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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oral_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Oral traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_research_on_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_research_on_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Modern research on origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_research_on_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Historical records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Sama-Bajau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Sama-Bajau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Modern Sama-Bajau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Sama-Bajau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Subgroups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boat_dwelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boat_dwelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Boat dwelling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boat_dwelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music,_dance,_and_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music,_dance,_and_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Music, dance, and arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music,_dance,_and_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Horse culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Biological characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free-diving_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free-diving_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Free-diving adaptations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free-diving_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Depictions in popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Sama-Bajau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Sama-Bajau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notable Sama-Bajau </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_Sama-Bajau-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable Sama-Bajau subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_Sama-Bajau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Arts and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Video </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sama-Bajau</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88" title="شعب الباجاو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب الباجاو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baco_(xalq)" title="Baco (xalq) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Baco (xalq)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Баджа (народ) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баджа (народ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badjao" title="Badjao – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Badjao" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajau" title="Bajau – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bajau" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajau" title="Bajau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bajau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajau" title="Bajau – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bajau" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajau" title="Bajau – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bajau" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajau" title="Bajau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bajau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9E%90%EC%9A%B0%EC%A1%B1" title="바자우족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바자우족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Bajau" title="Suku Bajau – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Suku Bajau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sama-Bajau" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Bajau" title="Suku Bajau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Bajau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sama-Bajau" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%95" title="סאמה-באג'או – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סאמה-באג'או" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Баджолар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Баджолар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samali" title="Samali – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Samali" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%C5%BEai" title="Badžai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Badžai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajao_(vahoaka)" title="Bajao (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bajao (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE-%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81" title="സമ-ബജാവു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമ-ബജാവു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88" title="شعب الباجاو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب الباجاو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajau" title="Bajau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bajau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Bajau" title="Urang Bajau – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Bajau" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajau" title="Bajau – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bajau" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajau" title="Bajau – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bajau" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badjo" title="Badjo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Badjo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%C5%BCawowie" title="Badżawowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Badżawowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaus" title="Bajaus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bajaus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Баджо (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баджо (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Баџао – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Баџао" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badjao" title="Badjao – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Badjao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பஜாவு மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஜாவு மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajau" title="Bajau – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bajau" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Баджо (народ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баджо (народ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Sama-Bajau" title="Người Sama-Bajau – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Sama-Bajau" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%91%A4%E4%BA%BA" title="巴瑤人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴瑤人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajau" title="Bajau – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Bajau" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q804127#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="View the content page [c]" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the peoples. For the languages, see <a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw languages</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Samma_(tribe)" title="Samma (tribe)">Samma (tribe)</a>, an unrelated ethnic group in Pakistan and India.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sama-Bajau</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabah_West_Coast_Bajau_women_in_traditional_dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sabah_West_Coast_Bajau_women_in_traditional_dress.jpg/220px-Sabah_West_Coast_Bajau_women_in_traditional_dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sabah_West_Coast_Bajau_women_in_traditional_dress.jpg/330px-Sabah_West_Coast_Bajau_women_in_traditional_dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sabah_West_Coast_Bajau_women_in_traditional_dress.jpg/440px-Sabah_West_Coast_Bajau_women_in_traditional_dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="3581" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">West Coast Bajau women of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">traditional dress</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1.3 million worldwide</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~499,620<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~456,672<a href="#cite_note-pop-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~235,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~12,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw languages</a> (native),<a href="#cite_note-Bajau_Language-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadazandusun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadazandusun language">Dusun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rungus_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rungus language">Rungus</a> (secondary), <a href="/wiki/Chavacano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavacano language">Chavacano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a> & <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Standard Malay</a>), <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (in both <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a> &<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly: <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Greater Barito</a>-speaking peoples, <a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausūg</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>, and other wider <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Sama-Bajau include several <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>. The name collectively refers to related people who usually call themselves the Sama or Samah (formally A'a Sama, "Sama people");<a href="#cite_note-Maglana-5">[5]</a> or are known by the <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonym</a> Bajau (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɑːdʒaʊ, ˈbæ-/</a>, also spelled Badjao, Bajaw, Badjau, Badjaw, Bajo or Bayao). They usually live a seaborne lifestyle and use small wooden sailing vessels such as the <a href="/wiki/Perahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Perahu">perahu</a> (layag in <a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a>), <a href="/wiki/Djenging" title="Djenging">djenging</a> (balutu), <a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">lepa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">vinta</a> (pilang).<a href="#cite_note-nimmo-6">[6]</a> They also use medium-sized vessels like the <a href="/wiki/Junkung" title="Junkung">jungkung</a>, timbawan and small fishing vessels like biduk and <a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">bogo-katik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Some Sama-Bajau groups native to <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> are also known for their traditional <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">horse culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> The Sama-Bajau are the dominant ethnic group of the islands of <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a>. They are also found in other islands of the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a>, coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and other islands in the southern <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>; as well as northern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, and throughout the eastern Indonesian islands.<a href="#cite_note-orang_bajo-9">[9]</a> In the Philippines, they are grouped with the religiously similar <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro people</a>. Within the last fifty years, many of the Filipino Sama-Bajau have migrated to neighbouring Sabah and the northern islands of the Philippines, due to the <a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">conflict in Mindanao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Statelessness-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> As of 2010, they were the second-largest ethnic group in Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-pop-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Sama-Bajau have sometimes been called the "Sea Gypsies" or "Sea Nomads", terms that have also been used for non-related ethnic groups with similar traditional lifestyles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Moken" title="Moken">Moken</a> of the Burmese-Thai <a href="/wiki/Mergui_Archipelago" title="Mergui Archipelago">Mergui Archipelago</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> of southeastern Sumatra and the <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a> of Indonesia along with Singapore, and the <a href="/wiki/Tanka_people" title="Tanka people">Tanka people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">Southern China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The modern outward spread of the Sama-Bajau from older inhabited areas seems to have been associated with the development of sea trade in <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea cucumber as food">sea cucumber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trepanging" title="Trepanging">trepang</a>). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnonym">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_(A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_%28A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat%29.jpg/220px-Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_%28A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_%28A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat%29.jpg/330px-Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_%28A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_%28A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat%29.jpg/440px-Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_%28A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>A Sama <a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">lepa</a> houseboat from the Philippines (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1905)</figcaption></figure> Sama-Bajau is a collective term, referring to several closely related indigenous people who consider themselves a single distinct bangsa ("ethnic group" or "nation").<a href="#cite_note-nimmo-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoogervorst-14">[14]</a> It is generally accepted that these groups of people can be termed Sama or Bajau, though they never call themselves Bajau in the Philippines. Instead, they <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">call themselves</a> with the names of their tribes, usually the place they live or place of origin. For example, the sea-going Sama-Bajau prefer to call themselves the Sama Dilaut or Sama Mandilaut (literally 'sea Sama' or 'ocean Sama') in the Philippines; in Malaysia, they identify as Bajau Laut.<a href="#cite_note-bracamonte2-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-nagatsu-16">[16]</a> Sea-going Bajau are given the pejorative name Pala'au or Palauh by other Bajau groups, which has been adopted by Malaysian mainstream media.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bajau_Laut_Pictures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bajau_Laut_Pictures.jpg/220px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bajau_Laut_Pictures.jpg/330px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bajau_Laut_Pictures.jpg/440px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>A Sama-Bajau flotilla in <a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu_District" title="Lahad Datu District">Lahad Datu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></figcaption></figure> Historically in the Philippines, the term Sama referred to the more land-oriented and settled Sama–Bajau groups, while Bajau referred only to more sea-oriented, boat-dwelling, nomadic groups.<a href="#cite_note-appell-18">[18]</a> Even these distinctions are fading as the majority of Sama-Bajau have long since abandoned boat living, most for Sama-style piling houses in the coastal shallows.<a href="#cite_note-nagatsu-16">[16]</a> Sama is believed to have originated from the Austronesian root word sama meaning "together", "same", or "kin".<a href="#cite_note-mahali-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-low-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-liebner-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-iwonder-22">[22]</a> The exact origin of the <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> Bajau is unclear. Some authors have proposed that it is derived from a corruption of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> word berjauh ('getting further apart' or 'the state of being away') or in Indonesian word it means boat dwelling.<a href="#cite_note-iwonder-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-bracamonte-23">[23]</a> Other possible origins include the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a> word bajaul, which means "to fish".<a href="#cite_note-bracamonte-23">[23]</a> The term Bajau has pejorative connotations in the Philippines, indicating poverty in comparison to the term Sama, especially since it is used most commonly to refer to poverty-stricken Sama-Bajau who make a living through begging.<a href="#cite_note-nagatsu-16">[16]</a> British administrators in Sabah classified the Sama-Bajau as "Bajau" and labelled them as such in their birth certificates. Thus, the Sama-Bajau in Malaysia may sometimes self-identify as "Bajau". The Malaysian government recognizes the Sama-Bajau as legally <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a> under the "Bajau" subgroup<a href="#cite_note-nagatsu-16">[16]</a> which guarantees easy access to the special sociopolitical privileges also granted to <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malaysian Malays</a>; to a point of them identifying as "Malay" for political reasons. This is especially true for recent Moro <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Filipino">Filipino migrants</a>. The indigenous Sama-Bajau in Malaysia have also started labelling themselves as their ancestors called themselves, such as Simunul. In the 17th-century, the Spanish priest <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Comb%C3%A9s" title="Francisco Combés">Francisco Combés</a> calls the Sama-Bajau as the Lutao ("[people who] float on water") in his Historia de las Islas de Mindanao, Iolo, y sus adyacentes (1667), and describes them as building houses on the sea because they "hate land". They were described as being the subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanates of Sulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a>, and they were esteemed for their shipbuilding skills and were commonly hired as crews of warships.<a href="#cite_note-Blair-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Combés-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_origin">History and origin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and origin">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg/300px-Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg/450px-Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Regions inhabited by peoples usually known as "Sea Nomads"<a href="#cite_note-sopher-26">[26]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  Sama-Bajau <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Moken" title="Moken">Moken</a></figcaption></figure> For most of their history, the Sama-Bajau have been a <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a>, seafaring people, living off the sea by trading and subsistence fishing.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-27">[27]</a> The boat-dwelling Sama-Bajau see themselves as non-aggressive people.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They kept close to the shore by erecting <a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">houses on stilts</a> and travelled using lepa, handmade boats which many lived in.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-27">[27]</a> A 2021 genetic study shows that some Sama-Bajau have <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Larena-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_traditions">Oral traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oral traditions">edit</a>]</div> Most of the various oral traditions and tarsila (royal <a href="/wiki/Genealogies" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogies">genealogies</a>) among the Sama-Bajau have a common theme which claims that they were originally a land-dwelling people who were the subjects of a king who had a daughter. After she is lost by either being swept away to the sea (by a storm or a flood) or being taken captive by a neighbouring kingdom, they were then supposedly ordered to find her. After failing to do so they decided to remain nomadic for fear of facing the wrath of the king.<a href="#cite_note-nimmo-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-sopher-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-bajo-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-mbal-30">[30]</a> One such version widely told among the Sama-Bajau of Borneo claims that they descended from <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johorean</a> royal guards who were escorting a princess named Dayang Ayesha for marriage to a <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">ruler in Sulu</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a> (allegedly <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_of_Brunei" title="Muhammad Shah of Brunei">Muhammad Shah of Brunei</a>) also fell in love with the princess. On the way to Sulu, they were attacked by <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Bruneians</a> in the high seas. The princess was taken captive and married to the Sultan of Brunei instead. The escorts, having lost the princess, elected to settle in Borneo and Sulu rather than return to Johor.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-jubilado-32">[32]</a> This legend is popular among Sabah Sama-Bajau as it legitimises their claim to "Malay-ness" and strengthens their ties to Islam, which puts them in a favourable position in the <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera laws of Malaysia</a> (similar to the usage of the name "Bajau" instead of "Sama").<a href="#cite_note-Nagatsu-33">[33]</a> Second version of the oral stories is told among the Bajau Kubang of <a href="/wiki/Semporna" title="Semporna">Semporna</a> where two siblings named Haklum Nuzum and Salingayah Bungsu from Sulu compete in a boat race to marry a beautiful princess from <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a>. The boat race was held by Sultan Mahalikul Alam of Johor where the brothers need to sail all the way to Pulau Angsa which is located near the coast of Johor. During the race, the boat sail of Salingayah Bungsu was broken which led to his defeat. He then promised to not return to Johor and continue his journey all the way to "Sambuanga" (<a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga</a>) in southern Philippines where he married a woman and blessed with a son and daughter later on. It was believed that his children committed the act of <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> which led to him leaving them and sail to "Omaral" (Omadal Island) out of shame. In the island, his descendants continue to spread and eventually moved to Bum-Bum Island which is located beside mainland Semporna and the place where they gather is named "Kubang" which means "assemble or gather". This migration from Omadal Island to Bum-Bum island caused them to lost their nomadic culture and identity which led to the creation of a new Sama-Bajau sub-ethnic called Bajau Kubang, Bajau Darat (land Bajau) or Bajau Sampulna (Semporna).<a href="#cite_note-:1-34">[34]</a> Among the Indonesian Sama-Bajau, on the other hand, their oral histories place more importance on the relationship of the Sama-Bajau with the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gowa" title="Sultanate of Gowa">Sultanate of Gowa</a> rather than Johor. The various versions of their origin myth tell about a royal princess who was washed away by a flood. She was found and eventually married a king or a prince of Gowa. Their offspring then allegedly became the ancestors of the Indonesian Sama-Bajau.<a href="#cite_note-bajo-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-jakarta-35">[35]</a> However, there are other versions that are more mythological and do not mention a princess. Among the Philippine Sama-Bajau, for example, there is a myth that claims that the Sama-Bajau were accidentally towed into what is now <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga</a> by a giant stingray.<a href="#cite_note-nimmo-6">[6]</a> Incidentally, the native pre-Hispanic name of <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a> is "Samboangan" (literally "mooring place"), which was derived from the Sinama word for a <a href="/wiki/Mooring_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mooring (watercraft)">mooring pole</a>, sambuang or samboang.<a href="#cite_note-jubilado-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_research_on_origins">Modern research on origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern research on origins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippinen_basilan_seezigeuner_ph04p69.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Philippinen_basilan_seezigeuner_ph04p69.jpg/220px-Philippinen_basilan_seezigeuner_ph04p69.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Philippinen_basilan_seezigeuner_ph04p69.jpg/330px-Philippinen_basilan_seezigeuner_ph04p69.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Philippinen_basilan_seezigeuner_ph04p69.jpg/440px-Philippinen_basilan_seezigeuner_ph04p69.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Sama-Bajau children in <a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a></figcaption></figure> The origin myths claiming descent from Johor or Gowa have been largely rejected by modern scholars, mostly because these kingdoms were established too recently to explain the ethnic divergence.<a href="#cite_note-mbal-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-jubilado-32">[32]</a> Whether the Sama-Bajau are indigenous to their current territories or settled from elsewhere is still contentious.<a href="#cite_note-nagatsu-16">[16]</a> Linguistically, they are distinct from neighbouring populations, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausūg</a> who are more closely related to the northern Philippine ethnic groups like the <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nimmo-6">[6]</a> In 1965, the anthropologist David E. Sopher claimed that the Sama-Bajau, along with the <a href="/wiki/Orang_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang laut">Orang laut</a>, descended from ancient "<a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Veddoid</a>" (Australoid)<a href="#cite_note-36">[note 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Riau_Archipelago" title="Riau Archipelago">Riau Archipelago</a> who intermarried with <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a>. They retained their hunter-gatherer lifestyle, though they became more maritime-oriented as Southeast Asia became more populated by later Austronesian settlers.<a href="#cite_note-nimmo-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sama_woman_making_a_traditional_mat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sama_woman_making_a_traditional_mat.JPG/220px-Sama_woman_making_a_traditional_mat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sama_woman_making_a_traditional_mat.JPG/330px-Sama_woman_making_a_traditional_mat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sama_woman_making_a_traditional_mat.JPG/440px-Sama_woman_making_a_traditional_mat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A Sama woman making a traditional mat in <a href="/wiki/Semporna_District" title="Semporna District">Semporna</a>, Sabah, Malaysia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg/220px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg/330px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg/440px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Sama-Bajau woman anchoring a family boat (banglo) in Malaysia</figcaption></figure> In 1968, the anthropologist Harry Arlo Nimmo, on the other hand, believed that the Sama-Bajau are indigenous to the Sulu Archipelago, Sulawesi, and/or Borneo, and do not share a common origin with the Orang laut. Nimmo proposed that the boat-dwelling lifestyle developed among the ancestors of the Sama-Bajau independently from the Orang laut.<a href="#cite_note-nimmo-6">[6]</a> A more recent study in 1985 by the anthropologist Alfred Kemp Pallasen compares the oral traditions with historical facts and linguistic evidence. He puts the date of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of Sama-Bajau as 800 AD and also rejects a historical connection between the Sama-Bajau and the Orang laut. He hypothesises that the Sama-Bajau originated from a proto-Sama-Bajau people inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a> who practised both fishing and <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> agriculture. They were the original inhabitants of Zamboanga and the Sulu archipelago,<a href="#cite_note-kunapipi-37">[36]</a> and were well-established in the region long before the first arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausūg people</a> at around the 13th century from their homelands along the northern coast of eastern Mindanao. Along with the Tausūg, they were heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malay</a> kingdoms both culturally and linguistically, becoming <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indianised</a> by the 15th century and <a href="/wiki/Islamised" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamised">Islamised</a> by the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-lsp24-38">[37]</a> They also engaged in extensive trade with China for "luxury" sea products like <a href="/wiki/Trepanging" title="Trepanging">trepang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">shark fin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hoogervorst-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-lsp24-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-bern-39">[38]</a> From Zamboanga, some members of these people adopted an exclusively seaborne culture and spread outwards in the 10th century towards Basilan, Sulu, Borneo, and Sulawesi.<a href="#cite_note-lsp24-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-sather-40">[39]</a> They arrived in Borneo in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-jubilado-32">[32]</a> This hypothesis is currently the most widely accepted among specialists studying the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>. This would also explain why even boat-dwelling Sama-Bajau still practice agricultural rituals, despite being exclusively fishermen.<a href="#cite_note-sather-40">[39]</a> Linguistic evidence further points to Borneo as the ultimate origin of the proto-Sama-Bajau people.<a href="#cite_note-Hoogervorst-14">[14]</a> A genetic study of three groups—the Derawan of Northeast Borneo, the Kotabaru of Southeast Borneo, and the Kendari of Southeast Sulawesi—suggested that their origin was in southern Sulawesi. Their ethnogenesis is estimated to have dated back to around the 4th century AD by an admixture event between the <a href="/wiki/Bugis_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugis people">Bugis people</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuan</a> group. The authors suggest that the Sama moved to eastern Borneo at around the 11th century AD, and then towards northern Borneo and the southern Philippines at around the 13th to 14th centuries AD. They hypothesize that they were driven to migrate during the increase of influence and trading activities of the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivijaya Empire">Srivijaya Empire</a>. Genetically, the Sama-Bajau are highly diverse, indicating heavy admixture with the locals or even language and cultural adoption by coastal groups in the areas they settled. However, the study is restricted to the Indonesian Bajo subgroup, and the authors recommend additional studies from Sama-Bajau groups in neighbouring regions.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> A 2021 genetic study discovered a unique genetic signal among the Sama-Bajau of the Philippines and Indonesia. This genetic signal (called the "Sama ancestry" by the authors) identifies them as descendants of an ancient migration of <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a>-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> groups from <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">mainland Southeast Asia</a> via the now sunken <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridges</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a> around 15,000 to 12,000 years ago. These populations admixed with both the preexisting <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a> populations, and later on, the incoming migrations of the Austronesian peoples (also adopting an Austronesian language in the process). They are genetically clustered with the <a href="/wiki/Lua_people" title="Lua people">Lua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mlabri_people" title="Mlabri people">Mlabri peoples</a> of mainland Southeast Asia, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Manobo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Manobo people">Manobo people</a> of mainland <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. The study also identifies minimal <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> gene flow among Sama populations starting at around 1000 years ago. Sama ancestry was highest among the Sama Dilaut, followed by more land-based Sama. But it was also detected among other ethnic groups that do not self-identify as Sama in <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamboanga peninsula">Zamboanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Larena-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_records">Historical records</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical records">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sama-Bajau_houses_in_Cawa_Cawa,_Zamboanga_City_(1923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sama-Bajau_houses_in_Cawa_Cawa%2C_Zamboanga_City_%281923%29.jpg/220px-Sama-Bajau_houses_in_Cawa_Cawa%2C_Zamboanga_City_%281923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sama-Bajau_houses_in_Cawa_Cawa%2C_Zamboanga_City_%281923%29.jpg/330px-Sama-Bajau_houses_in_Cawa_Cawa%2C_Zamboanga_City_%281923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sama-Bajau_houses_in_Cawa_Cawa%2C_Zamboanga_City_%281923%29.jpg/440px-Sama-Bajau_houses_in_Cawa_Cawa%2C_Zamboanga_City_%281923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Sama-Bajau houses in Cawa Cawa, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, 1923</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_epic_poetry" title="Philippine epic poetry">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Darangen" title="Darangen">Darangen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao people</a> record that among the ancestors of the hero Bantugan is a Maranao prince who married a Sama-Bajau princess. Estimated to have happened in AD 840, it is the oldest account of the Sama-Bajau. It further corroborates the fact that they predate the arrival of the Tausūg settlers and are indigenous to the Sulu archipelago and parts of Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-mbal-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoners_van_Badjo-kampong_Kajoa_op_Ternate_Noord-Molukken_TMnr_10005731.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoners_van_Badjo-kampong_Kajoa_op_Ternate_Noord-Molukken_TMnr_10005731.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoners_van_Badjo-kampong_Kajoa_op_Ternate_Noord-Molukken_TMnr_10005731.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoners_van_Badjo-kampong_Kajoa_op_Ternate_Noord-Molukken_TMnr_10005731.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoners_van_Badjo-kampong_Kajoa_op_Ternate_Noord-Molukken_TMnr_10005731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoners_van_Badjo-kampong_Kajoa_op_Ternate_Noord-Molukken_TMnr_10005731.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoners_van_Badjo-kampong_Kajoa_op_Ternate_Noord-Molukken_TMnr_10005731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Residents of a Bajau <a href="/wiki/Kampung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampung">kampung</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Maluku" title="North Maluku">Afdeeling Ternate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groote_Oost" class="mw-redirect" title="Groote Oost">Groote Oost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (present-day North Maluku, Indonesia) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1925</figcaption></figure> Sama-Bajau were first recorded by European explorers in 1521 by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Magellan%27s_circumnavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Magellan's circumnavigation">Magellan-Elcano expedition</a> in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a>. Pigafetta writes that the "people of that island make their dwellings in boats and do not live otherwise". They have also been present in the written records of other Europeans henceforth; including in <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> by the Dutch colonies in 1675, in Sulawesi and eastern Borneo by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Forrest_(navigator)" title="Thomas Forrest (navigator)">Thomas Forrest</a> in the 1770s,<a href="#cite_note-nimmo-6">[6]</a> and in the west coast of Borneo by <a href="/wiki/Spenser_St._John" title="Spenser St. John">Spenser St. John</a> in the 1850s and 1860s.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO_1069-493-27_(7888161554).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/CO_1069-493-27_%287888161554%29.jpg/220px-CO_1069-493-27_%287888161554%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/CO_1069-493-27_%287888161554%29.jpg/330px-CO_1069-493-27_%287888161554%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/CO_1069-493-27_%287888161554%29.jpg/440px-CO_1069-493-27_%287888161554%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>A Bajau chieftain in traditional attire from Kampung Menkabong, <a href="/wiki/Tuaran_District" title="Tuaran District">Tuaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">British North Borneo</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1948</figcaption></figure> Sama-Bajau were often widely mentioned in connection to <a href="/wiki/Mangayaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangayaw">sea raids</a> (mangahat), <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> in Southeast Asia during the European colonial period, indicating that at least some Sama-Bajau groups from northern Sulu (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Banguingui_people" title="Banguingui people">Banguingui</a>) were involved, along with non-Sama-Bajau groups like the <a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a>. The scope of their pirate activities was extensive, commonly sailing from Sulu to as far as the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a> and back again. Aside from early European colonial records, they may have also been the pirates described by Chinese and Arabian sources in the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Strait" title="Singapore Strait">Straits of Singapore</a> in the 12th and 13th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-lsp24-38">[37]</a> Sama-Bajau usually served as low-ranking crewmembers of war boats, directly under the command of Iranun squadron leaders, who in turn answered to the Tausūg <a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">datu</a> of the Sultanate of Sulu.<a href="#cite_note-Hoogervorst-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bone_Regency" title="Bone Regency">Bajoe</a> harbour in Sulawesi was the site of a small settlement of Sama-Bajau under the <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> <a href="/wiki/Bone_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone state">Sultanate of Bone</a>. They were significantly involved in the <a href="/wiki/First_Bone_War" title="First Bone War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Bone_War" title="Second Bone War">Second Bone Wars</a> (1824–1825) when the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Royal Netherlands East Indies Army</a> sent a punitive expedition in retaliation for Bugis and <a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a> attacks on local Dutch garrisons. After the fall of Bone, most Sama-Bajau resettled in other areas of Sulawesi.<a href="#cite_note-liebner-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-bajo-29">[29]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">British colonial rule of Sabah</a>, the Sama-Bajau were involved in two uprisings against the <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mat Salleh rebellion">Mat Salleh rebellion</a> from 1894 to 1905, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandasan_Affair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandasan Affair (page does not exist)">Pandasan Affair</a> of 1915.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Sama-Bajau">Modern Sama-Bajau</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern Sama-Bajau">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_population_of_Bajau_in_Sabah,_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Percentage_population_of_Bajau_in_Sabah%2C_2020.svg/220px-Percentage_population_of_Bajau_in_Sabah%2C_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Percentage_population_of_Bajau_in_Sabah%2C_2020.svg/330px-Percentage_population_of_Bajau_in_Sabah%2C_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Percentage_population_of_Bajau_in_Sabah%2C_2020.svg/440px-Percentage_population_of_Bajau_in_Sabah%2C_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2478" /></a><figcaption>Percentage population of Bajau by state constituencies in Sabah, Malaysia, according to 2020 census</figcaption></figure> Modern Sama-Bajau are generally regarded as peaceful, hospitable, and cheerful people, despite their humble circumstances. However, a significant number are also illiterate, uneducated, and impoverished, due to their nomadic lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-bracamonte-23">[23]</a> The number of modern Sama-Bajau who are born and live primarily at sea is diminishing. Cultural assimilation and modernization are regarded as the main causes.<a href="#cite_note-nimmo-6">[6]</a> Particularly blamed is the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a>, the traditional patron of the Sama-Bajau for bartering fish for farm goods. The money-based fish markets which replaced the seasonal trade around mooring points necessitates a more land-based lifestyle for greater market penetration.<a href="#cite_note-sather-40">[39]</a> Starting from the colonial era, native Sama-Bajau of Sabah, Malaysia start to face the problem of land rights where their native land are not recognized by the government which led to them being evicted from their homes. This also forced them to build new house in government owned land due to the overcrowding problem in their existing land which led to these villages being misidentified as squatter village created by immigrants (due to their similarity in terms of building structure and surrounding). The loss of land can also be attributed to local landowners selling their land for profit or inability to manage it anymore and local leaders like the Pengiran from <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Brunei_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Sultanate of Brunei (1368–1888)">Brunei Sultanate</a> selling their land to British without discussing with the local villager who had problem in acquiring their own land grant in that area. This land will later on be sold to the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a> leading to further marginalization of the now landless Sama-Bajau.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Moreover, some controversial government programs in Indonesia and Malaysia have also resettled Bajau to the mainland too with the Malaysian programmes in particular trying to encourage them to pursue agriculture activities with some incentive.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[42]</a> The Sama-Bajau in the Sulu Archipelago were historically discriminated against by the dominant <a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausūg people</a>, who viewed boat-dwelling Sama-Bajau as 'inferior' and as outsiders—the traditional Tausūg term for them is the highly offensive Luwaan, meaning "spat out" or "outcast" based on a folk tale justifying their subservience supposedly out of their trickery and ingratefulness towards God.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> They were also marginalised by other <a href="/wiki/Moro_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro peoples">Moro peoples</a> because they still practised <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">animist</a> folk religions either exclusively or alongside <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and thus were viewed as "uncivilised pagans".<a href="#cite_note-aoyama-45">[44]</a> Boat-dwelling and shoreline Sama-Bajau had a very low status in the caste-based Tausūg Sultanate of Sulu.<a href="#cite_note-jubilado-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-kunapipi-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-nimmo2-46">[45]</a> This survived into the modern Philippines where the Sama-Bajau are still subjected to strong cultural prejudice from the Tausūg. The Sama-Bajau have also been frequent victims of theft, extortion, kidnapping, and violence from the predominantly Tausūg <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a> insurgents as well as pirates.<a href="#cite_note-Hoogervorst-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-amana-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-daug-48">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bajau-Philippines_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bajau-Philippines_4.jpg/220px-Bajau-Philippines_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bajau-Philippines_4.jpg/330px-Bajau-Philippines_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bajau-Philippines_4.jpg/440px-Bajau-Philippines_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>A typical Sama-Bajau settlement in the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bajau_Laut_Pictures_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_5.jpg/220px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_5.jpg/330px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_5.jpg/440px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A Sama-Bajau village in <a href="/wiki/Omadal_Island" title="Omadal Island">Omadal Island</a>, Sabah, Malaysia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bokori,_a_Sama-Bajau_village_in_Southwest_Sulawesi,_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bokori%2C_a_Sama-Bajau_village_in_Southwest_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Bokori%2C_a_Sama-Bajau_village_in_Southwest_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bokori%2C_a_Sama-Bajau_village_in_Southwest_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg/330px-Bokori%2C_a_Sama-Bajau_village_in_Southwest_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bokori%2C_a_Sama-Bajau_village_in_Southwest_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg/440px-Bokori%2C_a_Sama-Bajau_village_in_Southwest_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>Bokori, a Sama-Bajau village in southwest <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> This discrimination and the continuing violence in <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Muslim Mindanao</a> have driven many Sama-Bajau to emigrate. They usually resettle in Malaysia and Indonesia, where they have more employment opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-lopez-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-twilight-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-beja-51">[50]</a> But even in Malaysia, their presence is still controversial as most of them are <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Malaysia" title="Illegal immigration to Malaysia">illegal immigrants</a>. Most illegal Sama-Bajau immigrants enter Malaysia through offshore islands. From there, they enter mainland Sabah to find work as manual labourers.<a href="#cite_note-Statelessness-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoogervorst-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-who-52">[51]</a> Others migrate to the northern islands of the Philippines, particularly to the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, the northern coast of Mindanao, and even as far as southern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-low-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-iwonder-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-bracamonte-23">[23]</a> Though these are relatively safer regions, they are also more economically disadvantaged and socially excluded, leading to Filipinos sometimes stereotyping the boat-dwelling Sama-Bajau as beggars and <a href="/wiki/Squatter" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatter">squatters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hoogervorst-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-nagatsu-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-bracamonte-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-healthgov-53">[52]</a> The ancestral roaming and fishing grounds of the Sama-Bajau straddled the borders of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. And they have sometimes voyaged as far as the <a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Seas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stacey2007-54">[53]</a> In modern times, they have lost access to most of these sites. There have been efforts to grant Sama-Bajau some measures of rights to fish in traditional areas, but most Sama-Bajau still suffer from legal persecution. For example, under a 1974 Memorandum of Understanding, "Indonesian traditional fishermen" are allowed to fish within the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive Economic Zone">Exclusive Economic Zone</a> of Australia, which includes traditional fishing grounds of Sama-Bajau fishermen. However, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal fishing">illegal fishing</a> encroachment of Corporate Sea <a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawler" title="Fishing trawler">Trawlers</a> in these areas has led to concern about <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Field2009-55">[54]</a> and the destruction of Sama-Bajau vessels.<a href="#cite_note-Stacey2007-54">[53]</a> In 2014, Indonesian authorities destroyed six Filipino Sama-Bajau boats caught fishing in Indonesian waters. This is particularly serious for the Sama-Bajau, whose boats are also oftentimes their homes.<a href="#cite_note-mercy-56">[55]</a> Sama-Bajau fishermen are often associated with illegal and destructive practices, like <a href="/wiki/Blast_fishing" title="Blast fishing">blast fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_fishing" title="Cyanide fishing">cyanide fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral mining">coral mining</a>, and cutting down <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove tree">mangrove trees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jakarta-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-ccc-57">[56]</a> It is believed that the Sama-Bajau resort to these activities mainly due to <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentarisation</a> brought about by the restrictions imposed on their nomadic culture by modern <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-states</a>. With their now limited territories, they have little alternative means of competing with better-equipped land-based and commercial fishermen and earn enough to feed their families.<a href="#cite_note-Hoogervorst-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ccc-57">[56]</a> The Indonesian government and certain <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisation">non-governmental organisations</a> have launched several programs for providing alternative sustainable livelihood projects for Sama-Bajau to discourage these practices (such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Fish_aggregating_device" title="Fish aggregating device">fish aggregating devices</a> instead of explosives).<a href="#cite_note-jakarta-35">[35]</a> Medical health centres (<a href="/wiki/Puskesmas" title="Puskesmas">puskesmas</a>) and schools have also been built even for stilt-house Sama-Bajau communities.<a href="#cite_note-Hoogervorst-14">[14]</a> Similar programs have also been implemented in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-zamb-58">[57]</a> With the loss of their traditional fishing grounds, some refugee groups of Sama-Bajau in the Philippines are forced to resort to begging (agpangamu in Sinama), particularly diving for coins thrown by inter-island <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferry</a> passengers (angedjo). Other traditional sources of income include selling grated <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> (magliis), mat-weaving (ag-tepoh), and jewellery-making (especially from <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>). Recently, there have been more efforts by local governments in the Philippines to rehabilitate Sama-Bajau refugees and teach them livelihood skills.<a href="#cite_note-bracamonte-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-aoyama-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-dswd-59">[58]</a> In 2016, the Philippine <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Fisheries_and_Aquatic_Resources" title="Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources">Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources</a> started a project for distributing fishing boats, gear, and other livelihood materials among Sama-Bajau communities in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>. This was largely the result of raised awareness and an outpouring of support after a photo of a Sama-Bajau beggar, Rita Gaviola (dubbed the "Badjao Girl"), went viral in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-bg-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-lu-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-mc-62">[61]</a> One Tausug Muslim who was interviewed insulted the Bajau people, who are also Muslim but he declared the Bajau as non-Muslim and compared killing a Bajau to killing a monkey, saying it was not worth the effort for a juramentado to attack Bajau.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> There are Tausug in Sulu who takfir the Bajau and declared them as non-Muslims despite them following Islam and discriminate against them due to their lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> In Indonesia many discriminate against them with false stereotypes, accusing them of using love potions on women and were untrustworthy.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgroups">Subgroups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subgroups">edit</a>]</div> The Sama-Bajau are fragmented into highly diverse subgroups. They have never been politically united and are usually subject to the land-based political groups of the areas they settle, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Brunei">Sultanate of Brunei</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone_State" title="Bone State">Sultanate of Bone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sather-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-liebner-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bajau_Laut_Pictures_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_3.jpg/220px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_3.jpg/330px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_3.jpg/440px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Sama-Bajau woman and children from <a href="/wiki/Omadal_Island" title="Omadal Island">Omadal Island</a>, Sabah, Malaysia</figcaption></figure> Most subgroups of Sama-Bajau name themselves after the place they originated from (usually an island).<a href="#cite_note-jubilado-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-kunapipi-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-sather-40">[39]</a> Each subgroup speaks a distinct language or dialect that are usually mutually intelligible with their immediate neighbouring subgroup in a continuous linguistic chain.<a href="#cite_note-sather-40">[39]</a> In the Philippines, the Sama-Bajau can be divided into three general groups based on where they settle:<a href="#cite_note-iwonder-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-lsp24-38">[37]</a> <ul><li>Sama Bihing or Sama Lipid – The "shoreline Sama" or "<a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a> Sama". These are the Sama-Bajau which traditionally lived in <a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">stilt houses</a> in shallows and coastal areas. An example is the Sama Simunul. They are originally from the larger islands of <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iwonder-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-lsp24-38">[37]</a> They have a more flexible lifestyle than the Sama-Gimba (Dilaut Origin) and will farm when there is available land. They usually act as middlemen in trade between the Sama Dilaut and other land-based peoples.<a href="#cite_note-lsp24-38">[37]</a></li> <li>Sama Dea, Sama Deya, Sama Dilaya or Sama Darat – The "land Sama". These are the Sama-Bajau which traditionally lived in island interiors. Some examples are the Sama Sibutu and the Sama Sanga-Sanga. They are usually farmers who cultivate <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a> for <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> through traditional <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> agriculture (in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">plow agriculture</a> technology brought by the Tausūg). They are originally from the larger islands of Tawi-Tawi and <a href="/wiki/Pangutaran" title="Pangutaran">Pangutaran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iwonder-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-jubilado-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-lsp24-38">[37]</a> In the Philippines, the Sama Dea will often completely differentiate themselves from the Sama Dilaut.<a href="#cite_note-sinama-67">[66]</a></li> <li>Sama Dilaut, Sama Mandilaut, Sama Pala'u, or Bajau Laut – The "sea Sama" or "ocean Sama". In the Philippines, the preferred ethnonym is Sama Dilaut;<a href="#cite_note-bracamonte2-15">[15]</a> while in Malaysia, they usually identify as Bajau Laut. This subgroup originally lived exclusively on elaborately crafted houseboats called lepa, but almost all have taken to living on land in the Philippines. Their home islands include <a href="/wiki/Sitangkai,_Tawi-Tawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi">Sitangkai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bongao,_Tawi-Tawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongao, Tawi-Tawi">Bongao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dilaut-68">[67]</a> They are the Sama-Bajau subgroup most commonly called "Bajau" or "Badjao", though Filipino Sama Dilaut considers it offensive.<a href="#cite_note-sinama-67">[66]</a> They sometimes call themselves the "Sama To'ongan" (literally "true Sama" or "real Sama"), to distinguish themselves from the land-dwelling Sama-Bajau subgroups.<a href="#cite_note-mahali-19">[19]</a> A recent study shows that the Sama-Dilaut people of the Philippines have Indian or South Asian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Larena-28">[28]</a></li></ul> Other minor Sama-Bajau groups named after islands of origin include the Sama Bannaran, Sama Davao, Sama Zamboanga Sikubung, Sama Tuaran, Sama Semporna, Sama Sulawesi, Sama Simunul, Sama Tabawan, Sama Tandubas (or Sama Tando' Bas), and Sama Ungus Matata.<a href="#cite_note-jubilado-32">[32]</a> Mixed-heritage Sama-Bajau and Tausūg communities are sometimes known as "Bajau Suluk" in Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-Statelessness-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bajau_Suluk-69">[68]</a> People of multiple ethnic parentage may further identify with a three-part self-description, such as "Bajau Suluk <a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Bajau_Suluk2-70">[69]</a> The following are the major subgroups usually recognised as distinct: <ul><li>Bajo (Indonesia) – Also known as "Same'" (or simply "Sama") by the <a href="/wiki/Bugis_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugis people">Bugis</a>; and "Turijene" or "Taurije'n" (literally "people of the water"), "Bayo", or "Bayao" by the <a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mahali-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> They are Sama-Bajau groups who settled in <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, Indonesia through the <a href="/wiki/Makassar_Strait" title="Makassar Strait">Makassar Strait</a> from as early as the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-nimmo-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-cribb-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> They have spread further into nearby islands, including the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands" title="Raja Ampat Islands">Raja Ampat Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-liebner-21">[21]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garay_sketches_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_(1890).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Garay_sketches_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.png/220px-Garay_sketches_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Garay_sketches_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.png/330px-Garay_sketches_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Garay_sketches_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.png/440px-Garay_sketches_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">Garay</a> warship of the <a href="/wiki/Banguingui" class="mw-redirect" title="Banguingui">Banguingui</a> <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in the Sulu Sea">pirates</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Banguingui or Balangingi (Philippines, Malaysia) – Also known as "Sama Balangingi", "Sama Balanguingui", or "Sama Bangingi". Native to the Philippines. Some have recently migrated to Sabah. They are sometimes considered distinct from other Sama-Bajau. They have a more martial-oriented society and were once part of regular <a href="/wiki/Mangayaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangayaw">sea raids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> against coastal communities and passing ships.<a href="#cite_note-sather-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-warren-74">[73]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Banguingui_people" title="Banguingui people">Banguingui people</a></div></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semporna_Sabah_Regatta-Lepa-2015-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Semporna_Sabah_Regatta-Lepa-2015-02.jpg/220px-Semporna_Sabah_Regatta-Lepa-2015-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Semporna_Sabah_Regatta-Lepa-2015-02.jpg/330px-Semporna_Sabah_Regatta-Lepa-2015-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Semporna_Sabah_Regatta-Lepa-2015-02.jpg/440px-Semporna_Sabah_Regatta-Lepa-2015-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4586" data-file-height="3276" /></a><figcaption>The Regatta Lepa festival in <a href="/wiki/Semporna" title="Semporna">Semporna</a>, Sabah, Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a> refers to the houseboat in the dialect of East Coast Bajau. In this festival, Bajau people decorate their boats with colourful flags.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>East Coast Bajau (Philippines, Malaysia) – Term used to classify various Sama-Bajau group that live in north and east coast of Sabah. Many from this subgroup are considered native of Sabah but unlike the West Coast Bajau, the East Coast Bajau have a closer cultural and historical ties with the Sama-Bajau in the Philippines (with Filipino Sama-Bajau making up a good number of population of this subgroup in the form of <a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro refugee</a>, illegal immigrants, legal migrant, and naturalized citizens especially after <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">1972</a>). This subgroup can be split into two group, the fully sedentary "Bajau Daratan Pinggir Pantai" or "Bajau Darat" (seashore Bajau or land Bajau) and the semi-nomadic "Bajau Laut" (sea Bajau). The first group tend to differentiate themselves from the second group which is the Bajau Laut (who are called with the prejudicative term, "Pala'u") and they are made up of different Bajau sub-ethnic like Bajau Kubang, Bajau Ubian, Bajau Simunul, Bajau Sengkuang, etc.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-34">[34]</a> The second group still identify themselves as Bajau Laut or Sama Dilaut and while some have retained their original boat-dwelling lifestyle, many have built their homes on land.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-bajau_grammar-76">[75]</a> The seashore Bajau like the Bajau Kubang build houseboats like <a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a> to be sold to the Bajau Laut who will then use it as their own home. The East Coast Bajau are known for the colourful annual Regatta Lepa festival, which occurs from 24 to 26 April.<a href="#cite_note-:1-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-regatta-77">[76]</a></li> <li>Samal (Philippines, Malaysia) – "Samal" (also spelled "Siamal" or "Siyamal") is a Tausūg and <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> term and is sometimes considered offensive. Their preferred <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> is simply "Sama", and they are more accurately a general subgroup of Sama Dea ("land Sama") native to the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-mahali-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-sinama-67">[66]</a> A large number are now residing around the coasts of northern <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, though many have also migrated north to the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>. They are predominantly land-dwelling.<a href="#cite_note-nimmo-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-beja-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-sinama-67">[66]</a> They are the largest single group of Sama-Bajau.<a href="#cite_note-culture-78">[77]</a> In Davao del Norte, the <a href="/wiki/Island_Garden_City_of_Samal" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Garden City of Samal">Island Garden City of Samal</a> was possibly named after them.<a href="#cite_note-sinama-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-visitsamal-79">[78]</a></li> <li>Ubian or Obian (Philippines, Malaysia) – Originated from the island of <a href="/wiki/South_Ubian" title="South Ubian">South Ubian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a>, Philippines. They reside in sizeable minorities living around the towns of <a href="/wiki/Kudat" title="Kudat">Kudat</a> (being the majority in <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Banggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Banggi">Pulau Banggi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Semporna" title="Semporna">Semporna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Gaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Gaya">Pulau Gaya</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kota_Belud" title="Kota Belud">Kota Belud</a> (in area like Kampung Baru-Baru and Kuala Abai) in <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, Malaysia. In Sabah, they are part of the East Coast Bajau subgroup and can be further divided into two group. The first group is the Ubian who arrived at Sabah prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (with one of the earliest documented account being in 1888) and their descendants has since acculturated with local culture of Sabah (including the culture of West Coast Bajau). They are recognised as native of Sabah due to them being born during the colonial era and prior to the formation of Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The second group is the Ubian that arrive from Southern Philippines as asylum seekers starting from 1972 due to the <a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro Conflict</a> and this group are considered as illegal immigrants and foreigners to the citizen of Sabah. However, many of them have since obtain Malaysian Identification Card (IC) which possibly link to the <a href="/wiki/Project_IC" title="Project IC">Project IC</a> controversy in Sabah. Despite this, the descendants of the second group has start to acculturate with local Malaysian and Sabahan lifestyle and consider themselves as citizen of the country.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-80">[79]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg/220px-Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg/330px-Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg/440px-Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3043" /></a><figcaption>The traditional house of the west coast Bajau in <a href="/wiki/Kota_Belud" title="Kota Belud">Kota Belud</a>, Sabah, Malaysia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>West Coast Bajau (Malaysia) – Also known as "Sama Kota Belud". Native to the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, particularly around <a href="/wiki/Kota_Belud" title="Kota Belud">Kota Belud</a>. They prefer to call themselves by the general ethnonym "Sama", not "Bajau"; and their neighbours, the Dusuns also call them "Sama". British administrators originally defined them as "Bajau". They are referred to as West Coast Bajau in Malaysia to distinguish them from the Sama Dilaut of eastern Sabah and the Sulu Archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-bajau_grammar-76">[75]</a> They are known for having a traditional <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">horse culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sinama-67">[66]</a></li></ul> The following are subgroups that do not self-identify as Sama, although they are culturally related to the Sama people and speak a <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama-Bajaw language">Sama-Bajaw language</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Maglana-5">[5]</a> <ul><li>Abaknon (Philippines) – a subgroup from <a href="/wiki/Capul" title="Capul">Capul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Samar" title="Northern Samar">Northern Samar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Visayas_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayas Islands">Visayas Islands</a> that speak the <a href="/wiki/Abaknon_language" title="Abaknon language">Abaknon language</a>. They were colonised and converted to Christianity early by the Spanish and today are culturally <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maglana-5">[5]</a> Their folk history claims that their ancestors originated from the southern Philippines (identified in some sources as the island of <a href="/wiki/Balabac" class="mw-redirect" title="Balabac">Balabac</a>). In the 1300s, they refused to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and submit to the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro sultanates</a>. Led by a <a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">datu</a> named Abak, their people left the island, eventually reaching and settling the island now known as Capul.<a href="#cite_note-Ampuan-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></li> <li>Jama Mapun (Philippines, Malaysia) – sometimes known by the exonyms "Sama Mapun", "Sama Kagayan", "Bajau Kagayan", or just "Kagayan". They are from the island of <a href="/wiki/Mapun,_Tawi-Tawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapun, Tawi-Tawi">Mapun, Tawi-Tawi</a> (formerly known as Cagayan de Sulu) and some of them have settled in Sabah (in area like <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Banggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Banggi">Pulau Banggi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a>). Their culture is heavily influenced by the Sulu Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-jamamapun-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> They are relatively isolated and do not usually consider themselves as Sama.<a href="#cite_note-Maglana-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Yakan (Philippines) – Found in the mountainous interior of the island of <a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a>. Though they may have been the ancestors of the Sama-Bajau, they have become linguistically and culturally distinct and are usually regarded as a separate ethnic group. They are exclusively land-based and are usually farmers.<a href="#cite_note-sather-40">[39]</a> Yakan are also a horse-riding culture, similar to the West Coast Bajau. They are renowned for their weaving traditions.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> They resisted Tausug rule during the early formation of the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulu Sultanate">Sulu Sultanate</a>, eventually gaining recognition as a separate political entity. They are only partially Islamized, with a significant minority retaining indigenous <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">anito</a> beliefs or practising <a href="/wiki/Folk_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Islam">Folk Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maglana-5">[5]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan people</a></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_of_Derawan_2017-09-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aerial_of_Derawan_2017-09-16.jpg/220px-Aerial_of_Derawan_2017-09-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aerial_of_Derawan_2017-09-16.jpg/330px-Aerial_of_Derawan_2017-09-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aerial_of_Derawan_2017-09-16.jpg/440px-Aerial_of_Derawan_2017-09-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Derawan_Islands" title="Derawan Islands">Derawan Island</a>, one of the major Bajau settlement off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Berau_Regency" title="Berau Regency">Berau</a>, East Kalimantan, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajaw_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama-Bajaw languages">Sama-Bajaw languages</a></div> The Sama–Bajau peoples speak some ten languages of the Sama–Bajau subgroup of the Western <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian language family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Sinama is the most common name for these languages, but they are also called Bajau, especially in Malaysia. Most Sama-Bajau can speak multiple languages.<a href="#cite_note-Hoogervorst-14">[14]</a> The Sama-Bajau languages were once classified under the <a href="/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> geographic group of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian language</a> family. But due to marked differences with neighbouring languages, they were moved to a separate branch altogether from all other Philippine languages.<a href="#cite_note-everyculture-89">[88]</a> For example, Sinama pronunciation is quite distinct from other nearby Central Philippine languages like Tausūg and <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>. Instead of the <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">primary stress</a> being usually on the final syllable; the primary stress occurs on the second-to-the-last syllable of the word in Sinama.<a href="#cite_note-lsp24-38">[37]</a> This placement of the primary stress is similar to <a href="/wiki/Manobo_languages" title="Manobo languages">Manobo</a> and other languages of the predominantly animistic ethnic groups of Mindanao, the <a href="/wiki/Lumad_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumad peoples">Lumad peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dubois-90">[89]</a> In 2006, the linguist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Robert Blust</a> proposed that the Sama-Bajaw languages derived from the <a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito lexical region</a>, though not from any established group. It is thus a sister group to other Barito languages like <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>. It is classified under the <a href="/wiki/Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornean languages">Bornean</a> geographic group.<a href="#cite_note-blust-91">[90]</a> Sama-Bajau languages are usually written in the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-low-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">Babaylan</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religions of Sama-Bajau (Malaysian population only)<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:LimeGreen; width:95.26%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">95.26%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DodgerBlue; width:0.52%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.52%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a> / Other religions</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:OrangeRed; width:0.08%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.08%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion / Unknown</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:4.14%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.14%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Religion can vary among the Sama-Bajau subgroups; from strict adherence to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, forms of <a href="/wiki/Folk_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Islam">folk Islam</a> (itself influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi traditions</a> of early Muslim missionaries), to animistic beliefs in spirits and ancestor worship. There is a small minority of <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> in the Bajau diaspora, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Sur" title="Davao del Sur">Davao del Sur</a> in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-mbal-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-aoyama-45">[44]</a> Among the modern coastal Sama-Bajau of Malaysia, claims to religious piety and learning are an important source of individual prestige. Some of the Sama-Bajau lack mosques and must rely on the shore-based communities such as those of the more Islamised or <a href="/wiki/Malay_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay peoples">Malay peoples</a>. Some of the more nomadic Sama-Bajau, like the Ubian Bajau, are much less adherent to orthodox Islam or even unreligious. They practice a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk</a> Islam, revering local sea spirits, known in Islamic terminology as <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sather-40">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuaran_Sabah_MasjidAnNur-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tuaran_Sabah_MasjidAnNur-01.jpg/220px-Tuaran_Sabah_MasjidAnNur-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tuaran_Sabah_MasjidAnNur-01.jpg/330px-Tuaran_Sabah_MasjidAnNur-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tuaran_Sabah_MasjidAnNur-01.jpg/440px-Tuaran_Sabah_MasjidAnNur-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3582" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>An-Nur Mosque, the main mosque in the Bajau village of Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></figcaption></figure> The ancient Sama-Bajau were <a href="/wiki/Animistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animistic">animistic</a>, and this is retained wholly or partially in some Sama-Bajau groups. The supreme deities in Sama-Bajau mythology are Umboh Tuhan (also known as Umboh Dilaut, the "Lord of the Sea") and his consort, Dayang Dayang Mangilai ("Lady of the Forest").<a href="#cite_note-ghosts-94">[93]</a> Umboh Tuhan is regarded as the creator deity who made humans equal to animals and plants. Like other animistic religions, they fundamentally divide the world into the physical and spiritual realms which coexist.<a href="#cite_note-bracamonte2-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-limpah-95">[94]</a> In modern Muslim Sama-Bajau, Umboh Tuhan (or simply Tuhan or Tuan) is usually <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">equated</a> with <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jubilado-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-limpah-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[note 2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines,_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes,_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Philippines%2C_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg/220px-Philippines%2C_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Philippines%2C_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg/330px-Philippines%2C_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Philippines%2C_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg/440px-Philippines%2C_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunduk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunduk (page does not exist)">Sunduk</a> grave markers showing the Sama <a href="/wiki/Okil" class="mw-redirect" title="Okil">okil</a> carving traditions. These originated from the pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">ancestor worship</a> of the Sama-Bajau and originally included human and animal figures, which are largely missing in modern sunduk, due to Islamic influence.<a href="#cite_note-Baradas-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peralta-98">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> Other objects of reverence are spirits known as umboh ("ancestor", also variously spelled omboh, m'boh, mbo', etc.).<a href="#cite_note-jubilado-32">[32]</a> Traditionally, the umboh referred more specifically to <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">ancestral spirits</a>, different from the saitan (<a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">nature spirits</a>) and the jinn (<a href="/wiki/Familiar_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Familiar spirit">familiar spirits</a>); some literature refers to all of them as umboh.<a href="#cite_note-oceans-99">[97]</a> These include Umboh Baliyu (the spirits of wind and storms), and Umboh Payi or Umboh Gandum (the spirits of the first rice harvest). They include <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totemic</a> spirits of animals and plants, including Umboh Summut (totem of <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>) and Umboh Kamun (totem of <a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">mantis shrimp</a>).<a href="#cite_note-limpah-95">[94]</a> The construction and launch of sailing vessels are ritualised, and the vessels are believed to have a spirit known as Sumangâ ("guardian", literally "one who deflects attacks").<a href="#cite_note-Stacey2007-54">[53]</a> The umboh are believed to influence fishing activities, rewarding the Sama-Bajau by granting good luck favours known as padalleang and occasionally punishing by causing serious incidents called busong.<a href="#cite_note-ccc-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-ghosts-94">[93]</a> Traditional Sama-Bajau communities may have <a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">shamans</a> (dukun) traditionally known as the kalamat. The kalamat are known in Muslim Sama-Bajau as the wali jinn (literally "custodian of <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a>") and may adhere to taboos concerning the treatment of the sea and other cultural aspects. The kalamat presides over Sama-Bajau community events along with mediums known as igal jinn.<a href="#cite_note-kunapipi-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-ghosts-94">[93]</a> The kalamat and the igal jinn are said to be "spirit-bearers" and are believed to be hosts of <a href="/wiki/Familiar_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Familiar spirit">familiar spirits</a>. It is not, however, regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">spirit possession</a>, since the igal jinn never lose control of their bodies. Instead, the igal jinn are believed to have acquired their familiar spirit (jinn) after surviving a serious or near-fatal illness. For the rest of their lives, the igal jinn is believed to share their bodies with the particular jinn who saved them.<a href="#cite_note-ghosts-94">[93]</a> One important religious event among the Sama-Bajau is the annual feast known as pag-umboh or magpaay-bahaw, an offering of thanks to Umboh Tuhan.<a href="#cite_note-jubilado-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-kunapipi-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-sather-40">[39]</a> In this ceremony, newly harvested rice (paay-bahaw) are dehusked (magtaparahu) while Islamic prayers (duaa) are recited. They are dried (magpatanak) and are then laid out in small conical piles symbolic of mountains (bud) on the living room floor (a process known as the "sleeping of rice"). After two or three nights, two-thirds are set aside for making sweet rice meals (<a href="/wiki/Panyalam" title="Panyalam">panyalam</a>), while one-third is set aside for making sweet rice cakes (durul).<a href="#cite_note-kunapipi-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-sather-40">[39]</a> Additional prayers (zikir), which includes calling the names of ancestors out loud, are offered to the Umboh after the rice meals have been prepared. Pag-umboh is a solemn and formal affair.<a href="#cite_note-kunapipi-37">[36]</a> Another annual religious ceremony among the boat-dwelling Sama Dilaut is the pagkanduli (literally "festive gathering").<a href="#cite_note-oceans-99">[97]</a> It involves ritual dancing to Umboh Tuhan, Dayang Dayang Mangilai, and ancestral ghosts called bansa. The ritual is first celebrated under a sacred <a href="/wiki/Balete_tree" title="Balete tree">dangkan tree</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strangler_fig" title="Strangler fig">strangler figs</a>, known elsewhere in the Philippines as <a href="/wiki/Balete_tree" title="Balete tree">balete</a>) symbolising the male spirit Umboh Tuhan and afterwards in the centre of a grove of <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">kama'toolang trees</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pandan_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandan tree">pandan trees</a>) symbolising the female spirit Dayang Dayang Mangilai.<a href="#cite_note-ghosts-94">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BigdipISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BigdipISS.jpg/220px-BigdipISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BigdipISS.jpg/330px-BigdipISS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BigdipISS.jpg/440px-BigdipISS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mapun" title="Mapun">Jama Mapun people</a>'s indigenous cosmology is extremely vast. Examples of figures in their cosmology are Niyu-niyu (coconut palm), Lumba-lumba (dolphin), and Anak Datu (two sons of a datu spearing another figure, Bunta – a blowfish).<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a></figcaption></figure> The trance dancing is called mag-igal and involves female and male and igal jinn, called the jinn denda and jinn lella respectively. The jinn denda perform the first dance known as igal limbayan under the dangkan tree, with the eldest leading. They are performed with intricate movements of the hands, usually with metal fingernail extensions called sulingkengkeng. If the dance and music are pleasing, the bansa are believed to take possession of the dancers, whereupon the wali jinn will assist in releasing them at the end of the dance. The bansa are not feared as they are regarded as spirits of ancestors. Temporarily serving as hosts for the bansa while dancing to music is regarded as a "gift" by the living Sama Dilaut to their ancestors. After the igal limbayan, the wali jinn will invite the audience to participate, to celebrate, and to give their thanks. The last dance is the igal lellang, with four jinn lella performing a warrior dance, whereupon the participants will proceed to the kama'toolang grove. There they will perform rituals and dance (this time with male and female dancers together), symbolically "inviting" Dayang Dayang Mangilai to come with them back to the dangkan tree. Further games and celebrations are held under the original dangkan tree before the celebrants say their farewells to the spirits. Unlike pag-umboh, pagkanduli is a joyous celebration, involving singing, dancing, and joking among all participants. It is the largest festive event among the Sama Dilaut communities.<a href="#cite_note-kunapipi-37">[36]</a> Aside from pagkanduli and magpaay-bahaw, public dances called magigal jinn may occur. During these celebrations, the igal jinn may be consulted for a public <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">séance</a> and nightly <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">trance</a> dancing.<a href="#cite_note-oceans-99">[97]</a> In times of epidemics, the igal jinn is called upon to remove illness-causing spirits from the community. They do this by setting a "spirit boat" adrift in the open sea beyond the village or anchorage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boat_dwelling">Boat dwelling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Boat dwelling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa (ship)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djenging" title="Djenging">Djenging</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Sama-Bajau_vinta_with_sails_(1923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/A_Sama-Bajau_vinta_with_sails_%281923%29.jpg/220px-A_Sama-Bajau_vinta_with_sails_%281923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/A_Sama-Bajau_vinta_with_sails_%281923%29.jpg/330px-A_Sama-Bajau_vinta_with_sails_%281923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/A_Sama-Bajau_vinta_with_sails_%281923%29.jpg/440px-A_Sama-Bajau_vinta_with_sails_%281923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>A Sama-Bajau <a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">vinta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a>, 1923</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sama_woman_with_traditional_sun_protection_(%22borak%22).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sama_woman_with_traditional_sun_protection_%28%22borak%22%29.JPG/220px-Sama_woman_with_traditional_sun_protection_%28%22borak%22%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sama_woman_with_traditional_sun_protection_%28%22borak%22%29.JPG/330px-Sama_woman_with_traditional_sun_protection_%28%22borak%22%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sama_woman_with_traditional_sun_protection_%28%22borak%22%29.JPG/440px-Sama_woman_with_traditional_sun_protection_%28%22borak%22%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Sama-Bajau woman from Maiga Island, Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia, with traditional sun protection called <a href="/wiki/Borak_(cosmetic)" title="Borak (cosmetic)">burak</a></figcaption></figure> A few Sama-Bajau still live traditionally. They live in houseboats (<a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">lepa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Balutu">balutu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">vinta</a> being the most common types) which generally accommodate a single <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> (usually five people). The houseboats travel together in <a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">flotillas</a> with houseboats of immediate relatives (a family alliance) and co-operate during fishing expeditions and in ceremonies. A married couple may choose to sail with the relatives of the husband or the wife. They anchor at common <a href="/wiki/Mooring_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mooring (watercraft)">mooring</a> points (called sambuangan) with other flotillas (usually also belonging to extended relatives) at certain times of the year.<a href="#cite_note-jubilado-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-sather-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nimmo-101">[99]</a> These mooring points are usually presided over by an elder or headsman. The mooring points are close to sources of water or culturally significant locations like island cemeteries. There are periodic gatherings of Sama-Bajau clans usually for various ceremonies like weddings or festivals. They generally do not sail more than 40 km (24.85 mi) from their "home" moorage.<a href="#cite_note-nimmo-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-31">[31]</a> They periodically trade goods with the land-based communities of other Sama-Bajau and other ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-31">[31]</a> Sama-Bajau groups may routinely cross the borders of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia for fishing, trading, or visiting relatives.<a href="#cite_note-nagatsu-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-bracamonte-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-jubilado-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-pitlo-102">[100]</a> Sama-Bajau women also use a traditional sun-protecting powder called burak or <a href="/wiki/Borak_(cosmetic)" title="Borak (cosmetic)">borak</a>, made from water weeds, rice, and spices.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music,_dance,_and_arts">Music, dance, and arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Music, dance, and arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Okir" title="Okir">Okir</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semporna_Sabah_Malay-girl-with-headgear-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Semporna_Sabah_Malay-girl-with-headgear-01.jpg/220px-Semporna_Sabah_Malay-girl-with-headgear-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Semporna_Sabah_Malay-girl-with-headgear-01.jpg/330px-Semporna_Sabah_Malay-girl-with-headgear-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Semporna_Sabah_Malay-girl-with-headgear-01.jpg/440px-Semporna_Sabah_Malay-girl-with-headgear-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>A Bajau girl clad in her traditional dress</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carved_stern_of_a_Moro_vinta_(Hornell,_1920).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Carved_stern_of_a_Moro_vinta_%28Hornell%2C_1920%29.jpg/170px-Carved_stern_of_a_Moro_vinta_%28Hornell%2C_1920%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Carved_stern_of_a_Moro_vinta_%28Hornell%2C_1920%29.jpg/255px-Carved_stern_of_a_Moro_vinta_%28Hornell%2C_1920%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Carved_stern_of_a_Moro_vinta_%28Hornell%2C_1920%29.jpg/340px-Carved_stern_of_a_Moro_vinta_%28Hornell%2C_1920%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1737" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the elaborate <a href="/wiki/Okil" class="mw-redirect" title="Okil">okil</a> carvings on the stern of a <a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">vinta</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a>, c. 1920</figcaption></figure> Sama-Bajau traditional songs are handed down orally through generations. The songs are usually sung during marriage celebrations (kanduli pagkawin), accompanied by dance (pang-igal) and musical instruments like pulau (<a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>), gabbang (<a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophone</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kulintang" title="Kulintang">tagunggo'</a> (kulintang gongs), biula (<a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>), and in modern times, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">electronic keyboards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kunapipi-37">[36]</a> There are several types of Sama-Bajau traditional songs, they include: isun-isun, runsai, najat, syair, nasid, bua-bua anak, and tinggayun.<a href="#cite_note-mahali-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-rahman-104">[102]</a> Among the more specific examples of Sama-Bajau songs are three love songs collectively referred to as Sangbayan. These are Dalling Dalling, Duldang Duldang, and Pakiring Pakiring.<a href="#cite_note-kunapipi-37">[36]</a> The most well-known of these three is Pakiring Pakiring (literally "moving the hips"), which is more familiar to the Tausūg in its commercialised and modernised form <a href="/wiki/Dayang_Dayang" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayang Dayang">Dayang Dayang</a>. The Tausūg claim that the song is native to their culture, and whether the song is originally Tausūg or Sama-Bajau remain controversial.<a href="#cite_note-kunapipi-37">[36]</a> Most Sama-Bajau folk songs are becoming extinct, largely due to the waning interest of the younger generations.<a href="#cite_note-mahali-19">[19]</a> Sama-Bajau people are also well known for weaving, needlework skills, and their association with <a href="/wiki/Tagonggo" title="Tagonggo">tagonggo</a> music. In visual arts, Sama-Bajau have an ancient tradition of carving and sculpting known as <a href="/wiki/Okil" class="mw-redirect" title="Okil">okil</a> (also okil-okil or ukkil). These were used to decorate houseboats and animistic ritual objects. They were used most prominently for Sama grave markers which are found in the ancient traditional burial grounds of the Sama people in some (usually uninhabited) islands of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. These include some of the oldest examples of okil, which are usually carved from coral and limestone. Wooden carved grave markers are common later on, usually made from or carved from the boat belonging to the deceased. These are usually carved into human figures that represent the deceased. These graves are often decorated with buntings and food offerings, reflecting the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">anito</a>) traditions of the Sama. Okil later inspired the very similar <a href="/wiki/Okir" title="Okir">okir</a> traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baradas-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peralta-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse_culture">Horse culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Horse culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KotaBelud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/KotaBelud.jpg/220px-KotaBelud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/KotaBelud.jpg/330px-KotaBelud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/KotaBelud.jpg/440px-KotaBelud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>The West Coast Bajau <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horsemen</a> in their hometown of Kota Belud, with a background of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu" title="Mount Kinabalu">Mount Kinabalu</a></figcaption></figure> The more settled land-based West Coast Bajau are expert <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrians</a> – which makes them remarkable in Malaysia, where horse riding has never been widespread anywhere else. The traditional costume of Sama-Bajau horsemen consists of a black or white long-sleeved shirt (badu sampit) with gold buttons (betawi) on the front and decorated with silver floral designs (intiras), black or white trousers (seluar sampit) with gold lace trimmings, and a headpiece (podong). They carry a spear (bujak), a <a href="/wiki/Crop_(implement)" title="Crop (implement)">riding crop</a> (pasut), and a silver-hilted <a href="/wiki/Keris" class="mw-redirect" title="Keris">keris</a> dagger. The horse is also <a href="/wiki/Caparison" title="Caparison">caparisoned</a> with a colourful outfit called kain kuda that also have brass bells (seriau) attached. The saddle (sila sila) is made from <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a> hide and padded with cloth (lapik) underneath.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bajau_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bajau_House.JPG/220px-Bajau_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bajau_House.JPG/330px-Bajau_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bajau_House.JPG/440px-Bajau_House.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>The rehabilitation of a traditional Sama-Bajau house in the Heritage Village of <a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a>, Sabah, Malaysia</figcaption></figure> Though some Sama-Bajau headsmen have been given honorific titles like "<a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">Datu</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Panglima" title="Panglima">Panglima</a>" by governments (like under the Sultanate of Brunei), they usually only had little authority over the Sama-Bajau community. Sama-Bajau society is traditionally highly individualistic,<a href="#cite_note-Miller-31">[31]</a> and the largest political unit is the clan cluster around mooring points, rarely more. Sama-Bajau society is also more or less egalitarian, and they did not practice a <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste system</a>, unlike most neighbouring ethnic groups. The individualism is probably due to the generally fragile nature of their relationships with land-based peoples for access to essentials like wood or water. When the relationship sours or if there is too much pressure from land-based rulers, the Sama-Bajau prefer to simply move on elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-lsp24-38">[37]</a> Greater importance is placed on kinship and reciprocal labour rather than formal authority for maintaining social cohesion.<a href="#cite_note-bracamonte-23">[23]</a> There are a few exceptions, however, like the Jama Mapun and the Sama Pangutaran of the Philippines, who follow the traditional pre-Hispanic Philippine feudal society with a caste system consisting of <a href="/wiki/Tumao" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumao">nobles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timawa" title="Timawa">notables</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alipin" title="Alipin">commoners and serfs</a>. Likely introduced by the Sultanate of Sulu.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_characteristics">Biological characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Biological characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free-diving_adaptations">Free-diving adaptations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Free-diving adaptations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badjao_kid_diving_for_coins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Badjao_kid_diving_for_coins.jpg/220px-Badjao_kid_diving_for_coins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Badjao_kid_diving_for_coins.jpg/330px-Badjao_kid_diving_for_coins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Badjao_kid_diving_for_coins.jpg/440px-Badjao_kid_diving_for_coins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A Sama-Bajau child in <a href="/wiki/Tagbilaran" title="Tagbilaran">Tagbilaran City</a>, Bohol, Philippines, diving for coins thrown by tourists into the water</figcaption></figure> Sama-Bajau are noted for their exceptional abilities in <a href="/wiki/Free-diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-diving">free-diving</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lane-105">[103]</a> Divers work long days with the "greatest daily apnea diving time reported in humans" of greater than 5 hours per day submerged.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21560982-106">[104]</a> Some Bajau intentionally rupture their <a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">eardrums</a> at an early age to facilitate diving and hunting at sea. Many older Sama-Bajau are therefore hard of hearing.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lane-105">[103]</a> More than a thousand years of subsistence <a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">freediving</a> associated with their life on the sea appear to have endowed the Bajau with several genetic adaptations to facilitate their lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-Nedelman2018-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ilardo2018-108">[106]</a> A 2018 study showed that Bajau <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleens</a> are about 50 percent larger than those of a neighbouring land-based group, the <a href="/wiki/Saluan_language" title="Saluan language">Saluan</a>, letting them store more haemoglobin-rich blood, which is expelled into the bloodstream when the spleen contracts at depth, allowing breath-holding dives of longer duration.<a href="#cite_note-Zimmer2018-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ilardo2018-108">[106]</a> This difference is apparently related to a variant of the <a href="/wiki/PDE10A" title="PDE10A">PDE10A</a> gene.<a href="#cite_note-Ilardo2018-108">[106]</a> Other genes that appear to have been under selection in the Bajau include <a href="/wiki/BDKRB2" class="mw-redirect" title="BDKRB2">BDKRB2</a>, which is related to <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vasoconstriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral vasoconstriction">peripheral vasoconstriction</a>, involved in the <a href="/wiki/Diving_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving response">diving response</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Baranova2017-110">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/FAM178B" title="FAM178B">FAM178B</a>, a regulator of <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a>, which is related to maintaining <a href="/wiki/Blood_pH" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood pH">blood pH</a> when carbon dioxide accumulates; and another one involved in the response to <a href="/wiki/Latent_hypoxia" title="Latent hypoxia">hypoxia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ilardo2018-108">[106]</a> These adaptations were found to likely result from <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, leading to a uniquely increased frequency of the relevant <a href="/wiki/Alleles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleles">alleles</a> within the sampled Bajau population relative to other referenced eastern Asian populations.<a href="#cite_note-Ilardo2018-108">[106]</a> Members of another group, the <a href="/wiki/Moken" title="Moken">Moken</a>, have been found to have <a href="/wiki/Moken#Underwater_sight" title="Moken">better underwater vision</a> than Europeans, although it is not known if this trait has a genetic basis.<a href="#cite_note-Gislén2003-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_in_popular_culture">Depictions in popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Depictions in popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah_(1982%E2%80%931988).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah_%281982%E2%80%931988%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah_%281982%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah_%281982%E2%80%931988%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah_%281982%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah_%281982%E2%80%931988%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah_%281982%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption>The 1982 to 1988 <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah" title="Coat of arms of Sabah">Sabah coat of arms</a> depicts a <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfisher</a>, adopted primarily to symbolise the large Sama-Bajau population in <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a></figcaption></figure> It has been suggested by some researchers that the Sama-Bajau people's visits to <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> gave rise to the accounts of the mysterious <a href="/wiki/Baijini" title="Baijini">Baijini</a> people in the myths of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Yolngu" title="Yolngu">Yolngu</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> In 2010, the newly discovered <a href="/wiki/Squidworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Squidworm">squidworm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teuthidodrilus_samae" class="mw-redirect" title="Teuthidodrilus samae">Teuthidodrilus samae</a>, was named after the Sama-Bajau people of Tawi-Tawi.<a href="#cite_note-Watson-114">[112]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Avatar:_The_Way_of_Water" title="Avatar: The Way of Water">Avatar: The Way of Water</a>, the Metkayina Clan is an oceanic Na'vi clan that is partially inspired by the Sama-Bajau. The Sama-Bajau have also been the subject of several films. They include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badjao:_The_Sea_Gypsies" title="Badjao: The Sea Gypsies">Badjao</a> (1957) – A Filipino film directed by <a href="/wiki/Lamberto_V._Avellana" title="Lamberto V. Avellana">Lamberto V. Avellana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bajau_Laut:_Nomads_of_the_Sea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bajau Laut: Nomads of the Sea (page does not exist)">Bajau Laut: Nomads of the Sea</a> (2008) – A <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singaporean</a> TV documentary produced by Matthew Malpelli.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_Never_Lies" title="The Mirror Never Lies">The Mirror Never Lies</a> (2011) Indonesian film directed by <a href="/wiki/Kamila_Andini" title="Kamila Andini">Kamila Andini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thy_Womb" title="Thy Womb">Thy Womb</a> (2012) – A Filipino drama film directed by <a href="/wiki/Brillante_Mendoza" title="Brillante Mendoza">Brillante Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohe%27:_Sons_of_the_Waves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohe': Sons of the Waves (page does not exist)">Bohe': Sons of the Waves</a> (2013) – A Filipino short film produced by Nadjoua and Linda Bansil</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anak_ng_Badjao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anak ng Badjao (page does not exist)">Anak ng Badjao</a> (1987) – A Filipino Film directed by Jose Antonio Alonzo and Jerry O. Tironazona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaya" title="Sahaya">Sahaya</a> (2019) – A Filipino TV series directed by Zig Dulay</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Sama-Bajau">Notable Sama-Bajau</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable Sama-Bajau">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh</a> (Datu Muhammad Salleh) – Sabah warrior from <a href="/wiki/Inanam" title="Inanam">Inanam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a>, during the British administration of <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_Datu_Mustapha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tun Datu Mustapha">Tun Datu Mustapha</a> (Tun Datu Mustapha bin Datu Harun) – The first <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sabah" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</a> (governor) of Sabah and the third <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Sabah">Chief Minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kudat" title="Kudat">Kudat</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohd_Said_Keruak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohd Said Keruak">Tun Said Keruak</a> – The seventh Governor of Sabah and the fourth Chief Minister of Sabah from <a href="/wiki/Kota_Belud" title="Kota Belud">Kota Belud</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakaran_Dandai" title="Sakaran Dandai">Tun Sakaran Dandai</a> – The eighth Governor of Sabah and also the eighth Chief Minister of Sabah from <a href="/wiki/Semporna" title="Semporna">Semporna</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadshah_Abdullah" title="Ahmadshah Abdullah">Ahmadshah Abdullah</a> – The ninth Governor of Sabah from Inanam, Kota Kinabalu.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salleh_Said_Keruak" title="Salleh Said Keruak">Salleh Said Keruak</a> (Datuk Seri Panglima Mohd Salleh bin Tun Mohd Said Keruak) – The ninth Chief Minister of Sabah from Kota Belud and a former federal minister with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Senator">Senator</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara" title="Dewan Negara">Dewan Negara</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osu_Sukam" title="Osu Sukam">Osu Sukam</a> (Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Osu bin Sukam) – The twelfth Chief Minister of Sabah from <a href="/wiki/Papar,_Malaysia" title="Papar, Malaysia">Papar</a>.</li> <li>Mohd Nasir Tun Sakaran (Dato' Mohd Nasir bin Tun Sakaran Dandai) – Sabah politician from Semporna.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafie_Apdal" title="Shafie Apdal">Shafie Apdal</a> (Dato' Seri Hj Mohd Shafie Bin Apdal) – The fifteenth Chief Minister of Sabah from Semporna.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandikar_Amin_Mulia" title="Pandikar Amin Mulia">Pandikar Amin Mulia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Dewan_Rakyat" title="Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat">Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat</a>, former Member of Parliament of Malaysia from Kota Belud.</li> <li>Askalani Abdul Rahim (Datuk Askalani Bin Abdul Rahim) – Former Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports from Semporna.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Dahlan" title="Abdul Rahman Dahlan">Abdul Rahman Dahlan</a> – Former Cabinet Minister from <a href="/wiki/Tuaran" title="Tuaran">Tuaran</a> as well the former Member of Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Rakyat">Dewan Rakyat</a> for the constituency of <a href="/wiki/Kota_Belud_(federal_constituency)" title="Kota Belud (federal constituency)">Kota Belud</a> from 2008 to 2018.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnaraissah_Munirah_Majilis" title="Isnaraissah Munirah Majilis">Isnaraissah Munirah Majilis</a> – Member of Parliament of Kota Belud in the Dewan Rakyat (also half <a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a> ancestry on paternal side).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Muka_Mohd_Darah" title="Manis Muka Mohd Darah">Manis Muka Mohd Darah</a> – Former Member of Sabah State Legislative Assembly for <a href="/wiki/Bugaya_(state_constituency)" title="Bugaya (state constituency)">Bugaya</a>.</li> <li>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ombra_Amilbangsa" title="Ombra Amilbangsa">Ombra Amilbangsa</a> - From <a href="/wiki/Simunul" title="Simunul">Simunul</a>, in what is now the province of <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a>. He was a member of the National Assembly of the Philippines from 1935 to 1938, and from 1943 to 1944, and the Philippines House of Representatives from 1945 to 1949, and from 1951 to 1961. In 1961, he filed House Bill No. 5682, for the granting of independence to the Province of Sulu as a sovereign nation due to what he felt was the negligence of the central government over the concerns of his province. He married Dayang-Dayang Hadji Piandao Kiram, niece and adopted daughter of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_II" title="Jamalul Kiram II">Jamalul Kiram II</a>. He succeeded as Sulu Sultan from 1936 to 1964.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Arts and entertainment">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haja_Amina_Appi" title="Haja Amina Appi">Haja Amina Appi</a> — Filipino master mat weaver and teacher from Ungos Matata, Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi; recipient of the Philippine <a href="/wiki/National_Living_Treasures_Award_(Philippines)" title="National Living Treasures Award (Philippines)">National Living Treasures Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_(penyanyi)" class="extiw" title="ms:Adam (penyanyi)">Adam</a> <a href="/wiki/Akademi_Fantasia_(season_2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akademi Fantasia (season 2)">AF2</a> (Aizam Mat Saman) – Malaysian singer and actor, great-nephew of Tun Ahmadshah Abdullah (his grandmother is the elder sister of the latter) from Inanam, Kota Kinabalu.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitti" title="Sitti">Sitti</a> – Filipino singer.</li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zizi_Kirana" class="extiw" title="ms:Zizi Kirana">Zizi Kirana</a> – Malaysian rapper from <a href="/wiki/Semporna" title="Semporna">Semporna</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siti_Surianie_Julkarim" class="extiw" title="ms:Siti Surianie Julkarim">Yanie (Mentor)</a> (the late Siti Surianie Julkarim)<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> – Malaysian singer who gained fame through the reality show known as <a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentor_(siri_TV)" class="extiw" title="ms:Mentor (siri TV)">Mentor</a> on <a href="/wiki/TV3_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV3 (Malaysia)">TV3</a> from Likas, Kota Kinabalu.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atu_Zero" title="Atu Zero">Atu Zero</a> – Malaysian comedian and actor from Kudat.</li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawa_Zainal" class="extiw" title="ms:Wawa Zainal">Wawa Zainal</a> – Malaysian actress from Lahad Datu.</li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azwan_Kombos" class="extiw" title="ms:Azwan Kombos">Azwan Kombos</a> – Malaysian actor from Kota Belud.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a></li> <li>Rita Gaviola<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> – Filipino actress in the <a href="/wiki/Pinoy_Big_Brother:_Lucky_7" title="Pinoy Big Brother: Lucky 7">Pinoy Big Brother Season 7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bana_Sailani" title="Bana Sailani">Bana Sailani</a> – A Filipino <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimmer</a> who represented the Philippines in the <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Summer Olympics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1958_Asian_Games" title="1958 Asian Games">1958 Asian Games</a> (where he won 5 bronze medals, and 1 silver), and the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Summer Olympics</a>. He was more popularly known as Bapa' Banana.<a href="#cite_note-bana-121">[119]</a></li> <li>Estino Taniyu – A Malaysian swimmer from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Navy" title="Royal Malaysian Navy">Royal Malaysian Navy</a> who swam across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> in 13 hours, 45 minutes, and 45 seconds on 21 September 2012.<a href="#cite_note-taniyu-122">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matlan_Marjan" title="Matlan Marjan">Matlan Marjan</a> – Former Malaysian football player and the former <a href="/wiki/Sabah_F.C._(Malaysia)" title="Sabah F.C. (Malaysia)">Sabah FA</a> captain from Kota Belud.</li> <li>Eldio "Imam" Gulisan – A Filipino <a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">freediver</a> who set the Philippines national record at the Japanese Cup 2019 on 7 September 2019. Featured in Episode 3 of the Netflix series <a href="/wiki/Home_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Game">Home Game</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainizam_Marjan" title="Zainizam Marjan">Zainizam Marjan</a> – Former Malaysian football player, younger brother of Matlan from Kota Belud.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya_Island" title="Gaya Island">Gaya Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang laut">Orang laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Gypsies_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sea Gypsies (disambiguation)">Sea Gypsies</a>, a disambiguation page</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The concept of an <a href="/wiki/Australoid_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Australoid race">Australoid "race"</a> is antiquated. Most modern literature refer to these peoples as the Australo-Melanesians. However, their exact relationship within their member groups and with other ethnic groups in Asia and Oceania is still debated. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tuhan" class="extiw" title="wikt:tuhan">Tuhan</a> (literally "god" or "master") is a common word referring to a supreme deity in various <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> in eastern Malaysia, southwestern Philippines, and eastern Indonesia. It originally referred to a different concept of a deity separate from the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic god">Abrahamic god</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malays</a> and other Muslim Austronesian ethnic groups usually equate Tuhan with Allah. Compare with <a href="/wiki/Bathala" title="Bathala">Bathala</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kan-Laon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kan-Laon">Kan-Laon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2010_PHIILIPPINES_FINAL%20PDF.pdf">"2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A – Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables), Philippines"</a> (PDF). psa.gov.ph. Government of the Philippines National Statistics Office. April 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psa.gov.ph&rft.atitle=2010+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%2C+Report+No.+2A+%E2%80%93+Demographic+and+Housing+Characteristics+%28Non-Sample+Variables%29%2C+Philippines&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2010_PHIILIPPINES_FINAL%2520PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227090345/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sabah.pdf">"Total population by ethnic group, administrative district and state, Malaysia"</a> (PDF). statistics.gov.my. Department of Statistics, Malaysia. 2010. pp. 369/1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sabah.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statistics.gov.my&rft.atitle=Total+population+by+ethnic+group%2C+administrative+district+and+state%2C+Malaysia&rft.pages=369%2F1&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.my%2Fportal%2Fdownload_Population%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F05Jadual_Mukim_negeri%2FMukim_Sabah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bajau_Language-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Bajau_Language_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinama.org/2013/01/what-language-do-the-badjao-speak/">"What Language do the Badjao Speak?"</a>. Sinama.org. Kauman Sama Online. 4 January 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sinama.org&rft.atitle=What+Language+do+the+Badjao+Speak%3F&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinama.org%2F2013%2F01%2Fwhat-language-do-the-badjao-speak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/text?people=Bajau">"Indigenous peoples of the world — the Bajau"</a>. peoplesoftheworld.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=peoplesoftheworld.org&rft.atitle=Indigenous+peoples+of+the+world+%E2%80%94+the+Bajau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peoplesoftheworld.org%2Ftext%3Fpeople%3DBajau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maglana-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maglana_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maglana_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maglana_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maglana_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maglana_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaglana2016" class="citation journal cs1">Maglana, Matthew Constancio (12 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316626798">"Understanding Identity and Diaspora: The Case of the Sama-Bajau of Maritime Southeast Asia"</a>. Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha. 1 (2): 71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14710%2Fjscl.v1i2.12089">10.14710/jscl.v1i2.12089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurnal+Sejarah+Citra+Lekha&rft.atitle=Understanding+Identity+and+Diaspora%3A+The+Case+of+the+Sama-Bajau+of+Maritime+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=71&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14710%2Fjscl.v1i2.12089&rft.aulast=Maglana&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Constancio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F316626798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nimmo-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nimmo_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmo_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmo_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmo_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmo_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmo_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmo_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmo_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmo_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmo_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmo_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmo_6-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Nimmo1972" class="citation book cs1">Harry Nimmo (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seapeopleofsulus0000nimm">The sea people of Sulu: a study of social change in the Philippines</a>. Chandler Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8102-0453-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8102-0453-3"><bdi>0-8102-0453-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sea+people+of+Sulu%3A+a+study+of+social+change+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Chandler+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-8102-0453-3&rft.au=Harry+Nimmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseapeopleofsulus0000nimm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail_Ali2016" class="citation book cs1">Ismail Ali (2016). Sejarah pembudayaan perahu tradisi di Sabah. Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Sabah. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-0521-65-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-0521-65-7"><bdi>978-967-0521-65-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+pembudayaan+perahu+tradisi+di+Sabah&rft.place=Kota+Kinabalu%2C+Sabah%2C+Malaysia&rft.pub=Penerbit+Universiti+Malaysia+Sabah&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-967-0521-65-7&rft.au=Ismail+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObonChang1999" class="citation book cs1">Obon, Irenena; Chang, Tommy T. C. (1999). The Sama horsemen. Kota Kinabalu: Persatuan Seni Budaya Bajau, Sabah. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-808-054-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-808-054-5"><bdi>978-983-808-054-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sama+horsemen&rft.place=Kota+Kinabalu&rft.pub=Persatuan+Seni+Budaya+Bajau%2C+Sabah&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-983-808-054-5&rft.aulast=Obon&rft.aufirst=Irenena&rft.au=Chang%2C+Tommy+T.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-orang_bajo-9"><a href="#cite_ref-orang_bajo_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLotte_Kemkens" class="citation thesis cs1">Lotte Kemkens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117103949/http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/student-theses/2010-0303-200346/Kemkens%20Lotte.pdf">Living on Boundaries: The Orang Bajo of Tinakin Laut, Indonesia</a> (PDF) (Social Anthropology Bachelor's thesis). University of Utrecht. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/student-theses/2010-0303-200346/Kemkens%20Lotte.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Living+on+Boundaries%3A+The+Orang+Bajo+of+Tinakin+Laut%2C+Indonesia&rft.degree=Social+Anthropology+Bachelor%27s&rft.inst=University+of+Utrecht&rft.au=Lotte+Kemkens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Figitur-archive.library.uu.nl%2Fstudent-theses%2F2010-0303-200346%2FKemkens%2520Lotte.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statelessness-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statelessness_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statelessness_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statelessness_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Allerton2014" class="citation web cs1">Catherine Allerton (5 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227061844/http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2014/12/05/statelessness-and-child-rights-in-sabah/">"Statelessness and child rights in Sabah"</a>. New Mandala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2014/12/05/statelessness-and-child-rights-in-sabah/">the original</a> on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statelessness+and+child+rights+in+Sabah&rft.pub=New+Mandala&rft.date=2014-12-05&rft.au=Catherine+Allerton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasiapacific.anu.edu.au%2Fnewmandala%2F2014%2F12%2F05%2Fstatelessness-and-child-rights-in-sabah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinama.org/about-sama-people/the-bajau-and-sama-people/">"The Bajau, the Badjao, the Samals, and the Sama People"</a>. sinama.org. 14 May 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sinama.org&rft.atitle=The+Bajau%2C+the+Badjao%2C+the+Samals%2C+and+the+Sama+People&rft.date=2009-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinama.org%2Fabout-sama-people%2Fthe-bajau-and-sama-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602065858/http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/en-GB/Home/About">"Sabah's People and History"</a>. sabah.gov.my. Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sabah" title="Government of Sabah">Sabah State Government</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/en-GB/Home/About">the original</a> on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2015. <q>The <a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a> is the largest ethnic group in Sabah that makes up almost 30% of the population. The Bajaus, or also known as 'Cowboys of the East', and <a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Muruts</a>, the hill people and head hunters in the past, are the second and third largest ethnic group in Sabah respectively. Other indigenous tribes include the <a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Brunei Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotud" title="Lotud">Lotud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lundayeh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lundayeh people">Ludayeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rungus_people" title="Rungus people">Rungus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minokok" title="Minokok">Minokok</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonggi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonggi people (page does not exist)">Bonggi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ida%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an">Ida'an</a>, and many more. In addition to that, the Chinese makes up the main non-indigenous group of the population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sabah.gov.my&rft.atitle=Sabah%27s+People+and+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabah.gov.my%2Fmain%2Fen-GB%2FHome%2FAbout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2gjx12g">Sea Nomads of Southeast Asia: From the Past to the Present</a>. 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Retrieved 20 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jenazah+Yanie+%28mentor%29+Selamat+Disemadikan&rft.pub=mStar&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft.au=Kemalia+Othman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mstar.com.my%2Fhiburan%2Fberita-hiburan%2F2010%2F03%2F22%2Fjenazah-yanie-mentor-selamat-disemadikan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZulqarnain_Abu_Hassan2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zulqarnain Abu Hassan (16 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916050157/http://www.mediahiburan.my/trending/azwan-kombos-mahu-kahwin-pakai-baju-bajau-1.497913">"Azwan Kombos Mahu Kahwin Pakai Baju Bajau"</a> (in Malay). Media Hiburan. 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Retrieved 20 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berita+Harian&rft.atitle=Ezzaty%2C+Azwan+Kombos+nikah+16+Julai&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.au=Zaidi+Mohamad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bharian.com.my%2Fnode%2F164740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davaotoday.com/main/human-rights/viral-photo-of-badjao-girl-portrays-tribes-displacement-hrw/">"Viral photo of Badjao girl portrays tribe's displacement – HRW"</a>. 28 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viral+photo+of+Badjao+girl+portrays+tribe%27s+displacement+%E2%80%93+HRW&rft.date=2016-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdavaotoday.com%2Fmain%2Fhuman-rights%2Fviral-photo-of-badjao-girl-portrays-tribes-displacement-hrw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeibiz.com/2016/05/badjao-girl-rita-gabriola-gets-makeover-new-look/">"'Badjao Girl' Rita Gabiola gets a makeover — see her amazing new look!"</a>. Zeibiz. 29 May 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Badjao+Girl%27+Rita+Gabiola+gets+a+makeover+%E2%80%94+see+her+amazing+new+look%21&rft.pub=Zeibiz&rft.date=2016-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeibiz.com%2F2016%2F05%2Fbadjao-girl-rita-gabriola-gets-makeover-new-look%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bana-121"><a href="#cite_ref-bana_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaica_Bailon2003" class="citation news cs1">Maica Bailon (13 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/starweek-magazine/206000/alligator-pool">"Alligator in the pool"</a>. Philstar. Retrieved 22 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philstar&rft.atitle=Alligator+in+the+pool&rft.date=2003-05-13&rft.au=Maica+Bailon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fstarweek-magazine%2F206000%2Falligator-pool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-taniyu-122"><a href="#cite_ref-taniyu_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/10/07/semporna-welcomes-home-english-channel-swimmer/">"Semporna welcomes home English Channel swimmer"</a>. The Borneo Post. 7 October 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Semporna+welcomes+home+English+Channel+swimmer&rft.date=2012-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2012%2F10%2F07%2Fsemporna-welcomes-home-english-channel-swimmer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASama-Bajau" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bajau_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bajau people">Bajau people</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rehahnphotographer.com/borneo-bajau-gypsies/">Journey in Borneo with Bajaus</a> by <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9hahn" title="Réhahn">Réhahn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108041636/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/humanplanetexplorer/environments/oceans">More information on the Bajaus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/sep/18/last-sea-nomads">The last of the sea nomads</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data/opinion/2014/December/opinion_December21.xml&section=opinion">The sea gypsies of Sulu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102064518/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data/opinion/2014/December/opinion_December21.xml&section=opinion">Archived</a> 2 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Khaleej_Times" title="Khaleej Times">Khaleej Times</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>François-Robert Zacot (2009). Peuple nomade de la mer, les Badjos d'Indonésie, éditions Pocket, collection Terre Humaine, Paris</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video">Video</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sama-Bajau&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Video">edit</a>]</div> Short BBC documentary on the Bajau <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-the-bajau-sea-nomads/video-69766281">[1]</a> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MoroPeoplesmall" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MoroPeoplesmall"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Moro_&#124;_Bangsamoro76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">The Moro</a> | <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_(political_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsamoro (political entity)">Bangsamoro</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banguingui_people" title="Banguingui people">Banguingui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Illanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_people" title="Maguindanao people">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Philippine Flag"><img alt="The Philippine Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot" title="Bugkalot">Bugkalot</a> (Ilongot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyunon_people" title="Cuyunon people">Cuyunon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_people" title="Gaddang people">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_people" title="Ibanag people">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawes" class="mw-redirect" title="Itawes">Itawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_people" title="Masbateño people">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_people" title="Romblomanon people">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_people" title="Aklanon people">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boholano_people" title="Boholano people">Boholano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_people" title="Capiznon people">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaya_people" title="Eskaya people">Eskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_people" title="Karay-a people">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Porohanon people">Porohanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_people" title="Waray people">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_people" title="Butuanon people">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_people" title="Kalagan people">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_people" title="Surigaonon people">Surigaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboangue%C3%B1o_people" title="Zamboangueño people">Zamboangueño</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moro20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banguingui_people" title="Banguingui people">Banguingui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaagan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaagan people">Kaagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_people" title="Maguindanao people">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_people" title="Balangao people">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_people" title="Bontoc people">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_people" title="Ibaloi people">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_people" title="Isnag people">Isneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_people" title="Kalinga people">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_people" title="Kankanaey people">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_people" title="Itneg people">Tinguian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_people" title="Blaan people">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad#Bukidnon" title="Lumad">Bukidnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamanwa">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manobo" title="Manobo">Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanon_people" title="Subanon people">Subanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasaday" title="Tasaday">Tasaday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teduray_people" title="Teduray people">Teduray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_people" title="Tboli people">Tboli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_people" title="Ratagnon people">Ratagnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeta_people" title="Aeta people">Aeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_people" title="Ati people">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_people_(Philippines)" title="Batak people (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamanwa">Mamanwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Palaweño</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_people_(Philippines)" title="Batak people (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa" title="Tagbanwa">Tagbanua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Molbog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suludnon" title="Suludnon">Suludnon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suludnon" title="Suludnon">Suludnon/Tumandok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigrants or expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_Philippines" title="Americans in the Philippines">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_the_Philippines" title="Brazilians in the Philippines">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Mexican settlement in the Philippines">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Filipino" title="Indian Filipino">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesians_in_the_Philippines" title="Indonesians in the Philippines">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Philippines" title="Japanese in the Philippines">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_Philippines" title="Koreans in the Philippines">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_of_Malay_descent" title="Filipinos of Malay descent">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_people_in_the_Philippines" title="Nepalese people in the Philippines">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_the_Philippines" title="Arabs in the Philippines">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_the_Philippines" title="Iranians in the Philippines">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_Philippines" title="Germans in the Philippines">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Greek settlement in the Philippines">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Polish settlement in the Philippines">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian settlement in the Philippines">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Sabah115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Sabah" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Sabah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Sabah" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Sabah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Sabah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Sabah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Sabah115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Sabah">Ethnic groups in Sabah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sabah" title="Demographics of Sabah">Sabahan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Native (Anak Negeri)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan_people" title="Kadazan people">Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwijau" title="Kwijau">Kwijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud" title="Lotud">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangka%27ak" title="Mangka'ak">Mangka'ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragang" title="Maragang">Maragang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minokok" title="Minokok">Minokok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumanau_people" title="Rumanau people">Rumanau</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Sungai" title="Orang Sungai">Orang Sungai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas" title="Dumpas">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambanuo_people" title="Tambanuo people">Tambanuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Bruneian Malays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rungus_people" title="Rungus people">Rungus</a></li> <li>Molbog/Balabak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li>Bulungan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a></li> <li>Subpan</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Non-native</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malays" title="Cocos Malays">Cocos Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Peninsula Malays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Non-Bumiputera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysian Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_in_Malaysia" title="Timorese in Malaysia">Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab Malaysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sabah" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sabah">Malaysian Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Sikhs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_citizens_in_Malaysia" title="Indonesian citizens in Malaysia">Indonesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Malaysia" title="Filipinos in Malaysia">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Malaysia" title="Pakistanis in Malaysia">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia" title="Bangladeshis in Malaysia">Bengalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia342" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia342" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups in Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysians</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malay_people" title="List of Malay people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Anak Jati</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johorean_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Johorean Malay people">Johorean Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Kedahan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantanese_Malays" title="Kelantanese Malays">Kelantanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Malay people">Malaccan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays#Sub-ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Negeri Sembilanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Penangite Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perakian_Malays" title="Perakian Malays">Perakian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedahan Malay people">Perlisan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malays" title="Pahang Malays">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangorian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangorian Malay people">Selangorian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganuan_Malays" title="Terengganuan Malays">Terengganuan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Bruneian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawakian Malay people">Sarawakian Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Anak Dagang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malays" title="Cocos Malays">Cocos Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Malaysians" title="Javanese Malaysians">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Baweanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Malaysians" title="Minangkabau Malaysians">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_people" title="Kerinci people">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocu people (page does not exist)">Ocu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Malays" title="Burmese Malays">Burmese Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Patani Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Siamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed with other races (excluding Chinese and Indian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab Malaysians</a></li> <li>Peranakan Eropah (including <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Malaysian Siamese</a> (Sam-Sam)</li> <li>Peranakan Turki</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asal" title="Orang Asal">Orang Asal</a> (Other Indigenous peoples)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Peninsular Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay" title="Proto-Malay">Proto-Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_people" title="Jakun people">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq" title="Orang Kanaq">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_people" title="Semelai people">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_people" title="Temoq people">Temoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_people" title="Temuan people">Temuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semang" title="Semang">Semang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_people" title="Lanoh people">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_people" title="Jahai people">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensiu">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintaq">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendriq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendriq">Mendriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mintil">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos language">Mos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senoi" title="Senoi">Senoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semai_people" title="Semai people">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_people" title="Mah Meri people">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_people" title="Cheq Wong people">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_people" title="Temiar people">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_people" title="Jah Hut people">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_people" title="Semaq Beri people">Semaq Beri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Ulu" title="Orang Ulu">Orang Ulu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiput">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_people" title="Penan people">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_people" title="Ukit people">Ukit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_people" title="Melanau people">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriek_people" title="Miriek people">Miriek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan_people" title="Kadazan people">Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwijau" title="Kwijau">Kwijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud" title="Lotud">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangka%27ak" title="Mangka'ak">Mangka'ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragang" title="Maragang">Maragang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minokok" title="Minokok">Minokok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumanau_people" title="Rumanau people">Rumanau</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Illanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Sungai" title="Orang Sungai">Orang Sungai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas" title="Dumpas">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambanuo_people" title="Tambanuo people">Tambanuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rungus_people" title="Rungus people">Rungus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Chinese_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Chinese descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Foochow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Henghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penangite" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangite">Penangite</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mixed_with_Bumiputera21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed with Bumiputera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Indian</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Indian_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Indian descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Malaysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati Malaysian">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Penangite Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Malayali">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sabah" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sabah">Indians in Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sarawak" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sarawak">Indians in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Malaysia" title="Sri Lankans in Malaysia">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Telugu" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Telugu">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mixed_with_Malay16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed with Malay</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed without Bumiputera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians#Malaysia" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Foreign ethnicities /expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhrami people">Hadhrami</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia" title="Bangladeshis in Malaysia">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_in_Malaysia" title="Burmese in Malaysia">Burmese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese#Malaysia" title="Overseas Chinese">China/Taiwan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_in_Malaysia" title="Timorese in Malaysia">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Malaysia" title="Filipinos in Malaysia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Malaysians" title="Indonesian Malaysians">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Malaysia" title="Iranians in Malaysia">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Malaysia" title="Japanese migration to Malaysia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Jewish</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Malaysia" title="Koreans in Malaysia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Nepalese people in Malaysia">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Malaysia" title="Pakistanis in Malaysia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans_in_Malaysia" title="Singaporeans in Malaysia">Singaporeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Vietnamese people in Malaysia">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia204" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups in Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesians</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay#Indonesia" title="Proto-Malay">Aboriginal</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akit_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akit people (page does not exist)">Akit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_people" title="Batin people">Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonai people (page does not exist)">Bonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_people" title="Lubu people">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante_people" title="Mante people">Mante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Rimba_people" title="Orang Rimba people">Orang Rimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_people_(Indonesia)" title="Sakai people (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petalangan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petalangan people (page does not exist)">Petalangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talang_Mamak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talang Mamak people (page does not exist)">Talang Mamak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alas_people" title="Alas people">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_people" title="Angkola people">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpak_people" title="Pakpak people">Pakpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simalungun_people" title="Simalungun people">Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Toba Batak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_people" title="Enggano people">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluet_people" title="Kluet people">Kluet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_people" title="Komering people">Komering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_people" title="Lampung people">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahan_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahan Malay people (page does not exist)">Asahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basemah_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basemah people (page does not exist)">Basemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belida_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belida people (page does not exist)">Belida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_Malay_people" title="Deli Malay people">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enim people (page does not exist)">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kikim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kikim people (page does not exist)">Kikim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisam_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisam people (page does not exist)">Kisam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahat Malay people (page does not exist)">Lahat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay people (page does not exist)">Langkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_people" title="Lembak people">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintang people (page does not exist)">Lintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musi people (page does not exist)">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_people" title="Palembang people">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegagan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegagan people (page does not exist)">Pegagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penesak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penesak people (page does not exist)">Penesak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambang people (page does not exist)">Rambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malays" title="Riau Malays">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semendo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semendo people (page does not exist)">Semendo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay people (page does not exist)">Serdang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakuddei" title="Sakuddei">Sakuddei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Aneuk Jamee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haloban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haloban people (page does not exist)">Haloban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan people (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_people" title="Rejang people">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_people" title="Simeulue people">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil_people" title="Singkil people">Singkil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_people" title="Cirebonese people">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_people" title="Banyumasan people">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangeanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangeanese people">Kangeanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li>Apo Duat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Kayan_people" title="Apo Kayan people">Apo Kayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_people" title="Bahau people">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebbo%27_people" title="Lebbo' people">Lebbo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Baka%27_people" title="Uma Baka' people">Uma Baka'</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_people" title="Kendayan people">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_Mualang" title="Dayak Mualang">Mualang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_people" title="Ot Danum people">Ot Danum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_people" title="Lawangan people">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_people" title="Ma'anyan people">Ma'anyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_people" title="Ngaju people">Ngaju</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_people" title="Bakumpai people">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meratus_Dayak" title="Meratus Dayak">Meratus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan Bah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_people" title="Krio Dayak people">Krio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malays" title="Berau Malays">Berau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balantak_people" title="Balantak people">Balantak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banggai_people" title="Banggai people">Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_people" title="Bungku people">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_people" title="Bonerate people">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontaloan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontaloan people">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalumpang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalumpang people (page does not exist)">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindu_people" title="Lindu people">Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_people" title="Minahasan people">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_people" title="Muna people">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_people" title="Pamona people">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampi people (page does not exist)">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seko_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seko people (page does not exist)">Seko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Taa_Wana" title="Tau Taa Wana">Tau Taa Wana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people">Torajan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_people" title="Mamasa people">Mamasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_people" title="Abun people">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_people" title="Amung people">Amungme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_people" title="Asmat people">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_people" title="Bauzi people">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damal_people" title="Damal people">Damalme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekari people">Ekari (Mee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_people" title="Kanum people">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketengban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketengban people (page does not exist)">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_people" title="Kombai people">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lani_people" title="Lani people">Lani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki_people" title="Lepki people">Lepki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_people" title="Mek people">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moi people (page does not exist)">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyu_people" title="Muyu people">Muyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_people" title="Nduga people">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalum_people" title="Ngalum people">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_people" title="Sawi people">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sempan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sempan people (page does not exist)">Sempan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentani people (page does not exist)">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_people" title="Tehit people">Tehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_people" title="Tobati people">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wambon_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wambon people (page does not exist)">Wambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waropen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waropen people (page does not exist)">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_people" title="Wolani people">Wolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_people" title="Yaur people">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_people_(Indonesia)" title="Yei people (Indonesia)">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoni" title="Atoni">Atoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Aga" title="Bali Aga">Bali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimanese_people" title="Bimanese people">Bimanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_people" title="Bunak people">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_people" title="Helong people">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_people" title="Kemak people">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_people" title="Lamaholot people">Lamaholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loloan_Malays" title="Loloan Malays">Loloan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngada_people" title="Ngada people">Ngada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenese_people" title="Rotenese people">Rotenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_people" title="Savu people">Savu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikka_people" title="Sikka people">Sikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_people" title="Sumbawa people">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_people" title="Tetum people">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alifuru_people" title="Alifuru people">Alifuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alune_people" title="Alune people">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_people" title="Manusela people">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_people" title="Nuaulu people">Nuaulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_people" title="Ambelau people">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_people" title="Ambonese people">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_people" title="Buru people">Buru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_people" title="Kayeli people">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_people" title="Lisela people">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wai_Apu_people" title="Wai Apu people">Wai Apu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wai_Loa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wai Loa people (page does not exist)">Wai Loa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbarese" title="Tanimbarese">Tanimbarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_people" title="Tobelo people">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_people" title="Togutil people">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_people" 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