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color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Landese dialect</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Maritime Gascon</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Gascon-language text"><i lang="oc-gascon">parlar negue</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">[parˈla ˈnøɣə]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">West of <a href="/wiki/Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Chalosse" title="Chalosse">Chalosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Gascons</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Landese dialect</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">gascon de Bayonne</i></span></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_alphabet" title="Occitan alphabet">Occitan alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Landese</b> (Maritime Gascon, or <i>parlar negre</i>, which means "black speech" in English) is a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon language</a>, spoken in the south-west part of <a href="/wiki/Landes_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Landes of Gascony">Landes of Gascony</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Chalosse" title="Chalosse">Chalosse</a> and around <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>, metropolitan <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>). Landese is an endangered dialect as are several other <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan languages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reorganization_of_vowel_phonemes">Reorganization of vowel phonemes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landese_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reorganization of vowel phonemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main feature of Landese is its propensity to pronounce certain <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> with more <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">roundedness</a> (and if necessary, in a more closed or more centralized manner). Thus there is a migration of <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> from the general Gascon to new phonemes in Landese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landese_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The poet, <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essayist" class="mw-redirect" title="Essayist">essayist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernat_Manciet" title="Bernat Manciet">Bernat Manciet</a> (1923 - 2005) remained faithful to the local Gascon speaking of his native <a href="/wiki/Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a> region where he lived a large part of his life. </p><p>The erudite Vincent Foix (1857 - 1932) has written a dictionary<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the Gascon from <a href="/wiki/Chalosse" title="Chalosse">Chalosse</a> and other parts of Landes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landese_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part of content in this edit is based on a partial translation from the existing French Wikipedia article at <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlar_negre" class="extiw" title="fr:Parlar negre">fr:Parlar negre</a> (see its history for attribution) which cites the following sources: </p> <ul><li>Philippe Lartigue, <i>Le vocalisme du gascon maritime</i>, D.E.A. de Sciences du Langage, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse-Le_Mirail" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Toulouse-Le Mirail">University of Toulouse-Le Mirail</a>, June 2004</li> <li>Pierre Moureau, <i>Dictionnaire du patois de La Teste</i>, 1870; 2nd edition: <i>Dictionnaire gascon-français, français-gascon: suivant les parlers maritimes</i>, Princi Negre, 1997, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-905007-37-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-905007-37-0">2-905007-37-0</a></li> <li>Pierre Rectoran, <i>Le gascon maritime de Bayonne et du Bas-Adour</i>, Jean Curutchet, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-904348-60-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-904348-60-3">2-904348-60-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landese_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landese_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoix2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Foix, Vincent (November 2003). <i>Dictionnaire gascon-français</i> [<i>Gascon-French dictionnary</i>] (in French and Occitan). <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>: <a href="/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux">Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86781-302-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-86781-302-6"><bdi>2-86781-302-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span 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