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class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Luke_2" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Luke_2" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Luke+2" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Luke 2</b> is the second chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a>, a companion of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> on his missionary journeys.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains an account of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>'s birth in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, "its announcement and celebration",<sup id="cite_ref-alford_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus" title="Presentation of Jesus">his presentation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>, and an incident from his <a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">childhood</a>. Verses 1–14 are often read during services of worship on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Luke 2</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="float: left;">← <a href="/wiki/Luke_1" title="Luke 1">chapter 1</a></div><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Luke_3" title="Luke 3">chapter 3</a> →</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrenius_Parenthetical.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cyrenius_Parenthetical.jpg/250px-Cyrenius_Parenthetical.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Cyrenius_Parenthetical.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="443"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="width: 250px; text-align: center; line-height: 1em">Luke 2:1–7 in the original <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> showing verse 2 parenthetical.</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Book</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Christian Bible part</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Order in the Christian part</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Text"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Text</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Textual_witnesses"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Textual witnesses</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Jesus's_birth_(2:1%E2%80%937)"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Jesus's birth (2:1–7)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Verse_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Verse 2</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Verse_3"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Verse 3</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Verse_5"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Verse 5</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Verse_7"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Verse 7</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#The_angels_and_shepherds_(2:8%E2%80%9320)"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">The angels and shepherds (2:8–20)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Verse_10"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Verse 10</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Verse_11"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Verse 11</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Circumcision_and_naming_(2:21)"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Circumcision and naming (2:21)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Presentation_in_the_Temple_(2:22%E2%80%9338)"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Presentation in the Temple (2:22–38)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Verse_22"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Verse 22</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Return_to_Nazareth_and_early_childhood_(2:39%E2%80%9340)"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Return to Nazareth and early childhood (2:39–40)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Boy_Jesus_at_the_Temple_(2:41%E2%80%9350)"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Boy Jesus at the Temple (2:41–50)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Later_childhood_and_youth_(2:51%E2%80%9352)"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Later childhood and youth (2:51–52)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Uses"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Uses</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Text">Text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png/200px-Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="792"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png/200px-Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png" data-width="200" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png/300px-Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png/400px-Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Map of the events in the Nativity of Jesus narrative found in the Gospel according to Luke.<br><small>Legend: 1. <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>. 2. <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a> (historically carried out by prefect of Judea from <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>) 3. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> and Mary travel from Nazareth to <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> 4. <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Birth of Jesus</a> in Bethlehem 5. <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a> ('nearby' Bethlehem, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#2:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 2:8</a>) 6. <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the shepherds</a> in Bethlehem 7. <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus at the Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> 8. Joseph, Mary and Jesus return home to Nazareth</small></figcaption></figure> <p>The original text was written in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">This chapter is divided into</a> 52 verses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual_witnesses">Textual witnesses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Textual witnesses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">Papyrus 4</a> (AD 150–175; extant verses: 1; 6–7)<sup id="cite_ref-Aland_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aland-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> (AD 325–350; complete)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> (330-360; complete)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Bezae" title="Codex Bezae">Codex Bezae</a> (~400; complete)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Washingtonianus" title="Codex Washingtonianus">Codex Washingtonianus</a> (~400; complete)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> (400-440; complete)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi_Rescriptus" title="Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus">Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus</a> (~450; extant verses 1–4, 43–52)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Jesus's_birth_(2:1–7)"><span id="Jesus.27s_birth_.282:1.E2.80.937.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Verses_1–7"></span><span class="anchor" id="Verse_1"></span>Jesus's birth (2:1–7)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jesus's birth (2:1–7)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Crivelli-Adoration_des_Bergers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Carlo_Crivelli-Adoration_des_Bergers.jpg/200px-Carlo_Crivelli-Adoration_des_Bergers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="2053"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Carlo_Crivelli-Adoration_des_Bergers.jpg/200px-Carlo_Crivelli-Adoration_des_Bergers.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Carlo_Crivelli-Adoration_des_Bergers.jpg/300px-Carlo_Crivelli-Adoration_des_Bergers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Carlo_Crivelli-Adoration_des_Bergers.jpg/400px-Carlo_Crivelli-Adoration_des_Bergers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(Crivelli)" title="Adoration of the Shepherds (Crivelli)">Adoration of the shepherds</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Crivelli" title="Carlo Crivelli">Carlo Crivelli</a> (1490, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Strasbourg" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg</a>)</div></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div> <p>According to the Gospel of Luke, <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a> ordered a <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> be conducted of the ".. entire <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman World</a>", during (or possibly <i>before</i>) the governorship of <a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius (or "Cyrenius")</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and this is the reason that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> and Mary, who lived in <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, were in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David's</a> place of birth, when Jesus was born. Many <a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="English translations of the Bible">English translations</a> suggest that the purpose of the census was for everyone to be registered, but the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> and others state that everyone was to be <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Expanded Bible suggests that the register was compiled for taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accuracy of this account of the timing of the birth of Jesus has been <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus#Historical_birth_date_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">disputed by many modern scholars</a>. Quirinius was not governor of Syria until 6–7 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suggestion that the census therefore took place <i>before</i> Quirinius's governorship is made by biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/John_Nolland" title="John Nolland">John Nolland</a> as a way of resolving a historical difficulty about the timing of Jesus's birth in relation to this census.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a>, however, argues that this is not a natural reading of the Greek and "has about it something of the air of desperation".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more plausible solution has been proposed by David Armitage, who makes the argument, largely based on an analyses of Greek grammar and Lukan style, that Luke 2:1-5 should be viewed as chronologically connected to the preceding verse (1:80) rather than with the birth narrative that follows (2:6ff.).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states that with the reading of the text, "[T]the census is superfluous as an explanation of why Jesus was born in Bethlehem, a chronological dislocation between Luke 2:1-5 and Luke 2:6-7 is possible."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reading removes the alleged discrepancy in the Luke's chronology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_2">Verse 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Verse 2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl><dd><i>And this taxing was first made when Cyrenius was governor of Syria</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>This sentence is bracketed as a parenthetical explanation in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-expositor_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expositor-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_3">Verse 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Verse 3" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl><dd><i>So all went to be registered, everyone [went] to his own city</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Most texts refer to <i>his own</i> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πολιν</span></span> (<i>polin</i>, "city"), while <a href="/wiki/Codex_Bezae" title="Codex Bezae">Codex Bezae</a> refers to <i>his own</i> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πατρίδα</span></span> (<i>patrida</i>) or "homeland".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_5">Verse 5</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Verse 5" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl><dd><i>[Joseph went ...] to be registered with Mary, his betrothed wife, who was with child.</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Although a reading of Luke 1:32 suggests that <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> may have been herself "sprung from the lineage of David", and Bethlehem would also therefore be "her own city", it does appear that the evangelist's meaning is that she traveled to Bethlehem in order to accompany her <a href="/wiki/Betrothed" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothed">betrothed</a> husband.<sup id="cite_ref-alford_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the narrative in <a href="/wiki/Luke_1" title="Luke 1">chapter 1</a>, Mary had travelled from <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> to a city in the hill country of Judah to visit her cousin <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a>, and then returned to Nazareth,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then travelled again with Joseph from Nazareth to Bethlehem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_7">Verse 7</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Verse 7" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl><dd><i>And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn.</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>"Swaddling clothes" refers to "strips of linen that would be wrapped around the arms and legs of an infant to keep the limbs protected".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Manger": or "<a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">feed</a> trough".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The inn": translated from the Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κατάλυμα</span></span>, <i>kataluma</i>, which may mean "guest room".<sup id="cite_ref-7net_c_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7net_c-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Greek <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> and New Testament texts it may refer to a variety of places for lodging.<sup id="cite_ref-7net_c_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7net_c-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph and Mary would plan to stay with relatives in Bethlehem, but the "guest rooms" in the houses would have been filled beyond capacity with all the other relatives who had to journey to Bethlehem for the census; Bethlehem was not large and there was simply no other place to stay.<sup id="cite_ref-7net_c_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7net_c-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="The_angels_and_shepherds_(2:8–20)"><span id="The_angels_and_shepherds_.282:8.E2.80.9320.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Verses_8–20"></span>The angels and shepherds (2:8–20)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The angels and shepherds (2:8–20)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></div> <p>Luke then tells of <a href="/wiki/Shepherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherds">shepherds</a> working nearby, who are visited by an <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> who tells them that in Bethlehem, the "...town of <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">David</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">saviour</a> who is <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> the Lord" had been born. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_10">Verse 10</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Verse 10" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl><dd><i>Then the angel said to them, "Do not be afraid, for behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy which will be to all people".</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_11">Verse 11</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verse 11" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl><dd><i>"For there is born to you this day in the city of David a Savior, who is Christ the Lord."</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>"A multitude of the <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">heavenly host</a>" appear, praising God and saying "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace..." There is some variation in how the latter part of the sentence is translated, the most usual modern interpretations being "... and goodwill to men", "... towards men of goodwill" or ".. to those he favours". The <a href="/wiki/American_Standard_Version" title="American Standard Version">American Standard Version</a>, for example, has "...among men in whom he is well pleased", which corresponds to the third reading. The line is the opening part of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Doxology" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Doxology">Greater Doxology</a>, and as such important in the main rites of the Christian church. </p><p>The angels then return to heaven and the shepherds go into Bethlehem to see for themselves and <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_shepherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoration of the shepherds">find Joseph and Mary and the infant Jesus</a>. They then "...spread the word..." about the angels and Jesus, then return to their flocks. It is generally considered significant that this message was given to shepherds, who were located on the lower rungs of the social ladder in first-century <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrasting with the more powerful characters mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a>, such as the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, they seem to reflect <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Mary</a>'s words in the <a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a>: "He has brought down the mighty from their thrones and exalted those of humble estate."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase "peace to men on whom his favor rests" has been interpreted both as expressing a restriction to a particular group of people that God has chosen,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inclusively, as God displaying favor to the world.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luke does not mention the visit of the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a>, or the escape of Jesus' family to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, which are found in <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2" title="Matthew 2">Matthew 2</a></span>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Circumcision_and_naming_(2:21)"><span id="Circumcision_and_naming_.282:21.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Verse_21"></span>Circumcision and naming (2:21)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Circumcision and naming (2:21)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CodexGigas_522_Luke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/CodexGigas_522_Luke.jpg/200px-CodexGigas_522_Luke.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="348" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4342" data-file-height="7551"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 348px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/CodexGigas_522_Luke.jpg/200px-CodexGigas_522_Luke.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="348" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/CodexGigas_522_Luke.jpg/300px-CodexGigas_522_Luke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/CodexGigas_522_Luke.jpg/400px-CodexGigas_522_Luke.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Latin text of Luke 1:8–3:23 in <a href="/wiki/Codex_Gigas" title="Codex Gigas">Codex Gigas</a> (13th century).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Circumcision of Jesus</a></div> <p><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#2:21" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 2:21</a> tells how Joseph and Mary have their baby <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision in the Bible">circumcised</a> on the eighth day after birth, and name him Jesus, as <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Gabriel">Gabriel</a> had told Mary to do in Luke <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=49&chapter=1&version=31">1:31</a>. Protestant theologian <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Taylor" title="Jeremy Taylor">Jeremy Taylor</a> argues that Jesus's circumcision proved his human nature while fulfilling the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">law of Moses</a> and had Jesus been uncircumcised, it would have made Jews substantially less receptive to his <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Presentation_in_the_Temple_(2:22–38)"><span id="Presentation_in_the_Temple_.282:22.E2.80.9338.29"></span>Presentation in the Temple (2:22–38)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Presentation in the Temple (2:22–38)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aert_de_Gelder_-_Het_loflied_van_Simeon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aert_de_Gelder_-_Het_loflied_van_Simeon.jpg/200px-Aert_de_Gelder_-_Het_loflied_van_Simeon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="881"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aert_de_Gelder_-_Het_loflied_van_Simeon.jpg/200px-Aert_de_Gelder_-_Het_loflied_van_Simeon.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aert_de_Gelder_-_Het_loflied_van_Simeon.jpg/300px-Aert_de_Gelder_-_Het_loflied_van_Simeon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aert_de_Gelder_-_Het_loflied_van_Simeon.jpg/400px-Aert_de_Gelder_-_Het_loflied_van_Simeon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i>Simeon's Song of Praise</i> (also showing <a href="/wiki/Anna_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna (Bible)">Anna</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Aert_de_Gelder" title="Aert de Gelder">Aert de Gelder</a>, around 1700–1710.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus" title="Presentation of Jesus">Presentation of Jesus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verse_22">Verse 22</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Verse 22" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <dl><dd><i>And when the days of her purification according to the law of Moses were accomplished, they brought him to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord;</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The law in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#12:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Leviticus">Leviticus 12:1–8</a> requires that after the birth of a male child, a mother is regarded as '<a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification#Judaism" title="Ritual purification">unclean</a>' for seven days and is required to stay at home for a further 33 days, after which, on the 40th day, a sacrifice is to be offered for her purification, which can only be done in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994985_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994985-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some translations refer to "their purification",<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was Mary, not her child, who needed to be purified,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994985_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994985-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even though Mary was not polluted by the conception, bearing, and giving birth of Jesus, who had no impurity in his nature (although he was made sin for his people), she still came under this law of purification,<sup id="cite_ref-gill_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that all possible requirements of the law were fulfilled (cf. <a href="/wiki/Galatians_4:4" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatians 4:4">Galatians 4:4</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994985_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994985-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> "The days of her purification" or "her purifying" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ימי טהרה</span>, <i><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H3117">yə-mê</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H2893">ṭā-ho-rāh</a></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#12:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Leviticus">Leviticus 12:4</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Leviticus#12:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Leviticus">12:6</a><sup id="cite_ref-gill_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are to be fulfilled or accomplished at the time described by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>a new mother does not bring her offering on the fortieth day for a male, nor on the eightieth day for a female, but after her sun is set: and she brings her offering on the morrow, which is the forty first for a male, and the eighty first for a female: and this is the day of which it is said, [in] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0312.htm#6">Leviticus 12:6</a>, and "when the days of her purifying are fulfilled for a son, or for a daughter, she shall bring ... <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> This was the time when they, Joseph and Mary, brought the child Jesus, to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jerusalem">Temple</a> in Jerusalem to complete Mary's <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a> and to provide the sacrifice specified in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Law of Moses</a>, in which she took the option provided for poor people (those who could not afford a lamb) in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0312.htm#8">Leviticus 12:8</a>, sacrificing "a pair of doves or two young pigeons."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994985_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994985-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done in the eastern gate, called the gate of Nicanor, specially for: </p><dl><dd><i>women, suspected of adultery, to drink, and purified new mothers, and cleansed the lepers.</i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Then, they presented Jesus to God through the priest, his representative. Here Mary appeared with her firstborn son, the true Messiah, marking the first time of Jesus' coming into his temple, as was foretold (<a href="/wiki/Malachi_3:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Malachi 3:1">Malachi 3:1</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-gill_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presentation of Jesus in the Temple officially inducts him into <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and concludes the birth narrative in the Gospel of Luke.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter1998_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter1998-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the account, "Luke's narration of the Presentation in the Temple combines the purification rite with the Jewish ceremony of the redemption of the firstborn (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#2:23" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 2:23–24</a>)."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Temple, they meet <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna (Bible)">Anna</a>. Simeon had been waiting for the Christ, and believes Jesus is him. Simeon prays the <i><a href="/wiki/Nunc_Dimittis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunc Dimittis">Nunc Dimittis</a></i> (Canticle of Simeon) and tells Mary "This child is destined to cause the falling and rising of many in Israel, and to be a sign that will be spoken against, so that the thoughts of many hearts will be revealed. And a sword will pierce your own soul too." Anna, an old widowed woman who spent all her time in the temple praying, comes and praises Jesus as well. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Return_to_Nazareth_and_early_childhood_(2:39–40)"><span id="Return_to_Nazareth_and_early_childhood_.282:39.E2.80.9340.29"></span>Return to Nazareth and early childhood (2:39–40)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Return to Nazareth and early childhood (2:39–40)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>In verses 39–40, the family returns to Nazareth in Galilee, where Jesus grows and becomes strong and wise. He receives God's favour or grace. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal gospels">apocryphal gospels</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">preternatural</a> stories of Jesus' childhood are found in Luke, or indeed any of the four canonical gospels. Verse 40 is echoed in verse 52: <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> pietist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bengel" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Bengel">Johann Bengel</a> suggests that verse 40 refers to the period from his first to his twelfth year, when Jesus grew in body, whereas verse 52 covers the period from his twelfth to his thirtieth year, when his progress is a spiritual increase towards "full perfection".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Boy_Jesus_at_the_Temple_(2:41–50)"><span id="Boy_Jesus_at_the_Temple_.282:41.E2.80.9350.29"></span>Boy Jesus at the Temple (2:41–50)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Boy Jesus at the Temple (2:41–50)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luke_2-41-50._Jesus_goeth_up_with_his_parents_to_the_Passover_at_the_age_of_twelve_years;_and_tarreith_behind_the_temple,_seeking_instruction_from_the_doctors_of_the_law_LOC_matpc.23114.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Luke_2-41-50._Jesus_goeth_up_with_his_parents_to_the_Passover_at_the_age_of_twelve_years%3B_and_tarreith_behind_the_temple%2C_seeking_instruction_from_the_doctors_of_the_law_LOC_matpc.23114.jpg/150px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3495" data-file-height="5076"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Luke_2-41-50._Jesus_goeth_up_with_his_parents_to_the_Passover_at_the_age_of_twelve_years%3B_and_tarreith_behind_the_temple%2C_seeking_instruction_from_the_doctors_of_the_law_LOC_matpc.23114.jpg/150px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Luke_2-41-50._Jesus_goeth_up_with_his_parents_to_the_Passover_at_the_age_of_twelve_years%3B_and_tarreith_behind_the_temple%2C_seeking_instruction_from_the_doctors_of_the_law_LOC_matpc.23114.jpg/225px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Luke_2-41-50._Jesus_goeth_up_with_his_parents_to_the_Passover_at_the_age_of_twelve_years%3B_and_tarreith_behind_the_temple%2C_seeking_instruction_from_the_doctors_of_the_law_LOC_matpc.23114.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>"Jesus... seeking instruction from the doctors of the law" (Luke 2:41–50) by <a href="/wiki/William_Hole_(artist)" title="William Hole (artist)">William Hole</a> (1846–1917). G. Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a></div> <p>The Gospel then provides the only story of Jesus's childhood in the Canonical Gospels. When Jesus is twelve his family travels to Jerusalem for the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> festival. Then they leave with a large group of their relatives and friends and after a day they realize Jesus is not with them. They go back to Jerusalem and after three days of looking find him in the temple talking with the temple teachers. His parents scold <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> him for running off, but Jesus replies that they should have known where he was. "Didn't you know I had to be in my Father's house? <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or about my Father's business)?"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family fails to understand what he is talking about. They all then go to Nazareth.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Later_childhood_and_youth_(2:51–52)"><span id="Later_childhood_and_youth_.282:51.E2.80.9352.29"></span>Later childhood and youth (2:51–52)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Later childhood and youth (2:51–52)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luke_2-51,_52._Jesus_returneth_with_his_parents_to_Nazareth_where_he_is_subject_unto_them_LOC_matpc.23115.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Luke_2-51%2C_52._Jesus_returneth_with_his_parents_to_Nazareth_where_he_is_subject_unto_them_LOC_matpc.23115.jpg/150px-Luke_2-51%2C_52._Jesus_returneth_with_his_parents_to_Nazareth_where_he_is_subject_unto_them_LOC_matpc.23115.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3478" data-file-height="5053"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Luke_2-51%2C_52._Jesus_returneth_with_his_parents_to_Nazareth_where_he_is_subject_unto_them_LOC_matpc.23115.jpg/150px-Luke_2-51%2C_52._Jesus_returneth_with_his_parents_to_Nazareth_where_he_is_subject_unto_them_LOC_matpc.23115.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Luke_2-51%2C_52._Jesus_returneth_with_his_parents_to_Nazareth_where_he_is_subject_unto_them_LOC_matpc.23115.jpg/225px-Luke_2-51%2C_52._Jesus_returneth_with_his_parents_to_Nazareth_where_he_is_subject_unto_them_LOC_matpc.23115.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Luke_2-51%2C_52._Jesus_returneth_with_his_parents_to_Nazareth_where_he_is_subject_unto_them_LOC_matpc.23115.jpg/300px-Luke_2-51%2C_52._Jesus_returneth_with_his_parents_to_Nazareth_where_he_is_subject_unto_them_LOC_matpc.23115.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>"Jesus returneth with his parents to Nazareth" (Luke 2:51–52) by William Hole (1846–1917). G. Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jesus continues to grow and flourish both in wisdom and stature, and in the favour of God and man. This mirrors verse 40, and completes Jesus' early years. The next we see of him is in <a href="/wiki/Luke_3" title="Luke 3">Chapter 3</a>, verse 21, when he is baptised by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <p>Verses 1–19 are commonly read during <a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity plays</a> as part of the celebration of Christmas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Verses 29–32, the <i><a href="/wiki/Nunc_Dimittis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunc Dimittis">Nunc Dimittis</a></i>, with the <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Patri" title="Gloria Patri">Gloria Patri</a>, form part of <a href="/wiki/Evening_Prayer_(Book_of_Common_Prayer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evening Prayer (Book of Common Prayer)">Evening Prayer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of verses 8–11 and 13–14 from this chapter is cited as text in the English-language <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> "<a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a>" by <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a> (HWV 56).<sup id="cite_ref-Block_2001_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Block_2001-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_in_excelsis_Deo" title="Gloria in excelsis Deo">Gloria in excelsis Deo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_Eder_(biblical_location)" title="Migdal Eder (biblical location)">Migdal Eder ("Tower of flock")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li>Related <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> parts: <a href="/wiki/Micah_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Micah 4">Micah 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micah_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Micah 5">Micah 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_2" title="Matthew 2">Matthew 2</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Luke_-_Chapter_2" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gospel of Luke - Chapter 2">Gospel of Luke - Chapter 2</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerusalem Bible (1966), "Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels", New Testament p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alford-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alford_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alford_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alford, H., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/alford/luke/2.htm">Greek Testament Critical Exegetical Commentary - Alford</a> on Luke 2, accessed 21 August 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Today_(BBC_Radio_4)" title="Today (BBC Radio 4)">BBC Radio 4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0012r7z">Midnight Mass, 24 December 2021</a> from <a href="/wiki/Salford_Cathedral" title="Salford Cathedral">Salford Cathedral</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aland-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aland_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlandAland1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Aland" title="Kurt Aland">Aland, Kurt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Aland" title="Barbara Aland">Aland, Barbara</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2pYDsAhUOxAC"><i>The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism</i></a>. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4098-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-4098-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Critical+Editions+and+to+the+Theory+and+Practice+of+Modern+Textual+Criticism&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4098-1&rft.aulast=Aland&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Aland%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2pYDsAhUOxAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuke+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/BibleGateway.com" class="mw-redirect" title="BibleGateway.com">BibleGateway.com</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/verse/en/Luke%202:1">Translations of Luke 2:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Additional words "register for taxation" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2:1&version=exb">Luke 2:1</a>; EXB</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franklin, E., <i>59. Luke</i>, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43">The Oxford Bible Commentary</a>, p. 929</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nolland, J. (1989–93), <i>Luke</i>, Word Biblical Commentary Series (Dallas: Word)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzmyer, J. A. (1981, 1985), <i>The Gospel According to Luke</i>, AB (New York: Doubleday), quoted in Franklin, citation above</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmitage2018" class="citation journal cs1">Armitage, David J. (2018-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tyndalebulletin.org/article/27652-detaching-the-census-an-alternative-reading-of-luke-2-1-7">"Detaching the Census: An Alternative Reading of Luke 2:1-7"</a>. <i>Tyndale Bulletin</i>. <b>69</b> (1): 75–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.53751%2F001c.27652">10.53751/001c.27652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tyndale+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Detaching+the+Census%3A+An+Alternative+Reading+of+Luke+2%3A1-7&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-95&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.53751%2F001c.27652&rft.aulast=Armitage&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tyndalebulletin.org%2Farticle%2F27652-detaching-the-census-an-alternative-reading-of-luke-2-1-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuke+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armitage, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#2:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 2:2</a>: <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">KJV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-expositor-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-expositor_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicoll, W. R., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/egt/luke/2.htm">Expositor's Greek Testament. Luke 2</a>. Accessed 24 April 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2:3&version=nkjv">Luke 2:3</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">NKJV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_August_Wilhelm_Meyer" title="Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer">Meyer, H. A. W.</a> (1890), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/meyer/luke/2.htm">Meyer's NT Commentary</a> on Luke 2, accessed 5 July 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2:3&version=nkjv">Luke 2:3</a>: NKJV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+1:39%E2%80%9340:56&version=nkjv">Luke 1:39–40, 56</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#2:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 2:7</a> <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">KJV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note [a] on Luke 2:7 in <a href="/wiki/New_English_Translation" title="New English Translation">NET Bible</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note on Luke 2:7 in NKJV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note [b] on Luke 2:7 in NET Bible</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7net_c-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-7net_c_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-7net_c_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-7net_c_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Note [c] on Luke 2:7 in NET Bible</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note on Luke 2:7 in <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">ESV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2:10&version=nkjv">Luke 2:10</a>: NKJV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2:11&version=nkjv">Luke 2:11</a> NKJV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wzRVN2S8cVgC&pg=PA130">Green, p. 130.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+1:52">Luke 1:52</a>: ESV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rKqiibViFowC&pg=PA112">Marshall, p. 112.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wzRVN2S8cVgC&pg=PA137">Green, p. 137.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"But so mysterious were all the actions of Jesus, that this one [his circumcision] served many ends. For 1. It gave demonstration of the verity of human nature. 2. So he began to fulfill the law. 3. And took from himself the scandal of uncircumcision, which would eternally have prejudiced the Jews against his entertainment and communion. 4. And then he took upon him that name, which declared him to be the Savior of the world; which as it was consummate in the blood of the cross, so it was inaugurated in the blood of circumcision: for "when eight days were accomplished for circumcising of the Child, his name was called Jesus." – <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Taylor" title="Jeremy Taylor">Taylor, Jeremy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wholeworkswitha03taylgoog">The Whole works; with an essay biographical and critical, Volume 1</a> (1657). Frederick Westley and A. H. Davis, London, 1835. p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#2:22" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 2:22</a> <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">KJV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994985-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994985_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994985_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994985_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994985_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994">Carson et al. 1994</a>, p. 985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. the <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:22&version=nrsv">Luke 2:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gill-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gill_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gill_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gill_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">Gill, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/gills-exposition-of-the-bible/luke-2-22.html"><i>Exposition of the Entire Bible</i>. Luke 2:22.</a> Accessed 29 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/leviticus/12-4.htm">Hebrew Text Analysis: Leviticus 12:4</a>. Biblehub.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, Hilchot Mechosre Capharah, c. 1. sect. 5, quoted by Gill, J. in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/luke/2.htm"><i>Exposition of the Bible</i></a> on Luke 2, accessed 19 December 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Misn. Sota, c. 1. sect. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter1998-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Porter1998_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1998" class="citation book cs1">Porter, J. R. (1 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PQG_GLXO_oAC&pg=PA157"><i>The Illustrated Guide to the Bible</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195214628" title="Special:BookSources/9780195214628"><bdi>9780195214628</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>The story of the Presentation of Jesus to God in the Temple concludes Luke's birth narrative (Luke 2.22–39).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Guide+to+the+Bible&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998-09-01&rft.isbn=9780195214628&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPQG_GLXO_oAC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuke+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerloveSilver2009" class="citation book cs1">Perlove, Shelley; Silver, Larry (2009). <i>Rembrandt's Faith: Church and Temple in the Dutch Golden Age</i>. Penn State Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271048383" title="Special:BookSources/9780271048383"><bdi>9780271048383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rembrandt%27s+Faith%3A+Church+and+Temple+in+the+Dutch+Golden+Age&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780271048383&rft.aulast=Perlove&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rft.au=Silver%2C+Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuke+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bengel, J. A. (1759), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/bengel/luke/2.htm">Bengel's Gnomon</a> on Luke 2, accessed 6 July 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This word is used at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2:48&version=tpt">Luke 2:48</a> in The Passion Translation by Brian Simmons; other translations refer to his parents' anxiety and their amazement on finding him</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:49&version=nrsv">Luke 2:49</a> in various translations, such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2:49&version=nkjv">Luke 2:49</a> in translations such as the <a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">New King James Version</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament edition</i> by John F. Walvoord, Roy B. Zuck 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88207-812-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88207-812-7">0-88207-812-7</a> p. 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Church of England, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/The%20Book%20of%20Common%20Prayer%201662.pdf">Book of Common Prayer: Evening Prayer</a> as printed by <a href="/wiki/John_Baskerville" title="John Baskerville">John Baskerville</a> in 1762, pp. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Block_2001-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Block_2001_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._Block" title="Daniel I. Block">Block, Daniel I.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbts.edu/documents/icw/messiah.pdf">"Handel's Messiah: Biblical and Theological Perspectives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Didaskalia_(journal)" title="Didaskalia (journal)">Didaskalia</a></i>. <b>12</b> (2)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Didaskalia&rft.atitle=Handel%27s+Messiah%3A+Biblical+and+Theological+Perspectives&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Daniel+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbts.edu%2Fdocuments%2Ficw%2Fmessiah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuke+2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonFranceMotyerWenham1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._A._Carson" title="D. A. Carson">Carson, D. A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/R._T._France" title="R. T. France">France, R. T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/J._Alec_Motyer" title="J. Alec Motyer">Motyer, J. A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Wenham" title="Gordon Wenham">Wenham, G. J.</a>, eds. (1994). "Luke". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uveHQgAACAAJ"><i>New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition</i></a> (4, illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Inter-Varsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851106489" title="Special:BookSources/9780851106489"><bdi>9780851106489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luke&rft.btitle=New+Bible+Commentary%3A+21st+Century+Edition&rft.edition=4%2C+illustrated%2C+reprint%2C+revised&rft.pub=Inter-Varsity+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780851106489&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuveHQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuke+2" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li>Brown, Raymond E. <i>An Introduction to the New Testament</i> 1997 Doubleday <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2">0-385-24767-2</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_2&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#2:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 2</a> King James Bible – Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=1&b=3&c=2">English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Luke+2"><i>Online Bible</i> at GospelHall.org</a> (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=49&chapter=2">Multiple bible versions at <i>Bible Gateway</i></a> (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by<br><b><a href="/wiki/Luke_1" title="Luke 1">Luke 1</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Chapters of the Bible<br><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by<br><b><a href="/wiki/Luke_3" title="Luke 3">Luke 3</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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