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<div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Meklēt Vikipēdijā" aria-label="Meklēt Vikipēdijā" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Meklēt Vikipēdijā [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Meklēt</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Dalībnieka rīki"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izskats"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Izskats" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izskats</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv" class=""><span>Ziedojumi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Optisk%C4%81+%C5%A1%C4%B7iedra" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti." class=""><span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Optisk%C4%81+%C5%A1%C4%B7iedra" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Vairāk iespēju" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Dalībnieka rīki" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Dalībnieka rīki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dalībnieka izvēlne" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv"><span>Ziedojumi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Optisk%C4%81+%C5%A1%C4%B7iedra" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Optisk%C4%81+%C5%A1%C4%B7iedra" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Lapas redaktoriem, kuri nav pieslēgušies <a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Ievads" aria-label="Uzzini vairāk par rediģēšanu"><span>uzzināt vairāk</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="Labojumi, kas veikti no šīs IP adreses [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Devums</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Diskusija par labojumiem, kas izdarīti no šīs IP adreses [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusijas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vietne"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Saturs" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Saturs</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Sākums</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Optiskie_tīkli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optiskie_tīkli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Optiskie tīkli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optiskie_tīkli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atsauces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atsauces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Atsauces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atsauces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Optiskā šķiedra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 87 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiese_vesel" title="Optiese vesel – afrikandu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Optiese vesel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikandu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ليف بصري – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليف بصري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A4%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فيبرة ؤپتيكية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيبرة ؤپتيكية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="আলোক তন্তু – asamiešu" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলোক তন্তু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_%C3%B3ptica" title="Fibra óptica – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fibra óptica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optik" title="Fiber-optik – azerbaidžāņu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fiber-optik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Оптично влакно – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оптично влакно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dko_vlakno" title="Optičko vlakno – bosniešu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Optičko vlakno" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_%C3%B2ptica" title="Fibra òptica – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fibra òptica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%A8%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="کێبڵی تیشکی – centrālkurdu" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کێبڵی تیشکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centrālkurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optick%C3%A9_vl%C3%A1kno" title="Optické vlákno – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Optické vlákno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffibr_optig" title="Ffibr optig – velsiešu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffibr optig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velsiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysleder" title="Lysleder – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lysleder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="labs raksts"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtwellenleiter" title="Lichtwellenleiter – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lichtwellenleiter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="अप्टिकल फाइबर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अप्टिकल फाइबर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Οπτική ίνα – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οπτική ίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Optical fiber" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika_fibro" title="Optika fibro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Optika fibro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_%C3%B3ptica" title="Fibra óptica – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fibra óptica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgusjuhe" title="Valgusjuhe – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgusjuhe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuntz_optiko" title="Zuntz optiko – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuntz optiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فیبر نوری – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیبر نوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valokuitu" title="Valokuitu – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valokuitu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_optique" title="Fibre optique – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fibre optique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%A1ith%C3%ADn_opt%C3%BAil" title="Snáithín optúil – īru" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Snáithín optúil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="īru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_%C3%B3ptica" title="Fibra óptica – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fibra óptica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaule_o%27ukaas%C3%BC" title="Kaaule o'ukaasü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Kaaule o'ukaasü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99" title="סיב אופטי – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיב אופטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="प्रकाशीय तन्तु – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाशीय तन्तु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dko_vlakno" title="Optičko vlakno – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Optičko vlakno" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fib_optik" title="Fib optik – haitiešu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fib optik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikai_sz%C3%A1l" title="Optikai szál – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Optikai szál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%84" title="Օպտիկական թելք – armēņu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օպտիկական թելք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serat_optik" title="Serat optik – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serat optik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_ottica" title="Fibra ottica – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fibra ottica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC" title="光ファイバー – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光ファイバー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AD%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="ოპტიკური ბოჭკო – gruzīnu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპტიკური ბოჭკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isirg_asekdan" title="Isirg asekdan – kabilu" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Isirg asekdan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Сәулежол – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сәулежол" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಪ್ಟಿಕಲ್‌ ಫೈಬರ್ – kannadu" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಪ್ಟಿಕಲ್‌ ಫೈಬರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0" title="광섬유 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광섬유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_optica" title="Fibra optica – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fibra optica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0viesolaidis" title="Šviesolaidis – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šviesolaidis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Оптичко влакно – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оптичко влакно" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC" title="ഒപ്റ്റിക്കൽ ഫൈബർ – malajalu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒപ്റ്റിക്കൽ ഫൈബർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="प्रकाशवाहक तंतू – marathu" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रकाशवाहक तंतू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentian_optik" title="Gentian optik – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gentian optik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အလင်းဖန်မျှင် – birmiešu" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလင်းဖန်မျှင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="نوری فیبر – mazanderāņu" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نوری فیبر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="अप्टिकल फाइबर – nepāliešu" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अप्टिकल फाइबर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepāliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optische_vezel" title="Optische vezel – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Optische vezel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optisk_fiber" title="Optisk fiber – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Optisk fiber" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberoptikk" title="Fiberoptikk – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fiberoptikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_optica" title="Fibra optica – oksitāņu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fibra optica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ੀ ਤੰਦ – pandžabu" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ੀ ਤੰਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awiat%C5%82ow%C3%B3d" title="Światłowód – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Światłowód" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="نوري فایبر – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوري فایبر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_%C3%B3ptica" title="Fibra óptica – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fibra óptica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibr%C4%83_optic%C4%83" title="Fibră optică – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fibră optică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Оптическое волокно – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оптическое волокно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibbra_ottica" title="Fibbra ottica – sicīliešu" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fibbra ottica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicīliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dko_vlakno" title="Optičko vlakno – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Optičko vlakno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94" title="ප්‍රකාශ තන්තු – singāļu" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රකාශ තන්තු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Optical fiber" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optick%C3%A9_vl%C3%A1kno" title="Optické vlákno – slovāku" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Optické vlákno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovāku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dno_vlakno" title="Optično vlakno – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Optično vlakno" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_optike" title="Fibra optike – albāņu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fibra optike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Оптичко влакно – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оптичко влакно" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serat_optik" title="Serat optik – zundu" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Serat optik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="zundu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberoptik" title="Fiberoptik – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fiberoptik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzi_wa_kioo" title="Uzi wa kioo – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uzi wa kioo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88" title="ஒளியிழை – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளியிழை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ದ್ಯುತಿ ಇರೆಕುಲು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ದ್ಯುತಿ ಇರೆಕುಲು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆప్టికల్ ఫైబర్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆప్టికల్ ఫైబర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="ใยแก้วนำแสง – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ใยแก้วนำแสง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_Optics" title="Fiber Optics – tagalu" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Fiber Optics" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik_fiber" title="Optik fiber – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Optik fiber" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Оптоволокно – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оптоволокно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik_tola" title="Optik tola – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Optik tola" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%A3i_quang_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Sợi quang học – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sợi quang học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabot_nga_optika" title="Sabot nga optika – varaju" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sabot nga optika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AF%BC%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4" title="光导纤维 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光导纤维" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi 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mw-parser-output" lang="lv" dir="ltr"><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Wikitext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wikitext.svg/langlv-30px-Wikitext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wikitext.svg/langlv-45px-Wikitext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Wikitext.svg/langlv-60px-Wikitext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="78" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align:center;;"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Šajā rakstā ir pārāk maz <a href="/wiki/Pal%C4%ABdz%C4%ABba:%C4%AAsa_lieto%C5%A1anas_pam%C4%81c%C4%ABba#Iekšējo_saišu_pievienošana" title="Palīdzība:Īsa lietošanas pamācība">vikisaišu</a>.</b> <br /><small>Lūdzu, palīdzi <a class="external text" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optisk%C4%81_%C5%A1%C4%B7iedra&action=edit">uzlabot šo rakstu</a>, saliekot tajā <a href="/wiki/Pal%C4%ABdz%C4%ABba:Iek%C5%A1%C4%93j%C4%81s_saites_un_tabulas#Iekšējās_saites" title="Palīdzība:Iekšējās saites un tabulas">saites</a> uz citiem rakstiem. Ja ir kādi ieteikumi, vari tos pievienot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskusija:Optisk%C4%81_%C5%A1%C4%B7iedra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diskusija:Optiskā šķiedra (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">diskusijā</a>. Vairāk lasi <a href="/wiki/Pal%C4%ABdz%C4%ABba:%C4%AAsa_lieto%C5%A1anas_pam%C4%81c%C4%ABba" title="Palīdzība:Īsa lietošanas pamācība">lietošanas pamācībā</a>.</small><div class="hide-when-compact"></div><div class="hide-when-compact"></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3201466">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text{text-align:left!important}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{display:inline-block}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Fibreoptic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fibreoptic.jpg/220px-Fibreoptic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fibreoptic.jpg/330px-Fibreoptic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Fibreoptic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Optiskās šķiedras</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Optiskā šķiedra</b> ir caurspīdīga, elastīga dielektriska materiāla šķiedra, kas izgatavota, stiepjot stiklu (silīcija dioksīdu) vai plastmasu diametrā, kas ir nedaudz biezāka nekā cilvēka mats. Optiskā šķiedra pamatā tiek izmantota kā līdzeklis gaismas pārraidīšanai starp abiem šķiedras galiem un tiek plaši pielietota optiskajos sakaru tīklos, kur tā ļauj pārraidīt datus lielākos attālumos un ar lielāku joslas platumu nekā tas ir elektriskajos kabeļos. Metāla vadu vietā tiek izmantotas šķiedras, jo signāls pārvietojas pa tām ar mazākiem zudumiem, turklāt šķiedras ir imūnas pret elektromagnētiskiem traucējumiem — problēmu, no kuras cieš metāla vadi. Šķiedras tiek izmantotas arī apgaismošanai un attēlveidošanai, kur tās bieži tiek izmantotas saišķos, lai varētu izmantot gaismas vadīšanai vai attēliem no slēgtām telpām, kā tas ir fibroskopam<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Īpaši izstrādātas šķiedras tiek izmantotas arī dažādiem citiem pielietojumiem, daži no tiem ir optisko šķiedru sensori un šķiedru lāzeri. </p><p>Optiskās šķiedras parasti satur serdeni<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, kuru ieskauj caurspīdīgs apšuvuma materiāls ar zemāku refrakcijas indeksu. Gaisma kodolā saglabājas pateicoties pilnīgai iekšējās atstarošanās parādībai, kas liek šķiedrai darboties kā viļņu vadam. Šķiedras, kas atbalsta daudzus izplatīšanās ceļus vai šķērsvirziena režīmus, sauc par daudzmodu šķiedrām, savukārt šķiedras, kas atbalsta vienotu režīmu, sauc par vienmoda šķiedrām (SMF). Daudzrežīmu šķiedrām parasti ir lielāks serdes diametrs, un tās tiek izmantotas neliela attāluma sakaru savienojumiem un lietojumiem, kur jāpārraida liela jauda. Vienmoda šķiedras tiek izmantotas lielākajai daļai sakaru savienojumu, kas garāki par 1000 metriem (3300 pēdām). </p><p>Spēja pievienoties optiskajām šķiedrām ar nelielu zudumu ir liela nozīme optisko šķiedru komunikācijā. Tas ir sarežģītāk nekā savienojums ar elektrisko vadu vai kabeli un ietver rūpīgu šķiedru šķelšanu, precīzu šķiedru serdeņu izlīdzināšanu un to savienošanu. Lietojumprogrammām, kurām nepieciešams pastāvīgs savienojums, izplatīta saplūšanas shēma. Šajā tehnikā šķiedru galus kopā izkausē, izmantojot elektrisko loku. Vēl viena izplatīta metode ir mehāniskā savienošana, kurā šķiedru galus savieno ar mehānisku spēku. Pagaidu vai daļēji pastāvīgus savienojumus izveido, izmantojot specializētus <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber_connector" class="extiw" title="en:Optical fiber connector">optisko šķiedru savienotājus</a>. </p><p>Lietišķās zinātnes un inženierzinātņu joma, kas saistīta ar optisko šķiedru dizainu un pielietošanu, ir pazīstama kā šķiedru optika. Terminu izgudroja indiāņu-amerikāņu fiziķis Narinders Singhs Kapanijs, kurš tiek plaši atzīts par optiskās šķiedras tēvu.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optiskie_tīkli"><span id="Optiskie_t.C4.ABkli"></span>Optiskie tīkli</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optisk%C4%81_%C5%A1%C4%B7iedra&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Optiskie tīkli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optisk%C4%81_%C5%A1%C4%B7iedra&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Optiskie tīkli"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Optiskā komunikācija ir metode informācijas pārsūtīšanai no vienas vietas uz otru, caur optisko šķiedru nosūtot infrasarkanās gaismas impulsus. Gaisma veido elektromagnētisko nesēja vilni, kas ir modulēts, lai pārnēsātu informāciju. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:SEA-ME-WE-3-Route.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SEA-ME-WE-3-Route.png/220px-SEA-ME-WE-3-Route.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SEA-ME-WE-3-Route.png/330px-SEA-ME-WE-3-Route.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SEA-ME-WE-3-Route.png/440px-SEA-ME-WE-3-Route.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Zemūdens telekomunikāciju kabeļa SEA-ME-WE-3 maršruts. Nosaukums nozīmē “Dienvidaustrumu Āzija — Tuvie Austrumi — Rietumeiropa 3”.</figcaption></figure> <p>Optiskā šķiedra tiek izmantota kā līdzeklis telekomunikāciju un datoru tīkla izveidošanai, jo tā ir elastīga un to var savienot kā kabeļus. Tas ir īpaši izdevīgi liela attāluma sakaru nodrošināšanā, jo infrasarkanā gaisma izplatās caur šķiedru ar daudz zemākiem zudumiem salīdzinājumā ar elektriskajiem kabeļiem. Tas ļauj veidot tīkla savienojumu lielos attālumos tikai ar dažiem signāla pastiprinātājiem. Piemēram, pasaulē garākais optiskais zemūdens tīkls SEA-ME-WE3<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, kas stiepjas 39 000 kilometru garumā (24 000 jūdzes) no Ziemeļvācijas līdz Austrālijai un Japānai, tajā tiek izmantota viļņu garuma dalīšanas multipleksēšanas (WDM) tehnoloģija ar sinhronās digitālās hierarhijas (SDH) pārraidi, lai palielinātu signāla ietilpību un uzlabotu kvalitāti, īpaši lielos attālumos. </p><p>Viena kanālā gaismas signālu, kas izplatās šķiedrā, 2006.gadā NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation) modulēja ar ātrumu līdz pat 111 gigabitiem sekundē (Gbit/s). 2013. gada jūnijā pētnieki parādīja 400 Gbit/s pārraidi vienā kanālā, izmantojot četru režīmu orbitālo leņķisko impulsu multipleksēšanu. Katra šķiedra var pārvadāt daudz neatkarīgu kanālu, katrs izmantojot atšķirīgu gaismas viļņa garumu (viļņu garuma dalīšanas multipleksēšana (WDM)). Sākot ar 2011. gadu joslas platuma rekords vienā kodolā bija 101 Tbit/s (370 kanāli ar ātrumu 273 Gbit/s). Daudzkodolu šķiedras rekords 2013.gada janvārī bija 1,05 petabiti sekundē (Pbit/s). 2009. gadā Bell Labs pārkāpa 100 (Pbit/s)km barjeru (15.5 Tbit/s ar vienu 7000 km garu šķiedru). Nelielos attālumos, piemēram, tīklu biroju ēkā (sk. Biroja šķiedru), optiskās šķiedras kabeļi var ietaupīt vietu kabeļu kanālos. Tas notiek tāpēc, ka viena šķiedra var pārvadāt daudz vairāk datu nekā vara kabeļi, piemēram, 5.kategorijas Ethernet kabeļi, kas parasti darbojas ar ātrumu 100 Mbit/s vai 1 Gbit/s. </p><p> Šķiedra ir arī imūna pret elektriskiem traucējumiem. Starp signāliem dažādos kabeļos nav savstarpējo traucējumu un netiek radīts elektromagnētiskie troksnis apkārtējā vidē. Neapbruņoti šķiedru kabeļi nevada elektrību, kas padara tos par labu risinājumu sakaru ierīču aizsardzībai augstsprieguma vidē, piemēram, enerģijas ražošanas iekārtām vai metāla sakaru konstrukcijām, kurām ir nosliece uz zibens spērieniem, kā arī novērš problēmas ar zemējumu. Tos var izmantot arī vidē, kur ir sprādzienbīstami izgarojumi bez aizdegšanās riskiem. Nesankcionētu savienojumu izveide (šajā gadījumā šķiedru noklausīšanās<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) ir grūtāka salīdzinājumā ar elektriskajiem savienojumiem. Viens no veidiem, kā noteikt šķiedru noklausīšanos, ir fiksēt signāla kvalitātes samazināšanos<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (par dažām dB) vietā, kur veikta nesankcionēta pieslēgšanās. Dažas sistēmas var uztvert šķiedru saites pēkšņu vājināšanos un automātiski izsauks trauksmi. Tomēr ir arī tādi pieslēgumu gadījumi, kas darbojas bez ievērojamas signāla vājināšanas. Abos gadījumos ir jāmaina gaismas izkliedes raksturs tajā punktā, ko potenciāli var noteikt. Tomēr pēc tam, kad pieslēgums ir atklāts, tas var būt par vēlu, jo daļa informācijas jau ir noklausīta. ASV pat ir zemūdene "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Jimmy_Carter" class="extiw" title="en:USS Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>", kas aprīkota ar zemūdens kabeļu noklausīšanās sistēmu.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:OpticalFiberCable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/OpticalFiberCable.jpg/220px-OpticalFiberCable.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/OpticalFiberCable.jpg/330px-OpticalFiberCable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/OpticalFiberCable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>7 dzīslu optiskais kabelis</figcaption></figure><p>Šķiedras bieži izmanto arī neliela attāluma savienojumiem starp ierīcēm. Piemēram, lielākā daļa augstas izšķirtspējas televizoru piedāvā digitālu audio optisko savienojumu. Tas ļauj straumēt audio, izmantojot gaismu, izmantojot <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOSLINK" class="extiw" title="en:TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a> protokolu. </p><p>Informācija, kas pārvietojas optiskās šķiedras iekšienē, ir pat imūna pret kodolierīču ģenerētajiem elektromagnētiskajiem impulsiem. </p><p>Metāla kabeļu sistēmās izmanto lielu daudzumu vara. Atšķirībā no optiskās šķiedras, saistībā ar izejmateriālu ievērojamo cenu kāpumu kopš 2000.gada vara kabeļi tiek pakļauti lielam zādzību riskam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atsauces">Atsauces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optisk%C4%81_%C5%A1%C4%B7iedra&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Atsauces" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optisk%C4%81_%C5%A1%C4%B7iedra&action=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Atsauces"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">optiskās šķiedras ierīce nepieejamu iekšējo struktūru apskatīšanai, it īpaši cilvēka ķermenī.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151024223110/http://www1.linux.edu.lv/mspamati/5.gramata/10507020403.htm">«Optiskais kabelis»</a>. <i>www1.linux.edu.lv</i>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.linux.edu.lv/mspamati/5.gramata/10507020403.htm">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2015-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: <span class="nowrap">2020-05-25</span></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116162425/https://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html">«Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics»</a>. <i>southasia.ucsc.edu</i>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2020-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: <span class="nowrap">2020-05-25</span></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEA-ME-WE_3&oldid=958160500">"SEA-ME-WE 3"</a> (en). <i>Wikipedia</i>. 2020-05-22.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/06149809-Optical_Fiber_Tapping_Methods__and_Precautions.pdf">«Optical Fiber Tapping: Methods and Precautions»</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefoa.org/tech/ref/appln/tap-fiber.html">«The FOA Reference For Fiber Optics - How To Tap Fiber Optic Cables -»</a>. <i>www.thefoa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: <span class="nowrap">2020-05-25</span></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">The Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/20/politics/new-nuclear-sub-is-said-to-have-special-eavesdropping-ability.html">«New Nuclear Sub Is Said to Have Special Eavesdropping Ability»</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> (en-US), 2005-02-20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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