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href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=284259&do=blog&classid=113377&view=me">文史哲</a></span><span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">系统分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&do=blog&view=all&uid=284259&catid=10">人文社科</a></span><span class="pipe">|</span> <span class="ptg xg1">雄安新区, 燕国</span> <span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">文章来源:转载</span> </p> </div> <div id="blog_article" class="d cl" ><p>燕桓侯徙都临易</p><p>王硕儒</p><p>召公奭被封为燕侯以后，历经十二世进入春秋时期，其十六世为燕桓侯，都城仍位于今房山区董家林村。桓侯时，燕国都城曾发生大迁移，即今北京地区都城历史上的第一次大迁移。</p><p>燕都迁移所在何地？据《史记·燕世家》集解引《世本》云：“桓侯徙临易。”“桓侯徙临易”的“临易”在何处？据《世本》宋衷注，临易在“今河间易县是也”，宋衷为东汉人，汉代易县当今在河北省雄县西北。《括地志》卷二载：“易县故城在幽州归义县东南十五里，燕桓侯徙都临易是也。”《读史方舆纪要》卷十二，“废易县”下云：“废易县，在今县(指雄县)北三十五里，本燕故邑也，即此。”两书都指出“临易”在今河北省雄县西北地区。另外，1976至1981年考古界在与雄县相邻的容城县境内，发现了春秋、战国时期遗址，在遗址中发掘出铜鼎、铜壶、铜壶盖等刻有铭文的遗物，在遗物上刻有“左征”、“右征伊”、“西宫”等字，证明了这个地方就是“桓侯徙临易”的“临易”之地。</p><p>燕桓侯迁都的年代，据《史记·年表》载：桓侯在位的年代是在公元前697年至前691年，“桓侯徙临易”就在这个年代范围之内。另据《读史方舆纪要》载，桓侯徙临易的时间在鲁庄公时期。而鲁庄公在位时间为公元前693年至前682年，二者年代相合，故“桓侯徙临易”的时间是在春秋初年。临易都城正式使用约四十年。</p><p>燕桓侯南迁临易的原因，与躲避北方山戎族的侵优有关。春秋初期，燕国东临孤竹(今河北卢龙一带)，北接山戎(今北京北郊军都山南麓，延庆盆地北部边缘地带)，东北是肃慎族(今山海关外)，即处于北方民族的包围之中。各民族间既相互接触和往来，又相互争斗。周武王发兵灭商时，孤竹的伯夷和叔齐劝阻武王不能灭商，武王未听。周王朝建立后，伯夷、叔齐发誓“不食周粟”，逃至首阳山采薇而食，后饿死首阳山中。山戎族有多支，据《史记·匈奴列传》记载：“燕北有东胡，山戎，各分散居郑谷，自有君长，往往而聚者而有余戎，然莫能相一。”说明山戎支系很多，即“百有余戎”。山戎族的生活以游牧为主，经济、文化均比中原落后，但在桓侯时，山戎的势力强大起来。戎狄族原来活动在燕山、军都山等山地，后来有一部分迁到今河北承德和卢龙一带，春秋以后开始南下中原，燕国则成为戎狄侵扰的首要目标，《左传》中曾有“山戎病燕”的记载。戎狄不仅对燕国进行侵扰，抢掠财物和人口，而且越过燕国去征伐其他国家。在文献记载中：“山戎越燕伐齐”、“伐郑”、“狄人攻卫”、“攻邢”等屡见不鲜，说明戎狄野心之大。山戎势力的发展，对燕国是个很大的威胁,所以燕桓侯不得不迁都临易。</p><p>燕桓侯死后，其子庄公继位。燕庄公二十七年(公元前664年)山戎再次侵燕，据《史记·齐太公世家》记载：“山戎侵燕，燕告急于齐。齐桓公救燕，遂伐山戎，至孤竹而还，燕庄公遂送桓公入齐境。桓公曰：“‘非天子，诸侯相送不出境，吾不可无礼于燕’，于是分沟割燕君所至与燕。”说明燕国经常受到北方山戎的侵扰，直到迁都临易，仍然如此。</p><p>燕庄公去世后，燕国都城又从临易北迁蓟城。</p><p><span style="overflow-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #464646; font-family: simsun; font-size: 10.5pt; background-color: #FFFFFF;">（《房山文史资料》第</span><span style="overflow-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #464646; font-family: simsun; font-size: 10.5pt; background-color: #FFFFFF;">13</span><span style="overflow-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #464646; font-family: simsun; font-size: 10.5pt; background-color: #FFFFFF;">辑）</span></p><p><br/></p> <br /><br /> <label style="font-size:13px; color:#850f0f">转载本文请联系原作者获取授权，同时请注明本文来自周猛科学网博客。<br />链接地址：</label><a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-284259-1173354.html" target="_blank" style="font-size:13px; color:#850f0f">https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-284259-1173354.html </a> <br /><br />上一篇：<a href='blog-284259-1133977.html' target='_black'>气功还是应该加强研究的吧</a><br />下一篇：<a href='blog-284259-1174657.html' target='_black'>沧州于是归属了燕国</a>  </div> <div id="click_div"><table 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