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capacity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_perception_of_Bush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_perception_of_Bush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Domestic perception of Bush </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestic_perception_of_Bush-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Domestic perception of Bush subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Domestic_perception_of_Bush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Domestic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_Hurricane_Katrina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Response to Hurricane Katrina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_Hurricane_Katrina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Economic policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_and_national_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_and_national_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign policy and national security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_and_national_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_on_Terror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_on_Terror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 War on Terror </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_on_Terror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enhanced_interrogation_techniques_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enhanced_interrogation_techniques_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Enhanced interrogation techniques controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enhanced_interrogation_techniques_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Foreign aid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bush_derangement_syndrome_neologism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bush_derangement_syndrome_neologism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Bush derangement syndrome neologism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bush_derangement_syndrome_neologism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_perception_of_Bush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_perception_of_Bush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Foreign perception of Bush </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_perception_of_Bush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Impact of policies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_of_policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact of policies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Iraq War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveys_of_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys_of_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Surveys of historians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys_of_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_critical_works_about_Bush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> 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Bush as US President </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranking_of_George_W._Bush_as_US_President-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Public image of George W. 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href="/wiki/File:2004_GOP_presidential_candidates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2004_GOP_presidential_candidates.jpg/220px-2004_GOP_presidential_candidates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2004_GOP_presidential_candidates.jpg/330px-2004_GOP_presidential_candidates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2004_GOP_presidential_candidates.jpg/440px-2004_GOP_presidential_candidates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Bush at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 Republican National Convention</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, the 43rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, has elicited a variety of public perceptions regarding his policies, personality and performance as a <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. In the United States and elsewhere, journalists, polling organizations and others have documented the expression of an evolving array of <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">opinions</a> of President Bush. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine named Bush as its <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Person of the Year</a> for 2000<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and 2004,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> citing him as the most influential person during these two years. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_approval_rating" title="United States presidential approval rating">approval ratings</a> of Bush ranged from a record high to a record low. Bush began his presidency with ratings near 60%.<a href="#cite_note-ApprovalRatingsOverTime-3">[3]</a> In the time of national crisis following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, polls showed approval ratings greater than 85%, peaking in at 92%,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> as well as a steady 80–90% approval for about four months after the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Afterward, his ratings steadily declined as the economy suffered and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> initiated by his administration continued. By early 2006, his average rating was near 40%, and in July 2008, a poll indicated a low of 22%.<a href="#cite_note-ApprovalRatingsOverTime-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-BushJobRatings-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:George-W-Bush.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/75px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/113px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Business and personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_George_W._Bush" title="List of things named after George W. Bush">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of awards and honors received by George W. Bush">Honors</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Bibliography</a></li> <li>Non-profit organizaitons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">46th Governor of Texas</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">43rd President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Efforts to impeach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Tenure</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Invasion of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Iraq and weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">2007 Iraq surge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008" title="Economic Stimulus Act of 2008">Economic Stimulus Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_George_W._Bush" title="Political positions of George W. Bush">Policies</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">international trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Climate change policy of the George W. Bush administration">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Appointments</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Federal judges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nominations">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Miers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">Florida recount</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush's signature"><img alt="George W. Bush's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/150px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/225px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/300px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="220" /></a></div> <img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush_series" title="Template:George W. Bush series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush_series" title="Template talk:George W. Bush series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_W._Bush_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George W. Bush series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> At the beginning of his first term, Bush's reputation suffered due to his <a href="/wiki/Florida_recount" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida recount">narrow victory</a> in Florida and the attendant controversy surrounding his electoral college victory, which included accusations of vote suppression and tampering. While routinely criticized by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Democratic Party">Democrats</a>, Bush was also sometimes criticized by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Republican Party">Republicans</a>. A number of American celebrities and sports and media personalities engaged in heated criticism of Bush. Bush was also subject to criticism in the international community for his <a href="/wiki/U.S._foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. foreign policy">foreign policy</a>. Street protests sometimes occurred during Bush's diplomatic visits to other countries. His policies were the subject of heated criticism in the 2002 elections in Germany<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and the 2006 elections in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_among_conservatives">Support among conservatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Support among conservatives">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg/220px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg/330px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg/440px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">Public opinion polling</a> data of Bush from February 2001 to January 2009. Blue denotes "approve", red "disapprove", and green "unsure". Spikes in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Presidential_approval_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Presidential approval rating">approval</a> followed the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">2003 Iraq War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Dawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Red Dawn">capture of Saddam Hussein</a>.</figcaption></figure>Bush has enjoyed strong support among Republicans and Americans holding <a href="/wiki/American_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservatism">conservative</a> views, and for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 2004">2004 election</a>, 95–98% of the Republican electorate approved of and voted for Bush, a figure exceeding the approval of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. This support waned, however, due mostly to Republicans' growing frustration with Bush on the issues of spending and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigration</a>. Some Republicans even began criticizing Bush on his policies in Iraq, Iran, and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_image">Personal image</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal image">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country_image">Country image</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Country image">edit</a>]</div> Raised in <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a>, Bush's accent, vacations on his Texas ranch, and penchant for country metaphors contribute to his folksy, American <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboy</a> image.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCcowboy-12">[12]</a> "I think people look at him and think <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a>", says <a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Piers Morgan</a>, editor of the British <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It has been suggested that Bush's accent was a deliberate and active choice, as a way of distinguishing himself from <a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">his family's</a> traditionally wealthy, intellectual, Northeastern image, and anchoring himself to his Texas roots.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Both supporters and detractors have pointed to his country persona as reasons for their support or criticism.<a href="#cite_note-BBCcowboy-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision">Vision</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vision">edit</a>]</div> In contrast to his father, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, who was perceived as having <a href="/wiki/The_vision_thing" class="mw-redirect" title="The vision thing">troubles with an overarching unifying theme</a>, George W. Bush embraced larger visions and was seen as a man of larger ideas and associated huge risks.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_capacity">Intellectual capacity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intellectual capacity">edit</a>]</div> Bush's <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a> capacities were questioned by the media<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> which speculated about his <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">IQ</a>. A <a href="/wiki/U.S._Presidential_IQ_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Presidential IQ hoax">hoax report</a> claiming Bush had the lowest IQ of any American President of the last 50 years circulated in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-IQ-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Immelman-18">[18]</a> Though no official IQ test score for Bush has been found, the score he received on his <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> during his final year of preparatory school at the exclusive <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andover,_Massachusetts" title="Andover, Massachusetts">Andover, Massachusetts</a>, is known. He scored 1206. The score that Bush received on his qualifying test for the military suggests that his IQ was in the mid-120s, placing him in the 95th <a href="/wiki/Percentile" title="Percentile">percentile</a> of the population for intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-10-24-04-19">[19]</a> An article published in the journal Political Psychology estimated Bush's IQ at 125.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The same study estimated the IQ of Bush's predecessor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> at 149.<a href="#cite_note-IQ-17">[17]</a> The study's director noted that "Bush may be 'much smarter' than the findings imply". A lecturer in American politics at <a href="/wiki/Warwick_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwick University">Warwick University</a> said: "A major part of [Bush's] public persona, to some extent, I think deliberately, is that he is not an intellectual. But he went to Yale, he has had an exclusive upbringing and he is by no means a dimwit."<a href="#cite_note-Immelman-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Bush's detractors tended to focus on various linguistic errors made by him during his public speeches, colloquially known as <a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> His mispronunciation of certain words was ridiculed in the media and in popular culture. Even as early as the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election debates">presidential debates</a>, it was the subject of a <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a> sketch (see <a href="/wiki/Strategery" title="Strategery">Strategery</a>).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Perhaps his most famous nonstandard pronunciation is that of nuclear, pronouncing it <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnukjələr/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NOO-kyə-lər</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnukliər/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NOO-klee-ər</a>, although he is not the only American president to have done this. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> lists this as a variant but nonstandard pronunciation of nuclear.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_perception_of_Bush">Domestic perception of Bush</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Domestic perception of Bush">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_approval_ratings_with_events.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings_with_events.svg/220px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings_with_events.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings_with_events.svg/330px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings_with_events.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings_with_events.svg/440px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings_with_events.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Bush approval rating from 2001 to 2006. Notable spikes in his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Presidential_approval_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Presidential approval rating">approval rating</a> followed the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">2003 Iraq conflict</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Dawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Red Dawn">capture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>.</figcaption></figure> Bush began his presidency with <a href="/wiki/Approval_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval rating">approval ratings</a> near 50%.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-27">[27]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, Bush held approval ratings of greater than 85%, among the highest for any President. Since then, his approval ratings and approval of his handling of domestic, economic, and foreign policy issues steadily declined, and despite consistent efforts to do so, President Bush and his administration were unable to rally public support for the last three years, with each year seeing a steady decline in the Administration's support level to the point of Bush eventually dropping to a 19% approval rating and 77% disapproval rating, both records for a sitting president.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 2002, Bush had the highest approval rating of any president during a midterm congressional election since <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>. In an unusual deviation from the historical trend of midterm elections, the Republican Party regained control of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> and added to its majority in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. Typically, the President's party loses congressional seats in the midterm elections; 2002 marked only the third midterm election since the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> that the party in control of the White House gained seats in both houses of Congress (others were <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1902" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1902">1902</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1934">1934</a>). In 2003, Bush's approval spiked upward at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle Columbia disaster</a> in February. The upward trend continued through the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a> in March. By late 2003, when presidential opponents began their campaigns in earnest, his approval numbers were in the low to middle 50s. Most polls tied the decline to growing concern over the <a href="/wiki/Post-invasion_Iraq,_2003%E2%80%93present" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–present">US-led occupation of Iraq</a> and a slow recovery from the 2001 recession. Polls of May 2004 showed anywhere from a 53%<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> to a 46% approval rating.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In April 2006, the president's approval continued to decline. Four states continue to maintain a positive approval rating: Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Nebraska. His disapproval rating in traditionally <a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">red states</a> had risen, with higher than 60% of voters disapproving in Ohio, Florida, Arkansas, New Mexico, Nevada, Colorado, Virginia, Missouri, and Iowa. Even in his conservative-spun home state of Texas, disapproval reached 51 percent. His disapproval rating in several American states had reached an all-time high, with more than 70% disapproving in Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Delaware, Vermont, and New York. His highest approval rating stood at 55% in Utah, and his lowest, 24%, in Rhode Island.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In polls conducted between August 7 and 16, 2006, Bush's average approval rating was 37.0%, and his average disapproval rating was 57.3%.<a href="#cite_note-RealClearPolitics-32">[32]</a> A poll taken in mid September 2006 indicated that 48 percent of Americans believed the war with Iraq has made the US less safe, while 41 percent believed the war has made the US safer from terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Another poll shows that a majority of Americans, by a margin of 61 to 35 percent, believe that the United States is not better off because of Bush's policies.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> At the conclusion of 2006, an AP-<a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> News telephone poll of 1,004 adults found Bush to be both the "top villain" and "top hero" of the year.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Bush was followed in the "villain" poll by <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, who took in 8 percent to Bush's 25 percent; <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> (6 percent); and Iran's <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> (5 percent). In the hero poll, Bush's 13 percent was followed by: Soldiers/troops in Iraq (6 percent), <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> (3 percent), <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (3 percent), and <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> (3 percent).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Polls conducted after Bush's <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">troop surge</a> strategy was announced in January 2007 showed his approval rating had dropped to approximately 32%. On February 13, 2008, an average of major polls indicated that Bush's approval rating stood at 33.3%.<a href="#cite_note-RealClearPolitics-32">[32]</a> The same average showed, for polls issued during the period from September 5 to 16, 2008, that Bush's approval rating was 31.9%, and his disapproval rating was 64.8%.<a href="#cite_note-RealClearPolitics-32">[32]</a> A poll by <a href="/wiki/Rasmussen_Reports" title="Rasmussen Reports">Rasmussen Reports</a> on December 10, 2005, asked, "Should <a href="/wiki/Movement_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement to impeach George W. Bush">President Bush be impeached</a> and removed from office?" 32% said "yes", and 58% said "no".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Earlier polls asked conditional versions of the impeachment question. For example, <a href="/wiki/Zogby_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Zogby International">Zogby International</a> on November 2, 2005, asked whether respondents agreed with the statement, "If President Bush did not tell the truth about his reasons for going to war with Iraq, Congress should consider holding him accountable through impeachment." Americans agreed with this, 53% to 42%.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> A poll by <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> on October 19, 2006, revealed that 51% of respondents believed that the impeachment of Bush should be a priority.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> An August 2008 poll found that 41% of Americans thought that Bush is the worst President in United States history, while 50% disagreed.<a href="#cite_note-WorstPresidentEver-40">[40]</a> Bush's critics have questioned his leadership skills regarding some events. One occasion was on the moment of the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks#{{harvid|''Final_Report_on_the_Collapse_of_World_Trade_Center_Building_7''|2008}}" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11 World Trade Center attacks</a>: after being told by Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card">Andrew Card</a> that the US was "under attack", Bush continued with a reading lesson with elementary school children for seven minutes.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-WashSeven-42">[42]</a> Democratic 2004 presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> cited Bush's lack of swift action, calling into question the incumbent's leadership capabilities, and concluding: "Americans want to know that the person they choose as president has all the skills and ability, all of the mental toughness, all of the gut instinct necessary to be a strong commander in chief."<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a> later released a summary of Bush's closed-door testimony, which stated that Bush's "instinct was to project calm, not to have the country see an excited reaction at a moment of crisis". It went on to say "The President felt he should project strength and calm until he could better understand what was happening."<a href="#cite_note-WashSeven-42">[42]</a> This situation was featured prominently in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Michael Moore</a>'s 2004 documentary <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11">Fahrenheit 9/11</a>. Twice, in late 2001 and early 2002, Bush stated that before entering the classroom he had seen on a television set the first plane hit the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a>, and that he had assumed it was an accident.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> This was impossible, as no televised footage of the first plane crashing into the tower was broadcast until the afternoon of that day. The <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> explained his remarks as "a mistaken recollection".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Domestic policy">edit</a>]</div> Domestic criticism of Bush has waxed and waned throughout his administration. Before 9/11, Bush was reviled by the bulk of the American <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">left</a>, mostly for his role in the controversial 2000 election, and for his <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind" class="mw-redirect" title="No Child Left Behind">No Child Left Behind</a> education program.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The next major domestic item which Bush faced significant opposition to was his program of <a href="/wiki/Tax_cuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax cuts">tax cuts</a>, codified in the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001" title="Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001">Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jobs_and_Growth_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2003" title="Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003">Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003</a>. Both acts ultimately passed, but calls for their repeal lasted until the end of the <a href="/wiki/2004_US_Presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 US Presidential election">2004 campaign</a>. Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a> in particular called for a repeal of the part of the tax cuts which affected the wealthiest Americans in order to fund public health care programs and reduce the federal deficit.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> After Bush was re-elected, he made <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> reform a top priority. He proposed options to permit Americans to divert a portion of their Social Security tax (FICA) into secured investments, creating a "nest egg" that he claimed would enjoy steady growth. This led Democrats to label the program a "<a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>" of Social Security. Bush embarked on a 60-day tour to shore up public support for the plan, attacking the political reaction against reforms. Ultimately, Congressional Republicans could not reach a consensus on the plan, and the Democrats were unanimously opposed.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Bush was left without any political will to pass his reforms. The issue was dropped, and the status quo maintained.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Bush had been increasingly forced to defend his actions on many fronts and had been unable to generate widespread support in the nation as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> After the Democratic Party regained control of both houses of Congress in the <a href="/wiki/2006_midterm_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 midterm elections">2006 midterm elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> reported that "The war in Iraq, scandals in Congress and declining support for Bush and Republicans on Capitol Hill defined the battle for House and Senate control".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Calling Bush "The Mother of All Big Spenders", the <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> think tank <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> writes that "Sadly, the Bush administration has consistently sacrificed sound policy to the god of political expediency".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Cato's Chris Edwards said, "When he gives speeches now, you hear him bashing the Democrats on overspending. It sounds ridiculous, because we know he's a big spender."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> "After running up $3 trillion in <a href="/wiki/United_States_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="United States public debt">new debt</a> – including more than half a trillion dollars for what some have called his flawed Iraq policy – some people find it astounding that the president is once again lecturing Congress about fiscal responsibility and fiscal priorities," stated Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a> (D-<a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nev</a>).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> for 18 years, serving under six Presidents and who describes himself as "a lifelong Libertarian Republican", writes in his book The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World that Bush and the congressional Republicans "swapped principle for power". "Little value was placed on rigorous economic policy debate or the weighing of long-term consequences". Greenspan, again promoting his book, also says "I am saddened that it is politically inconvenient to acknowledge what everyone knows: the Iraq war is largely about oil"<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and "getting <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a> out of there was very important, but had nothing to do with <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>, it had to do with oil."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> With regards to the costs of the war in Iraq, the nonpartisan <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> estimates that it will come to between one and one and a half trillion dollars by 2010. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Those costs – both to sustain the current mission in Iraq and to pay longer-term 'hidden' expenses like troop healthcare and replacement equipment – are far more than US officials advertised when Congress gave President Bush the authority to launch the invasion in March 2003. At the time, the White House and then-defense secretary <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> predicted a quick, decisive victory and counted on Iraqi oil revenues to pay for the war. And when <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lindsey" title="Lawrence Lindsey">Lawrence Lindsey</a>, one of Bush's top budget advisers, estimated in 2003 that the entire undertaking could cost as much as $200 billion, he was fired ... McGovern said he is worried about the long-term financial impact of the war, adding that his primary concern is that the United States is borrowing money to pay for it. Some leading economists have predicted that, depending on how long troops remain in Iraq, the endeavor could reach several trillion dollars as a result of more 'hidden' costs —including recruiting expenses to replenish the ranks and the lifelong benefits the government pays to veterans. 'It is being paid for on the national credit card,' McGovern said. 'It is being put on the backs of our kids and grandkids. That is indefensible.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></blockquote> In fact, according to the former <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> vice-president, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a>, when factors like medical and welfare costs of US military servicemen are added in, the cost to date is closer to $3.3 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> However, continues Stiglitz, "Three trillion is a very conservative number, the true costs are likely to be much larger than that ... The money being spent on the war each week would be enough to wipe out illiteracy around the world ... Just a few days' funding would be enough to provide health insurance for US children who were not covered," he said. The relaxed regulation under the Bush presidency are regarded to have been a major contributing factor to the <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">subprime mortgage crisis</a>, and there are fears that the United States and the world economy could slide into another <a href="/wiki/Economic_crisis_of_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic crisis of 2008">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a> column by Linda Bilmes, a lecturer in Public Finance at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard%27s_Kennedy_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvard's Kennedy School (page does not exist)">Harvard's Kennedy School</a>, and Joseph Stiglitz titled "The $10 trillion hangover: Paying the price for eight years of Bush", "estimate that the cost of undoing the Bush administration's economic choices, from the wars in Iraq and <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a> to the collapse of the financial system, soaring debt and new commitments to interest payments and <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>, all add up to over $10 trillion".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006015418/http://zfacts.com/p/318.html">National Debt Graph: Bush Sets 50-Year Record</a>. The National debt from <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> to the beginning of Ronald Reagan's term totaled about one trillion dollars. The <a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">controversial dismissal of seven US attorneys</a> by the Bush administration's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) in 2006, and their replacement by interim appointees, led critics to argue that the administration had undermined both the integrity of the Department of Justice and the non-partisan tradition of US Attorneys.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-McClatchy-Taylor-2007-05-16-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Others likened the event to the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, referring to it as Gonzales-gate,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> and members of Congress from both parties called for the resignation of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Response_to_Hurricane_Katrina">Response to Hurricane Katrina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Response to Hurricane Katrina">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_government_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina">Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina</a></div> Bush came under more criticism when <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> slammed into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a> region during the early hours of August 29, 2005. In the wake of the hurricane, two levees protecting <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a> collapsed, leading to widespread flooding. In the aftermath of this <a href="/wiki/NOLA#21st_century_.28Hurricane_Katrina.29" class="mw-redirect" title="NOLA">disaster</a>, thousands of city residents, unable to evacuate prior to the hurricane, became stranded with little or no relief for several days, resulting in lawless and unsanitary conditions in some areas. Blame for inadequate disaster response was partially attributed to state and local authorities, but public outcry in the disaster's early hours was largely directed at the Bush administration, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA)<a href="#cite_note-FEMA-72">[72]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> alleging weak crisis management and coordination. In fact, a Canadian search-and-rescue team actually made it to a New Orleans suburb five days before US aid arrived.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Others have identified political conservatism as the overriding cause of problems in the way the disaster was handled.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> These critics argue that the alleged unreadiness of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">United States National Guard</a>, negligence of federal authorities, and haplessness of officials such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Brown" title="Michael D. Brown">Michael Brown</a> did not represent incompetence on the part of the federal authorities, but were instead natural and deliberate consequences of the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative philosophy</a> embraced by the Bush administration, especially "sink or swim" policies to <a href="/wiki/Starve_the_beast" title="Starve the beast">force reductions in government expenditure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatize</a> key government responsibilities such as <a href="/wiki/Disaster_preparedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster preparedness">disaster preparedness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> both of which resulted in the systematic dismantling of FEMA by the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Homeland Security">US Department of Homeland Security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Criticism led to the resignation of FEMA director <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Brown" title="Michael D. Brown">Michael Brown</a>, and eventually, Bush himself accepted personal responsibility for what he deemed "serious problems in the federal government's response" in a September 2005 press conference. Several politicians called for either congressional or independent investigations, claiming that the Executive Branch cannot satisfactorily investigate itself.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environment">Environment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> Bush has been criticized by national and international environmental groups for his administration's rollbacks of environmental protections going back more than three decades. These are in areas ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water</a> Acts to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">After four years in office, the George W. Bush administration has compiled an environmental record that is taking our nation in a new and dangerous direction. Last year alone, Bush administration agencies made more than 150 actions that weakened our environmental laws. Over the course of the first term, this administration led the most thorough and destructive campaign against America's environmental safeguards in the past 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></blockquote> In "Texas Chainsaw Management" (2007) <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> argues that "The verdict on George W. Bush as the nation's <a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">environmental steward</a> has already been written in stone. No president has mounted a more sustained and deliberate assault on the nation's environment. No president has acted with more solicitude toward <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">polluting</a> industries. Assaulting the environment across a broad front, the Bush administration has promoted and implemented more than 400 measures that eviscerate 30 years of environmental policy."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Kennedy has also written a book Crimes Against Nature: How George W. Bush and His Corporate Pals Are Plundering the Country and Hijacking Our Democracy. Bush has also been criticized by the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>, representing over 20 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> Laureates, who accuse him of failing to acknowledge basic science on environmental issues. The group says that the Bush administration has engaged in intentional suppression and distortion of facts regarding the environment.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In the waning days of his administration, Bush sought rule changes which would negatively impact a wide range of environmental issues.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">George Bush is behaving like a furious <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_default" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage default">defaulter</a> whose home is about to be repossessed. Smashing the porcelain, ripping the doors off their hinges, he is determined that there will be nothing worth owning by the time the bastards kick him out. His midnight regulations, opening America's wilderness to logging and mining, trashing pollution controls, tearing up conservation laws, will do almost as much damage in the last 60 days of his presidency as he achieved in the foregoing 3,000. His backers – among them the nastiest pollutocrats in America – are calling in their favours. But this last binge of vandalism is also the Bush presidency reduced to its essentials. Destruction is not an accidental product of its ideology. Destruction is the ideology. <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a> is power expressed by showing that you can reduce any part of the world to rubble.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_policies">Economic policies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economic policies">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Synthesis plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/40px-Ambox_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/60px-Ambox_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/80px-Ambox_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains original <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SYNTH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SYNTH">synthesis</a>. Source material should <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiably mention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_removal#Irrelevant_information" title="Wikipedia:Content removal">relate</a> to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Talk:Public image of George W. Bush">talk page</a>. (February 2009) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Moral and ethical questions have been raised over the billions of dollars Bush has requested for the Iraq war,<a href="#cite_note-IraqPlan2007-88">[88]</a> which Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Democratic Party">D</a>-Nevada) has said ensures that less money is made available to help children and the poor in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-ReidPBS-89">[89]</a> Critics have accused him of stinginess toward poor children with regards to health care in a time when it is increasingly unaffordable.<a href="#cite_note-ReidPBS-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg2007-90">[90]</a> Another example is Bush's effort to cut <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">food stamps</a> for the poor. In 2005, Bush called for "billions of dollars in cuts that will touch people on food stamps and farmers on price supports, children under <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> and adults in public housing."<a href="#cite_note-LAT2005-91">[91]</a> While passed by the Republican Congress, initially the "White House proposed the restriction".<a href="#cite_note-SMH2005-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy_and_national_security">Foreign policy and national security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foreign policy and national security">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_on_Terror">War on Terror</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: War on Terror">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> No official moral leadership emerged to challenge Americans to think constructively about our place in the world, to redefine civic commitment and public responsibility. There was no man in a wheelchair in the White House urging on us a reassessment of American strength and weakness. What we had was a chest beater in a borrowed flight suit, instructing us to max out our credit cards for the cause. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Susan_Faludi" title="Susan Faludi">Susan Faludi</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Terror_Dream" title="The Terror Dream">The Terror Dream: Fear and Fantasy in Post-9/11 America</a> (2007)<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></cite></div> </div> Bush received criticism for publicly using phrases like "bring it on" and "wanted dead or alive," both regarding terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Frank Lautenberg</a>, D-<a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a>, called Bush's language "irresponsible and inciteful". "I am shaking my head in disbelief," Lautenberg said. "When I served in the Army in Europe during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, I never heard any military commander – let alone the commander in chief – invite enemies to attack U.S. troops."<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Resistance">Iraqi Resistance</a> group known as the "Islamic Jihad Army" put out a video that stated "George W. Bush, you have asked us to 'bring it on.' And so help me, [we will] like you never expected. Do you have another challenge?"<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Bush apologized for these comments in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraq">Iraq</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Opposition to the Iraq War</a></div> Bush has taken a significant amount of criticism for his decision to invade Iraq in March 2003 and his handling of the situation afterwards. As Bush organized the effort, and ordered the invasion himself, he has borne the brunt of the criticism for the undeclared war.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> A Newsweek poll taken in June 2007 showed a record 73% of respondents disapproving of Bush's handling of the war in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enhanced_interrogation_techniques_controversy">Enhanced interrogation techniques controversy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Enhanced interrogation techniques controversy">edit</a>]</div> Another point of discussion has been whether the enhanced interrogation techniques in the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison" title="Abu Ghraib prison">Abu Ghraib prison</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay_detainment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantánamo Bay detainment camp">Guantánamo Bay detainment camp</a> constitutes <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> or not. Although a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225536/http://www.galluppoll.com/content/?ci=15160&pg=1">CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll</a> "found that sizable majorities of Americans disagree with tactics ranging from leaving prisoners naked and chained in uncomfortable positions for hours, to trying to make a prisoner think he was being drowned.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Bush has stated that "We do not <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Yet, many people and governments<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> and non-governmental organizations disagree and have staged several protests.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> These sentiments are partly a result of the <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a>'s suggestion that the president can decide whether normal strictures on torture still apply if it outweighs the security of the nation,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> and because the Bush administration has repeatedly acted against attempts to restrict controversial interrogation techniques,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Signing_statement" title="Signing statement">signing statements</a> by Bush to exclude himself from the laws created by the <a href="/wiki/Detainee_Treatment_Act_of_2005#Signing_statement_by_President_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Detainee Treatment Act of 2005">Detainee Treatment Act of 2005</a> as well as vetoing legislation that would have made <a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboarding</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced interrogation">coercive interrogation methods</a> illegal.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Furthermore, some<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> are concerned by the Bush administration's use of <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition_by_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary rendition by the United States">Extraordinary rendition</a>, where individuals are sent to other countries where torture can easily occur without any form of oversight. Bush defends this practice on the basis that:<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... the United States government has an obligation to protect the American people. It's in our country's interests to find those who would do harm to us and get them out of harm's way. And we will do so within the law, and we will do so in honoring our commitment not to torture people. And we expect the countries where we send somebody to, not to torture, as well. But you bet, when we find somebody who might do harm to the American people, we will detain them and ask others from their country of origin to detain them. It makes sense. The American people expect us to do that.</blockquote> A Pentagon memo lists many interrogation techniques which were requested and approved during Bush's presidency on the basis that "The current guidelines for interrogation procedures at GTMO limit the ability of interrogators to counter advanced resistance".<a href="#cite_note-CRT_PENTAGON-118">[118]</a> The Bush administration's connection to these controversial interrogation techniques had been one of the main considerations in the <a href="/wiki/Movement_to_impeach_George_W._Bush#Geneva_Conventions_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement to impeach George W. Bush">movement to impeach Bush</a>. These controversial enhanced interrogation techniques have in several cases become military policy<a href="#cite_note-CRT_PENTAGON-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and in response to Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse controversy Germany had looked into seeking to charge Rumsfeld and two others with war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_aid">Foreign aid</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign aid">edit</a>]</div> Under the Bush administration, more aid has been given to Africa than under any other US president or world leader in history, with a total of $15 billion spent to fight AIDS and poverty as well as diplomatic assistance between warring peoples and other humanitarian efforts. However, this was in nominal terms. In real terms, he actually lowered the percent of GDP given as aid to foreign countries.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bush_derangement_syndrome_neologism">Bush derangement syndrome neologism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bush derangement syndrome neologism">edit</a>]</div> American pundit and psychiatrist<a href="#cite_note-CKbio-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Charles Krauthammer</a>, noting the reaction of liberals to Bush and his policies, in a 2003 <a href="/wiki/Column_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Column (newspaper)">column</a> coined the term Bush derangement syndrome to describe "the acute onset of paranoia in otherwise normal people in reaction to the policies, the presidency—nay—the very existence of George W. Bush".<a href="#cite_note-CKbio-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-CK2003-124">[124]</a> While Krauthammer's column was somewhat tongue-in-cheek (e.g., "What is worrying epidemiologists about the <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a> incident, however, is that heretofore no case had been reported in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, or any other dairy state"), the term indicates a belief that some extreme criticisms of Bush are of emotional origin rather than based in fact or logic. The term has been adopted by writers across the political spectrum<a href="#cite_note-mosely-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-gibson-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-fisa-127">[127]</a> and is most closely associated with liberal reaction to Bush policies past and present.<a href="#cite_note-CK2003-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-gibson-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-fisa-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-mosely07-128">[128]</a> The neologism is not unique to Bush,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> with several commentators borrowing Krauthammer's coinage to define Thatcher derangement syndrome,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> in reference to <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, referring to the extremely vitriolic reactions Thatcher evokes among British leftists,<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-132">[132]</a> both during and following her tenure as Britain's prime minister,<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-132">[132]</a> and most notably distinguished in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher">her death</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Similarly, the term <a href="/wiki/Trump_derangement_syndrome" title="Trump derangement syndrome">Trump derangement syndrome</a> was coined to refer to perceived irrational criticism of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_perception_of_Bush">Foreign perception of Bush</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Foreign perception of Bush">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2009)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gohomebush.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gohomebush.JPG/230px-Gohomebush.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gohomebush.JPG/345px-Gohomebush.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gohomebush.JPG/460px-Gohomebush.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>"Bush Go Home" in Vienna, 2007</figcaption></figure> Opinions of Bush from outside the US are less than favorable. For example, a global sampling in 2005 of 21 nations found that 58% of those sampled believed that the president's reelection would have a negative impact on their peace and security; only 26% believed it would have a positive one.<a href="#cite_note-globescan-134">[134]</a> In 18 of the 21 countries surveyed, a majority of respondents held an unfavorable opinion of Bush. Respondents indicated that they judged his administration as "negative" for world security.<a href="#cite_note-globescan-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-WorldNotPleased-135">[135]</a> The United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a> newspaper ran the following headline the day of Bush's reelection: "How Can 59,054,087 People Be So Dumb?", underlining Bush's unpopularity in some sections of the British press.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Among the population of Britain, two-thirds of the population holds[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] a dim view of Bush, a figure that is duplicated in Canada. After his reelection in 2004, Bush was viewed favorably by 38% and unfavorably by 53% in Italy, but much worse in other countries: "Three-quarters of those in Spain and more than 80% in France and Germany had a negative view of President Bush's role in world affairs."<a href="#cite_note-WorldNotPleased-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In Turkey, 72% of those polled said that Bush's reelection made them "feel worse about Americans".<a href="#cite_note-globescan-134">[134]</a> In November 2006, a survey taken in Great Britain, Mexico, and Canada showed that they believed Bush was more dangerous than North Korean leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a> and Iranian <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KimJongIll-138">[138]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic countries</a>, opinion of Bush was even less favorable. Bush's unfavorable ratings there were particularly high, often over 90%.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In Jordan, for example, Bush's favorable rating was only nine percent.<a href="#cite_note-ICM-140">[140]</a> Bush enjoyed somewhat more favorable views among the populations of some allied states. In one multi-nation poll after Bush's <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 reelection</a>, the only three countries (out of 21 polled) in which a majority or plurality saw Bush's return to office as positive for peace and security in the world were the Philippines (63%), India (62%), and Poland (44%).<a href="#cite_note-globescan-134">[134]</a> In one poll of 10 countries, Israel was the only country where the population had a net favorable opinion, with 62 percent favoring Bush.<a href="#cite_note-ICM-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_policies">Impact of policies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Impact of policies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq_War">Iraq War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Iraq War">edit</a>]</div> By 2016, the public consensus in both parties was that the Iraq War was based on invalid reasons, did not accomplish anything positive, and was highly detrimental. Bush admitted in his 2010 memoir Decision Points: "The reality was that I had sent American troops into combat based in large part on intelligence that proved false ... No one was more shocked or angry than I was when we didn't find the weapons. I had a sickening feeling every time I thought about it. I still do."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> During the 2016 debates, Donald Trump frequently stated the invasion was totally wasteful and did not produce any useful results.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> seemed to defend the Iraq War in 2016, he was widely criticized, and had to reverse his answer, saying, "Knowing what we know now I would not have engaged—I would not have gone into Iraq," <a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The Republican Vice-Presidential candidate in 2024, <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a>, labeled the Iraq invasion as disastrous.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surveys_of_historians">Surveys of historians</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Surveys of historians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Historical rankings of presidents of the United States</a></div> Since 2006, <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">surveys of professional historians</a> have given the Bush presidency low marks. A 2006 <a href="/wiki/Siena_College" title="Siena College">Siena College</a> poll of 744 professors reported the following results:<a href="#cite_note-Siena_2006-147">[147]</a> <ul><li>"George W. Bush has just finished five years as President. If today were the last day of his presidency, how would you rank him? The responses were: Great: 2%; Near Great: 5%; Average: 11%; Below Average: 24%; Failure: 58%."</li> <li>"In your judgment, do you think he has a realistic chance of improving his rating? Two-thirds (67%) responded no; less than a quarter (23%) responded yes; and 10% chose no opinion or not applicable."</li></ul> Thomas Kelly, professor emeritus of American studies at Siena College, said: "President Bush would seem to have small hope for high marks from the current generation of practicing historians and political scientists. In this case, current public opinion polls actually seem to cut the President more slack than the experts do." Dr. Douglas Lonnstrom, Siena College professor of statistics and director of the <a href="/wiki/Siena_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Siena Research Institute">Siena Research Institute</a>, stated: "In our 2002 presidential rating, with a group of experts comparable to this current poll, President Bush ranked 23rd of 42 presidents. That was shortly after 9/11. Clearly, the professors do not think things have gone well for him in the past few years. These are the experts that teach college students today and will write the history of this era tomorrow."<a href="#cite_note-Siena_2006-147">[147]</a> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/History_News_Network" title="History News Network">History News Network</a> conducted an unscientific poll among 109 professional historians. That poll found that, among those professional historians, 98% believe that the Bush presidency is a failure, and that 61% believe it to be the worst in history.<a href="#cite_note-HNN08poll-148">[148]</a> Another poll done in 2009 by <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> among 65 professional historians ranks Bush 36 of 42 former presidents.<a href="#cite_note-CSPAN08poll-149">[149]</a> A 2010 Siena College poll of 238 Presidential scholars found that Bush was ranked 39th out of 43, with poor ratings in handling of the economy, communication, ability to compromise, foreign policy accomplishments and intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-Siena_2010-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_critical_works_about_Bush">Notable critical works about Bush</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable critical works about Bush">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fahrenheit_9/11">Fahrenheit 9/11</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fahrenheit 9/11">edit</a>]</div> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Michael Moore</a> released his documentary <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11">Fahrenheit 9/11</a>, which went on to become the highest-grossing political documentary of all time.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The film is critical of Bush and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a> have criticized Fahrenheit 9/11 as dishonest and inaccurate.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="W.">W.</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: W.">edit</a>]</div> In 2008, director <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a>, a noted liberal and Democrat who is known as a critic of Republican policymakers including Bush, directed a biographical film about Bush entitled <a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)">W.</a>, featuring <a href="/wiki/Josh_Brolin" title="Josh Brolin">Josh Brolin</a> in the title role.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> W. was appraised as a surprisingly even-handed and restrained treatment of Bush and his policies, given Bush's incredibly low popularity around the time of the film's release.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vice">Vice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Vice">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, director <a href="/wiki/Adam_McKay" title="Adam McKay">Adam McKay</a>, who had previously directed <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Short_(film)" title="The Big Short (film)">The Big Short</a> in 2015, released <a href="/wiki/Vice_(2018_film)" title="Vice (2018 film)">Vice</a>, a biopic on George W. Bush's Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bale" title="Christian Bale">Christian Bale</a> in the lead role, and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rockwell" title="Sam Rockwell">Sam Rockwell</a> in the role of George W. Bush. Although primarily focusing on Cheney, Adam McKay remains overtly critical of George W. Bush and his administration. The film portrays Bush as an ambitious former alcoholic seeking only to "impress his <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">father</a>, and shows him as malleable and boastful".<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidential_image">Post-presidential image</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Post-presidential image">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miss_Me_Yet?_billboard">Miss Me Yet? billboard</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Miss Me Yet? billboard">edit</a>]</div> In February 2010 a roadside billboard appeared featuring an image of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and a caption with the words "MISS ME YET?". The billboard was initially spotted on <a href="/wiki/Interstate_35" title="Interstate 35">Interstate 35</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming,_Minnesota" title="Wyoming, Minnesota">Wyoming, Minnesota</a> but soon other billboards like it popped up around the country.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> It was first considered to be an <a href="/wiki/Internet_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet hoax">internet hoax</a>, but was confirmed as a real advertisement.<a href="#cite_note-AOL_NEWS1-160">[160]</a> The Billboard led to other Bush-themed merchandise with the <a href="/wiki/Catchphrase" title="Catchphrase">catchphrase</a> "Miss Me Yet?" from agencies such as <a href="/wiki/CafePress" title="CafePress">CafePress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> and the image plus the related caption became an <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">internet meme</a>. The billboard was mentioned on <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a>'s talk radio show as some callers mentioned the billboard did exist.<a href="#cite_note-RUSHL-162">[162]</a> It was later discovered to have been created and sponsored by an anonymous source who wanted to remain that way as per the billboard owner Schubert & Hoey Outdoor Advertising.<a href="#cite_note-AOL_NEWS1-160">[160]</a> According to the billboard owner, the sign was purchased by a group of small business owners located in the seven-county metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-WPTZ-163">[163]</a> Later, Mike Rivard, one of the six business owners from Minnesota, came forward and told <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> that one of the reasons why they did it was they thought it was a hilarious message, and the image they used was found online.<a href="#cite_note-AOL_NEWS2-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_Decision_Points_memoir">Effect of Decision Points memoir</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Effect of Decision Points memoir">edit</a>]</div> Journalists from several media sources opined that the publication of Bush's memoir <a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a> in November 2010 was intended to or would have the effect of improving his post presidential image.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranking_of_George_W._Bush_as_US_President">Ranking of George W. Bush as US President</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ranking of George W. Bush as US President">edit</a>]</div> After he left office, Bush <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">has been ranked</a> between 31st (by <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">USPC</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]) and 39th (by <a href="/wiki/Siena_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Siena Research Institute">Siena Research Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a>) out of 44 presidents in the history of the US. However, following the election of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> as the 45th president of the United States, 61% of Americans in 2018 said they had a favorable view of Bush, compared to 33% when he left office.<a href="#cite_note-:0-167">[167]</a> Also in 2018, 54% of Democrats viewed Bush favourably.<a href="#cite_note-:0-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Historical rankings of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer#Opinions_and_ideas" title="Charles Krauthammer">Opinions and ideas of Charles Krauthammer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205062804/http://www.time.com/time/poy2000/">"And the Winner Finally Is ..... 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Washington Post. p. A01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Bush+Threatens+to+Veto+Democrats%27+Iraq+Plan&rft.pages=A01&rft.date=2007-03-09&rft.au=Jonathan+Weisman+and+Shailagh+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F03%2F08%2FAR2007030800206.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+image+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReidPBS-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReidPBS_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReidPBS_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnline_NewsHour2007" class="citation web cs1">Online NewsHour (December 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec07/reid_12-21.html">"Senate Majority Leader Reid Weighs Partisan Divides, Security in Iraq"</a>. PBS. Retrieved February 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+Majority+Leader+Reid+Weighs+Partisan+Divides%2C+Security+in+Iraq&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft.au=Online+NewsHour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fpolitics%2Fjuly-dec07%2Freid_12-21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+image+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"> Senator <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">NV</a>): "The Leave No Child Behind Act is leaving children behind. We need money to take care of that; there isn't enough money because of the war in Iraq." and "How much longer are we going to be asked to spend $12 billion a month on this war, when we don't have money for health care? We tried to get 10,000 poor children health insurance. The president said there's not enough money to do that." </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg2007-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg2007_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Larkin_and_Edwin_Chen2007" class="citation news cs1">Catherine Larkin and Edwin Chen (August 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601070&sid=aebqrhyfmn7w&refer=home">"Bush Adds Restrictions to U.S. Children's Health Plan (Update3)"</a>. Bloomberg. 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Retrieved April 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=%22Miss+Me+Yet%3F%22+Bush+Merchandise+a+Hit+Online&rft.date=2010-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fmiss-me-yet-bush-merchandise-a-hit-online%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+image+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RUSHL-162"><a href="#cite_ref-RUSHL_162-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/home/daily/site_020910/content/01125108.guest.html">Mystery Surrounds Bush Billboard (with transcript)</a>" rushlimbaugh.com. Retrieved February 15, 2010. Retrieved on February 15, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-WPTZ-163"><a href="#cite_ref-WPTZ_163-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wptz.com/news/22520353/detail.html">Mysterious Bush Billboard Asks 'Miss Me Yet?'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719011424/http://www.wptz.com/news/22520353/detail.html">Archived</a> July 19, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" WPTZ.com. Retrieved February 15, 2010. Retrieved on February 15, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-AOL_NEWS2-164"><a href="#cite_ref-AOL_NEWS2_164-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aolnews.com/article/creator-of-miss-me-yet-bush-billboard-is-known-his-politics/19363755">Creator of "Miss Me Yet" Bush Billboard Is Known; His Politics, Not So Much</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]" aolnews.com. Retrieved June 10, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2010" class="citation web cs1">Spencer, Clare (November 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/seealso/2010/11/daily_view_george_w_bushs_memo.html">"See Also: Daily View: George W Bush's memoir"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120150932/https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/seealso/2010/11/daily_view_george_w_bushs_memo.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=See+Also%3A+Daily+View%3A+George+W+Bush%27s+memoir&rft.date=2010-11-10&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fseealso%2F2010%2F11%2Fdaily_view_george_w_bushs_memo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+image+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115104606/http://www.siena.edu/uploadedfiles/home/parents_and_community/community_page/sri/independent_research/Presidents%202010%20Rank%20by%20Category.pdf">"Overall Rank"</a> (PDF). Siena College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siena.edu/uploadedfiles/home/parents_and_community/community_page/sri/independent_research/Presidents%202010%20Rank%20by%20Category.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 15, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Siena+College&rft.atitle=Overall+Rank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siena.edu%2Fuploadedfiles%2Fhome%2Fparents_and_community%2Fcommunity_page%2Fsri%2Findependent_research%2FPresidents%25202010%2520Rank%2520by%2520Category.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+image+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruyk2018" class="citation news cs1">Struyk, Ryan (January 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/22/politics/george-w-bush-favorable-poll/index.html">"George W. Bush's favorable rating has pulled a complete 180"</a>. CNN. Retrieved June 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=George+W.+Bush%27s+favorable+rating+has+pulled+a+complete+180&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft.aulast=Struyk&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F01%2F22%2Fpolitics%2Fgeorge-w-bush-favorable-poll%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+image+of+George+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_image_of_George_W._Bush&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100210/ap_on_re_us/us_bush_billboard">Bush billboard in Minnesota: `Miss me yet?'</a> Yahoo News</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2010/02/09/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry6189511.shtml">Bush "Miss Me Yet?" Billboard Appears Near Highway</a> cbsnews.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leftcoastrebel.com/2010/02/miss-me-yet-bush-billboard-anecdotal.html">Left Coast Rebel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/president-bush-billboard-9785238">ABC News Video – Bush Billboard Asks 'Miss Me Yet?'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pollingreport.com/">Pollingreport.com: a nonpartisan compilation of published scientific polls</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/photos/politics/missmeyet.asp">Miss Me Yet?</a>, Snopes.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2895">"Bush-Hating Nation: Anatomy of an epithet"</a>, Steve Rendall, <a href="/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting">Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting</a>, May/June 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/03/bush_derangement_syndrome_chen.html">"Bush Derangement Syndrome, Cheney Variant"</a>, <a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a>, March 16, 2007 — Krauthammer develops the BDS idea further</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_W._Bush703" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush" title="Template talk:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_W._Bush703" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> (1995–2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2001)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2001)">2001</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2002)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2002)">2002</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2003)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2003)">2003</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2004)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2004)">2004</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2005)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2005)">2005</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2006)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2006)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2007)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2007)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)#January_2009" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">January 2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Russia summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Freedom_Corps" title="USA Freedom Corps">USA Freedom Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">"War on Terror"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Service_and_Civic_Participation" title="President's Council on Service and Civic Participation">President's Council on Service and Civic Participation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Volunteer_Service_Award" title="President's Volunteer Service Award">award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nomination">John Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Harriet Miers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">State funeral of Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">State funeral of Gerald Ford</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Obama transition</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Childhood_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Childhood Home">Childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_portraits_of_George_W._and_Laura_Bush" title="Presidential portraits of George W. and Laura Bush">Presidential portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">Military service controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy" title="Killian documents controversy">Killian documents controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues" title="Killian documents authenticity issues">authenticity issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranch" title="Prairie Chapel Ranch">Prairie Chapel Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (Feb 2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_the_Islamic_Center_of_Washington" title="Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington">Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks)</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002</a> (<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">"Axis of evil"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2004 State of the Union Address">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address">2008</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of nicknames used by George W. Bush">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_films_about_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books and films about George W. Bush">As the subject of books and films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Me_Yet%3F" title="Miss Me Yet?">Miss Me Yet?</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yo,_Blair" title="Yo, Blair">Yo, Blair</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep" title="A Charge to Keep">A Charge to Keep</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Many,_One:_Portraits_of_America%27s_Immigrants" title="Out of Many, One: Portraits of America's Immigrants">Out of Many, One</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11">Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)">W. (2008 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (father</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin Bush</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_(dog)" title="Barney (dog)">Barney</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Beazley" title="Miss Beazley">Miss Beazley</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(cat)" title="India (cat)">India</a> (cat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Fetcher" title="Spot Fetcher">Spot Fetcher</a> (dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">← Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush" title="Category:George W. 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