4247. (PDF / SUPPLEMENT )</a> - ChalcolithicBronzeAge Supplement</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_2#2:29" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 2">2:29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022&layout=&loc=3.14.8">3.14.8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most likely he was of <a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a> origin, believed so by Herodian in his writings,(Herodian, 7:1:1-2) and the references to his "Gothic" ancestry might refer to a <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a> origin (the two populations were often confused by later writers, most notably by <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Getica</a></i>), as suggested by the paragraphs describing how "he was singularly beloved by the Getae, moreover, as if he were one of themselves" and how he spoke "almost pure Thracian".(Historia Augusta, <i>Life of Maximinus</i>, 2:5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ni%C5%A1#CITEREFNarodni_muzej_Niš2015" title="History of Niš">Narodni muzej Niš 2015</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ni%C5%A1#CITEREFPapazoglu1969" title="History of Niš">Papazoglu 1969</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tomb-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tomb_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=114097">"Bulgarian Archaeologists Make Breakthrough in Ancient Thrace Tomb"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Novinite" title="Novinite">Novinite</a></i>. March 11, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novinite&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+Archaeologists+Make+Breakthrough+in+Ancient+Thrace+Tomb&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Fview_news.php%3Fid%3D114097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-novinite062111-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-novinite062111_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=129499">"Bulgarian Archaeologists Uncover Story of Ancient Thracians' War with Philip II of Macedon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Novinite.com_(Sofia_News_Agency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novinite.com (Sofia News Agency)">Novinite</a>. June 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+Archaeologists+Uncover+Story+of+Ancient+Thracians%27+War+with+Philip+II+of+Macedon&rft.date=2011-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Fview_news.php%3Fid%3D129499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Izvestii︠a︡: Bulletin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</a>. 1922. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Izvestii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1%3A+Bulletin&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Bulgarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply either "|first=" and the actual title of the cited work, or use "|title=[untitled]" for intentional omission. (April 2017)">title missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bulgarian Academy of Science (BAS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.bg/?p=34444&lang=en">Bulgarian Academy of Science (BAS); General Academic News/ Thursday, 15 February 2018.</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest1969" class="citation book cs1">Best, Jan G. P. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XEhoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Thracian Peltasts: And Their Influence on Greek Warfare</i></a>. Wolters-Noordhoff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thracian+Peltasts%3A+And+Their+Influence+on+Greek+Warfare&rft.pub=Wolters-Noordhoff&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Jan+G.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXEhoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCormackWilkes2015" class="citation book cs1">Cormack, James Maxwell Ross; Wilkes, John (2015). "Thrace". <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.6417">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6417</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thrace&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Classics&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.6417&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Cormack&rft.aufirst=James+Maxwell+Ross&rft.au=Wilkes%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiakonoff1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Igor_M._Diakonoff" title="Igor M. Diakonoff">Diakonoff, I. M.</a> (1985). "Media". In <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Gershevitch" title="Ilya Gershevitch">Gershevitch, Ilya</a> (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 94–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20091-2"><bdi>978-0-521-20091-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Media&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20091-2&rft.aulast=Diakonoff&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumitrescu1982" class="citation book cs1">Dumitrescu, VL. (1982). "The Prehistory of Romania from the earliest times to 1000 B.C.". In Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. pp. 1–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521224963.002">10.1017/CHOL9780521224963.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05428-7"><bdi>978-1-139-05428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Prehistory+of+Romania+from+the+earliest+times+to+1000+B.C.&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=1-74&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521224963.002&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05428-7&rft.aulast=Dumitrescu&rft.aufirst=VL.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdemŞahin2023" class="citation book cs1">Erdem, Zeynep Koçel; Şahin, Reyhan (2023). <i>Thrace through the ages: pottery as evidence for commerce and culture from prehistoric times to the Islamic period</i>. Oxford: Archaeopress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thrace+through+the+ages%3A+pottery+as+evidence+for+commerce+and+culture+from+prehistoric+times+to+the+Islamic+period&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Erdem&rft.aufirst=Zeynep+Ko%C3%A7el&rft.au=%C5%9Eahin%2C+Reyhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarašanin1982" class="citation book cs1">Garašanin, M. (1982). "The Early Iron Age in the Central Balkan Area, <i>c</i>. 1000–750 B.C.". In Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. pp. 582–618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521224963.015">10.1017/CHOL9780521224963.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05428-7"><bdi>978-1-139-05428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Iron+Age+in+the+Central+Balkan+Area%2C+c.+1000%E2%80%93750+B.C.&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=582-618&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521224963.015&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05428-7&rft.aulast=Gara%C5%A1anin&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoweReames2008" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Timothy; Reames, Jeanne (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uuwTAQAAMAAJ"><i>Macedonian Legacies: Studies in Ancient Macedonian History and Culture in Honor of Eugene N. Borza</i></a>. Regina Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930053-56-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930053-56-4"><bdi>978-1-930053-56-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonian+Legacies%3A+Studies+in+Ancient+Macedonian+History+and+Culture+in+Honor+of+Eugene+N.+Borza&rft.pub=Regina+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-930053-56-4&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Reames%2C+Jeanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuuwTAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoulanskiLoulanski2017" class="citation journal cs1">Loulanski, Tolina; Loulanski, Vesselin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17567505.2017.1359918?journalCode=yhen20">"Thracian Mounds in Bulgaria: Heritage at Risk"</a>. <i>The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 246–277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17567505.2017.1359918">10.1080/17567505.2017.1359918</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134064117">134064117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historic+Environment%3A+Policy+%26+Practice&rft.atitle=Thracian+Mounds+in+Bulgaria%3A+Heritage+at+Risk&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=246-277&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17567505.2017.1359918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134064117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Loulanski&rft.aufirst=Tolina&rft.au=Loulanski%2C+Vesselin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F17567505.2017.1359918%3FjournalCode%3Dyhen20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarazov,_Ivan1998" class="citation book cs1">Marazov, Ivan, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HyPrAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ancient gold: the wealth of the Thracians : treasures from the Republic of Bulgaria</i></a>. Harry N. Abrams, in association with the Trust for Museum Exhibitions, in cooperation with the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Bulgaria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882507-06-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882507-06-1"><bdi>978-1-882507-06-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+gold%3A+the+wealth+of+the+Thracians+%3A+treasures+from+the+Republic+of+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams%2C+in+association+with+the+Trust+for+Museum+Exhibitions%2C+in+cooperation+with+the+Ministry+of+Culture+of+the+Republic+of+Bulgaria&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-882507-06-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHyPrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarinov2015" class="citation book cs1">Marinov, Tchavdar (2015). "Ancient Thrace in the Modern Imagination: Ideological Aspects of the Construction of Thracian Studies in Southeast Europe (Romania, Greece, Bulgaria)". In Daskalov, Roumen; Vezenkov, Alexander (eds.). <i>Entangled Histories of the Balkans</i>. pp. 10–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004290365_003">10.1163/9789004290365_003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29036-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29036-5"><bdi>978-90-04-29036-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Thrace+in+the+Modern+Imagination%3A+Ideological+Aspects+of+the+Construction+of+Thracian+Studies+in+Southeast+Europe+%28Romania%2C+Greece%2C+Bulgaria%29&rft.btitle=Entangled+Histories+of+the+Balkans&rft.pages=10-117&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004290365_003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29036-5&rft.aulast=Marinov&rft.aufirst=Tchavdar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Best, Jan and De Vries, Nanny. <i>Thracians and Mycenaeans</i>. Boston, MA: E.J. Brill Academic Publishers, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08864-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08864-4">90-04-08864-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardosStoianMiritoiuComsa2004" class="citation journal cs1">Cardos, G.; Stoian, V.; Miritoiu, N.; Comsa, A.; Kroll, A.; Voss, S.; Rodewald, A. (2004). "Paleo-mtDNA analysis and population genetic aspects of old Thracian populations from South-East of Romania". <i>Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 239–246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romanian+Journal+of+Legal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Paleo-mtDNA+analysis+and+population+genetic+aspects+of+old+Thracian+populations+from+South-East+of+Romania&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=239-246&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Cardos&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Stoian%2C+V.&rft.au=Miritoiu%2C+N.&rft.au=Comsa%2C+A.&rft.au=Kroll%2C+A.&rft.au=Voss%2C+S.&rft.au=Rodewald%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasson1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Casson, Lionel</a> (Summer 1977). "The Thracians". <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 3–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3258667">10.2307/3258667</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3258667">3258667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Thracians&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-6&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3258667&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3258667%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Casson&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoddinott1981" class="citation book cs1">Hoddinott, Ralph F. (1981). <i>The Thracians</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-02099-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-02099-X"><bdi>0-500-02099-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thracians&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-500-02099-X&rft.aulast=Hoddinott&rft.aufirst=Ralph+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModiNeshevaSarnoVai2019" class="citation journal cs1">Modi, Alessandra; Nesheva, Desislava; Sarno, Stefania; Vai, Stefania; Karachanak-Yankova, Sena; Luiselli, Donata; Pilli, Elena; Lari, Martina; Vergata, Chiara; Yordanov, Yordan; Dimitrova, Diana; Kalcev, Petar; Staneva, Rada; Antonova, Olga; Hadjidekova, Savina; Galabov, Angel; Toncheva, Draga; Caramelli, David (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6443937">"Ancient human mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Bulgaria: new insights into the genetic history of Thracians"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 5412. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...9.5412M">2019NatSR...9.5412M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-41945-0">10.1038/s41598-019-41945-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6443937">6443937</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30931994">30931994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Ancient+human+mitochondrial+genomes+from+Bronze+Age+Bulgaria%3A+new+insights+into+the+genetic+history+of+Thracians&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5412&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6443937%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30931994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-41945-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...9.5412M&rft.aulast=Modi&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft.au=Nesheva%2C+Desislava&rft.au=Sarno%2C+Stefania&rft.au=Vai%2C+Stefania&rft.au=Karachanak-Yankova%2C+Sena&rft.au=Luiselli%2C+Donata&rft.au=Pilli%2C+Elena&rft.au=Lari%2C+Martina&rft.au=Vergata%2C+Chiara&rft.au=Yordanov%2C+Yordan&rft.au=Dimitrova%2C+Diana&rft.au=Kalcev%2C+Petar&rft.au=Staneva%2C+Rada&rft.au=Antonova%2C+Olga&rft.au=Hadjidekova%2C+Savina&rft.au=Galabov%2C+Angel&rft.au=Toncheva%2C+Draga&rft.au=Caramelli%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6443937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamsaris1980" class="citation book cs1">Samsaris, D. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olympias.lib.uoi.gr/jspui/handle/123456789/27369"><i>The Hellenization of Thrace during the Hellenic and Roman Antiquity</i></a>. Thessaloniki (Doctoral thesis in Greek). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26268%2Fheal.uoi.3216">10.26268/heal.uoi.3216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenization+of+Thrace+during+the+Hellenic+and+Roman+Antiquity&rft.place=Thessaloniki+%28Doctoral+thesis+in+Greek%29&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26268%2Fheal.uoi.3216&rft.aulast=Samsaris&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Folympias.lib.uoi.gr%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F27369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebber2001" class="citation book cs1">Webber, Christopher (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHVSvgAACAAJ"><i>The Thracians, 700 BC - AD 46</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-329-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-329-3"><bdi>978-1-84176-329-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thracians%2C+700+BC+-+AD+46&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-329-3&rft.aulast=Webber&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgHVSvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebber2011" class="citation book cs1">Webber, Christopher (2011). <i>The Gods of Battle, The Thracians at War 1500 BC- 150 AD</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-835-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-835-5"><bdi>978-1-84415-835-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+Battle%2C+The+Thracians+at+War+1500+BC-+150+AD&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-835-5&rft.aulast=Webber&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Yurta-Stroyno Archaeological Project. Studies on the Roman Rural Settlement in Thrace</i>. P. Tušlová – B. Weissová – S. Bakardzhiev (eds.). Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts, 2022. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7671-068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7671-068-9">978-80-7671-068-9</a> (print), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7671-069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7671-069-6">978-80-7671-069-6</a> (online: pdf)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaul2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kaul, Flemming (2011). "The Gundestrup Cauldron: Thracian Art, Celtic Motifs". <i>Études Celtiques</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 81–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fecelt.2011.2326">10.3406/ecelt.2011.2326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Celtiques&rft.atitle=The+Gundestrup+Cauldron%3A+Thracian+Art%2C+Celtic+Motifs&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-110&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fecelt.2011.2326&rft.aulast=Kaul&rft.aufirst=Flemming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThracians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thracians&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Thrace_and_Ancient_Thracians" class="extiw" title="commons:Ancient Thrace and Ancient Thracians"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Ancient Thrace and Ancient Thracians</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160627112147/http://home.exetel.com.au/thrace/welcome.htm">Thrace and the Thracians (700 BC to 46 AD)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancient-treasure.info/">Ancient Thracians. 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thracians" title="Template:Thracians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Thracians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Thracians (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thracians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thracians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thracians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thracians</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia">List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Daco-Thracian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes">List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_cities_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" title="List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia">List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian kings">Thracian kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapaean_kingdom" title="Sapaean kingdom">Sapaean kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisaltia" title="Bisaltia">Bisaltia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crestonia" title="Crestonia">Crestonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Thracian" title="Classification of Thracian">Classification of Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Thracian#Thraco-Phrygian_or_Thraco-Armenian_hypothesis" title="Classification of Thracian">Thraco-Phrygian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Male deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derzelas" title="Derzelas">Derzelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebeleizis" title="Gebeleizis">Gebeleizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistoros" title="Pleistoros">Pleistoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabazios" title="Sabazios">Sabazios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymon_(mythology)" title="Strymon (mythology)">Strymon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxis" title="Zalmoxis">Zalmoxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion#The_"Dionysian"_Zis" title="Thracian religion">Zagreus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibelthiurdos" title="Zibelthiurdos">Zibelthiurdos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Female deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendis" title="Bendis">Bendis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iambadoule" title="Iambadoule">Iambadoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotys" title="Kotys">Kotys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_horseman" title="Thracian horseman">Thracian horseman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotyttia" title="Cotyttia">Cotyttia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Thracian_Rulers" title="Valley of the Thracian Rulers">Valley of the Thracian Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borovo_Treasure" title="Borovo Treasure">Borovo Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decebalus_Treasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Decebalus Treasure">Decebalus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogozen_Treasure" title="Rogozen Treasure">Rogozen Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagyurishte_Treasure" title="Panagyurishte Treasure">Panagyurishte Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valchitran_Treasure" title="Valchitran Treasure">Valchitran Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thracian cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_of_Aleksandrovo" title="Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo">Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogilan_mound" title="Mogilan mound">Mogilan mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrusha_mound" title="Ostrusha mound">Ostrusha mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_Golyama_Arsenalka" title="Thracian tomb Golyama Arsenalka">Thracian tomb Golyama Arsenalka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_Griffins" title="Thracian tomb Griffins">Thracian tomb Griffins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_Helvetia" title="Thracian tomb Helvetia">Thracian tomb Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak" title="Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak">Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Sveshtari" title="Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari">Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_Shushmanets" title="Thracian tomb Shushmanets">Thracian tomb Shushmanets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_warfare" title="Thracian warfare">Thracian warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">Sica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falx" title="Falx">Falx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomphaia" title="Rhomphaia">Rhomphaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Pelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_helmet" title="Phrygian helmet">Thracian helmet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracology" title="Thracology">Thracology</a></li> 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