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table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1991 Perfect Storm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nor'easter and Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 1991</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Halloween Storm" redirects here. For the 2011 nor'easter, see <a href="/wiki/2011_Halloween_nor%27easter" title="2011 Halloween nor'easter">2011 Halloween nor'easter</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1160504542">.mw-parser-output .ib-weather-event .infobox-header>.nowrap{margin:0 8px}</style><table class="infobox ib-weather-event"><caption class="infobox-title">1991 "Perfect Storm"</caption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:12L_1991-11-01_1900Z.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/12L_1991-11-01_1900Z.png/220px-12L_1991-11-01_1900Z.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/12L_1991-11-01_1900Z.png/330px-12L_1991-11-01_1900Z.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/12L_1991-11-01_1900Z.png/440px-12L_1991-11-01_1900Z.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The unnamed hurricane at peak intensity on November 1</div></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #ddd;"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span class="nowrap">Meteorological history</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">October 28, 1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1991-10-28</span>)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Extratropical until October 31)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissipated</th><td class="infobox-data">November 2, 1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1991-11-03</span>)</span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1160504542"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #FFFFD9"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span class="nowrap">Category 1 hurricane</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i>1-minute sustained</i> (<a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">SSHWS</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">NWS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest winds</th><td class="infobox-data">75 mph (120 km/h)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest pressure</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">980 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">mbar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">hPa</a>); 28.94 <a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">inHg</a></span><br />(972 mbar (28.7 inHg) while <a href="/wiki/Extratropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Extratropical">extratropical</a>)</td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr style="background-color: #00000022; color: inherit;"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Overall effects</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fatalities</th><td class="infobox-data">13 direct</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Damage</th><td class="infobox-data">>$200 million (1991 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas affected</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncics.org/ibtracs/index.php?name=v04r00-1991302N44301">IBTrACS</a><span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q364957#P4540" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Part of the <b><a href="/wiki/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="1991 Atlantic hurricane season">1991 Atlantic hurricane season</a></b></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <b>1991 Perfect Storm</b>, also known as <b>The No-Name Storm</b> (especially in the years immediately after it took place)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <b>Halloween Gale/Storm</b>, was a damaging and deadly <a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">nor'easter</a> in October 1991. Initially an <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclone</a>, the storm absorbed <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Grace_(1991)" title="Hurricane Grace (1991)">Hurricane Grace</a> to its south and evolved into a small unnamed <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">hurricane</a> later in its life. Damage from the storm totaled over $200 million (1991 USD)<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thirteen people were killed in total, six of which were an outcome of the sinking of <i><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gail" title="Andrea Gail">Andrea Gail</a></i>, which inspired the <a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Storm_(book)" title="The Perfect Storm (book)">book</a> and later <a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Storm_(film)" title="The Perfect Storm (film)">movie</a>, <i>The Perfect Storm</i>. The nor'easter received the name, playing off the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_storm" title="Perfect storm">common expression</a>, after a conversation between Boston <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> forecaster <a href="/wiki/Robert_Case" title="Robert Case">Robert Case</a> and author <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Junger" title="Sebastian Junger">Sebastian Junger</a>. </p><p>The initial <a href="/wiki/Area_of_low_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Area of low pressure">area of low pressure</a> developed off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> on October 28. Forced southward by a <a href="/wiki/Ridge_(meteorology)" title="Ridge (meteorology)">ridge</a> to its north, it reached its peak intensity as a large and powerful <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclone</a>. The storm lashed the east coast of the United States with high waves and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">coastal flooding</a> before turning to the southwest and weakening. Moving over warmer waters, the system transitioned into a <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">subtropical cyclone</a> before becoming a tropical storm. It executed a loop off the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic states</a> and turned toward the northeast. On November 1, the system evolved into a full-fledged hurricane, with peak sustained winds of 75 miles per hour (120 km/h), although the <a href="/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center" title="National Hurricane Center">National Hurricane Center</a> left it unnamed to avoid confusion amid media interest in the precursor extratropical storm. The system was the twelfth and final tropical cyclone, the eighth tropical storm, and fourth hurricane in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="1991 Atlantic hurricane season">1991 Atlantic hurricane season</a>. The tropical system weakened, striking Nova Scotia as a tropical storm before dissipating. </p><p>Most of the damage occurred while the storm was extratropical, after waves up to 30 feet (10 m) struck the coastline from Nova Scotia to Florida and southeastward to Puerto Rico. In portions of New England, the damage was worse than that caused by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Bob" title="Hurricane Bob">Hurricane Bob</a> two months earlier. Aside from <a href="/wiki/Tidal_flooding" title="Tidal flooding">tidal flooding</a> along rivers, the storm's effects were primarily concentrated along the coast. A <a href="/wiki/Weather_buoy" title="Weather buoy">buoy</a> off the coast of Nova Scotia reported a wave height of 100.7 feet (30.7 m), the highest ever recorded in the province's offshore waters. In Massachusetts, where damage was heaviest, over 100 homes were destroyed or severely damaged. To the north, more than 100 homes were affected in Maine, including the <a href="/wiki/Bush_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush compound">vacation home</a> of then-<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. More than 38,000 people were left without power, and along the coast high waves inundated roads and buildings. Off the shore of New York's <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, an Air National Guard helicopter ran out of fuel and crashed; four members of its crew were rescued and one died. Two people died after their boat sank off <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>. High waves swept two people to their deaths, one in Rhode Island and one in Puerto Rico, and another person was blown off a bridge to his death. The tropical cyclone that formed late in the storm's duration caused little impact, limited to power outages and slick roads; one person was killed in Newfoundland from a traffic accident related to the storm. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meteorological_history">Meteorological history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Perfect_Storm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Meteorological history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Grace_(1991)" title="Hurricane Grace (1991)">Hurricane Grace (1991)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1991_Atlantic_hurricane_8_track.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Storm track beginning southeast of Canada as an extratropical storm, moving westward toward New England, becoming tropical as it looped to the northeast, and later dissipating over Prince Edward Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_8_track.png/275px-1991_Atlantic_hurricane_8_track.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_8_track.png/413px-1991_Atlantic_hurricane_8_track.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_8_track.png/550px-1991_Atlantic_hurricane_8_track.png 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1669" /></a><figcaption>Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Map key</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; max-width: 51em; width: 100%"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">Saffir–Simpson scale</a></b></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6EC1EA; color:black;"> </span> Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4DFFFF; color:black;"> </span> Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFCC; color:black;"> </span> Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFE775; color:black;"> </span> Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFC140; color:black;"> </span> Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8F20; color:black;"> </span> Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF6060; color:black;"> </span> Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; color:black;"> </span> Unknown </div> </div> <div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; max-width: 20em; width: 100%;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Storm type</b></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 4px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/18px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/27px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/36px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 4px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Solid_black.svg/18px-Solid_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Solid_black.svg/27px-Solid_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Solid_black.svg/36px-Solid_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</a></div> <div><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="triangle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ArrowUp.svg/18px-ArrowUp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ArrowUp.svg/27px-ArrowUp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ArrowUp.svg/36px-ArrowUp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a>, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression</div> </div></div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Perfect Storm originated from a <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold front</a> that exited the east coast of the United States. On October 28, the front spawned an extratropical low to the east of Nova Scotia. Around that time, a <a href="/wiki/Ridge_(meteorology)" title="Ridge (meteorology)">ridge</a> extended from the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> northeastward to <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, with a strong high pressure center over eastern Canada. The blocking ridge forced the extratropical low to track toward the southeast and later to the west. <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Grace_(1991)" title="Hurricane Grace (1991)">Hurricane Grace</a> was swept aloft by its cold front into the warm conveyor belt circulation of the deep cyclone on October 29, with the storm completely absorbing Grace by the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-history2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cyclone significantly strengthened as a result of the temperature contrast between the cold air to the northwest, and the warmth and moisture from the remnants of Grace. The low-pressure system continued deepening as it drifted toward the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-history2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had an unusual retrograde motion for a <a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">nor'easter</a>, beginning a set of meteorological circumstances that occur only once every 50 to 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-case_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most nor'easters affect New England from the southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unnamed_TS_storm_02_nov_1991_1305Z_borders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Unnamed_TS_storm_02_nov_1991_1305Z_borders.jpg/220px-Unnamed_TS_storm_02_nov_1991_1305Z_borders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Unnamed_TS_storm_02_nov_1991_1305Z_borders.jpg/330px-Unnamed_TS_storm_02_nov_1991_1305Z_borders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Unnamed_TS_storm_02_nov_1991_1305Z_borders.jpg/440px-Unnamed_TS_storm_02_nov_1991_1305Z_borders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The tropical storm making landfall west of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, on November 2</figcaption></figure> <p>While situated about 390 miles (630 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, the storm attained its peak intensity with winds of up to 70 mph (110 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-history2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nor'easter reached peak intensity at approximately 12:00 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> on October 30 with its lowest pressure of 972 <a href="/wiki/Millibar" class="mw-redirect" title="Millibar">millibars</a>. The interaction between the extratropical storm and the high pressure system to its north created a significant pressure gradient, which created large waves and strong winds.<sup id="cite_ref-history2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the southern New England coast and the storm's center, the pressure differential was 70 mbar (2.1 inHg).<sup id="cite_ref-erh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A buoy located 264 miles (425 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax</a> reported a wave height of 100.7 feet (30.7 m) on October 30. This became the highest recorded wave height on the <a href="/wiki/Scotian_Shelf" title="Scotian Shelf">Scotian Shelf</a>, which is the oceanic <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">shelf</a> off the coast of Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-Environment_Canada_Perfect_Storm_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environment_Canada_Perfect_Storm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East of Cape Cod, a NOAA buoy located at <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1991_Perfect_Storm&params=41.1_N_66.6_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°06′N</span> <span class="longitude">66°36′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.1°N 66.6°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.1; -66.6</span></span></span></a></span></span> reported maximum sustained winds of 56 mph (90 km/h) with gusts to 75 mph (121 km/h), and a <a href="/wiki/Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">significant wave height</a> (average height of the highest one-third of all waves) of 39 feet (12 m) around 15:00 UTC on October 30. Another buoy, located at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1991_Perfect_Storm&params=40.5_N_69.5_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">69°30′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.5°N 69.5°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.5; -69.5</span></span></span></a></span></span>, reported maximum sustained winds of 61 mph (98 km/h) with gusts to 72 mph (116 km/h) and a significant wave height of 31 feet (9.4 m) near 00:00 UTC on October 31.<sup id="cite_ref-history2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon peaking in intensity, the nor'easter turned southward and gradually weakened; by November 1, its pressure had risen to 998 millibars (29.5 inHg). The low moved over warm waters of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Rainband" title="Rainband">bands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">convection</a> around the center began to organize.<sup id="cite_ref-8_TCR1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8_TCR1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, the system attained <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical storm">subtropical characteristics</a>. On November 1, while the storm was moving in a counter-clockwise loop, a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> had been identified at the center of the larger low.<sup id="cite_ref-history4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Although these conditions are rare, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Karl_(1980)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Karl (1980)">Hurricane Karl</a> during 1980 formed within a larger non-tropical weather system.)<sup id="cite_ref-MWR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By around 14:00 UTC on November 1, an <a href="/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)" title="Eye (cyclone)">eye feature</a> was forming, and the tropical cyclone reached its peak intensity with <a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustained_winds" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum sustained winds">maximum sustained winds</a> of 75 mph (121 km/h);<sup id="cite_ref-8_TCR2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8_TCR2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HURDAT_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HURDAT-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these estimates, combined with reports from an Air Force Reserve Unit flight into the storm and confirmation that a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone#Mechanics" title="Tropical cyclone">warm-core</a> center was present, indicated that the system had become a Category 1 hurricane on the <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_Hurricane_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale">Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale</a>. The hurricane accelerated toward the northeast and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm. It made landfall near Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 14:00 UTC on November 2, with sustained winds of 45 mph (72 km/h). While the storm was approaching the coast, weather radars depicted curved rainbands on the western side of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-history4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After crossing over <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Environment_Canada_Perfect_Storm_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environment_Canada_Perfect_Storm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the storm fully dissipated late on November 2.<sup id="cite_ref-history4_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations_and_naming">Preparations and naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Perfect_Storm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparations and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfect_storm.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Perfect_storm.gif/220px-Perfect_storm.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Perfect_storm.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>The Perfect Storm to the south of Nova Scotia on October 30.</figcaption></figure> <p>For several days, <a href="/wiki/Numerical_weather_prediction" title="Numerical weather prediction">weather models</a> forecast the development of a significant storm off New England.<sup id="cite_ref-erh_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the models were inadequate in forecasting coastal conditions, which in one instance failed to provide adequate warning. In addition, a post-storm assessment found an insufficient number of observation sites along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-post_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 27, the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Prediction_Center" title="Ocean Prediction Center">Ocean Prediction Center</a> noted that a "dangerous storm" would form within 36 hours, with its wording emphasizing the unusual nature of the storm.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoke_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> likewise issued warnings for the potential storm, providing information to emergency service offices as well as the media.<sup id="cite_ref-post_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public however was skeptical and did not recognize the threat.<sup id="cite_ref-case_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-post_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The timely warnings ultimately lowered the death toll;<sup id="cite_ref-post_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the Perfect Storm caused 13 deaths, the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States_blizzard_of_1978" title="Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978">blizzard of 1978</a> killed 99 people, and the <a href="/wiki/1938_New_England_hurricane" title="1938 New England hurricane">1938 New England hurricane</a> killed 564 people.<sup id="cite_ref-erh_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Massachusetts to Maine, thousands of people evacuated their homes and sought shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-ap1031_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap1031-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A state of emergency was declared for nine counties in Massachusetts, including <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk County</a>, as well as two in Maine.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ct_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North Carolina, the National Weather Service offices in <a href="/wiki/Hatteras,_North_Carolina" title="Hatteras, North Carolina">Hatteras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a> first issued a heavy surf advisory on October 27, more than eight hours before the first reports of high waves. That same day, a <a href="/wiki/Coastal_flood_watch" title="Coastal flood watch">coastal flood watch</a> and later a warning was issued, along with a gale warning. The Hatteras NWS office ultimately released 19 coastal flood statements, as well as media reports explaining the threat from the wind and waves, and a state of emergency was declared for <a href="/wiki/Dare_County,_North_Carolina" title="Dare County, North Carolina">Dare County, North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ap1031_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap1031-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The warnings and lead times in the region were described as "very good".<sup id="cite_ref-nc_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, the threat from the storm prompted the cancellation of ferry service from <a href="/wiki/Bar_Harbor,_Maine" title="Bar Harbor, Maine">Bar Harbor, Maine</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Yarmouth, Nova Scotia">Yarmouth, Nova Scotia</a>, as well as from Nova Scotia to Prince Edward Island and between Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.<sup id="cite_ref-Environment_Canada_Perfect_Storm_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environment_Canada_Perfect_Storm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclone report">tropical cyclone report</a> on the hurricane, the National Hurricane Center only referred to the system as "Unnamed Hurricane".<sup id="cite_ref-8_TCR1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8_TCR1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Natural Disaster Survey Report called the storm "The Halloween Nor'easter of 1991".<sup id="cite_ref-erh_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Perfect_storm" title="Perfect storm">perfect storm</a>" moniker was coined by author and journalist <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Junger" title="Sebastian Junger">Sebastian Junger</a> after a conversation with NWS Boston Deputy <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Case" title="Robert Case">Robert Case</a> in which Case described the convergence of weather conditions as being "perfect" for the formation of such a storm.<sup id="cite_ref-case_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other National Weather Service offices were tasked with issuing warnings for this storm in lieu of the typical NHC advisories. The OPC posted warnings on the unnamed hurricane in its <i>High Seas Forecasts</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoke_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Weather Service State Forecast Office in Boston issued <i>Offshore Marine Forecasts</i> for the storm. Local NWS offices along the East coast covered the storm in their <i>Coastal Waters Forecasts</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8_TCR4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8_TCR4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1950, the <a href="/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center" title="National Hurricane Center">National Hurricane Center</a> named officially recognized tropical storms and hurricanes. The unnamed hurricane was reported to have met all the criteria for a tropical cyclone, but it was purposefully left unnamed. This was done to avoid confusion among the media and the public, who were focusing on the damage from the initial nor'easter, as the hurricane itself was not expected to pose a major threat to land. It was the eighth nameable storm of the <a href="/wiki/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="1991 Atlantic hurricane season">1991 Atlantic hurricane season</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history4_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had the system been named instead, it would have received the name <i>Henri</i>, which was the next name on the 1991 list after Grace.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Perfect_Storm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfect_Storm_Oceanfront_flooding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Perfect_Storm_Oceanfront_flooding.jpg/220px-Perfect_Storm_Oceanfront_flooding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Perfect_Storm_Oceanfront_flooding.jpg/330px-Perfect_Storm_Oceanfront_flooding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Perfect_Storm_Oceanfront_flooding.jpg/440px-Perfect_Storm_Oceanfront_flooding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Oceanfront flooding in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_City,_New_Jersey" title="Ocean City, New Jersey">Ocean City, New Jersey</a> on October 31.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Halloween Storm of 1991 left significant damage along the east coast of the United States, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. Across seven states, damage totaled over $200 million (1991 USD).<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over a three-day period, the storm lashed the northeastern United States with high waves,<sup id="cite_ref-erh_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing damage to beachfront properties from North Carolina to Maine.<sup id="cite_ref-post_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coastal flooding damaged or destroyed hundreds of homes and businesses and closed roads and airports.<sup id="cite_ref-history2_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, high winds left about 38,000 people without power. The total without power was much less than for Hurricane Bob two months prior, and was fairly low due to little rainfall and the general lack of leaves on trees.<sup id="cite_ref-ct_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall there were thirteen confirmed deaths,<sup id="cite_ref-erh_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Environment_Canada_Perfect_Storm_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environment_Canada_Perfect_Storm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including six on board <i><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gail" title="Andrea Gail">Andrea Gail</a></i>, a swordfishing boat. The vessel departed <a href="/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts" title="Gloucester, Massachusetts">Gloucester, Massachusetts</a>, for the waters off Nova Scotia. After encountering high seas in the middle of the storm, the vessel made its last radio contact late on October 28, about 180 miles (290 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Sable_Island" title="Sable Island">Sable Island</a>. <i>Andrea Gail</i> sank while returning to Gloucester, her debris washing ashore over the subsequent weeks. The crew of six was presumed killed after a Coast Guard search was unable to find them. The storm and the boat's sinking became the center-piece for <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Junger" title="Sebastian Junger">Sebastian Junger</a>'s best-selling non-fiction book <a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Storm_(book)" title="The Perfect Storm (book)"><i>The Perfect Storm</i></a> (1997), which was adapted to a major Hollywood film in 2000 as <a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Storm_(film)" title="The Perfect Storm (film)"><i>The Perfect Storm</i></a> starring <a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history2_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USCGC_Tamaroa_WUEC-166_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USCGC_Tamaroa_WUEC-166_1990.jpg/220px-USCGC_Tamaroa_WUEC-166_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USCGC_Tamaroa_WUEC-166_1990.jpg/330px-USCGC_Tamaroa_WUEC-166_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USCGC_Tamaroa_WUEC-166_1990.jpg/440px-USCGC_Tamaroa_WUEC-166_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1523" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Tamaroa_(WMEC-166)" title="USCGC Tamaroa (WMEC-166)"><i>Tamaroa</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Cutter" title="United States Coast Guard Cutter">cutter</a> that rescued the crew of a downed <a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">Air National Guard</a> helicopter</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the storm's severity, it was neither the costliest nor the strongest to affect the northeastern United States. It was weakening as it made its closest approach to land, and the highest tides occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Neap_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Neap tide">neap tide</a>, which is the time when tide ranges are minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-erh_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The worst of the storm effects stayed offshore. A buoy 650 miles (1,050 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a>, which was 60 miles (97 km) west of <i>Andrea Gail</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> last known position, recorded a 73 ft (22 m) rise in wave height in 10 hours while the extratropical storm was still rapidly intensifying. Two buoys near the Massachusetts coast observed record wave heights, and one observed a record wind report.<sup id="cite_ref-erh_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> rescued 25 people at sea at the height of the storm,<sup id="cite_ref-star_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 13 people from <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/New_York_Air_National_Guard" title="New York Air National Guard">New York Air National Guard</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_HH-60_Pave_Hawk" title="Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk">Sikorsky HH-60G</a> helicopter of the 106th Air Rescue Wing ditched during the storm, 90 miles (140 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Montauk,_New_York" title="Montauk, New York">Montauk, New York</a>, after it was unable to refuel in flight and ran out of fuel. After the helicopter had attempted a rescue in the midst of the storm, an 84-person crew on the Coast Guard Cutter <i><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Tamaroa_(WMEC-166)" title="USCGC Tamaroa (WMEC-166)">Tamaroa</a></i> arrived and rescued four members of the crew of five after six hours in hypothermic waters. The survivors were pilots, Major Christopher David Ruvola and Captain Graham Buschor, flight engineer Staff Sergeant James R. Mioli, and pararescue jumper Technical Sergeant John Spillane. The fifth member, pararescue jumper Technical Sergeant Arden Richard Smith, was never found.<sup id="cite_ref-ang_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ang-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were all featured on the show <i><a href="/wiki/I_Shouldn%27t_Be_Alive" title="I Shouldn't Be Alive">I Shouldn't Be Alive</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ct_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the storm's damage, President George H. W. Bush declared five <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Maine" title="List of counties in Maine">counties in Maine</a>, seven <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts" title="List of counties in Massachusetts">counties in Massachusetts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rockingham_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Rockingham County, New Hampshire">Rockingham County, New Hampshire</a> to be disaster areas.<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The declaration allowed for the affected residents to apply for low-interest repair loans.<sup id="cite_ref-dec_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dec-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Jersey governor <a href="/wiki/Jim_Florio" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Florio">Jim Florio</a> requested a declaration for portions of the coastline, but the request was denied because of the funding needs of other disasters, such as <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo" title="Hurricane Hugo">Hurricane Hugo</a>, Hurricane Bob, and the <a href="/wiki/1989_Loma_Prieta_earthquake" title="1989 Loma Prieta earthquake">1989 Loma Prieta earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nj_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nj-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a> opened service centers in four locations in Massachusetts to assist the storm victims by providing food, clothing, medicine, and shelter. The agency deployed five vehicles carrying cleanup units and food, and allocated $1.4 million to provide assistance to 3,000 families.<sup id="cite_ref-dec_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dec-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_England_and_Atlantic_Canada">New England and Atlantic Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Perfect_Storm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New England and Atlantic Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along the Massachusetts coastline, the storm produced 25 ft (7.6 m) wave heights on top of a 4 ft (1.2 m) high tide.<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, the highest tide was 14.3 ft (4.4 m),<sup id="cite_ref-erh_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was only 1 ft (30 cm) lower than the record from the blizzard of 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High waves on top of the storm tide reached about 30 ft (9.1 m). The storm produced heavy rainfall in southeastern Massachusetts, peaking at 5.5 inches (140 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-erh_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coastal floods closed several roads, forcing hundreds of people to evacuate. In addition to the high tides, the storm produced strong winds; <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Massachusetts" title="Chatham, Massachusetts">Chatham</a> recorded a gust of 78 mph (126 km/h). Damage was worst from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann" title="Cape Ann">Cape Ann</a> in northeastern Massachusetts to Nantucket, with over 100 homes destroyed or severely damaged at <a href="/wiki/Marshfield,_Massachusetts" title="Marshfield, Massachusetts">Marshfield</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minot_Beach_Scituate_MA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minot Beach Scituate MA (page does not exist)">Minot Beach in Scituate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brant_Point_Light" title="Brant Point Light">Brant Point</a>. There were two injuries in the state, although there were no fatalities. Across Massachusetts, damage totaled in the hundreds of millions of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfect_Storm_Ocean_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Perfect_Storm_Ocean_City.jpg/170px-Perfect_Storm_Ocean_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Perfect_Storm_Ocean_City.jpg/255px-Perfect_Storm_Ocean_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Perfect_Storm_Ocean_City.jpg/340px-Perfect_Storm_Ocean_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Street flooding in Ocean City, New Jersey, from the storm</figcaption></figure> <p>Elsewhere in New England, waves up to 30 ft (9.1 m) reached as far north as Maine,<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with tides that were 3 ft (0.91 m) above normal.<sup id="cite_ref-star_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant flooding was reported in that state, along with high winds that left areas without power. A total of 49 houses were severely damaged, 2 were destroyed,<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and overall more than 100 were affected.<sup id="cite_ref-maine_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maine-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Kennebunkport,_Maine" title="Kennebunkport, Maine">Kennebunkport</a>, the storm blew out windows and flooded the vacation home of then-President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history2_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The home sustained significant damage to its first floor.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a>, tides were 3 ft (0.91 m) above normal, among the ten highest tides since record-keeping began in 1914. Along the coast, damage was worse than that caused by Hurricane Bob two months prior.<sup id="cite_ref-maine_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maine-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across Maine, the storm left $7.9 million (1991 USD) in damage,<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly in <a href="/wiki/York_County,_Maine" title="York County, Maine">York County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-maine_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maine-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than half of the damage total was from property damage, with the remainder to transportation, seawalls, and public facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-maine_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maine-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there were no deaths, there were two injuries in the state. In neighboring New Hampshire, coastal flooding affected several towns, destroying two homes. The storm destroyed three boats and damaged a lighthouse.<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High waves destroyed or swept away over 50,000 lobster traps, representing $2 million in losses (1991 USD).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damage was estimated at $5.6 million (1991 USD).<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further west, high winds and coastal flooding lashed the Rhode Island and Connecticut coasts, killing a man in <a href="/wiki/Narragansett,_Rhode_Island" title="Narragansett, Rhode Island">Narragansett, Rhode Island</a>. Winds reached 63 miles per hour (101 km/h) in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, causing power outages.<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Off the coast of Atlantic Canada, the storm produced very high waves, flooding a ship near <a href="/wiki/Sable_Island" title="Sable Island">Sable Island</a> and stranding another ship. Along the coast, the waves wrecked three small boats near <a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Nova_Scotia" title="Tiverton, Nova Scotia">Tiverton, Nova Scotia</a>, as well as nine boats in <a href="/wiki/Torbay,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Torbay, Newfoundland and Labrador">Torbay, Newfoundland and Labrador</a>. In Nova Scotia, where the storm made landfall, precipitation reached 1.18 in (30 mm), and 20,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Pictou_County,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictou County, Nova Scotia">Pictou County</a> were left without power. The storm also caused widespread power outages in Newfoundland from its high winds, which reached 68 mph (110 km/h) near <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. Lawrence, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. Lawrence</a>. There were at least 35 traffic accidents, one fatal, in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Falls-Windsor" title="Grand Falls-Windsor">Grand Falls-Windsor</a> due to slick roads. On October 28, prior to the nor'easter's development into a subtropical storm, a record 4.4 in (116 mm) of snowfall was recorded across Newfoundland.<sup id="cite_ref-Environment_Canada_Perfect_Storm_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environment_Canada_Perfect_Storm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The storm caused no significant damage in Canada, other than these traffic accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-8_TCR3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8_TCR3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-Atlantic_states">Mid-Atlantic states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Perfect_Storm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mid-Atlantic states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halloween_storm_30_oct_1991_1226Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Halloween_storm_30_oct_1991_1226Z.jpg/220px-Halloween_storm_30_oct_1991_1226Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Halloween_storm_30_oct_1991_1226Z.jpg/330px-Halloween_storm_30_oct_1991_1226Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Halloween_storm_30_oct_1991_1226Z.jpg/440px-Halloween_storm_30_oct_1991_1226Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The cyclone near its closest approach to the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>In New York and northern New Jersey, the storm system left the most coastal damage since the <a href="/wiki/1944_Great_Atlantic_hurricane" title="1944 Great Atlantic hurricane">1944 Great Atlantic hurricane</a>. Numerous boats were damaged or destroyed, killing two people off <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>. High winds swept a man off a bridge, killing him.<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High waves flooded the beach at <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Coney Island, New York">Coney Island</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sea_Bright,_New_Jersey" title="Sea Bright, New Jersey">Sea Bright, New Jersey</a>, waves washed over a seawall, forcing 200 people to evacuate.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further inland, the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passaic_River" title="Passaic River">Passaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hackensack_River" title="Hackensack River">Hackensack</a> rivers experienced tidal flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-history2_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside Massachusetts, damage was heaviest in southern New Jersey, where the cost was estimated at $75 million (1991 USD). Across the area, tide heights reached their highest since the 1944 hurricane, leaving severe coastal and back bay flooding and closing many roads. The storm caused significant <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">beach erosion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_yard" title="Cubic yard">cubic yards</a> (382,000 cubic meters) lost in <a href="/wiki/Avalon,_New_Jersey" title="Avalon, New Jersey">Avalon</a>, as well as $10 million damage to the beach in <a href="/wiki/Cape_May,_New_Jersey" title="Cape May, New Jersey">Cape May</a>. The presence of a <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dune</a> system mitigated the erosion in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-nj_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nj-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was damage to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a> Boardwalk.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fire Island National Seashore was affected, washing away an entire row of waterfront houses in towns like <a href="/wiki/Fair_Harbor,_New_York" title="Fair Harbor, New York">Fair Harbor</a>. Following the storm, there was a <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on clamming in the state's bays, due to contaminated waters.<sup id="cite_ref-nj_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nj-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the <a href="/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula" title="Delmarva Peninsula">Delmarva Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a>, there was widespread water damage to homes, including ten affected houses in the <a href="/wiki/Sandbridge_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandbridge Beach">Sandbridge Beach</a> area of Virginia Beach, Virginia. Tides in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_City,_Maryland" title="Ocean City, Maryland">Ocean City, Maryland</a>, reached a record height of 7.8 ft (2.4 m), while elsewhere the tides were similar to the <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday_Storm_of_1962" title="Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962">Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farther_south">Farther south</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Perfect_Storm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Farther south"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In North Carolina along the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a>, high waves were initially caused by Hurricane Grace and later its interaction with a high pressure system. This produced gale-force winds and 12 ft (3.7 m) waves in the town of <a href="/wiki/Duck,_North_Carolina" title="Duck, North Carolina">Duck</a>. Later, the extratropical predecessor to the unnamed hurricane produced additional high waves, causing oceanfront flooding from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras" title="Cape Hatteras">Cape Hatteras</a> through the northern portions of <a href="/wiki/Currituck_County,_North_Carolina" title="Currituck County, North Carolina">Currituck County</a>. Flooding was first reported on October 28, when the ocean covered a portion of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Highway_12" title="North Carolina Highway 12">North Carolina Highway 12</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Rodanthe,_North_Carolina" title="Rodanthe, North Carolina">Rodanthe</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-nc_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the route is the primary thoroughfare in the Outer Banks.<sup id="cite_ref-star_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nags_Head,_North_Carolina" title="Nags Head, North Carolina">Nags Head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina" title="Kitty Hawk, North Carolina">Kitty Hawk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kill_Devil_Hills,_North_Carolina" title="Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina">Kill Devil Hills</a> had large portions covered with water for several blocks away from the beach. The resultant flooding damaged 525 houses and 28 businesses and destroyed two motels and a few homes.<sup id="cite_ref-nc_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damage was estimated at $6.7 million (1991 USD).<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farther south, the storm left 14 people injured in Florida. There was minor beach erosion and flooding, which damaged two houses and destroyed the pier at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Worth,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Worth, Florida">Lake Worth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some locations, beaches gained additional sand from the wave action.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two people went missing off <a href="/wiki/Daytona_Beach,_Florida" title="Daytona Beach, Florida">Daytona Beach</a> after their boat lost power.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High waves destroyed a portion of <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Road_A1A" title="Florida State Road A1A">State Road A1A</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damage in the state was estimated at $3 million (1991 USD).<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High waves also affected Bermuda, the Bahamas, and the Dominican Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-history2_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Puerto Rico, waves of 15 ft (4.6 m) affected the island's north coast, which prompted 32 people to seek shelter. The waves swept a person off a large rock to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-ncdc_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncdc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Perfect_Storm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Perfect_Storm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeegel" class="citation web cs1">Beegel, Susan F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nha.org/research/nantucket-history/history-topics/journal-of-the-no-name-gale/">"Journal of the No-Name Storm"</a>. <i>Nantucket Historical Association</i><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Tropical+Cyclone+Season+Summary+for+1991&rft.pub=Canadian+Hurricane+Centre&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ec.gc.ca%2Fouragans-hurricanes%2Fdefault.asp%3Flang%3Den%26n%3D9D24F0EE-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Perfect+Storm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Writer1991" class="citation news cs1">Staff Writer (June 2, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o0RGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=P9EMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5296,3651079&dq=ana+bob+claudette&hl=en">"Ana, Bob, Claudette first hurricane names"</a>. <i>Portsmouth Daily Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429211056/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o0RGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=P9EMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5296,3651079&dq=ana+bob+claudette&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Ana%2C+Bob%2C+Claudette+first+hurricane+names&rft.date=1991-06-02&rft.au=Staff+Writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Do0RGAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DP9EMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5296%2C3651079%26dq%3Dana%2Bbob%2Bclaudette%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Perfect+Storm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark1991" class="citation news cs1">Park, Paula (November 11, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y64cAAAAIBAJ&pg=6811,330103">"Search Ended for Lost Fishermen"</a>. <i>Sarasota Herald-Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427181231/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y64cAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3HsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6811,330103">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarasota+Herald-Tribune&rft.atitle=Search+Ended+for+Lost+Fishermen&rft.date=1991-11-11&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dy64cAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6811%2C330103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Perfect+Storm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-star-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-star_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-star_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-star_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer2011" class="citation news cs1">Staff writer (September 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IlVIAAAAIBAJ&pg=6895,6104171&dq=storm+new+england&hl=en">"Storms turn elements loose: waves, flood, snow, wind"</a>. <i>Star-News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527012010/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IlVIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=khQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6895,6104171&dq=storm+new+england&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star-News&rft.atitle=Storms+turn+elements+loose%3A+waves%2C+flood%2C+snow%2C+wind&rft.date=2011-09-11&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DIlVIAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6895%2C6104171%26dq%3Dstorm%2Bnew%2Bengland%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Perfect+Storm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ang-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ang_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203104703/http://www.ang.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-091123-012.pdf">"Surviving The Perfect Storm - Air National Guard"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(November 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318054758/http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2010/11/history-cgc-tamaroa-and-%E2%80%9Cthe-perfect-storm%E2%80%9D/">"History – CGC Tamaroa and "The Perfect Storm"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Coastguard Compass. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2010/11/history-cgc-tamaroa-and-%E2%80%9Cthe-perfect-storm%E2%80%9D/">the original</a> on March 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+CGC+Tamaroa+and+%22The+Perfect+Storm%22&rft.pub=Coastguard+Compass&rft.date=2010-11-04&rft.aulast=Thiesen&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoastguard.dodlive.mil%2F2010%2F11%2Fhistory-cgc-tamaroa-and-%25E2%2580%259Cthe-perfect-storm%25E2%2580%259D%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Perfect+Storm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dec-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dec_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dec_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer1991" class="citation news cs1">Staff writer (November 2, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3o5KAAAAIBAJ&dq=storm%20new%20england&pg=6685%2C372289">"Red Cross Opens Assistance Shelters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Nashua)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Nashua)">The Sunday Telegraph</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Red+Cross+Opens+Assistance+Shelters&rft.date=1991-11-02&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D3o5KAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dstorm%2520new%2520england%26pg%3D6685%252C372289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Perfect+Storm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nj-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nj_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nj_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nj_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchholzLarry_Savadove1993" class="citation book cs1">Buchholz, Margaret; Larry Savadove (1993). <i>Great Storms of the Jersey Shore</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unnamed+Hurricane+Preliminary+Report+Page+3&rft.pub=National+Hurricane+Center&rft.aulast=Pasch&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Fstorm_wallets%2Fatlantic%2Fatl1991-prelim%2Funnamed%2Fprelim03.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Perfect+Storm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog1991" class="citation news cs1">Herzog, Carl (November 2, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tvVTAAAAIBAJ&pg=6423,469152&dq=storm+new+england&hl=en">"Erosion is a sampling of hurricane's potential"</a>. <i>Boca Raton News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425190152/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tvVTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z4wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6423,469152&dq=storm+new+england&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boca+Raton+News&rft.atitle=Erosion+is+a+sampling+of+hurricane%27s+potential&rft.date=1991-11-02&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DtvVTAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6423%2C469152%26dq%3Dstorm%2Bnew%2Bengland%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+Perfect+Storm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer1991" class="citation news cs1">Staff writer (November 1, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Iw8qAAAAIBAJ&pg=3703,111342&dq=storm+new+england&hl=en">"Wintry blast sends snow into Texas"</a>. <i>The News-Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519172958/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Iw8qAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rNQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3703,111342&dq=storm+new+england&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Atlantic hurricane season">1991 Atlantic hurricane season</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="Timeline of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary_map.png/100px-1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary_map.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary_map.png/150px-1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season_summary_map.png 1.5x, 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class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat3 Bob" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FF9E59;"><span>3</span></div><div title="Cat3 Bob" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Bob" title="Hurricane Bob">Bob</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="TD Four" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #6EC1EA;"><span>TD</span></div><div title="TD Four" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Depression_Four" title="1991 Atlantic hurricane season">Four</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="TD Five" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #6EC1EA;"><span>TD</span></div><div title="TD Five" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Depression_Four" title="1991 Atlantic hurricane season">Five</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat4 Claudette" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FF738A;"><span>4</span></div><div title="Cat4 Claudette" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Claudette" title="1991 Atlantic hurricane season">Claudette</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="TS Danny" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;"><span>TS</span></div><div title="TS Danny" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Storm_Danny" title="1991 Atlantic hurricane season">Danny</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="TS Erika" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;"><span>TS</span></div><div title="TS Erika" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Storm_Erika" title="1991 Atlantic hurricane season">Erika</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="TS Fabian" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #4DFFFF;"><span>TS</span></div><div title="TS Fabian" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Fabian_(1991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Storm Fabian (1991)">Fabian</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="TD Ten" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #6EC1EA;"><span>TD</span></div><div title="TD Ten" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Tropical_Depression_Ten" title="1991 Atlantic hurricane season">Ten</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat2 Grace" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FFD98C;"><span>2</span></div><div title="Cat2 Grace" class="season-bar-name"><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Grace_(1991)" title="Hurricane Grace (1991)">Grace</a></div></div> <div class="season-bar-button"><div title="Cat1" class="season-bar-intensity mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #FFFFD9;"><span>1</span></div><div title="Cat1" class="season-bar-name"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">"The Perfect Storm"</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:1991_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="Category:1991 Atlantic hurricane season">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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