CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Second Council of Nicaea - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0a6fbab3-5632-47b4-a0bb-2c1c29793fd0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Second_Council_of_Nicaea","wgTitle":"Second Council of Nicaea","wgCurRevisionId":1257129135,"wgRevisionId":1257129135, "wgArticleId":29250,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Second_Council_of_Nicaea","wgRelevantArticleId":29250,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true, "wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه" ,"dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym": "閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym": "ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo" ,"dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym": "कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym": "Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym" :"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym" :"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk" ,"ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q187201","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready" ,"ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Menologion_of_Basil_024.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="836"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Menologion_of_Basil_024.jpg/800px-Menologion_of_Basil_024.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="557"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Menologion_of_Basil_024.jpg/640px-Menologion_of_Basil_024.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="446"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Second Council of Nicaea - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Council_of_Nicaea&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-By" content="Google"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-To" content="en"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=corsproxy" data-sourceurl="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=phishing_protection" data-phishing-protection-enabled="false" data-forms-warning-enabled="true" data-source-url="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea"></script> <meta name="robots" content="none"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Second_Council_of_Nicaea rootpage-Second_Council_of_Nicaea stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy,phishing_protection/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=navigationui" data-environment="prod" data-proxy-url="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog" data-proxy-full-url="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-source-url="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" data-source-language="auto" data-target-language="en" data-display-language="en-GB" data-detected-source-language="en" data-is-source-untranslated="false" data-source-untranslated-url="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea&anno=2" data-client="tr"></script> <div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"><a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"><input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Home</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Random?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Random</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Nearby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Nearby</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Second+Council+of+Nicaea&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Log in</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Second+Council+of+Nicaea&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Settings</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source%3Ddonate%26utm_medium%3Dsidebar%26utm_campaign%3DC13_en.wikipedia.org%26uselang%3Den%26wmf_key%3Dminerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Donate</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:About?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">About Wikipedia</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Disclaimers</span> </a></li> </ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Council of Nicaea</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab "><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Second+Council+of+Nicaea&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Second_Council_of_Nicaea&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Second Council of Nicaea">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522Second%2BCouncil%2Bof%2BNicaea%2522">"Second Council of Nicaea"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522Second%2BCouncil%2Bof%2BNicaea%2522%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522Second%2BCouncil%2Bof%2BNicaea%2522%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522Second%2BCouncil%2Bof%2BNicaea%2522%2B-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q%3D%2522Second%2BCouncil%2Bof%2BNicaea%2522">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query%3D%2522Second%2BCouncil%2Bof%2BNicaea%2522%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <p>The <b>Second Council of Nicaea</b> is recognized as the last of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First seven ecumenical councils">first seven ecumenical councils</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. In addition, it is also recognized as such by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholics</a> and others. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> opinions on it are varied.</p> <table class="infobox"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:lightgreen;">Second Council of Nicaea</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Menologion_of_Basil_024.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Menologion_of_Basil_024.jpg/280px-Menologion_of_Basil_024.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Menologion_of_Basil_024.jpg/420px-Menologion_of_Basil_024.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Menologion_of_Basil_024.jpg/560px-Menologion_of_Basil_024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="764"></a></span> <div class="infobox-caption"> The Second Council of Nicaea, with Patriarch <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarasios_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarasios of Constantinople">Tarasios</a> (left of cross), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_VI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a> (right of cross), seated bishops and a condemned iconoclast (below).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997420_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997420-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th> <td class="infobox-data">787</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Accepted by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox Church</a> (Partially)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglican_Communion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lutheran_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Previous council </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a> (Catholic numbering)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quinisext_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a> (Orthodox numbering)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Next council </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Convoked by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_VI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a> and Empress <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irene_(empress)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irene (empress)">Irene</a> (as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regent">regent</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">President</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarch_Tarasios_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Tarasios of Constantinople">Patriarch Tarasios of Constantinople</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papal_legate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papal legate">legates</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Adrian I">Pope Adrian I</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Attendance</th> <td class="infobox-data">308 bishops, 350 members total (including two papal legates)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Topics</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iconoclasm_(Byzantine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclasm (Byzantine)">Iconoclasm</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Documents and statements </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">Veneration of icons approved</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:2px solid lightgreen;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecumenical_council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#List_of_ecumenical_councils" title="Ecumenical council">Chronological list of ecumenical councils</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <p>The Council assembled in 787 AD in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> (site of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>; present-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B0znik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="İznik">İznik</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bursa_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), to restore the use and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veneration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Icon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Icon">icons</a> (or holy images),<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon,_p.1693_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gibbon,_p.1693-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been suppressed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor">imperial</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edict?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edict">edict</a> inside the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> during the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a> (717–741). His son, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> (741–775), had held the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Hieria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Hieria">Council of Hieria</a> to make the suppression official.</p> <p>The Council determined that the honorary veneration (<i>timētikē proskynēsis</i>) of icons was permitted, and that the true adoration (<i>alēthinē latreia</i>) was reserved for God alone. It further stated that the honor paid to the icon eventually passes over to the individual that it represents, thus, veneration of an icon could not be idolatrous as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iconoclasm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasts</a> believed. The iconodule position was not justified by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christological?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christological">Christological</a> arguments (as in the Council of Hieria), rather, the antiquity of iconodulia and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation of Christ</a>, which was said to make acceptable the depiction of Christ, were emphasized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicalaides201477_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicalaides201477-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008288_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuz%C3%A9py2008288-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Proceedings"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Proceedings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bishops_of_Dalmatia"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bishops of Dalmatia</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Critical_edition_of_the_Greek_text"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Critical edition of the Greek text</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Translations"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Translations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Second_Council_of_Nicaea&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_iconoclasm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine iconoclasm">Byzantine iconoclasm</a> </div> <p>The veneration of icons had been banned by Byzantine Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> and supported by his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Hieria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Hieria">Council of Hieria</a> (754 AD), which had described itself as the seventh ecumenical council.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council of Hieria was overturned by the Second Council of Nicaea only 33 years later, and has also been rejected by Catholic and Orthodox churches, since none of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentarchy">five major patriarchs</a> were represented. The emperor's vigorous enforcement of the ban included persecution of those who venerated icons and of monks in general. There were also political overtones to the persecution—images of emperors were still allowed by Constantine, which some opponents saw as an attempt to give wider authority to imperial power than to the saints and bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997388_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997388-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iconoclasm_(Byzantine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclasm (Byzantine)">iconoclastic</a> tendencies were shared by Constantine's son, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a>. After the latter's early death, his widow, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irene_of_Athens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irene of Athens">Irene of Athens</a>, as regent for her son, began its restoration for personal inclination and political considerations.</p> <p>On Christmas Day 784, the head of the imperial chancellery, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarasios_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarasios of Constantinople">Tarasios</a> was appointed successor to the iconoclast <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_IV_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul IV of Constantinople">Paul IV</a> by Irene. Together they were attempting to solemnize the iconodule reversal of imperial policy with an ecumenical council. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Adrian I">Pope Adrian I</a> was invited to participate, and gladly accepted, sending two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papal_legate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papal legate">legates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008287–288_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuz%C3%A9py2008287%E2%80%93288-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 786, the council met in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. However, soldiers in collusion with iconoclast bishops entered the church, and broke up the assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969178_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969178-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Irene resorted to a stratagem. Under the pretext of responding to an alleged Arab attack in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia_Minor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, the iconoclastic bodyguard was sent away from the capital—then disarmed and disbanded. Tarasios dealt with the episcopal opposition by allowing notoriously iconoclast bishops to retain their positions so long as they made a public admission of error, and also by disguising two eastern monks as envoys of the patriarchs of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Antioch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, to justify the council's claim to ecumenical status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008288_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuz%C3%A9py2008288-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The Council was again assembled, this time in the symbolic location of Nicaea, the site of the first ecumenical council. The council assembled on 24 September 787 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hagia_Sophia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>. It numbered about 350 members; 308 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bishop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bishop">bishops</a> or their representatives signed. Tarasios presided,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seven sessions were held in Nicaea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969178_8-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969178-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Seventh_ecumenical_council_(Icon).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Seventh_ecumenical_council_%28Icon%29.jpg/250px-Seventh_ecumenical_council_%28Icon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="336" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="604"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 336px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Seventh_ecumenical_council_%28Icon%29.jpg/250px-Seventh_ecumenical_council_%28Icon%29.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="336" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Seventh_ecumenical_council_%28Icon%29.jpg/375px-Seventh_ecumenical_council_%28Icon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Seventh_ecumenical_council_%28Icon%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> An <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Icon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Icon">icon</a> of the Seventh Ecumenical Council (17th century, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Novodevichy_Convent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Novodevichy Convent">Novodevichy Convent</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>). </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Proceedings">Proceedings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Second_Council_of_Nicaea&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Proceedings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Second Council of Nicaea">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div> <ul> <li><i>First Session</i> (24 September 787) – There was debate over whether bishops who had accepted iconoclasm when under iconoclast rule could remain in office.</li> <li><i>Second Session</i> (26 September 787) – Letters from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Adrian I">Pope Adrian I</a> were read out in Greek translation, approving the veneration of images, but severely critical of Byzantine infringement of papal rights. Accepting the letter at the papal legate's prompting, the bishops answered: "We follow, we receive, we admit".</li> <li><i>Third Session</i> (28 September 787) – The supposed representatives of the oriental patriarchates presented their credentials. From these it is clear that their patriarchs had not in fact appointed them.</li> <li><i>Fourth Session</i> (1 October 787) – Proof of the lawfulness of the veneration of icons was drawn from Exodus 25:19 sqq.; Numbers 7:89; Hebrews 9:5 sqq.; Ezekiel 41:18, and Genesis 31:34, but especially from a series of passages of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_Father?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Fathers</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon,_p.1693_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gibbon,_p.1693-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from hagiography.</li> <li><i>Fifth Session</i> (4 October 787) – A further <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florilegium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florilegium">florilegium</a> was read out, "proving" that iconoclasm originated from pagans, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muslims?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, and heretics.</li> <li><i>Sixth Session</i> (7 October 787) – The definition of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Hieria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Hieria">pseudo-Seventh council</a> (754) and a long refutation of the same (probably by Tarasius) were read.</li> <li><i>Seventh Session</i> (13 October 787) – The council issued a declaration of faith concerning the veneration of holy images. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ayasofya_Iznik_902.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ayasofya_Iznik_902.jpg/250px-Ayasofya_Iznik_902.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ayasofya_Iznik_902.jpg/250px-Ayasofya_Iznik_902.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ayasofya_Iznik_902.jpg/375px-Ayasofya_Iznik_902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ayasofya_Iznik_902.jpg/500px-Ayasofya_Iznik_902.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Iznik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagia Sophia, Iznik">Hagia Sophia</a> of Nicaea, where the Council took place; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iznik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iznik">Iznik</a>, Turkey. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%C4%B0znik_Ayasofya_Camii.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%C4%B0znik_Ayasofya_Camii.jpg/220px-%C4%B0znik_Ayasofya_Camii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4303" data-file-height="3214"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%C4%B0znik_Ayasofya_Camii.jpg/220px-%C4%B0znik_Ayasofya_Camii.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%C4%B0znik_Ayasofya_Camii.jpg/330px-%C4%B0znik_Ayasofya_Camii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%C4%B0znik_Ayasofya_Camii.jpg/440px-%C4%B0znik_Ayasofya_Camii.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Hagia Sophia, İznik </figcaption> </figure><p>It was determined that</p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>As the sacred and life-giving cross is everywhere set up as a symbol, so also should the images of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a>, the holy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angel">angels</a>, as well as those of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint">saints</a> and other pious and holy men be embodied in the manufacture of sacred vessels, tapestries, vestments, etc., and exhibited on the walls of churches, in the homes, and in all conspicuous places, by the roadside and everywhere, to be revered by all who might see them. For the more they are contemplated, the more they move to fervent memory of their prototypes. Therefore, it is proper to accord to them a fervent and reverent veneration, not, however, the veritable adoration which, according to our faith, belongs to the Divine Being alone—for the honor accorded to the image passes over to its prototype, and whoever venerate the image venerate in it the reality of what is there represented.</p> </blockquote> This definition of the proper religious veneration of images centers on the distinction between <i>timētikē proskynēsis</i>, meaning the "veneration of honour", and "alēthinē latreia", meaning "true adoration". The former is permitted to images in the same way as to other holy things, notably the cross and the gospel-book, while the latter, "latreia", is reserved for God alone. But the statement that follows, to the effect that the honor paid to the image passes over to its prototype implies on the contrary that there are not two different degrees of veneration, but a single veneration that is not idolatrous since it treats the image as a door or window through which the person praying to the image perceives and adores the heavenly personage who is depicted in it. This could not lead to a worship of images of the Godhead in Byzantium, since no attempt was made to represent Godhead in art. But a problem remains over the human nature of Christ, which is certainly represented in art and which at the same time shares fully in the adoration paid to Christ as God: it would be heretical to worship Christ's Godhead but only honour his humanity.</li> <li>The so-called "Eighth Session" (23 October 787) held in Constantinople at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Magnaura_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Magnaura Palace (page does not exist)">Magnaura Palace</a> supposedly in the presence of the emperors Constantine IV and Irene. Erich Lamberz has proved that this "session" is a late ninth-century forgery (see Price, The Acts of the Second Council of Nicaea, 655–56). The purpose of the addition was to do justice to the role of the emperors at this ecumenical council as at its predecessors.</li> </ul> </div> <p>The twenty-two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canon_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canon law">canons</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drawn up in Constantinople also served ecclesiastical reform. Careful maintenance of the ordinances of the earlier councils, knowledge of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">scriptures</a> on the part of the clergy, and care for Christian conduct are required, and the desire for a renewal of ecclesiastical life is awakened.</p> <p>The council also decreed that every altar should contain a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Relic">relic</a>, which remains the case in modern Catholic and Orthodox regulations (Canon VII), and made a number of decrees on clerical discipline, especially for monks when mixing with women.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Second_Council_of_Nicaea&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Reception" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The papal legates voiced their approval of the restoration of the veneration of icons in no uncertain terms, and the Patriarch sent a full account of the proceedings of the council to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Adrian I">Pope Adrian I</a>, who had it translated (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Anastasius III">Pope Anastasius III</a> later replaced the translation with a better one). While Adrian's legates were returning from Constantinople to Rome with a copy of the <i>Acts</i> of the Council, the deposed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adalgis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adalgis">Adalgis</a> along with a Byzantine expeditionary force <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_expedition_to_Calabria_(788/789)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine expedition to Calabria (788/789)">were disembarking in Italy to drive out the Franks</a>. The proceedings of the Council proclaimed the unity of the Byzantine emperor and pope on iconodulia, intentionally neglecting to mention <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_the_Franks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Franks">King of the Franks</a>, which enraged the Franks who the Pope was attempting to align himself with. However, the Franks successfully repelled the Byzantine expedition, and Adrian's relations with Charlemagne were restored despite his diplomatic blunder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008416_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008416-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The Frankish clergy initially rejected the Council at a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Frankfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Frankfurt">synod in 794</a>. Charlemagne supported the composition of the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libri_Carolini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libri Carolini">Libri Carolini</a></i>, which was most likely composed in summer 793 by the influential Carolingian theologian, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodulf_of_Orl%C3%A9ans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodulf of Orléans">Theodulf of Orléans</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Emmeram%27s_Abbey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Emmeram's Abbey">Saint Emmeram's Abbey</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regensburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>. The main purpose of the work was to rebut the decrees of the Council, especially the "errors of the Greeks". Modern scholarship tends to judge the Latin translation of the <i>Acts</i>, which Theodulf used, to be very poor: "a monument of inadequate translation. Its garbled nature gave rise to outrage among the court theologians"; it is also said to be, "bedeviled by inaccurate and in some cases intentionally incorrect translations". Theodulf's judgment was that Irene's aim was to "promote the superstitious adoration of images" through the council. Theodulf cited <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_Fathers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> as iconoclast witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2019289–290_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019289%E2%80%93290-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A copy was sent to Pope Adrian, who responded with a refutation of the Frankish arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussey198649–50_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussey198649%E2%80%9350-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Libri</i> would thereafter remain unpublished until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reformation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, and the Council was subsequently accepted as the Seventh Ecumenical Council by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. According to the <i>Libri</i>, the ruling of the council against iconoclasm led to "civil war" within the Empire, and other ninth-century iconodule sources condemn clergymen and laymen who remained iconoclasts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008288_4-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuz%C3%A9py2008288-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The Council, or rather the final defeat of iconoclasm in 843, is celebrated in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Rite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> as "The Sunday of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triumph_of_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumph of Orthodoxy">Triumph of Orthodoxy</a>" each year on the first Sunday of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Lent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a>, the fast that leads up to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Easter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Easter">Pascha</a> (Easter), and again on the Sunday closest to 11 October (the Sunday on or after 8 October). The former celebration commemorates the defeat of iconoclasm, while the latter commemorates the council itself. The Papacy did not formally confirm the decrees of the council until 880.</p> <p>Many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> who follow the French reformer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Calvin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> generally agree in rejecting the canons of the Council, which they believe promoted idolatry. He rejected the distinction between veneration (<i>douleia</i>, <i>proskynēsis</i>) and adoration (<i>latreia</i>) as unbiblical "sophistry" and condemned even the decorative use of images.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsequent editions of the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institutes of the Christian Religion">Institutes</a></i>, he cited the <i>Libri Carolini</i>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bishops_of_Dalmatia">Bishops of Dalmatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Second_Council_of_Nicaea&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bishops of Dalmatia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>It is particularly interesting that four <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dalmatia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> bishops are among the signatories of the synod, whose cities were no longer under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Dalmatian bishoprics had been dissolved earlier. So the question arises of when these bishoprics were re-established in these medieval Dalmatian cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The four Dalmatian bishops who signed the synod were the following, in order.</p> <ul> <li>“Ioannes episcopus sanctae ecclesiae Salonentianae” (John of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salona">Salona</a>-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Split,_Croatia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>)</li> <li>“Laurentius episcopus sanctae Absartianensis ecclesiae” (Lawrence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osor,_Croatia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osor, Croatia">Osor</a>)</li> <li>“Ursus episcopus Avaritianensium ecclesiae” (Ursus of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rab_(town)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rab (town)">Rab</a>)</li> <li>“Ioannes episcopus Decateron” (John of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kotor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kotor">Kotor</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <p>This suggests that new bishoprics was founded or old (Early Christian) episcopal seats were re-established in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founding of these bishoprics is attested by the 8th century <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chronicon_Gradense&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Chronicon Gradense (page does not exist)">Chronicon Gradense</a></i>. The chronicle reports the foundation of several Dalmatian bishoprics, such as the bishopric of Rab as "Avoriciensis/Avonciensis ecclesia", the foundation of the bishopric of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krk">Krk</a> as "episcopatus in Vegla", the foundation of the bishopric of Osor as "episcopatus in Asparo", and the bishopric of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pi%C4%87an?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pićan">Pićan</a> as "episcopus Pathensis". As the chronicle reports a Dalmatian provincial synod held in the city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grado,_Friuli_Venezia_Giulia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grado, Friuli Venezia Giulia">Grado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikisource?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_XIV/The_Seventh_Ecumenical_Council" class="extiw" title="wikisource:https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume XIV/The Seventh Ecumenical Council"><i>Acts</i> of the Second Council of Nicaea</a></b> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Critical_edition_of_the_Greek_text">Critical edition of the Greek text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Second_Council_of_Nicaea&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Critical edition of the Greek text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><i>Concilium universale Nicaenum Secundum, in Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum</i>, ser. 2, vol. 3, in 3 parts, ed. Erich Lamberz, Berlin 2008–2016. Also includes the Latin translation by Anastasius Bibliothecarius.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Second_Council_of_Nicaea&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>There are only a few translations of the above Acts in the modern languages.</p> <ul> <li>English translation made in 1850 by an Anglican priest, John Mendham; with notes taken largely from the attack on the council in the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libri_Carolini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libri Carolini">Libri Carolini</a></i>. The aim of the translation was to show how the Catholic veneration of images is based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Superstition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Superstition">superstition</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forgery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forgery">forgery</a>.</li> <li>The Canons and excerpts of the Acts in <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First seven Ecumenical Councils">The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church</a></i>, translated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_R._Percival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry R. Percival">Henry R. Percival</a> and edited by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_Schaff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a> (1901).</li> <li>Translation made by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazan_Theological_Academy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan Theological Academy">Kazan Theological Academy</a> (published from 1873 to 1909) – a seriously corrupted translation of the Acts of the Councils into Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A relatively new Vatican's translation (2004) into Italian language. Publishers in Vatican mistakenly thought<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that they made the first translation of the Acts into European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The new (2016) Russian version of the Acts of the Council is a revised version of the translation made by Kazan Theological Academy, specifying the cases of corruption by the Orthodox translators.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several dozens of such cases, some of them are critical.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPrice2018a" class="citation book cs1">Price, Richard, ed. (2018a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D2iCOwwEACAAJ"><i>The acts of the Second Council of Nicaea (787)</i></a>. Vol. 1. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781802071023?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781802071023"><bdi>9781802071023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+acts+of+the+Second+Council+of+Nicaea+%28787%29&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781802071023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2iCOwwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2018b" class="citation book cs1">Price, Richard, ed. (2018b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Df6eNywEACAAJ"><i>The acts of the Second Council of Nicaea (787)</i></a>. Vol. 2. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786941275?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781786941275"><bdi>9781786941275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+acts+of+the+Second+Council+of+Nicaea+%28787%29&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781786941275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df6eNywEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Second_Council_of_Nicaea&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plato_of_Sakkoudion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plato of Sakkoudion">Plato of Sakkoudion</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabas_of_Stoudios?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabas of Stoudios">Sabas of Stoudios</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proskynesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proskynesis"><i>Proskynēsis</i></a> – Expression of respect</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Second_Council_of_Nicaea&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997420-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997420_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 420.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbon,_p.1693-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gibbon,_p.1693_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gibbon,_p.1693_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, p. 1693.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicalaides201477-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicalaides201477_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNicalaides2014">Nicalaides 2014</a>, p. 77.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008288-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuz%C3%A9py2008288_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuz%C3%A9py2008288_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuz%C3%A9py2008288_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAuz%C3%A9py2008">Auzépy 2008</a>, p. 288.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Council of Hieria, Canon 19, "If anyone does not accept this our Holy and Ecumenical Seventh Synod, let him be anathema from the Father and the Son and the Holy Ghost, and from the seven holy Ecumenical Synods!" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/icono-cncl754.asp">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/icono-cncl754.asp</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997388-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997388_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold 1997</a>, p. 388.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008287–288-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuz%C3%A9py2008287%E2%80%93288_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAuz%C3%A9py2008">Auzépy 2008</a>, pp. 287–288.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969178-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969178_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1969178_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFOstrogorsky1969">Ostrogorsky 1969</a>, p. 178.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, p. 1693.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-14/Npnf2-14-167.htm%23P10346_1983930">"NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=NPNF2-14.+The+Seven+Ecumenical+Councils+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Ffathers2%2FNPNF2-14%2FNpnf2-14-167.htm%23P10346_1983930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008416-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008416_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMcCormick2008">McCormick 2008</a>, p. 416.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019289–290-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2019289%E2%80%93290_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, pp. 289–290.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussey198649–50-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussey198649%E2%80%9350_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHussey1986">Hussey 1986</a>, pp. 49–50.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion 1.11</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠkegro" class="citation book cs1">Škegro, Ante. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.anubih.ba/godisnjak/god44/Godisnjak44-10.pdf"><i>The Sarnian diocese (Sarniensis Ecclesia)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sarnian+diocese+%28Sarniensis+Ecclesia%29&rft.aulast=%C5%A0kegro&rft.aufirst=Ante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anubih.ba%2Fgodisnjak%2Fgod44%2FGodisnjak44-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasić2018" class="citation book cs1">Basić, Ivan (2018). <i>New evidence for the re-establishment of the Adriatic dioceses in the late eighth century</i>. Oxford: Routledge. pp. 261–287. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-22594-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-22594-7"><bdi>978-1-138-22594-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+evidence+for+the+re-establishment+of+the+Adriatic+dioceses+in+the+late+eighth+century&rft.pages=261-287&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-22594-7&rft.aulast=Basi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.knigafund.ru/books/12281/read">http://www.knigafund.ru/books/12281/read</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026000552/http://www.knigafund.ru/books/12281/read">Archived</a> 2016-10-26 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: N. Tanner, "Atti del Concilio Niceno Secondo Ecumenico Settimo, Tomi I–III, introduzione e traduzione di Pier Giorgio Di Domenico, saggio encomiastico di Crispino Valenziano", in "Gregorianum", N. 86/4, Rome, 2005, p. 928.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catholic Church, Atti del Concilio Niceno Secondo Ecumenico Settimo (Citta del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788820976491?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9788820976491">9788820976491</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirsov2016" class="citation book cs1">Firsov, Evgeniĭ Vasilʹevich (2016). <i>Акты Второго Никейского (Седьмого Вселенского) собора (787 г.)</i>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785446908912?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9785446908912"><bdi>9785446908912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%28%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%29+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%28787+%D0%B3.%29&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9785446908912&rft.aulast=Firsov&rft.aufirst=Evgeni%C4%AD+Vasil%CA%B9evich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Second_Council_of_Nicaea&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuzépy2008" class="citation book cs1">Auzépy, Marie-France (2008). "State of emergency (700–850)". In Shepard, Jonathan (ed.). <i>The Cambridge history of the Byzantine Empire (c. 500–1492)</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83231-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83231-1"><bdi>978-0-521-83231-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+of+emergency+%28700%E2%80%93850%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+the+Byzantine+Empire+%28c.+500%E2%80%931492%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83231-1&rft.aulast=Auz%C3%A9py&rft.aufirst=Marie-France&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Calvin, John, <i>Institutes of the Christian Religion</i> (1559), translated by Henry Beveridge (1845). Peabody: Hendrickson, 2008.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Gibbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i>. New York:Random House Inc., 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-60148-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-60148-1">0-679-60148-1</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussey1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joan_M._Hussey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joan M. Hussey">Hussey, Joan M.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DERnZAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826901-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826901-4"><bdi>978-0-19-826901-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church+in+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826901-4&rft.aulast=Hussey&rft.aufirst=Joan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERnZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomatina2017" class="citation book cs1">Komatina, Predrag (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DF2E1DwAAQBAJ">"Dalmatian bishops at the Council of Nicaea in 787 and the status of the Dalmatian church in the eighth and ninth centuries"</a>. <i>Imperial Spheres and the Adriatic. Byzantium, the Carolingians and the Treaty of Aachen (812)</i>. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 253–260. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351614290?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781351614290"><bdi>9781351614290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dalmatian+bishops+at+the+Council+of+Nicaea+in+787+and+the+status+of+the+Dalmatian+church+in+the+eighth+and+ninth+centuries&rft.btitle=Imperial+Spheres+and+the+Adriatic.+Byzantium%2C+the+Carolingians+and+the+Treaty+of+Aachen+%28812%29&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=253-260&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351614290&rft.aulast=Komatina&rft.aufirst=Predrag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2E1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2008" class="citation book cs1">McCormick, Michael (2008). "Western Approaches (700–900)". In Shepard, Jonathan (ed.). <i>The Cambridge history of the Byzantine Empire (c. 500–1492)</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83231-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83231-1"><bdi>978-0-521-83231-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Western+Approaches+%28700%E2%80%93900%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+the+Byzantine+Empire+%28c.+500%E2%80%931492%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83231-1&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Meyendorff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DE16XzwPdJtsC"><i>The Orthodox Church: Its Past and Its Role in the World Today</i></a> (4th rev. ed.). Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780913836811?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780913836811"><bdi>9780913836811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church%3A+Its+Past+and+Its+Role+in+the+World+Today&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.edition=4th+rev.&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780913836811&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE16XzwPdJtsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janet_Nelson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Janet Nelson">Nelson, Janet L.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DnesjEAAAQBAJ"><i>King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne</i></a>. Oakland: University of California Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5203-1420-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5203-1420-7"><bdi>978-0-5203-1420-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+and+Emperor%3A+A+New+Life+of+Charlemagne&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-5203-1420-7&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnesjEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicalaides2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nicalaides, Angelo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279292281">"The Seventh Ecumenical Council and the veneration of icons in Orthodoxy"</a>. <i>Acta Theologica</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 77. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.4314%252Factat.v34i2.5">10.4314/actat.v34i2.5</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Theologica&rft.atitle=The+Seventh+Ecumenical+Council+and+the+veneration+of+icons+in+Orthodoxy&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Factat.v34i2.5&rft.aulast=Nicalaides&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F279292281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aidan_Nichols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aidan Nichols">Nichols, Aidan</a> (2010) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DHje62q52XNsC"><i>Rome and the Eastern Churches: A Study in Schism</i></a> (2nd rev. ed.). San Francisco: Ignatius Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586172824?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781586172824"><bdi>9781586172824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Eastern+Churches%3A+A+Study+in+Schism&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781586172824&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHje62q52XNsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQDYjAQAAIAAJ"><i>History of the Byzantine State</i></a>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813505992?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780813505992"><bdi>9780813505992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780813505992&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDYjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiecienski2010" class="citation book cs1">Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DauT8VbgOe48C"><i>The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy</i></a>. Oxford-New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537204-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537204-5"><bdi>978-0-19-537204-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Filioque%3A+History+of+a+Doctrinal+Controversy&rft.place=Oxford-New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537204-5&rft.aulast=Siecienski&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DauT8VbgOe48C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_Treadgold?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DnYbnr5XVbzUC"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804726306?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780804726306"><bdi>9780804726306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780804726306&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYbnr5XVbzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_domain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public domain">public domain</a>:  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1914" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914). "Nicea (Nice), Councils of". <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Schaff%E2%80%93Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge">New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</a></i> (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicea+%28Nice%29%2C+Councils+of&rft.btitle=New+Schaff%E2%80%93Herzog+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Knowledge&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Funk+and+Wagnalls&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Council+of+Nicaea" class="Z3988"></span></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Second_Council_of_Nicaea&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>There is no up-to-date English monograph on either the council or the iconoclast controversy in general. But see L. Brubaker and J. Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era c. 680 to 850: A History (Cambridge 2011).</p> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DSecond_Council_of_Nicaea%26oldid%3D1257129135">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Council_of_Nicaea&oldid=1257129135</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Second_Council_of_Nicaea&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Violoncello10104" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1731496781"> <span>Last edited on 13 November 2024, at 11:19</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Konsilie_van_Nicea" title="Tweede Konsilie van Nicea – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tweede Konsilie van Nicea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9_%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="مجمع نيقية الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجمع نيقية الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_Concilio_de_Nicea" title="Segundo Concilio de Nicea – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Segundo Concilio de Nicea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceyu_de_Nicea_II" title="Conceyu de Nicea II – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conceyu de Nicea II" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B3%25D1%2596_%25D0%259D%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596_%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Другі Нікейскі сабор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Другі Нікейскі сабор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B3%25D1%2596_%25D0%259D%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596_%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Другі Нікейскі сабор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Другі Нікейскі сабор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduwang_Konsilyo_kan_Nicea" title="Ikaduwang Konsilyo kan Nicea – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ikaduwang Konsilyo kan Nicea" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B2%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2581%25D1%258A%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Седми вселенски събор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Седми вселенски събор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_nikejski_sabor" title="Drugi nikejski sabor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Drugi nikejski sabor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segon_Concili_de_Nicea" title="Segon Concili de Nicea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segon Concili de Nicea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%25C3%25BD_nikajsk%25C3%25BD_koncil" title="Druhý nikajský koncil – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhý nikajský koncil" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andet_koncil_i_Nik%25C3%25A6a" title="Andet koncil i Nikæa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Andet koncil i Nikæa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweites_Konzil_von_Nic%25C3%25A4a" title="Zweites Konzil von Nicäa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweites Konzil von Nicäa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2594%25CE%25B5%25CF%258D%25CF%2584%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25B7_%25CE%25A3%25CF%258D%25CE%25BD%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B4%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582_%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7%25CF%2582_%25CE%259D%25CE%25AF%25CE%25BA%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1%25CF%2582" title="Δεύτερη Σύνοδος της Νίκαιας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεύτερη Σύνοδος της Νίκαιας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilio_de_Nicea_II" title="Concilio de Nicea II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Concilio de Nicea II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_koncilio_de_Niceo" title="Dua koncilio de Niceo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua koncilio de Niceo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizeako_II._kontzilioa" title="Nizeako II. kontzilioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nizeako II. kontzilioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2585_%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2582%25DB%258C%25D9%2587" title="شورای دوم نیقیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورای دوم نیقیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuxi%25C3%25A8me_concile_de_Nic%25C3%25A9e" title="Deuxième concile de Nicée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deuxième concile de Nicée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_Concilio_de_Nicea" title="Segundo Concilio de Nicea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Segundo Concilio de Nicea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A0%259C2%25EC%25B0%25A8_%25EB%258B%2588%25EC%25BC%2580%25EC%2595%2584_%25EA%25B3%25B5%25EC%259D%2598%25ED%259A%258C" title="제2차 니케아 공의회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 니케아 공의회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2586%25D5%25AB%25D5%25AF%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25AB_%25D4%25B2_%25D5%25A5%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B2%25D5%25A5%25D6%2581%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25AA%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B2%25D5%25B8%25D5%25BE" title="Նիկիայի Բ եկեղեցական ժողով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկիայի Բ եկեղեցական ժողով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_nicejski_sabor" title="Drugi nicejski sabor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drugi nicejski sabor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsili_Nikea_II" title="Konsili Nikea II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsili Nikea II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilio_di_Nicea_II" title="Concilio di Nicea II – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Concilio di Nicea II" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2595%25D7%25A2%25D7%2599%25D7%2593%25D7%25AA_%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%25A7%25D7%2599%25D7%2590%25D7%2594_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="ועידת ניקיאה השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ועידת ניקיאה השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594_%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259D_%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590" title="ნიკეის მეორე საეკლესიო კრება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკეის მეორე საეკლესიო კრება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9_%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%258B" title="Никей соборы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Никей соборы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtaguso_wa_pili_wa_Nisea" title="Mtaguso wa pili wa Nisea – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtaguso wa pili wa Nisea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilium_Nicaenum_Secundum" title="Concilium Nicaenum Secundum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Concilium Nicaenum Secundum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Nik%25C4%2597jos_susirinkimas" title="II Nikėjos susirinkimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="II Nikėjos susirinkimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25A1sodik_nikaiai_zsinat" title="Második nikaiai zsinat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Második nikaiai zsinat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B2%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Седми вселенски собор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Седми вселенски собор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25B4nsily_faharoa_tao_Nikea" title="Kônsily faharoa tao Nikea – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kônsily faharoa tao Nikea" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9_%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D9%2587_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2589" title="مجمع نيقيه الثانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجمع نيقيه الثانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Nicaea_Kedua" title="Majlis Nicaea Kedua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Majlis Nicaea Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Concilie_van_Nicea" title="Tweede Concilie van Nicea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Concilie van Nicea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25AC%25AC2%25E3%2583%258B%25E3%2582%25AB%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2582%25A2%25E5%2585%25AC%25E4%25BC%259A%25E8%25AD%25B0" title="第2ニカイア公会議 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第2ニカイア公会議" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_konsil_i_Nikea" title="Andre konsil i Nikea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Andre konsil i Nikea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2582%25DB%258C%25DB%2581_%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584" title="دوسری نیقیہ کونسل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دوسری نیقیہ کونسل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sob%25C3%25B3r_nicejski_II" title="Sobór nicejski II – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sobór nicejski II" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_Conc%25C3%25ADlio_de_Niceia" title="Segundo Concílio de Niceia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segundo Concílio de Niceia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_doilea_conciliu_de_la_Niceea" title="Al doilea conciliu de la Niceea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al doilea conciliu de la Niceea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9_%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Второй Никейский собор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Второй Никейский собор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%25C3%25BD_nicejsk%25C3%25BD_koncil" title="Druhý nicejský koncil – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Druhý nicejský koncil" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_nicejski_koncil" title="Drugi nicejski koncil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Drugi nicejski koncil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2598%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Други никејски сабор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Други никејски сабор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_nikejski_sabor" title="Drugi nikejski sabor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Drugi nikejski sabor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikean_toinen_kirkolliskokous" title="Nikean toinen kirkolliskokous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nikean toinen kirkolliskokous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_konciliet_i_Nicaea" title="Andra konciliet i Nicaea – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra konciliet i Nicaea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikalawang_Konsilyo_ng_Nicaea" title="Ikalawang Konsilyo ng Nicaea – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ikalawang Konsilyo ng Nicaea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B0kinci_%25C4%25B0znik_Konsili" title="İkinci İznik Konsili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İkinci İznik Konsili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%259D%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Другий Нікейський собор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Другий Нікейський собор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2582%25DB%258C%25DB%2581_%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584" title="دوسری نیقیہ کونسل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوسری نیقیہ کونسل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%25C3%25B4ng_%25C4%2591%25E1%25BB%2593ng_Nicaea_II" title="Công đồng Nicaea II – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công đồng Nicaea II" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%258C%25E5%25B0%25BC%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E4%25BA%259E%25E6%259C%2583%25E8%25AD%25B0" title="第二尼西亞會議 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="第二尼西亞會議" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduha_nga_Konsilyo_han_Nicaea" title="Ikaduha nga Konsilyo han Nicaea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ikaduha nga Konsilyo han Nicaea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%258C%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E5%25B0%25BC%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E4%25BA%259A%25E5%2585%25AC%25E4%25BC%259A%25E8%25AE%25AE" title="第二次尼西亚公会议 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第二次尼西亚公会议" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%258C%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E5%25B0%25BC%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E4%25BA%259E%25E5%2585%25AC%25E6%259C%2583%25E8%25AD%25B0" title="第二次尼西亞公會議 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="第二次尼西亞公會議" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25BA%258C%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E5%25B0%25BC%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E4%25BA%259E%25E5%2585%25AC%25E6%259C%2583%25E8%25AD%25B0" title="第二次尼西亞公會議 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第二次尼西亞公會議" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 11:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:About?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stats.wikimedia.org/%23/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DSecond_Council_of_Nicaea%26mobileaction%3Dtoggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-nqdrf","wgBackendResponseTime":243,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.031","walltime":"1.362","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5580,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":255976,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26636,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":224470,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1098.390 1 -total"," 14.91% 163.736 15 Template:Cite_book"," 10.59% 116.290 1 Template:Eastern_Orthodox_sidebar"," 10.48% 115.156 1 Template:Annotated_link"," 9.99% 109.769 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.91% 97.906 1 Template:Infobox_ecumenical_council"," 8.47% 93.014 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.05% 88.475 2 Template:More_citations_needed"," 7.60% 83.459 2 Template:Ambox"," 7.28% 80.010 1 Template:Ecumenical_councils"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.585","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24505835,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAuzépy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasić2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirsov2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussey1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomatina2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyendorff1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicalaides2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstrogorsky1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2018a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2018b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiecienski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreadgold1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠkegro\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Christian History\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Council Of Nicaea 2\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Orthodox sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Ecumenical councils\"] = 1,\n [\"Ecumenical councils of the Catholic Church\"] = 1,\n [\"Further information\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the Catholic Church\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox ecumenical council\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Schaff-Herzog\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 12,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unordered list\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-jmmsq","timestamp":"20241130111726","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Second Council of Nicaea","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Council_of_Nicaea","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q187201","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q187201","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-14T17:13:24Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T11:19:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4f\/Menologion_of_Basil_024.jpg","headline":"ecumenical council of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church (787 AD)"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('en', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>